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1
The Mouse Woman of Gabriola: Brain, mind and icon interactions in spontaneous healing. Gabriola, British Columbia, Canada: Coastal Tides Press, 2013.
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2
Micklus, C. Samuel. Creative interaction: Odyssey of the mind : long-term and spontaneous problems. [Gloucester City, N.J.]: Creative Competitions, 2003.
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3
Kucyi, Aaron. Pain and Spontaneous Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.40.
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Pain is among the most salient of experiences, while also, curiously, being among the most malleable. A large body of research has revealed that a multitude of explicit strategies can be used to effectively alter the attention-demanding quality of acute and chronic pains and their associated neural correlates. However, thoughts that are spontaneous, rather than actively generated, are common in daily life, and so attention to pain can often temporally fluctuate because of ongoing self-generated experiences. Classic pain theories have largely neglected to account for unconstrained fluctuations in cognition, but new studies have demonstrated the behavioral relevance, putative neural basis, and individual variability of interactions between pain and spontaneous thoughts. This chapter reviews behavioral studies of ongoing fluctuations in attention to pain, studies of the neural basis of spontaneous mind-wandering away from pain, and the clinical implications of this research.
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Kreit, John W. Cardiovascular–Pulmonary Interactions. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0003.
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Intramural pressures within a tube or circuit determine the rate and direction of flow, whereas the transmural pressure of an elastic structure determines its volume. In Chapter 1, we applied these principles when talking about the pressure needed to overcome viscous forces and elastic recoil during ventilation. In this chapter, we use them to explain changes in blood flow between two portions of the circulatory system and changes in the volume and size of the heart chambers. Cardio–Pulmonary Interactions provides an overview of essential cardiovascular physiology as well as an in-depth discussion of how and why changes in pleural, alveolar, lung transmural, and intra-abdominal pressure during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation can alter right and left ventricular preload, afterload, and stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure. The chapter also reviews the beneficial and detrimental effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on cardiovascular function.
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Lee, Jae Myeong, and Michael R. Pinsky. Cardiovascular interactions in respiratory failure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0087.
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Acute respiratory failure not only impairs gas exchange, but also stresses cardiovascular reserve by increasing the need for increased cardiac output (CO) to sustain O2 delivery in the face of hypoxaemia, increased O2 demand by the increased work of breathing and inefficient gas exchange, and increased right ventricular afterload due to lung collapse via hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Mechanical ventilation, though often reversing these processes by lung recruitment and improved arterial oxygenation, may also decrease CO by increasing right atrial pressure by either increasing intrathoracic pressure or lung over-distention by excess positive end-expiratory pressure or inadequate expiratory time causing acute cor pulmonale. Finally, spontaneous negative swings in intrathoracic pressure also increase venous return and impede left ventricular ejection thus increasing intrathoracic blood volume and often precipitating or worsening hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. Positive-pressure breathing has the opposite effects.
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Bryan H, Druzin. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 4 Spontaneous Standardization and the New Lex Maritima. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the processes whereby shipping law may converge internationally in the absence of state intervention. It outlines a theory explaining such convergence through the operation of network effects. The theory is based on the argument that because legal standards are instruments that facilitate interaction with a larger group, the inherent value of a legal standard as a means to that end increases with the number of other people who also subscribe to and employ the same legal standard. Therefore, a particular standard emerges as the dominant standard as it becomes more widely used for such interactions, and the number of people adopting it in turn also increases. The chapter argues that shipping law is especially susceptible to network effects because it exhibits particularly high levels of interaction across the globe. These effects therefore form a good explanation for standardization of shipping norms.
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Beaty, Roger E., and Rex E. Jung. Interacting Brain Networks Underlying Creative Cognition and Artistic Performance. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.10.
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Cognitive neuroscience research has begun to address the potential interaction of brain networks supporting creativity by employing new methods in brain network science. Network methods offer a significant advance compared to individual region of interest studies due to their ability to account for the complex and dynamic interactions among discrete brain regions. As this chapter demonstrates, several recent studies have reported a remarkably similar pattern of brain network connectivity across a range of creative tasks and domains. In general, such work suggests that creative thought may involve dynamic interactions, primarily between the default and control networks, providing key insights into the roles of spontaneous and controlled processes in creative cognition. The chapter summarizes this emerging body of research and proposes a framework designed to account for the joint influence of controlled and spontaneous thought processes in creativity.
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Iliopoulos, John. Spontaneously Broken Symmetries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805175.003.0005.
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In this chapter we present the solution to the problem of mass. It is based on the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB). We first give the example of buckling, a typical example of spontaneous symmetry breaking in classical physics. We extract the main features of the phenomenon, namely the instability of the symmetric state and the degeneracy of the ground state. The associated concepts of the critical point and the order parameter are deduced. A more technical exposition is given in a separate section. Then we move to a quantum physics example, that of the Heisenberg ferromagnet. We formulate Goldstone’s theorem which associates a massless particle, the Goldstone boson, to the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking. In the last section we present the mechanism of Brout–Englert–Higgs (BEH). We show that spontaneous symmetry breaking in the presence of gauge interactions makes it possible for particles to become massive. The remnant of the mechanism is the appearance of a physical particle, the BEH boson, which we identify with the particle discovered at CERN.
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Small, Mario Luis. Because They Were There. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0007.
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This chapter examines how much the graduate students’ decisions about approaching confidants were deliberative as opposed to spontaneous—whether they assessed pros and cons before deciding whom to ask or instead spontaneously spilled their emotions on the spot. It first considers the standard assumption in theories of purposive action across the social sciences that deliberation precedes action. It then discusses three decisions that a person inherently makes when he or she mobilizes his or her network: to seek help, to select a confidant, and to activate the tie. The chapter suggests that the extent to which their activation decisions were incidental or spontaneous, rather than reflective, depended in part on the context of students’ interactions with others. It argues that students often found themselves confiding in someone not because they had planned it, but simply because the confidant was present and available when needed.
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Tiwari, Sandip. Phase transitions and their devices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.003.0004.
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Phase transitions as a collective response of an ensemble, with appearance of unique stable properties spontaneously, is critical to a variety of devices: electronic, magnetic, optical, and their coupled forms. This chapter starts with a discussion of broken symmetry and its manifestation in the property changes in thermodynamic phase transition and the Landau mean-field articulation. It then follows it with an exploration of different phenomena and their use in devices. The first is ferroelectricity—spontaneous electric polarization—and its use in ferroelectric memories. Electron correlation effects are explored, and then conductivity transition from electron-electron and electron-phonon coupling and its use in novel memory and device forms. This is followed by development of an understanding of spin correlations and interactions and magnetism—spontaneous magnetic polarization. The use and manipulation of the magnetic phase transition in disk drives, magnetic and spin-torque memory as well as their stability is explored. Finally, as a fourth example, amorphous-crystalline structural transition in optical, electronic, and optoelectronic form are analyzed. This latter’s application include disk drives and resistive memories in the form of phase-change as well as those with electochemical transport.
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Miriam, Goldby. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 3 Enforceability of ‘Spontaneous Law’ in England: Some Evidence from Recent Shipping Cases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0003.
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This chapter analyses the process of rule-making in the maritime transport industry. It uses the term ‘spontaneous law’ to refer to norms that emerge as a result of regular and repeated interactions among participants in shipping networks, interactions that create common understandings as to how contractual obligations undertaken are to be performed. The rule-making activity results in a combination of articulated or expressed rules that are enforceable directly as a result of the formation of a valid and binding contract; and unexpressed (or implicit) understandings that form part of the contractual context and that supplement the expressed rules. The context within which these unarticulated rules come into existence is a commercial network of contractual relationships. The chapter engages with the pragmatic question of how and to what extent these unarticulated rules will be enforced by the courts in the resolution of a dispute, focusing on the courts of England and Wales.
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Milonni, Peter W. An Introduction to Quantum Optics and Quantum Fluctuations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199215614.001.0001.
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This book is an introduction to quantum optics for students who have studied electromagnetism and quantum mechanics at an advanced undergraduate or graduate level. It provides detailed expositions of theory with emphasis on general physical principles. Foundational topics in classical and quantum electrodynamics, including the semiclassical theory of atom-field interactions, the quantization of the electromagnetic field in dispersive and dissipative media, uncertainty relations, and spontaneous emission, are addressed in the first half of the book. The second half begins with a chapter on the Jaynes-Cummings model, dressed states, and some distinctly quantum-mechanical features of atom-field interactions, and includes discussion of entanglement, the no-cloning theorem, von Neumann’s proof concerning hidden variable theories, Bell’s theorem, and tests of Bell inequalities. The last two chapters focus on quantum fluctuations and fluctuation-dissipation relations, beginning with Brownian motion, the Fokker-Planck equation, and classical and quantum Langevin equations. Detailed calculations are presented for the laser linewidth, spontaneous emission noise, photon statistics of linear amplifiers and attenuators, and other phenomena. Van der Waals interactions, Casimir forces, the Lifshitz theory of molecular forces between macroscopic media, and the many-body theory of such forces based on dyadic Green functions are analyzed from the perspective of Langevin noise, vacuum field fluctuations, and zero-point energy. There are numerous historical sidelights throughout the book, and approximately seventy exercises.
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Bendix, Regina F., Kilian Bizer, and Dorothy Noyes. Sociability in Social Research. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040894.003.0005.
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This chapter considers the research project as a temporary, liminal community, always at risk of dispersal from external incentives and internal frustrations. Participant commitment can be sustained through the traditional mechanism of ritual, while intellectual insight advances in play; junior researchers can animate both modes of sociability and achieve influence thereby. Shared space and shared time coordinate planned interactions and also facilitate spontaneous emergences. Examples from the Göttingen Interdisciplinary Working Group on Cultural Property illustrate the intellectual payoffs of coffee machines, dancing, visual project mapping, and writing the grant renewal application as exercises in social as well as intellectual coordination. In the middle stages of research, a tolerance for conceptual ambiguity at the project level can facilitate lower-level successes and interactions.
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Kachelriess, Michael. GSW model of electroweak interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802877.003.0014.
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The electroweak sector of the SM described by an SUL(2)UY(1) gauge symmetry which is broken spontaneously to Uem(1) is introduced. The generation of boson and fermion masses by the Higgs effect is discussed. The properties of the Higgs sector are examined. The conditions for decoupling and the hierarchy problem are discussed.
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Benedek, Mathias, and Emanuel Jauk. Spontaneous and Controlled Processes in Creative Cognition. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.22.
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Creative cognition has long been hypothesized to rely on spontaneous as well as controlled cognitive processes. This chapter starts by giving a brief overview of pertinent dual process models of creative thought. It then reviews empirical research supporting the relevance of controlled and spontaneous processes in creative cognition (mostly defined by divergent thinking and insight problem solving). The relevance of controlled processes is mainly supported by verbal protocol studies and individual differences research on executive functions and intelligence. The relevance of spontaneous processes is mainly supported by research on incubation and neuroscientific investigations. The chapter concludes by considering potential ways of interaction between goal-directed, controlled thought and undirected, spontaneous thought, both from the short-term perspective of immediate creative problem solving as well as from the long-term perspective of extended creative work.
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Basu, Prasanta Kumar, Bratati Mukhopadhyay, and Rikmantra Basu. Semiconductor Nanophotonics. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784692.001.0001.
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Abstract Nanometre sized structures made of semiconductors, insulators and metals and grown by modern growth technologies or by chemical synthesis exhibit novel electronic and optical phenomena due to confinement of electrons and photons. Strong interactions between electrons and photons in narrow regions lead to inhibited spontaneous emission, thresholdless laser operation, and Bose Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities. Generation of sub-wavelength radiation by surface Plasmon-polaritons at metal-semiconductor interfaces, creation of photonic band gap in dielectrics, and realization of nanometer sized semiconductor or insulator structures with negative permittivity and permeability, known as metamaterials, are further examples in the area of nanophotonics. The studies help develop Spasers and plasmonic nanolasers of subwavelength dimensions, paving the way to use plasmonics in future data centres and high speed computers working at THz bandwidth with less than a few fJ/bit dissipation. The present book intends to serveas a textbook for graduate students and researchers intending to have introductory ideas of semiconductor nanophotonics. It gives an introduction to electron-photon interactions in quantum wells, wires and dots and then discusses the processes in microcavities, photonic band gaps and metamaterials and related applications. The phenomena and device applications under strong light-matter interactions are discussed by mostly using classical and semi-classical theories. Numerous examples and problems accompany each chapter.
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Baulieu, Laurent, John Iliopoulos, and Roland Sénéor. From Classical to Quantum Fields. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788393.001.0001.
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Quantum field theory has become the universal language of most modern theoretical physics. This book is meant to provide an introduction to this subject with particular emphasis on the physics of the fundamental interactions and elementary particles. It is addressed to advanced undergraduate, or beginning graduate, students, who have majored in physics or mathematics. The ambition is to show how these two disciplines, through their mutual interactions over the past hundred years, have enriched themselves and have both shaped our understanding of the fundamental laws of nature. The subject of this book, the transition from a classical field theory to the corresponding Quantum Field Theory through the use of Feynman’s functional integral, perfectly exemplifies this connection. It is shown how some fundamental physical principles, such as relativistic invariance, locality of the interactions, causality and positivity of the energy, form the basic elements of a modern physical theory. The standard theory of the fundamental forces is a perfect example of this connection. Based on some abstract concepts, such as group theory, gauge symmetries, and differential geometry, it provides for a detailed model whose agreement with experiment has been spectacular. The book starts with a brief description of the field theory axioms and explains the principles of gauge invariance and spontaneous symmetry breaking. It develops the techniques of perturbation theory and renormalisation with some specific examples. The last Chapters contain a presentation of the standard model and its experimental successes, as well as the attempts to go beyond with a discussion of grand unified theories and supersymmetry.
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Bertel, E., and A. Menzel. Nanostructured surfaces: Dimensionally constrained electrons and correlation. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.11.
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This article examines dimensionally constrained electrons and electronic correlation in nanostructured surfaces. Correlation effects play an important role in spatial confinement of electrons by nanostructures. The effect of correlation will become increasingly dominant as the dimensionality of the electron wavefunction is reduced. This article focuses on quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) confinement, i.e. more or less strongly coupled one-dimensional nanostructures, with occasional reference to 2D and 0D systems. It first explains how correlated systems exhibit a variety of electronically driven phase transitions, and especially the phases occurring in the generic phase diagram of correlated materials. It then describes electron–electron and electron–phonon interactions in low-dimensional systems and the phase diagram of real quasi-1D systems. Two case studies are considered: metal chains on silicon surfaces and quasi-1D structures on metallic surfaces. The article shows that spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs for many quasi-1D systems on both semiconductor and metal surfaces at low temperature.
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Peskin, Michael E. Concepts of Elementary Particle Physics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812180.001.0001.
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This is a textbook of elementary particle physics whose goal is to explain the Standard Model of particle interactions. Part I introduces the basic concepts governing high-energy particle physics: elements of relativity and quantum field theory, the quark model of hadrons, methods for detection and measurement of elementary particles, methods for calculating predictions for observable quantitites. Part II builds up our understanding of the strong interaction from the key experiments to the formulation of Quantum Chromodynamics and its application to the description of evetns at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Part III build up our understanding of the weak interaction from the key experiments to the formulation of spontaneously broken gauge theories. It then describes the tests and extensions of this theory, including the precision study of the W and Z bosons, CP violation, neutrino mass, and the Higgs boson.
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Wilson, E. O. Modes of Spontaneous Chromosomal Mutation and Karyotype Evolution in Ants with Reference to the Minimum Interaction Hypothesis. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2022.
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Iliopoulos, John, and Theodore N. Tomaras. Elementary Particle Physics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844200.001.0001.
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Determining the nature of matter’s smallest constituents, and the interactions among them, is the subject of a branch of fundamental physics called “The Physics of Elementary Particles” – the subject of this book. During the last decades this field has gone through a phase transition. It culminated in the formulation of a new theoretical scheme, known as “The Standard Model”, which brought profound changes in our ways of thinking and understanding nature’s fundamental forces. Its agreement with experiment is impressive, to the extent that we should no longer talk about “The Standard Model” but instead “The Standard Theory”. This new vision is based on geometry; the interactions are required to satisfy a certain geometrical principle. In the physicists’ jargon this principle is called “gauge invariance”; in mathematics it is a concept of differential geometry. It is the purpose of this book to present and explain this modern viewpoint to a readership of well motivated undergraduate students. We propose to guide the reader to the more advanced concepts of gauge symmetry, quantum field theory and the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking through concrete physical examples. The presentation of the techniques required for particle physics is self-contained, and the mathematics is kept at the absolutely necessary level. The reader is invited to join the glorious parade of the theoretical advances and experimental discoveries of the last decades which established our current view. Our ambition is to make this fascinating subject accessible to undergraduate students and, hopefully, to motivate them to study it further.
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Kreit, John W. Respiratory Mechanics. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0001.
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Ventilation can occur only when the respiratory system expands above and then returns to its resting or equilibrium volume. This is just another way of saying that ventilation depends on our ability to breathe. Although breathing requires very little effort and even less thought, it’s nevertheless a fairly complex process. Respiratory Mechanics reviews the interaction between applied and opposing forces during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. It discusses elastic recoil, viscous forces, compliance, resistance, and the equation of motion and the time constant of the respiratory system. It also describes how and why pleural, alveolar, lung transmural, intra-abdominal, and airway pressure change during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation, and the effect of applied positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).
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Brownstein, Michael. Perception, Emotion, Behavior, and Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633721.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the four components of unplanned spontaneous inclinations. These are (1) noticing a salient Feature in the ambient environment; (2) feeling an immediate, directed, and affective Tension; (3) reacting Behaviorally; and (4) moving toward Alleviation of that tension in such a way that one’s spontaneous reactions can improve over time. Noticing a salient feature (F), in other words, sets a relatively automatic process in motion, involving co-activating particular feelings (T) and behaviors (B) that either will or will not diminish over time (A), depending on the success of the action. The interaction of FTBA components is described in terms of recent debates about the contents of perception, affective representation, and model-free and model-based evaluative learning.
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Steinberg, Aephraim M. Quantum measurements: a modern view for quantum optics experimentalists. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768609.003.0007.
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This chapter introduces the theory and practice of various approaches to measuring quantum systems, focusing on quantum-optical settings, including monitored spontaneous emission, the quantum eraser, and unambiguous state discrimination. Beginning with a review of classical probability and update rules, it explains the motivation for the consideration of density matrices and generalized quantum measurements, treats the connection with decoherence, and goes on to introduce and discuss retrodiction, including ‘interaction-free measurement’, Hardy’s paradox, and ‘weak measurement’.
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Iliopoulos, John. The Standard Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805175.003.0006.
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All ingredients of the previous chapters are combined in order to build a gauge invariant theory of the interactions among the elementary particles. We start with a unified model of the weak and the electromagnetic interactions. The gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken through the BEH mechanism and we identify the resulting BEH boson. Then we describe the theory known as quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a gauge theory of the strong interactions. We present the property of confinement which explains why the quarks and the gluons cannot be extracted out of the protons and neutrons to form free particles. The last section contains a comparison of the theoretical predictions based on this theory with the experimental results. The agreement between theory and experiment is spectacular.
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Lifshitz, Michael, Eli Sheiner, and Laurence J. Kirmayer. Cultural Neurophenomenology of Psychedelic Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.4.
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This chapter explores psychedelics as catalysts of spontaneous thought. Classic serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca can induce potent alterations in cognition and perception. The chapter reviews research on these substances through the lens of cultural neurophenomenology, which aims to trace how neurobiology and sociocultural factors interact to shape experience. After a decades-long hiatus, the scientific study of psychedelics is rediscovering the potential of these substances to promote creative insight, evoke mystical experiences, and improve clinical outcomes. Moreover, neuroimaging experiments have begun to unravel the influence of psychedelics on large-scale connectivity networks of the human brain. Tapping perspectives from the social sciences, the chapter underscores how culture and context constrain the flexible cognitive states brought about by psychedelics. This integrative approach suggests that seemingly spontaneous psychedelic thought patterns reflect a complex interaction of biological, cognitive, and cultural factors—from pharmacology and brain function to ritual, belief, and expectation.
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Østensen, Monika, Radboud Dolhain, and Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza. Obstetrics and pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0016.
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Rheumatic diseases occur preferentially in women, often during their childbearing years. Most women with rheumatic disease wish to have children, even when functional disability is present. Better therapy and better prognosis for many of the rheumatic diseases has resulted in more patients considering pregnancy. The interaction of pregnancy and the rheumatic diseases is varied, ranging from spontaneous improvement to aggravation, sometimes severe, of disease symptoms. Likewise, rheumatic diseases differ with regard to the occurrence of complications during pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome. This chapter describes fertility, the course of maternal disease during pregnancy, and fetal outcome.
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Hahn, Tomie, and J. Scott Jordan. Sensible Objects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0010.
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This chapter integrates ethnographic techniques, cognitive science, and enactive theory to examine the phenomenology dynamics that emerge during spontaneous interaction in a newly developed practice called banding. Specifically, participants are connected to each other via large rubber bands. An enactivist analysis of participants’ journals reveals participants undergo intense intercorporeal experiences with properties that are: disorienting; multiscale; conjure intercorporeal surprise and discovery; undergo patterns of change, in both groups and individuals; give rise to intercorporeal trust; and entail intercorporeal shifts in identity. The paper analyses how these properties might reflect the intercorporeal nature of everyday experiences.
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Rajagopalan, Shruti, and Mario J. Rizzo. Austrian Perspectives in Law and Economics. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.021.
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This article describes and analyzes the Austrian approach to law and economics within the context of the law and economics discipline. The important and distinctive feature of the Austrian approach is the emphasis on economic and legal processes. The article focuses on four themes within the Austrian approach to law and economics: the spontaneous origin of legal institutions; the analysis of implications of ignorance, decentralization of knowledge, and static and dynamic uncertainty; the interaction between the changes in legal institutions and the market process and coordination; and entrepreneurship in market and non-market settings.
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Colebourn, Claire, and Jim Newton. Volume assessment and fluid responsiveness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757160.003.0007.
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This chapter looks in detail at the assessment of fluid responsiveness using transthoracic echocardiography. It includes an explanation of static and dynamic markers of fluid responsiveness and a description of the importance of heart–lung interaction in understanding fluid responsiveness. It provides a step-by-step guide to the different techniques available for assessment and looks closely at how this assessment varies according to whether the patient is spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated.
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Kimura, T. Introduction of spin torques. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0019.
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This chapter discusses the spin-transfer effect, which is described as the transfer of the spin angular momentum between the conduction electrons and the magnetization of the ferromagnet that occurs due to the conservation of the spin angular momentum. L. Berger, who introduced the concept in 1984, considered the exchange interaction between the conduction electron and the localized magnetic moment, and predicted that a magnetic domain wall can be moved by flowing the spin current. The spin-transfer effect was brought into the limelight by the progress in microfabrication techniques and the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance effect in magnetic multilayers. Berger, at the same time, separately studied the spin-transfer torque in a system similar to Slonczewski’s magnetic multilayered system and predicted spontaneous magnetization precession.
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and, Bruno. Synaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0006.
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Synaesthesia is a curious anomaly of multisensory perception. When presented with stimulation in one sensory channel, in addition to the percept usually associated with that channel (inducer) a true synaesthetic experiences a second percept in another perceptual modality (concurrent). Although synaesthesia is not pathological, true synaesthetes are relatively rare and their synaesthetic associations tend to be quite idiosyncratic. For this reason, studying synaesthesia is difficult, but exciting new experimental results are beginning to clarify what makes the brain of synaesthetes special and the mechanisms that may produce the condition. Even more importantly, the related phenomenon known as ‘natural’ crossmodal associations is instead experienced by everyone, providing another useful domain for studying multisensory interactions with important implications for understanding our preferences for products in terms of spontaneously evoked associations, as well as for choosing appropriate names, labels, and packaging in marketing applications.
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Borsboom, Denny. Mental disorders, network models, and dynamical systems. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0011.
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Network approaches have been proposed as an alternative way of thinking about relations between symptoms of mental disorders. Unlike traditional psychometric approaches, network models view these associations as the result of direct interactions between symptoms. Disorders are defined as alternative stable states of a network due to increased connectivity between symptoms. This increased connectivity creates a pattern of reinforcement, so the system can get stuck in a state of prolonged activation. Mental health is defined as the stable state of a weakly connected network. Although symptomatology may be temporarily increased in a healthy network (e.g., due to adverse life events), as the influence of a shock wanes the network will spontaneously return to its healthy state. Strongly connected networks, however, may transition into disordered states upon similar external shocks, and may not naturally recover. Thus, the proposed definitions yield plausible conceptualizations of resilience and vulnerability.
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Kenyon, Ian R. Quantum 20/20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808350.001.0001.
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This text reviews fundametals and incorporates key themes of quantum physics. One theme contrasts boson condensation and fermion exclusivity. Bose–Einstein condensation is basic to superconductivity, superfluidity and gaseous BEC. Fermion exclusivity leads to compact stars and to atomic structure, and thence to the band structure of metals and semiconductors with applications in material science, modern optics and electronics. A second theme is that a wavefunction at a point, and in particular its phase is unique (ignoring a global phase change). If there are symmetries, conservation laws follow and quantum states which are eigenfunctions of the conserved quantities. By contrast with no particular symmetry topological effects occur such as the Bohm–Aharonov effect: also stable vortex formation in superfluids, superconductors and BEC, all these having quantized circulation of some sort. The quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect are ab initio topological. A third theme is entanglement: a feature that distinguishes the quantum world from the classical world. This property led Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen to the view that quantum mechanics is an incomplete physical theory. Bell proposed the way that any underlying local hidden variable theory could be, and was experimentally rejected. Powerful tools in quantum optics, including near-term secure communications, rely on entanglement. It was exploited in the the measurement of CP violation in the decay of beauty mesons. A fourth theme is the limitations on measurement precision set by quantum mechanics. These can be circumvented by quantum non-demolition techniques and by squeezing phase space so that the uncertainty is moved to a variable conjugate to that being measured. The boundaries of precision are explored in the measurement of g-2 for the electron, and in the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO; the latter achievement has opened a new window on the Universe. The fifth and last theme is quantum field theory. This is based on local conservation of charges. It reaches its most impressive form in the quantum gauge theories of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, culminating in the discovery of the Higgs. Where particle physics has particles condensed matter has a galaxy of pseudoparticles that exist only in matter and are always in some sense special to particular states of matter. Emergent phenomena in matter are successfully modelled and analysed using quasiparticles and quantum theory. Lessons learned in that way on spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductivity were the key to constructing a consistent quantum gauge theory of electroweak processes in particle physics.
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Nalbantian, Suzanne, and Paul M. Matthews, eds. Secrets of Creativity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462321.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book draws from leading neuroscientists and scholars in the humanities and the arts to probe creativity in its many manifestations, including the everyday mind, the exceptional mind, the pathological mind, the scientific mind, and the artistic mind. It offers a brand new interdisciplinary approach revealing secrets of creativity that emerge from our everyday lives and from the minds of exceptional individuals and their discoveries or creations. Neuroscientists, psychologists, and humanities researchers provide new insights about the workings of the creative brain. Components of creativity are specified with respect to types of memory, forms of intelligence, modes of experience, and kinds of emotion. Authors in this volume take on the challenge of simultaneously characterizing creativity at behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological levels. It becomes apparent to all our authors that, with creativity, there is an interaction between consciously controlled processing and spontaneous processing. Neuroscientists describe the functioning of the brain and its circuitry in creative acts of scientific discovery or aesthetic production. Humanists from the fields of literature, art, and music give analyses of creativity in major literary works, musical compositions, and works of visual art. This book brings together an interdisciplinary group of contributors for a novel discussion of creativity from the confluence of neuroscience and the arts.
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Wallace, Daniel J., and Janice Brock Wallace. All About Fibromyalgia. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195147537.001.0001.
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This year, six million Americans--most of them women--will go to their doctors, complaining of an illness they have no name for. The majority will be turned away or treated for depression; the few who persist will go to an average of four doctors before they receive the correct diagnosis: fibromyalgia. In their earlier Making Sense of Fibromyalgia, noted medical writer Janice Wallace and Dr. Daniel Wallace, a leading expert on this disorder, provided a comprehensive guide--for both patients and professionals--to this little known and poorly understood syndrome. Now, in All About Fibromyalgia, the Wallaces provide a thoroughly revised and updated version of that highly successful volume, incorporating a wealth of new information. This edition provides the current understanding of the disease as well as the latest drug treatments--all laid out in clear and accessible language. As in the previous volume, the authors provide a detailed, yet clear explanation of the disease. Fibromyalgia, they explain, is a form of chronic neuromuscular pain, a pain-amplification syndrome brought on by abnormal interactions between hormones, the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the autonomic nervous system. Sometimes the syndrome occurs spontaneously; in most cases, the authors write, it is associated with trauma, stress, such conditions as lupus and hypothyroidism, and over forty microbes, from hepatitis to Epstein-Barr to Lyme disease. Drawing on actual cases to illustrate their points, the authors help break through the isolation that patients often feel when doctors misdiagnose or simply ignore their symptoms. All About Fibromyalgia addresses a desperate need for information on this disease and offers reassurance to patients and their families.