Academic literature on the topic 'Sport'

The article addresses the critical role of sport in the development of social skills and its deep involvement in contemporary social agendas, highlighting its contribution to achieving a sustainable future. Through a detailed review of existing literature and case studies, the research highlights how sports activities promote cooperation, effective communication and mutual respect, vital skills in modern society. The report also looks at the impact of adapted and inclusive sports programs, which encourage the participation of diverse social groups, thus helping to reduce inequalities and promote social inclusion. The article argues that sport, as a universal platform for learning and interaction, can and should be a key component in social and sustainable development strategies, providing equal and accessible opportunities for all members of the community. Finally, recommendations are provided for the formulation of public policies and the implementation of sports programs that maximize social benefits and contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals. This analysis highlights the need to integrate sport into social development agendas and global strategic planning for a fairer and more sustainable future.

At the end of 2021, at a meeting of the Council of the European Union, the Ministers for Sport of the European Union adopted a resolution on the European model of sport. The key dilemma of the European model of sport is to what extent to enable such professionalization that it does not become just a pure economic activity. Among the main features identified in the resolution are a pyramid structure, organized sport structured at the national level and with one federation for the sports disciplin, solidarity with lower sports levels and the promotion of open competitions. Regarding the impact of the European model of sport on university sport, we can point out two key conclusions in the context of the European Union council meeting: the Ministers of Sport adopted a decision on the promotion of lifelong physical activity (special emphasis is placed on sports education), the Ministers for Sport also discussed the dual professional paths of athletes (dual careers of athletes - during and after the end of the sports career).

Relevance of article is caused by transnational character of sport as factor of influence on the interstate relations, and also objective need of complex legal regulation of sports of children taking into account the national and international legal doctrine and practice. Besidesneed of integration of international legal norms and rules in legal system of the states is emphasized. At the present stage, despite relevance, one international act of human rights contains the situation formulatinghuman right on sports activities or accessto sport. However the sport can be considered as an essential component of the right to education and the right to culture. The author investigates the rights of children for sports development, for games and leisure as systems of the norms forming the modern sports relations and offers the industry concept of the international treaty in the sphere of the sports law based on a new theoretic-conceptual framework about human right for harmonious development.

Corporate social responsibility is becoming increasingly important in the way companies communicate and operate. One way of doing this through sport-focused actions. In the case of large companies operating in Hungary, we examined the issue through document analysis. For each company, w compared the actions oriented towards own employes, recreational sports and competitive sports. The results show that organizations can make use of the positive benefits of sport. In their operations, sport is present both in the business sponsorship area and in the area of charity.

Underlined the contributions of entrepreneurship to countries’ economies and development in today's researches, sports entrepreneurship studies referred to in recent times. With this study, emphasized that the sports industry is an economically emerging sector in our developing country and in addition to this economic size many opportunities have been aimed at creating new emphasis. In our country, we have a young population and have the structure of an open society for development and innovation, thus the sports industry is growing rapidly in our country compared with the world. That sports industry is associated with many of the other sectors is a key element to improve the variety of activities. Sports entrepreneurship studies have increased in recent years in the world. However, in our country, this area hosts many opportunities for sports entrepreneurship, almost no work have been encountered, has made it necessary to carry out this study. That sport is managed as professional, it requires the study of sports entrepreneurship. Sports entrepreneurship has needed studied. This study is a first step of building the relations between sport and entrepreneurship at Turkish literature.

ABSTRACT Since the 1960s, the Council of Europe has developed recommendations and resolutions ensuring full participation of persons with disabilities into social and sport life. Diversity, equity, and inclusion are the elements that shape sports in the last decade. The right of people with disabilities to participate in recreational or sporting activities on equal terms as other populations through an inclusive approach is emphasized in the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In 2021’s Briefing of the European Parliament is stated that there is a lack of centralized data collection on the participation of people with disabilities in sports at the European Union level. The Erasmus+ Sport program provides funding for sports actions, including the development of inclusive policies aiming to remove barriers and improve the participation of people with disabilities in sports. This study aims to explore the extent of inclusion of persons with disabilities in sports among the Erasmus+ Sport projects co-funded until 2020. Using a secondary research method, we analyzed data extracted from Annual reports, Compendiums, and other official European and stakeholder publications, the European Commission Erasmus+ Project Results Platform. As a result, 515 sport-related projects were identified. Applying secondary selection criteria related to disabilities and sports led to 41 projects focusing on inclusion. Development of inclusive sport policy and supporting the inclusion of persons with disabilities in sports is a long-standing demand, and a great amount of expectations are linked with Erasmus+ Sport. Despite being a funding mechanism, the Program provides an opportunity for the implementation of priorities identified in the Work Plan for Sport. Participation in projects provides opportunities for sports organizations to implement the latest European policies aligned with different aspects regarding the rights of persons with disabilities associated with sports.

Actuality Football is one of the most popular sports worldwide and millions of children around the world are involved in it. Many of them play, whether in organised matches or kick-abouts. At the same time, almost all children follow a favorite team, learning valuable life lessons such as loyalty and team work. In this context, involving children in playing football requires ensuring and respecting their right to a safe environment, a culture of respect and understanding within the football team. Every child has the right to enjoy football in a safe and inclusive environment, free from any form of abuse, harassment or exploitation, and the failure to ensure all the aforementioned conditions is a violation of children's rights. Safeguarding children in Sport/football is a priority both at the national and international level and for this reason the need to implement a child protection policy in sport. Article 19 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child stipulates that States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse. An important outcome of the UEFA project has been that Football Association of Moldova, under the lead of the UEFA FSR project "Safe football for children In Moldova", are developed attached child protection policy (manual), which was approved by FAM senior management on 15 April 2021. This safeguarding policy has since formed a basic book regarding child safeguarding in Moldova. Methodological aspects of the research: The purpose of research: The sociological study named "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices for Safeguarding Children in Football" was designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) aimed at protecting children involved in football. The research objectives have centered on: - determining the degree of satisfaction of the target groups (coaches, children, parents and football experts having direct or indirect contact with children involved in football) with the football club and its work; - identifying children's perceptions of the degree of safety within the club/football team; - determining perceptions of the risks to which children are/may be subjected while playing football; - identifying the views and attitudes of target groups on safeguarding children in football and the need for the safeguarding measures thereof; - establishing practices for the information of the target group on measures for safeguarding children in football; - identifying the level of knowledge about the rights of the child and protective measures in respect thereof; - establishing the forms of violence and the frequency of their application to children during training sessions; - revealing the knowledge of the target group on reporting the infringements of the rights of the child to enjoy football, including the cases of violence against children. Methods of research. Following the state of emergency declared in the Republic of Moldova in March 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic, all football clubs shut down for about 5 months. In this context, the research design has been adjusted to the new existing conditions, being determined the need for collecting all the necessary data in online form. Thus, the research has been conducted on the basis of a structured, self-managed online questionnaire via the https://docs.google.com platform, the research tool being adapted for each category of respondents (child, parent, coach). The research community/target groups included respondents from both banks of the Dniester/Nistru River, the total number of participants in the study being of 391 individuals, of whom 204 children (girls and boys attending local football clubs), 75 parents of children attending local football clubs, accompanying their children most frequently (women and men), 57 coaches and 55 managers of football clubs and sports schools. Findings and results. Structure of the sample designed for children The sample was drawn on the basis of existing statistical data on the number of clubs - members of the FAM (Football Association of Moldova) covering the region and number of children (boys/girls) based on their age. The sample was structured at national level based on the following criteria: The geographical coverage - area of activity/place of residence (North, Centre, South, Chisinau, Transnistria). Gender (boys and girls) and age (year of birth 2002-2010). Of the 204 children surveyed, 85.3% (174) are male, and 14.7% (30) are female, about 22% are aged 10-11 years, and 31.4% - 12-13 years, children aged 14-15 years are 31.4%, and those aged 16-17 years only 17.6%. Children from urban areas have a higher share - 61.8%, especially from Chisinau municipality - 38.2%, of the other regions of the country the share of children participating in the study is approximately 20%. Structure of the sample designed for coaches The sample designed for coaches has been nationally structured on the basis of the following criteria: gender of the coach, work experience in football, age/gender of children he/she is providing training for, type of licence and place of residence. In this context, of the total of 57 coaches surveyed, 89.5% (51) are male, and 10.5% (6) are female. Slightly more than half (57.9%) of them are more than 35 years old, whilst 42.1% of them are aged between 25 and 35. About 60% of coaches have a work experience in football of up to 10 years (59.6%) and live in urban areas (61.4%), whilst about 2/3 of coaches provide training for 2 or more teams (64.9%) and, in particular for boys' teams (66.7%). Conclusions and recommendations. The sociological study named "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices for Safeguarding Children in Football" have pointed out several shortcomings in understanding and taking action in the event of failure to comply with the rights of the child in football, but also on ensuring his/her protection. The main conclusions of the study revealed the following: - a pleasure to play football among children, not being an activity imposed by parents or adults. Approximately the third part of the children want to become great footballers, the vast majority having expanded their circle of friends; - the environment of the football club is rated by the children as being a safe one, they having increased confidence in the staff of the club, while the coaches consider that children are safer outside the club due to the conditions of the clubs, especially the conditions regarding the showers and toilets; - the sports infrastructure is regarded as being in good condition, but there were complaints regarding the existence and condition of the changing rooms, including toilets, bathrooms/showers separated on gender, which reveals a violation of the child's rights to healthy environment and hygiene; - rural football clubs have poor infrastructure, being poorly equipped with toilets inside the club, with aqueduct and sewerage facilities, including access to hot water; - the low participation of parents, children and coaches in information activities is reflected in the level of knowledge about the protection of children in football: the vast majority having a low and medium level of knowledge of the rights of the child; - child protection policy even if it is approved at institutional level, it is not made known to all parents; - the main way of intervention in most cases of violence is communication with the coach, child-victim, child-abuser and their parents; - the referral of cases of violations of children's rights to competent institutions in the field is poorly achieved; only 0.5% of children and one in ten parents would call the Childline. Calling the police is also a rare practice among parents or coaches. Following the study conducted therein, it is recommended: - to appoint a child protection officer at the level of each institution, given that about a third of the coaches know about his/her existence in the football club where he/she works and most parents consider his/her presence very important; - to implement the child protection policy by applying the UEFA tools at the level of all football clubs and sports schools; - to make the FAM responsible for monitoring the implementation of the child protection policy tools by its uniform application at national level; - to carry out a broad information and awareness-raising campaign to inform children and parents about the rights and means of safeguarding children involved in football, given that there is a low level of information and knowledge about the rights of the child; - to make improvements to the training system of coaches and managers of clubs on safeguarding children involved in football, determined by the situation in which knowledge is found to be misapplied in sports activity; - to establish collaboration relationships with Child Protection Authorities, being observed a low number of parents and coaches appealing to them; - to improve the sports infrastructure from the perspective of providing optimal and healthy conditions for the conduct of training sessions and sports activities, determined by the poor equipping of football clubs with changing rooms, showers and separate toilets for girls and boys inside the clubs, with hot water and sewerage facilities, sports equipment, etc.; - to create a non-discriminatory football environment adapted to the needs of all children, including children with disabilities.

This article describes the impact of sport on a person, his mental and physical condition. statistics on the involvement of citizens of the Russian Federation in sports were analyzed, indicators of a person that are affected by sports were identified

The article addresses the issue of regulating the manifestations of violence in sports at the international level, being proved the need to adopt the specialized legislation in the Republic of Moldova for the successful resolution of the contravention / criminal cases committed on this occasion. At present, sport fulfills a variety of functions, extremely useful from a social point of view, being largely focused on the competition between the participants. It should also be noted that each type of competition is based on aggression to some extent, which is especially noticeable in those sporting events where there is a direct confrontation of rivals (for example, football, judo, boxing, free wrestling, rugby etc.). Sport is the only form of activity in which violence is allowed "in a civilized way" in the contemporary world. Therefore, in order to understand the violence involved in sports, we must not only refer to the forms of interpersonal aggression on the sports field, but also to the mentality involved in the particular form that organized sport in contemporary society. Conflicts arise in all areas of social life, and many of them can turn into aggressive behaviors. The presence of aggression in these cases is confirmed by numerous rules that try to limit it to a minimum. However, sports are dominated by athletes whose aggressive behaviors are stimulated by the use of doping substances in sports competitions in order to obtain favorable and advantageous results. In this context, sports, athletes can generate certain concrete situations of manifestation of an inappropriate ethics reflected by: doping; pressure on the expected sports result; marketing - sport becomes a commodity; hooliganism manifested by fans and spectators of sports competitions; corruption and manipulation in sports; depersonalization of the athlete, which in fact becomes a commodity; politicization - sport becomes an instrument of political struggle; deviation from the principles of "fair play" in favor of pragmatism; racism; unethical behavior of sports champions, especially professionals; negative effects on the health of the performance athlete, even from an early age; frequent abuse of anabolic steroids among athletes, etc.

The purpose of this study is to explore the improvement of the quality of public sports services in rural areas of China's Zhuang Ethnic Groups, as well as to cultivate multiple governance actors to enhance the quality and sustainability of public sports services, and to propose corresponding improvement measures. The study found that there are deficiencies in the quality of public sports services in rural areas of China, especially in the economically underdeveloped Zhuang Ethnic Groups. Therefore, this study examines how to improve the quality of public sports services and enhance their quality and sustainability by fostering multiple governance actors, using rural public sports services in the Zhuang Ethnic Groups of China as an example. The study shows that competence, public service delivery and service design have significant effects on the quality of public sport services. Competence positively affects public service delivery and public sport service quality, public service delivery positively affects public sport service quality, while service design also significantly affects public sport service quality. This study provides a theoretical framework and methodology for the improvement of public sport service quality. It enriches the theoretical system of public sport service quality improvement by revealing the effects of competence, public service delivery and service design on public sport service quality. It also provides government departments with specific strategies and measures to improve the quality of public sports services, which helps to enhance the quality and sustainability of public sports services.

The National Policy on Sport and Recreation has been developed to contribute to the inclusive, holistic growth and development of the sports and recreation sector. The Policy provides an operational framework to all stakeholders to effectively implement programmes designed to maximise the role of sport and recreation to advance the economic and social development priorities of Lesotho, African Union Agenda 2063 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Review question / Objective: What is the concept of School Sport in different countries and how they operationalize it? Condition being studied: The School Sports in several countries, are a crucial element of the educational system and assumes an increseally importance for the physical activity and health programs. In this pandemic period, the physical activity and the wellbeing of children and young adults have come to the center of a large discussion. The school sports, in this context, are assumed as player in consideration, but as countries discuss it, are noted different understandings of the school sports concept in each country as well different approaches and applications of it.

In Aotearoa New Zealand, rugby and rugby league are popular sporting codes, historically and particularly among males. In their 2023 annual reports, New Zealand Rugby reported 147,434 registered participants, while New Zealand Rugby League reported 28,180. Both institutions have also developed equity, diversity and inclusion strategies aimed at nurturing the participation and involvement of women and girls, as well as Māori and Pacific communities. However, while both codes have recorded an increase in female participation, there has been a gradual decline in male participation (Cully, 2023; Radio New Zealand, 2023; Wilson, 2022). This decline in sport participation has also been noted by (former) Principal Youth Court Judge Andrew Becroft, who found that young male offenders are often not involved in sport (Bruce, 2013; Sport NZ, 2018). This report summarises the findings of a study that examines sports attrition in relation to youth offending. In that study, the author (Clarke, 2012) examined the childhood and youth sporting experiences and illegal activities of five young men aged between 18 and 25 years old. The aim of this report is to provide insights into how these young men became involved in sport and why they dropped out, how they became involved in crime, and possible links between their sport participation and offending. Their experiences highlight several issues that can be addressed by parents/caregivers, clubs, sport administrators, coaches, community groups, sports organisations, and policymakers. In course of the study, six key observations were made. For these young men: 1. rugby and or rugby league were their primary and final sporting codes; 2. these sports were or had become ‘just a game’; 3. aggressive coaches diminished their enjoyment and commitment to sport; 4. their parents/caregivers were absent from their sporting lives; 5. their participation in sport and crime was simultaneous; and 6. the collision aspect of rugby and rugby league may have helped to facilitate their offending. In this document, the names of these young men have been replaced with aliases. To provide the reader with a richer and deeper understanding of the issues, the report features a number of their stories and reflections (edited for readability only). The research methods are briefly outlined in Appendix 1. Sources included in this report are listed in the References section. For a fuller review of the literature and the research analysis refer to the original research document (Clarke, 2012).

Review question / Objective: The purpose of this work is to systematically review the existing scientific literature on the use of participatory research approaches for the empowerment of girls and young women in physical education and sport contexts. Condition being studied: The empowerment of girls and young women in sports-physical activity contexts by means of participatory approaches. Information sources: To carry out this systematic review, a bibliographic search was carried out in eight electronic databases (Academic Search Ultimate, ERIC, MedLine, PsycInfo, Scopus, Sociology Source Ultimate, Sport-Discus and Web of Science) between the months of April and May 2021.

Review question / Objective: The objective of the present study was to analyze the findings of the scientific literature related to MMA through an exploratory systematic review on the subject and to present the state of the art of the sport from a multifactorial perspective. Condition being studied: Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a full contact combat sport characterized by its high degree of freedom in offensive and defensive approaches resulting in the inclusion of techniques and tactics from multiple combat sport styles. MMA has gained legitimacy and uniformity of rule sets after a tumultuous and unregulated introduction in North America as well as it is one of the fastest growing sports in the world. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are still no methodical, comprehensive, transparent, and replicable studies that have summarized the overall perspective of MMA athletes, resulting in an integrated analysis for a better scientific understanding and more efficient practical applications.