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Journal articles on the topic 'Spontaneous infiltration'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Yamanobe, Shigeharu, and Jeffrey P. Harris. "Spontaneous Remission in Experimental Autoimmune Labyrinthitis." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 101, no. 12 (December 1992): 1007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949210101208.

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We investigated the time course of hearing impairment and cellular infiltration into the inner ear after systemic sensitization of guinea Pigs with a single intradermal injection of bovine inner ear antigen (IEAg) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Lymphocytes and polymorphonucleocytes appeared mainly in the scala tympani on days 7 to 14, and in addition there was thickening and cellular infiltration of the round window membrane at day 14. These cellular infiltrations resolved after day 28. The auditory brain stem response thresholds from IEAg-sensitized animals were significantly elevated after day 7. Some sensitized animals (n = 5) had spontaneous remissions after day 28; however, the hearing thresholds did not completely recover. These results demonstrate that experimental autoimmune labyrinthitis can be induced by a single inoculation of IEAg-CFA and that remission, as evidenced by clearing of the cochlear cellular infiltration and improved hearing thresholds, can occur spontaneously.

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2

Jelínek, P., and P. Kantor. "Spontaneous infiltration of broadleaved species into a spruce monoculture left without tending." Journal of Forest Science 52, No. 1 (January 8, 2012): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4485-jfs.

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An experimental stand was established as a monoculture by planting Norway spruce on a clear-felled area in 1925. In 1958, a research thinning experiment was established there. Control plots and the study of their development without anthropic interventions are of interest in particular. The spruce monoculture nearly disintegrated and the stand-forming role was taken over by species which occurred there originally as admixed ones. The stand became sparser and it was associated with the spontaneous regeneration of broadleaves. Out of the eight control plots three plots were selected differing significantly in stocking and extent of natural regeneration. The development of regeneration was studied in detail on these plots. The undergrowth consisted of 24 woody species in a total number of <br />6,000 individuals per hectare and about two thirds of them belonged to trees. The results of the study show a possibility to convert a spruce monoculture to a broadleaved commercial forest using the spontaneous regeneration of trees.

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3

Amagai, Ryo, Taku Fujimura, Yumi Kambayashi, Sadanori Furudate, Yota Sato, Kayo Tanita, Akira Hashimoto, and Setsuya Aiba. "Keratoacanthoma Centrifugum Marginatum with Spontaneous Regression and Its Possible Differential Diagnosis." Case Reports in Oncology 11, no. 3 (October 24, 2018): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493089.

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Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marignatum (KCM) is a rare variant of keratoacanthoma, which is characterized by the dense infiltration of inflammatory cells throughout the dermis, especially around the keratinocytic islands. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between KCM and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. In this report, we describe a case of KCM with spontaneous regression that showed dense infiltration of CD3+CD8+ T cells. Our present case suggested the importance of investigating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to avoid the misdiagnosis of KCM as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

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4

Xi, X. M., L. M. Xiao, and X. F. Yang. "The mechanism of spontaneous infiltration of Al–Si alloy into SiC preform in air." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 4 (April 1996): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0130.

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Rapid, spontaneous infiltration can be achieved by dipping a SiC preform that contains pyrolyzed carbon into an Al–Si alloy bath in an open air environment. The mechanism for infiltration is investigated in the present work by studying the effects of several relevant parameters on the infiltration process. Experimental results have shown that the requirements for rapid spontaneous infiltration are an infiltration temperature higher than 1400 °C, the presence of a pyrolyzed carbon, and the presence of SiC particle in the preforms. The concentration of Si in the alloy does not have significant influence on the infiltration rate, but it strongly affects the resulting microstructures in the infiltrated composites.

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5

Zhang, Kuo, Zhong Qi Shi, Gui Wu Liu, and Guan Jun Qiao. "SiC/Cu Composite Prepared by Spontaneous Infiltration of Copper Alloy into Porous SiC Ceramic." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.569.

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A porous SiC ceramic reinforced copper-matrix composite was fabricated by spontaneous infiltration of molten Cu-24at%Si alloy into the reinforcement. The influence of process parameters on the infiltration behavior and microstructure of the as-prepared SiC/Cu composite investigations showed that infiltration temperature had an important influence on the infiltration behavior, and higher infiltration temperature which decreased the viscosity of molten Cu-24Si was beneficial to the penetration. Besides, the degree of infiltration increased with the increase of dwelling time at 1600°C. SiC particles were bonded together by sintering additives to form the porous reinforcement, which can be maintained after spontaneous infiltration. The interfacial bond between SiC and Cu-24Si alloy was tight, and no obvious interfacial reaction layer was observed in the as-prepared composite.

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6

Hilden, J. L., and K. P. Trumble. "Spontaneous Infiltration of Non-Cylindrical Porosity: Large Pores." Materials Science Forum 308-311 (May 1999): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.308-311.157.

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7

Wang, Hongbao, Zechao Tao, Xiangfen Li, Xi Yan, Zhanjun Liu, and Quangui Guo. "Graphite fiber/copper composites prepared by spontaneous infiltration." Applied Surface Science 439 (May 2018): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.01.035.

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8

Nakae, H., and Y. Hiramoto. "Spontaneous Infiltration of Al Melts into SiC Preform." International Journal of Metalcasting 5, no. 2 (April 2011): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03355469.

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9

Gonzalez, Eduardo J., and Kevin P. Trumble. "Spontaneous Infiltration of Alumina by Copper-Oxygen Alloys." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 79, no. 1 (January 1996): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb07888.x.

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10

Maeda, Shingo, Tomoki Motegi, Aki Iio, Kenjiro Kaji, Yuko Goto-Koshino, Shotaro Eto, Namiko Ikeda, et al. "Anti-CCR4 treatment depletes regulatory T cells and leads to clinical activity in a canine model of advanced prostate cancer." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 10, no. 2 (January 2022): e003731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-003731.

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BackgroundTargeting regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration is an emerging strategy for cancer immunotherapy. However, its efficacy in advanced prostate cancer remains unclear. Here, we showed the therapeutic efficacy of anti-Treg treatment in a canine model of advanced prostate cancer.MethodsWe used dogs with naturally occurring prostate cancer to study the molecular mechanism underlying Treg infiltration and the effect of anti-Treg treatment. Tumor-infiltrating Tregs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and the association with prognosis was examined in dogs with spontaneous prostate cancer. The molecular mechanism of Treg infiltration was explored by RNA sequencing and protein analyses. A non-randomized canine clinical trial was conducted to define the therapeutic potential of anti-Treg treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Human prostate cancer datasets were analyzed to compare gene expression in dogs and humans.ResultsTumor-infiltrating Tregs were associated with poor prognosis in dogs bearing spontaneous prostate cancer. RNA sequencing and protein analyses showed a possible link between the CCL17–CCR4 pathway and the increase of tumor-infiltrating Tregs. Dogs with advanced prostate cancer responded to mogamulizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting CCR4, with decreased circulating Tregs, improved survival, and low incidence of clinically relevant adverse events. Urinary CCL17 concentration and BRAFV595E mutation were independently predictive of the response to mogamulizumab. Analysis of a transcriptomic dataset of human prostate cancer showed that the CCL17–CCR4 axis correlated with Foxp3. In silico survival analyses revealed that high expression of CCL17 was associated with poor prognosis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that tumor-infiltrating Tregs expressed CCR4 in human patients with prostate cancer.ConclusionsAnti-Treg treatment, through CCR4 blockade, may be a promising therapeutic approach for advanced prostate cancer in dogs and some population of human patients.

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11

Madej, J. A., J. P. Madej, S. Dzimira, and M. Nowak. "An immunohistochemical analysis of lymphocytic infiltrations in canine skin cancers." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 20, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2017-0018.

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Abstract Lymphocytic infiltrations located in the extracellular matrix often accompany canine skin cancer. They can be characterised as an inflammatory infiltration and/or a second tumour - lymphoma. The aim of this study was an immunohistochemical analysis of a lymphocytic infiltration which accompanies spontaneous skin cancer. Twenty basal cell carcinoma, 20 non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, 20 keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and 8 sebaceous gland carcinoma samples which were accompanied by a lymphocytic infiltration and/or secondary lymphatic follicles were verified histopathologically. The expression of bcl-2, CD3, CD79α, Ki-67, MCM-3 and MCM-7 in the lymphocytic infiltration was evaluated. Four types of lymphocytic infiltrations were found: I - diffuse bcl-2+, II - diffuse bcl-2-, III - follicular bcl-2+/- where the centre was bcl-2-, and the marginal zone of the follicles and the extrafollicular area were bcl-2+ and IV - aggregated bcl-2+, where the centre and periphery were bcl-2+. The I and IV type corresponds to lymphoma, II type is non-neoplastic immune response and III type suggest reactive follicular hyperplasia. The proliferation of lymphocytes which demonstrated the expression of neoplastic markers (I and IV), suggests preneoplastic phase (pseudolymphoma) or lymphoma - the second independent tumour. A high proliferative index of the follicular blc-2+/- follicular infiltration indicates an increased immunological response of the host against skin cancer.

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12

Kobayashi, Yoshihiro, Makoto Kobashi, and Naoyuki Kanetake. "Fabrication of Oxide Ceramics Composite by Reactive Infiltration Process." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.321.

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Reactive infiltration is a manufacturing process of metal matrix composites with low cost and low environmental impacts. In this study, reactive infiltration of a NiO/Ti blended powder preform with molten Al was examined. Titanium powder as an infiltration aid was mixed with NiO powder by various blending ratios. The preform and the Al ingot were then heated together up to 1273K ~1673K and held at these processing temperatures for 60 minutes by an induction furnace in N2 gas atmosphere. After the heating process, the vertical cross section was observed to see whether the infiltration and the in situ reaction occurred successfully. Spontaneous infiltration of molten aluminum into the powder preform did not occur when either processing temperature or blending ratio of titanium was not sufficiently high enough. Spontaneous infiltration occurred when processing temperature and volume fraction of titanium were 1273K, 1373K and 15%, 20%. But when volume fraction of titanium was 25%, the preform exploded by an extremely high. It was confirmed that Al3Ti, Al3Ni2 and Al2O3 were formed after the infiltration.

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13

Trumble, K. P. "Spontaneous infiltration of non-cylindrical porosity: Close-packed spheres." Acta Materialia 46, no. 7 (April 1998): 2363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(98)80017-7.

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14

Gonzalez-Merchan, Carolina, Sylvie Barraud, and Jean-Philippe Bedell. "Influence of spontaneous vegetation in stormwater infiltration system clogging." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21, no. 8 (December 19, 2013): 5419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2398-y.

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15

KANEDA, Hiromitsu, and Takao CHOH. "Effects of infiltration agent factors on spontaneous infiltration behavior in fabrication of magnesium matrix composites." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 46, no. 7 (1996): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.46.321.

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16

Zulfia, Anne. "Al-Si/SiC Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Spontaneous Infiltration." Advanced Materials Research 277 (July 2011): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.277.21.

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Aluminium Silicon reinforced with 50Vf% SiC has been produced by spontaneous infiltration at 900°C for 1 hour. Aluminium infiltrated preforms containing 1%wt Mg mixed with various of Si between 2 and 14wt%, as external dopant. However Al did not infiltrate a preform containing 1wt%Mg but if mixed with Si in the preform generated in more extensive infiltration. Effect of Si on characterisation of pure Al composites by spontaneous infiltration were studied and compared to Al-Si based matrix. Microstructural analysis of MMC as well as mechanical properties were also observed. It was found that increasing of Si content generated lower porosity thus increasing hardness due to aluminium could wet SiC preform well. Although the dopant was uniformly distributed throughout the perform but microstructural analysis and hardness measurements indicate that the resultant composite may not be uniform as infiltration inwards from the top to the bottom of preform.The hardness of Al-Si composites is significantly increased with increasing of Si for both externally and internally doped system. This is associated with decreasing porosity with higher Si in composites.

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17

Yang, X. F., X. M. Xi, and L. M. Xiao. "The initiation of spontaneous infiltration of alloys into carbon preforms in air." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 2 (February 1998): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0043.

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It was found in a previous work that the Al–Si alloy could spontaneously infiltrate into carbon preforms in air. In this study, the initiation stage of the infiltration process was investigated in detail through two different infiltration experiments. In one experiment, carbon preforms were fully dipped into an alloy bath that was exposed to air, and in the other experiment a carbon preform was only partially dipped into an alloy bath that was protected with a flowing Ar or N2 gas. Experimental results have suggested that the initiation of infiltration is controlled by the pressure of oxidizing gases such as O2 or CO at the infiltration front and is not affected by the presence or absence of N2 gas. The critical pressure of oxidizing gases is estimated to be on the order of 10−4 atm for systems investigated in our experiments. An effective way to reduce the O2 or CO pressure is to flush a preform with nonoxidizing gases during or before infiltration, or to use an active metal to reduce the O2 pressure and thus the corresponding CO pressure.

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18

Gimenez, R., M. Mercuri, C. L. A. Berli, and M. G. Bellino. "Electrical current nanogeneration driven by spontaneous nanofluidic oscillations." Nanoscale 10, no. 7 (2018): 3144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00269j.

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19

Luna, Eduardo, Joseph F. Tomashefski, David Brown, Raymond E. Clarke, and Jerome Kleinerman. "Reactive Eosinophilic Pulmonary Vascular Infiltration in Patients with Spontaneous Pneumothorax." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 18, no. 2 (February 1994): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199402000-00009.

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20

Pan, Yi, and João L. Baptista. "Spontaneous Infiltration of Iron Silicides into Silicon Carbide Powder Preforms." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83, no. 12 (December 2000): 2919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01661.x.

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21

SABOORI, Abdollah, Xiang CHEN, Claudio BADINI, Paolo FINO, and Matteo PAVESE. "Reactive spontaneous infiltration of Al-activated TiO2 by molten aluminum." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 29, no. 3 (March 2019): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(19)64976-9.

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22

Bowyer, R. C., and V. L. R. Touquet. "Spontaneous Sternal Fracture — A Misnomer." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 79, no. 3 (March 1986): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688607900316.

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Spontaneous sternal fractures, although rare, may present to the Accident and Emergency Department as a severe central chest pain of sudden onset. These may be confused with myocardial infarction1 or pulmonary embolism2. Treatment in the uncomplicated case may be symptomatic with analgesics, but this fracture may require sternal wiring if paradoxical sternal movement embarrasses respiration. Spontaneous fracture of the sternum appears in the majority of cases to be due either to secondary metastatic infiltration, myelomatosis or extreme osteoporosis3. We report a case which emphasizes the importance of investigating these patients.

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23

McCafferty, Donna-Marie, Elaine Sihota, Marcelo Muscara, John L. Wallace, Keith A. Sharkey, and Paul Kubes. "Spontaneously developing chronic colitis in IL-10/iNOS double-deficient mice." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): G90—G99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.1.g90.

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Mice deficient in both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-10 (iNOS−/−/IL-10−/−) were created to examine the role of iNOS in spontaneously developing intestinal inflammation. IL-10−/−/iNOS−/−mice were compared with IL-10−/−(iNOS+/+) littermates over 6 mo. RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry were performed to measure iNOS message and protein levels. Plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels were assessed by HPLC. Damage scores (macroscopic and microscopic) and granulocyte infiltration were assessed. At 3–4 wk, IL-10−/−and IL-10−/−/iNOS−/−mice had no signs of colonic inflammation or granulocyte infiltration. Plasma NOxlevels were not different from controls. By 3–4 mo, IL-10−/−mice had increased damage scores and granulocyte infiltration concurrent with increased mRNA and protein synthesis (restricted to the epithelium) for iNOS in intestinal tissues but not other tissues. Plasma NOxlevels increased fivefold. Interestingly, in the absence of iNOS induction or increased plasma NOx, iNOS−/−/IL-10−/−mice had damage and granulocyte infiltration equivalent to those observed in IL-10−/−littermates. These data suggest that iNOS does not impact on the development or severity of spontaneous chronic inflammation in IL-10-deficient mice.

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24

Bárczy, Tamás, and György Kaptay. "Modeling the Infiltration of Liquid Metals Into Porous Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 473-474 (January 2005): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.473-474.297.

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A new “Closely Packed Equal Sphere” (CPES) infiltration model has been developed by us. It differs from the classical capillary infiltration model mainly in the value of the critical contact angle of spontaneous infiltration (50,7o, instead of 90o), and as a consequence, it also differs in the functional relationship between the threshold pressure and the contact angle. Our new equation becomes identical with the Carman equation for perfectly wettability. Our experimental results are in good agreement with these theoretical results.

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25

Szymczak, Piotr, and Anthony J. C. Ladd. "Reactive-infiltration instabilities in rocks. Fracture dissolution." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 702 (May 28, 2012): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.174.

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AbstractA reactive fluid dissolving the surface of a uniform fracture will trigger an instability in the dissolution front, leading to spontaneous formation of pronounced well-spaced channels in the surrounding rock matrix. Although the underlying mechanism is similar to the wormhole instability in porous rocks there are significant differences in the physics, due to the absence of a steadily propagating reaction front. In previous work we have described the geophysical implications of this instability in regard to the formation of long conduits in soluble rocks. Here we describe a more general linear stability analysis, including axial diffusion, transport-limited dissolution, nonlinear kinetics, and a finite-length system.

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26

KANEDA, Hiromitsu, and Takao CHOH. "Fabrication and spontaneous infiltration process analysis of particulate reinforced Mg composites." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 45, no. 6 (1995): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.45.321.

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27

KANEDA, Hiromitsu, and Takao CHOH. "Spontaneous infiltration velocity in fabrication process of particulate reinforced magnesium composites." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 45, no. 10 (1995): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.45.537.

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28

Chen, Guixiong, Yalian Weng, Wenwen Wang, Deming Hong, Linpeng Zhou, Xiongtu Zhou, Chaoxing Wu, et al. "Spontaneous Formation of Random Wrinkles by Atomic Layer Infiltration for Anticounterfeiting." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 23 (June 1, 2021): 27548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c04076.

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29

Zhang, Junjia, Shichao Liu, Jiaming Liu, Yiping Lu, Yue Liu, and Tingju Li. "Electroless nickel plating and spontaneous infiltration behavior of woven carbon fibers." Materials & Design 186 (January 2020): 108301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108301.

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30

Jankipersadsing, Vishant, Tetsuzo Tauchi, Yuko Tanaka, Yasuhiro Setoguchi, Kiyoshi Mukai, and Kazuma Ohyashiki. "Spontaneous regression of pulmonary infiltration of adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma." International Journal of Hematology 86, no. 3 (June 2007): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03006920.

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31

Hung, Jui-Yuan, Shyu-Jye Wang, and Shing-Sheng Wu. "Spontaneous rupture of extensor pollicis longus tendon with tophaceous gout infiltration." Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 125, no. 4 (June 15, 2004): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00402-004-0670-9.

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32

Yu, Ping, Ying He, Jikun Zha, Yamin Wang, Yangxin Fu, and Wenhua Liu. "Adaptive immune response initiated by high mobility group box 1 promotes tumor progression (48.36)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 48.36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.48.36.

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Abstract Cancers are often observed to be associated with infiltrating lymphocytes. However, the role of lymphocytes in regulating pro-tumor versus anti-tumor immune responses remains controversial. We report that lymphocytes are essential for tumor progression in an autochthonous prostate cancer model. Activated T lymphocytes gradually accumulate inside the tumor during the process of de novo spontaneous tumor development driven by the tissue-specific expression of an oncogene. T cell infiltration is essential for the increased CD11b+Gr-1-F4/80+ macrophages inside the tumor. Intriguingly, blockade of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) drastically inhibits tumor-antigen-specific T cell activation, infiltration and tumor progression. Our study has demonstrated that “endogenous danger signals” like HMGB1 produced by a growing tumor are essential to bridge innate and adaptive immune responses, which could further promote tumor progression over time. Our finding may have important implications for future cancer prevention and therapy.

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33

Tomonari, Yuki, Tetsuro Kurotaki, Junko Sato, Takuya Doi, Hiroko Kokoshima, Takeshi Kanno, Minoru Tsuchitani, and John Curtis Seely. "Spontaneous Age-related Lesions of the Kidney Fornices in Sprague-Dawley Rats." Toxicologic Pathology 44, no. 2 (February 2016): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623315621193.

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The upper portion of the rat kidney pelvis has specialized anatomic structures referred to as fornices. Fornices have a role in urine concentration. Spontaneous lesions including mineralization, epithelial hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration may occur in the area of the fornices. However, little information regarding specific historical control data or the spontaneous development of these findings in male and female fornices is known. Understanding spontaneous age-related lesions in the area of the fornices versus other portions of the kidney pelvis may be relevant in the identification of test article–induced changes. A retrospective study was conducted of male and female Sprague-Dawley rat kidney fornices over several time points to determine the incidence and severity of mineralization, epithelial hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Based on this investigation, these lesions appeared to increase over time and, in general, occurred earlier and with a greater incidence in females. Regarding those chemicals that may result in lesions of the kidney pelvis, it may be important for pathologists to separately diagnose lesions of the fornices from other portions of the kidney pelvis to help differentiate between any spontaneous age-related and induced changes.

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34

Magaton, Isotta M., Alexandar Tzankov, Fatime Krasniqi, Christof Rottenburger, Rosanna Zanetti-Daellenbach, Peter Grendelmeier, Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz, Michael Mayr, and Fabienne D. Schwab. "Spontaneous Remission of Severe Systemic Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis with Bladder Involvement: A Case Study." Case Reports in Oncology 10, no. 3 (October 5, 2017): 876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480696.

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Background: The clinical presentation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is heterogeneous ranging from single-organ involvement to systemic disease causing substantial morbidity and mortality. We describe an unusual course of severe multisystem LCH with spontaneous remission. Case Presentation: We report on a 45-year-old Caucasian woman with cervical cancer, FIGO stage IVB. Five months after the end of combined radiochemotherapy and brachytherapy, the patient was readmitted because of severe dysuria. Sterile leukocyturia was seen, and cystoscopy revealed only 3 unspecific small mucosal lesions compatible with postradiation cystitis. Incidentally, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the body showed diffuse micronodular and cystic lesions in lungs and hypodense lesions in the liver. Biopsies revealed infiltrations of CD1a and Langerin (CD207)-positive histiocytes in the lung, liver, and bladder. Additionally, positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) was compatible with bone involvement. Retrospective analysis revealed that the increase in alkaline phosphatase might have been a surrogate of bone marrow infiltration with osseous activity. Repeated pneumothoraces occurred, and only one course of vinblastine-prednisolone could be applied. Despite ongoing tobacco consumption and without further therapy, PET-CT showed considerable remission 2 months later. However, despite stable remission, documented by serial PET and conventional CT scans, persistent infiltration of the bladder by Langerhans histiocytes could still be demonstrated 17 months later. Unfortunately, cervical cancer recurred and progressed. Conclusion: Multisystem LCH may rapidly occur, may be oligosymptomatic and, even in high-risk cases, remission without specific therapy might occur. Whether alkaline phosphatase might be a surrogate to monitor osseous disease activity has to be further explored.

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35

Xi, Xiao Mei, and Xiao Feng Yang. "Spontaneous Infiltration of Aluminum-Silicon Alloy into Silicon Carbide Preforms in Air." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 79, no. 1 (January 1996): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb07886.x.

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36

Gao, M. X., Y. Pan, F. J. Oliveira, J. L. Baptista, and J. M. Vieira. "High strength TiC matrix Fe28Al toughened composites prepared by spontaneous melt infiltration." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 26, no. 16 (January 2006): 3853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.01.005.

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37

Pan, Yi, and Joao L. Baptista. "ChemInform Abstract: Spontaneous Infiltration of Iron Silicides into Silicon Carbide Powder Preforms." ChemInform 32, no. 12 (March 20, 2001): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200112245.

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38

Tanaka, Yoshiya, Shinichiro Mine, Carl G. Figdor, Atsushi Wake, Hideyasu Hirano, Junichi Tsukada, Megumi Aso, et al. "Constitutive Chemokine Production Results in Activation of Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 on Adult T-Cell Leukemia Cells." Blood 91, no. 10 (May 15, 1998): 3909–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.10.3909.

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Abstract Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is characterized by massive infiltration of circulating ATL cells into a variety of tissues, a finding often associated with poor prognosis. Leukocyte migration from circulation into tissue depends on integrin-mediated adhesion to endothelium, and integrins are tightly regulated by several stimuli, such as inflammatory chemokines. However, the exact mechanisms that enhance adherence of leukemic cells to the endothelium and infiltration into tissues remain to be fully understood. We investigated the mechanisms of extravasation of leukemic cells using ATL cells and report the following novel features of endogenous chemokine-induced adhesion of ATL cells to the endothelium. ATL cells spontaneously adhered to endothelial cells without exogenous stimulation. Integrin leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on ATL cells was spontaneously activated. ATL cells produced high amounts of chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and MIP-1β. Adhesion of ATL cells to endothelial cells and the expression of activated form of LFA-1 were reduced by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, wortmannin, or anti–MIP-1α and MIP-1β antibodies or transfection with antisense of MIP-1α or MIP-1β. Spontaneous polymerization of cytoskeletal F-actin was observed in ATL cells, which was also inhibited by pertussis toxin and wortmannin. We propose that ATL cells adhere to endothelial cells through an adhesion cascade similar to normal leukocytes and that the chemokines produced by ATL cells are involved in triggering integrin LFA-1 through cytoskeletal rearrangement induced by G-protein–dependent activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases in an autocrine manner. These events result in a strong adhesion of ATL cells to the endothelium and spontaneous transendothelial migration.

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Tanaka, Yoshiya, Shinichiro Mine, Carl G. Figdor, Atsushi Wake, Hideyasu Hirano, Junichi Tsukada, Megumi Aso, et al. "Constitutive Chemokine Production Results in Activation of Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 on Adult T-Cell Leukemia Cells." Blood 91, no. 10 (May 15, 1998): 3909–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.10.3909.3909_3909_3919.

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Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is characterized by massive infiltration of circulating ATL cells into a variety of tissues, a finding often associated with poor prognosis. Leukocyte migration from circulation into tissue depends on integrin-mediated adhesion to endothelium, and integrins are tightly regulated by several stimuli, such as inflammatory chemokines. However, the exact mechanisms that enhance adherence of leukemic cells to the endothelium and infiltration into tissues remain to be fully understood. We investigated the mechanisms of extravasation of leukemic cells using ATL cells and report the following novel features of endogenous chemokine-induced adhesion of ATL cells to the endothelium. ATL cells spontaneously adhered to endothelial cells without exogenous stimulation. Integrin leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on ATL cells was spontaneously activated. ATL cells produced high amounts of chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and MIP-1β. Adhesion of ATL cells to endothelial cells and the expression of activated form of LFA-1 were reduced by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, wortmannin, or anti–MIP-1α and MIP-1β antibodies or transfection with antisense of MIP-1α or MIP-1β. Spontaneous polymerization of cytoskeletal F-actin was observed in ATL cells, which was also inhibited by pertussis toxin and wortmannin. We propose that ATL cells adhere to endothelial cells through an adhesion cascade similar to normal leukocytes and that the chemokines produced by ATL cells are involved in triggering integrin LFA-1 through cytoskeletal rearrangement induced by G-protein–dependent activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases in an autocrine manner. These events result in a strong adhesion of ATL cells to the endothelium and spontaneous transendothelial migration.

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Albuquerque, Samuel S. C., Brena P. Rocha, Raquel F. Albuquerque, Juceli S. Oliveira, Rosane M. T. Medeiros, Franklin Riet-Correa, Joaquim Evêncio-Neto, and Fábio S. Mendonça. "Spontaneous poisoning by Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) in cattle." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 34, no. 9 (September 2014): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2014000900004.

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The aim of this study is to report cases of spontaneous poisoning of cattle by Ricinus communis (castor beans) in Paraíba, a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. The cases were observed in 2 herds on neighboring properties in 2013. Clinical signs developed within 6-24 h and consisted of weakness, tachycardia, dyspnea, profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, depression, instability, cramps, permanent lateral recumbency and death within 48-72 h. Of the 60 cattle at risk, 19 were affected and 14 died. Five fully recovered after the course of 12 days. Three animals were necropsied. The main gross lesions were hemopericardium, hemothorax, pulmonary edema, petechial hemorrhages in the epicardium and endocardium, ecchymoses at the papillary muscles and suffusions on the intercostal muscles. Hemorrhages were also observed in the abdominal cavity, spleen and mucosa of the abomasum and small intestine. The rumen content was liquid with a large amount of castor bean seeds. There were circular, whitish and focally diffuse areas in the liver parenchyma. The main microscopic lesions consisted of multifocal coagulative myocardial necrosis with the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and varying degrees of bleeding between cardiac muscle fibers. The abomasum and small intestine mucosae and submucosa had mild edema and mononuclear and polymorphonuclear inflammatory cell infiltration. The diagnosis of R. communis was based on the history of plant consumption, clinical signs, pathology of the disease and the presence of large amounts of castor bean seeds in the forestomachs.

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Miranda, Hector Vergara, Raúl Omar Martínez Zarazúa, Mayra Alexandra Hernandez Ramírez, José Angel Rodríguez Briseño, and Gerardo Enrique Muñoz Maldonado. "Spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 2786. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20213616.

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Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare phenomenon that is not associated with trauma. The most common causes of splenic rupture are hematological diseases (30.3%), inflammatory diseases (20%), infectious diseases (27.3%), drugs (9.2%), mechanical disorders (6.8%), and unknown causes (6.4%). Spontaneous splenic rupture secondary to hematological malignancy is rare; in this group of patients, chronic granulocytic leukemia is the main cause. The mechanism of spontaneous splenic rupture is uncertain. Three mechanisms have been suggested: the mechanical effect of leukemia and its infiltration in the spleen, especially if the capsule is invaded; splenic infarction with subsequent subcapsular hemorrhage and rupture of the splenic capsule, and coagulation abnormalities.

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Mirfazaelian, Hadi, Ahmad Oryan, Aida Davari, Khosrow Daneshbod, and Yahya Daneshbod. "Spontaneous Splenic Rupture in Melanoma." Case Reports in Pathology 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/865453.

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Spontaneous rupture of spleen due to malignant melanoma is a rare situation, with only a few case reports in the literature. This study reports a previously healthy, 30-year-old man who came with chief complaint of acute abdominal pain to emergency room. On physical examination, abdominal tenderness and guarding were detected to be coincident with hypotension. Ultrasonography revealed mild splenomegaly with moderate free fluid in abdominopelvic cavity. Considering acute abdominal pain and hemodynamic instability, he underwent splenectomy with splenic rupture as the source of bleeding. Histologic examination showed diffuse infiltration by tumor. Immunohistochemical study (positive for S100, HMB45, and vimentin and negative for CK, CD10, CK20, CK7, CD30, LCA, EMA, and chromogranin) confirmed metastatic malignant melanoma. On further questioning, there was a past history of a nasal dark skin lesion which was removed two years ago with no pathologic examination. Spontaneous (nontraumatic) rupture of spleen is an uncommon situation and it happens very rarely due to neoplastic metastasis. Metastasis of malignant melanoma is one of the rare causes of the spontaneous rupture of spleen.

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Glass, Aaron, Nedal Darwish, and Steven Taffet. "Role of bone marrow-derived cells and inflammation in spontaneous cardiac dystrophic calcification (44.36)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 44.36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.44.36.

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Abstract Dystrophic calcification (DC), or extra-osseous deposition of calcium phosphate, is associated with numerous cardiovascular diseases ranging from acute conditions such as myocardial infarction to chronic conditions including atherosclerosis. Development of DC in mouse models is multifactorial, with diet, age and genotype each contributing to the disease phenotype. Although DC has been characterized in a several mouse strains, the relationship between inflammation and DC has not been addressed and no autoimmune component has been identified. We identified a substrain of BALB/c mice (BALB/cByJ) that spontaneously develop epicardial DC lesions containing focal deposits of calcium and infiltrating mononuclear cells. Bone marrow chimera experiments using GFP-expressing donor bone marrow revealed that the lesions are strongly GFP positive, suggesting an inflammatory component of the disease. In particular, there was substantial GFP positive cell infiltration at the site of calcinosis. A characterization of the infiltrating cells by immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of immune cells. Initiation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis in these animals led to the formation of a more pronounced lesion, where the calcinosis appeared to serve as a focus of the myocarditis. Further study of this model may help elucidate the dynamic interplay between inflammation and calcification in cardiovascular disease.

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Sznurkowski, Jacek Jan, Anton Żawrocki, Janusz Emerich, and Wojciech Biernat. "Prognostic Significance of CD4+and CD8+T Cell Infiltration Within Cancer Cell Nests in Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 21, no. 4 (April 2011): 717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0b013e3182131f36.

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Background:The clinicopathological significance of the local spontaneous immune reaction in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of the subtypes of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, both individually and synergistically.Methods:Seventy-six patients with verified histopathological data and complete clinical history were included into the study. We collected 76 paraffin-embedded samples of the primary tumor. The presence of CD4+and CD8+T cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and compared with commonly recognized prognostic factors. The primary end point analyzed was the overall survival.Results:CD4+and CD8+T cells were detected both within the nests of carcinoma and in the stroma, but only the infiltration within cancer cell nests was further analyzed. There was significant positive correlation (Spearman rho testR= 0.282,P= 0.014) between the number of intratumoral CD4+and CD8+T cells. No correlation was observed between the number of tumor-infiltrating CD4+and CD8+T cells and the patients' survival. Patients were classified into the following 4 groups (CD4+/CD8+, CD4−/CD8−, CD4+/CD8−, CD4−/CD8+), but none of them correlated with overall survival.Conclusions:These data support the statement that CD4+and CD8+T cells cooperate within cancer cell nests, but this spontaneous immune reaction is an individual feature not influencing the prognosis. Intratumoral CD4+T cells might control or reflect the immune responses against cancer cells, whereas CD8+T cells do not seem to work as sufficient effectors in tumor tissues.

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Accarie, Alison, Joran Toth, Lucas Wauters, Ricard Farré, Jan Tack, and Tim Vanuytsel. "Estrogens Play a Critical Role in Stress-Related Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in a Spontaneous Model of Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction." Cells 11, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11071214.

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Background: Disorders of the gut–brain interaction (DGBI), such as irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia, are more prevalent in women than in men, with a ratio of 2:1. Furthermore, stressful life events have been reported as one of the triggers for symptoms in DGBI patients. Methods: Here, we studied the effect of an early-life stressor (maternal separation (MS)) on jejunal and colonic alterations, including colonic sensitivity and immune cells infiltration and activation in a validated spontaneous model of DGBI (BBDP-N), and investigated the involvement of β-estradiol on stress-worsened intestinal alterations. Results: We found that maternal separation exacerbated colonic sensitivity and mast cell and eosinophil infiltration and activation in females only. Ovariectomy partially rescued the stress phenotype by decreasing colonic sensitivity, which was restored by β-estradiol injections and did not impact immune cells infiltration and activation. Stressed males exposed to β-estradiol demonstrated similar intestinal alterations as MS females. Conclusion: Estrogen plays a direct critical role in colonic hypersensitivity in a spontaneous animal model of DGBI, while for immune activation, estrogen seems to be involved in the first step of their recruitment and activation. Our data point towards a complex interaction between stress and β-estradiol in DGBI.

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Mohan, James F., Rainer H. Kohler, Jonathan A. Hill, Ralph Weissleder, Diane Mathis, and Christophe Benoist. "Imaging the emergence and natural progression of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 37 (August 24, 2017): E7776—E7785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707381114.

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Type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse stems from an infiltration of the pancreatic islets by a mixed population of immunocytes, which results in the impairment and eventual destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Little is known about the dynamics of lymphocyte movement in the pancreas during disease progression. Using advanced intravital imaging approaches and newly created reporter mice (Flt3-BFP2, Mertk-GFP-DTR, Cd4-tdTomato, Cd8a-tdTomato), we show that the autoimmune process initiates first with a T cell infiltration into the islets, where they have restricted mobility but reside and are activated in apposition to CX3CR1+ macrophages. The main expansion then occurs in the connective tissue outside the islet, which remains more or less intact. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Tregs, and dendritic cells (DCs) are highly mobile, going along microvascular tracks, while static macrophages (MF) form a more rigid structure, often encasing the islet cell mass. Transient cell–cell interactions are formed between T cells and both MFs and DCs, but also surprisingly between MFs and DCs themselves, possibly denoting antigen transfer. In later stages, extensive islet destruction coincides with preferential antigen presentation to, and activation of, CD8+ T cells. Throughout the process, Tregs patrol the active compartments, consistent with the notion that they control the activation of many cell types.

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da Silva, Bárbara, Ryan K. Mathew, Euan S. Polson, Jennifer Williams, and Heiko Wurdak. "Spontaneous Glioblastoma Spheroid Infiltration of Early-Stage Cerebral Organoids Models Brain Tumor Invasion." SLAS DISCOVERY: Advancing the Science of Drug Discovery 23, no. 8 (March 15, 2018): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472555218764623.

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Organoid methodology provides a platform for the ex vivo investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying brain development and disease. The high-grade brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is considered a cancer of unmet clinical need, in part due to GBM cell infiltration into healthy brain parenchyma, making complete surgical resection improbable. Modeling the process of GBM invasion in real time is challenging as it requires both tumor and neural tissue compartments. Here, we demonstrate that human GBM spheroids possess the ability to spontaneously infiltrate early-stage cerebral organoids (eCOs). The resulting formation of hybrid organoids demonstrated an invasive tumor phenotype that was distinct from noncancerous adult neural progenitor (NP) spheroid incorporation into eCOs. These findings provide a basis for the modeling and quantification of the GBM infiltration process using a stem-cell-based organoid approach, and may be used for the identification of anti-GBM invasion strategies.

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Amosov, A. P., E. I. Latukhin, E. R. Umerov, and D. M. Davydov. "Investigation of possibility of fabrication of long-length samples of Ti3AlC2–Al MAX-cermet by the SHS method with spontaneous infiltration by aluminum melt." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2022-3-24-36.

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The article discusses the features of combining the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase porous skeleton with infiltration by aluminum melt in a spontaneous mode in order to obtain enlarged samples of Ti3AlC2–Al ceramic-metal composite (MAX cermet) in an air atmosphere. A new scheme was developed for obtaining long-length SHS cermet samples from a bulk density charge with spontaneous infiltration by melt in the same direction with the combustion wave movement, which makes it possible to regulate the time gap between the end of the Ti3AlC2 synthesis and the beginning of the spontaneous pore filling with aluminum melt. This technology was used to obtain a Ti3AlC2 SHS skeleton with a total length of 250 mm and a diameter of 22–24 mm where the depth of infiltration with pure aluminum was about 110 mm, and impregnation with the Al–12%Si alloy was 130 mm. The paper provides comparative data on density, microstructure, and phase composition at different areas along the length of MAX cermet samples obtained. It was found that infiltration with pure aluminum destroys the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase to transform it into a mixture of TiC + TiAl3 phases in the SHS cermet, and 12 % Si added to the Al melt promote Ti3AlC2 preservation in the cermet to a some extent. Instead of MAX cermet samples with the target composition of Ti3AlC2–Al and Ti3AlC2–(Al–12%Si), long-length samples of SHS cermets with a different actual phase composition were obtained: TiC–TiAl3–Al and TiC–Ti3AlC2–TiAl3–(Al–12%Si), respectively, where the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase either practically absent or present in small quantities. The average hardness values of TiC–TiAl3–Al and TiC–Ti3AlC2–TiAl3–(Al–12%Si) SHS cermets were HB = 640 and 740 MPa, density ρ = 2.88÷3.16 g/cm3 and 3.03÷3.13 g/cm3, and residual porosity П = 17.0÷24.6 % and 17.6÷20.3 %, respectively.

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Bocharov, E. V., O. A. Bocharova, R. V. Karpova, V. G. Kucheryanu, I. V. Kazeev, E. S. Inozemceva, Y. N. Soloviev, and Z. S. Shprakh. "Immunoadhesive regulation using multiphytoadaptogene for spontaneous hepatocarcinomas prevention." Russian Journal of Biotherapy 17, no. 2 (November 24, 2018): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2018-17-2-78-87.

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The purposeof this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of correcting the LFA-1 and Mac-1 leukocyte integrins expression on peripheral blood cells as well as IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels using liquid form multiphytoadaptogene preventive application for hepatocarcinomas incidence suppression and life-span increase of CBA inbreed mice.Materials and methods.The study was carried out on 439 males of inbred CBA mouse strain (subline CBA/LacY). The experimental mice received 10 % liquid form multiphytoadaptogene complex (MPAC) solution in drinking water during the first month of life including the final time period of liver differentiation (preventive administration). MPAC is the standardized herbal formula composed of 40 plant extracts components including adaptogenes Panax ginseng, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhodiola rosea, as well as compounds with phenolic structure (flavonoids, triterpene glycosides, etc). Anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant, immunomodifying activities of MPAC were demonstrated. The CD11a and CD11b antigens expressions on peripheral blood cells were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence reaction, serum cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well as the liver tissue morphology were analyzed at the age of 4, 8, 22 months. Tumor incidence and volumes were evaluated at the age of 8 and 22 months. Motor activity and physical status (body weight, coat state) were estimated in the ontogenesis. The average life-span and survival median was analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method. Statistical analysis was performed with the program STATISTICA 6.0.Results.Inhibited expression of LFA-1 and Mac-1 leukocyte integrins on peripheral blood cells as well as elevated IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels, high incidence of liver tumors (100 % of mice-males), their high number and big sizes in the late period of postnatal ontogenesis in CBA high-cancer inbrede mice, also as life-span not reaching two years was demonstrated. At the same time plural tumor-infiltrating limphocytes were not found. Short-term MPAC preventive administration (during the first month of mouse life occupying the final differentiation period of liver tissue genetically predisposal to hepatoms incidence) revealed the long-term heterotypic adhesion molecules leukocyte integrins LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) up-regulated expression, providing the contact interactions of immune effectors and cancer cells. The events shown is able to enhance the anti-tumor activity of immune reactions including spontaneous hepatocarcinomas lymphocytes infiltration and destruction of tumor tissue. As a result, the hereditary tumors incidence, their number and sizes were reduced as well as life-span and life quality of animals were improved.Conclusion.Up-regulated leukocyte integrins expression on peripheral blood cells, reduced IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels accompanied by tumors lymphocyte infiltration and destruction using MPAC preventive administration is essential for tumor incidence down-regulation. The herbal formula with multiple components is capable to controle anti-tumor immune reactions, as well as the life-span and life quality of high-cancer animals. Hence, the regulation of adhesion violations involved in tumor incidence can be cancer preventive.

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Rhode, Antje, Mary E. Pauza, Ana Maria Barral, Evelyn Rodrigo, Michael B. A. Oldstone, Matthias G. von Herrath, and Urs Christen. "Islet-Specific Expression of CXCL10 Causes Spontaneous Islet Infiltration and Accelerates Diabetes Development." Journal of Immunology 175, no. 6 (September 7, 2005): 3516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3516.

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