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Academic literature on the topic 'Spontaneous Collapse'

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Published: 1 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Spontaneous Collapse"

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Yang, Xiaoning, Brian W. Stump, and W. Scott Phillips. "Source mechanism of an explosively induced mine collapse." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880030843.

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Abstract Mining explosions and collapses, in addition to earthquakes, may trigger the future Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) monitoring system. Many shallow, spontaneously occurring mine collapses have implosional source mechanisms that might provide a physical basis to discriminate them from explosions. In this study, an explosively induced mine collapse was investigated. The collapse occurred immediately after the support pillars of a 320-m-deep underground mine opening were destroyed by explosives. It had an Lg body-wave magnitude (mbLg) of 2.8. We analyzed free-surface ground-motion data (within 1200 m) from the collapse by waveform forward modeling and time-dependent source moment-tensor inversion. The results indicate that the source mechanism of the collapse can be represented by a horizontal opening and closing crack. The time functions of the diagonal source moment-tensor components are similar to that of a spall source accompanying an underground explosion. A unique source characteristic of the induced collapse is that, unlike spontaneous collapses, the induced collapse initiated as a tensile crack. Because of the initially expansive source characteristic, this kind of induced mine collapses may pose some difficulties to the seismic discrimination problem. Despite the similarities between the induced mine collapse and underground explosions, the collapse has a more band-limited source spectrum and seems to be more efficient in shear and surface-wave generation.
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Buchholz, Detlev, and Ojima Izumi. "Spontaneous collapse of supersymmetry." Nuclear Physics B 498, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(97)00274-5.

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Lewis, Peter J. "Interpreting spontaneous collapse theories." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 36, no. 1 (March 2005): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2004.08.002.

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Diósi, Lajos. "Spontaneous Wave Function Collapse with Frame Dragging and Induced Gravity." Quantum Reports 1, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quantum1020025.

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I impose the Newtonian criteria of inertial frames on the c.o.m.trajectories of massive objects undergoing spontaneous collapse of their wave function. The corresponding modification of the so far used stochastic Schrödinger equation eliminates the Brownian motion of the c.o.m., and restores the exact inertial motion for free masses. For the collapse of Schrödinger cat states the Born rule is satisfied invariably. The proposed machinery comes from the radical assumption that, in the vicinity of the spontaneously localized mass, the stochastic fluctuations of the c.o.m.—inevitable in the collapse process—would drag the physical inertial frame with themselves. The perspective of a general theory is presented where the spontaneous-collapse-caused breakdown of local energy-momentum conservation could be remedied by altering the metric, resulting in collapse-induced curvature of the space-time. My assumption of frame-drag by quantized masses is independent of the general relativistic frame-drag by classical masses.
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ASPENBERG, P., J. S. WANG, K. JONSSON, and C. G. HAGERT. "Experimental Osteonecrosis of the Lunate." Journal of Hand Surgery 19, no. 5 (October 1994): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(94)90116-3.

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Is lunate collapse in Kienböck’s disease a consequence of spontaneous revascularization, leading to focal osteolysis? A literature review of osteonecrosis in other locations such as the femoral head and bone allografts showed clearly that the loss of mechanical integrity is due to cellular processes which follow the spontaneous restoration of blood supply. We found no evidence in the literature that the lunate has been shown to be avascular at the time of collapse. On the contrary, increased osteoclastic activity has been reported. We excised and reimplanted the lunate in two monkeys, and found spontaneous revascularization, leading to increased osteoblastic activity. Other parts of the bone were destroyed by osteoclasts, leading to collapse. This histological example suggests that it may be possible to make an analogy with osteonecrosis in other locations. Thus, changes on plain radiography may indicate that the bone is revascularized spontaneously. Before performing operative revascularization of the lunate, one should consider that revascularization is a probable cause for collapse.
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Jones, C., G. Gasbarri, and A. Bassi. "Mass-coupled relativistic spontaneous collapse models." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 54, no. 29 (June 24, 2021): 295306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/abf871.

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Pickard, Lucy, Charlotte Whittaker, and Vishal Jayakar. "Spontaneous sternal collapse in multiple myeloma." British Journal of Haematology 168, no. 3 (November 7, 2014): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13204.

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Dowker, Fay, and Joe Henson. "Spontaneous Collapse Models on a Lattice." Journal of Statistical Physics 115, no. 5/6 (June 2004): 1327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:joss.0000028061.97843.84.

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Rechul, D., and K. Rechul. "0164 Evidence Suggesting Early Airway Collapse as Cause of Spontaneous Arousals." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.162.

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Abstract Introduction Spontaneous arousals can occur in response to a number of stimuli like noise, movement, hypoxia, or airway obstruction. Some arousals occur “spontaneously” and in individuals donning a hyper-arousable phenotype, spontaneous arousals can dominate the sleep architecture. While arousal mechanisms for some stimuli have been well described, there is a profound lack of knowledge to explain spontaneous arousals. During clinical testing of a device that was designed by SleepMethods, Inc. to anticipate obstructive sleep apnea events by the ability to sense minute airway caliber changes, it was noted, incidentally that the device would signal impeding airway collapse but a spontaneous arousal followed the signal before an obstructive airway event ever developed. This phenomenon was observed many times within and between subjects, suggesting the possibility that very early airway changes are causing “spontaneous arousals” Methods Ten adults (7M;3F) aged 18-80y/o (avg. 54.7y/o) with a known AHI ≥ 15/hr (avg. AHI = 42.6/hr) underwent 1 overnight PSG recording while wearing the device. Patients were required to forego their usual CPAP therapy on the night of study in efforts to expose the device to an adequate number of total obstructive events (defined as apneas and hypopneas; RERAs and snores were excluded). Standard PSG analysis was performed. Scoring rules were applied to determine whether signals were true/false positives and/or true/false negatives based on pre-clinical data showing anticipation accuracy for up to 45 seconds prior to an obstructive airway event. Signals designed to herald obstructive events were noted, incidentally, appearing prior to spontaneous arousals. Results Preliminary results suggest that early phases of airway collapse, as the airway progresses from patency to clinically significant obstruction, are causing EEG arousals which, by current standards, are considered “spontaneous”. Because these findings were incidental to another primary purpose of the clinical study, data analysis is in early stages but currently suggesting at least an associative relationship. Conclusion If final data analysis shows statistically significant correlation between early airway collapse and “spontaneous arousals”, it may have tremendous implications for patients with hyper-arousability, insomnia, and/or pathologically elevated spontaneous arousal indices by proposing therapies aimed at airway patency maintenance. Support N/A
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Vinante, Andrea. "Testing spontaneous collapse models with mechanical experiments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1275 (September 2019): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1275/1/012015.

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Books on the topic "Spontaneous Collapse"

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Ash, Bethan. Vibrant quilt collage: A spontaneous approach to fused art quilts. Loveland, Colorado: Interweave Press, 2012.

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Lee, Jae Myeong, and Michael R. Pinsky. Cardiovascular interactions in respiratory failure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0087.

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Acute respiratory failure not only impairs gas exchange, but also stresses cardiovascular reserve by increasing the need for increased cardiac output (CO) to sustain O2 delivery in the face of hypoxaemia, increased O2 demand by the increased work of breathing and inefficient gas exchange, and increased right ventricular afterload due to lung collapse via hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Mechanical ventilation, though often reversing these processes by lung recruitment and improved arterial oxygenation, may also decrease CO by increasing right atrial pressure by either increasing intrathoracic pressure or lung over-distention by excess positive end-expiratory pressure or inadequate expiratory time causing acute cor pulmonale. Finally, spontaneous negative swings in intrathoracic pressure also increase venous return and impede left ventricular ejection thus increasing intrathoracic blood volume and often precipitating or worsening hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. Positive-pressure breathing has the opposite effects.
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Chiumello, Davide, and Cristina Mietto. Pathophysiology of pleural cavity disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0123.

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The pleural cavity is normally a virtual space that is essential to guarantee the mechanical coupling between the lung and the chest wall. The volume of pleural liquid is determined by the equilibrium of fluid turnover. The determinants of this balance are the Starling forces, the lymphatic drainage, and the active trans-membrane transport. When fluid or air accumulate inside the pleural cavity, pleural pressure rises to atmospheric level causing the lung to collapse while the chest wall to expand. The displacement is not equally distributed between lung and chest wall, because it depends upon their own compliance. Pneumothorax and pleural effusion are common diseases in critically-ill patients. Pneumothorax is divided in two groups based upon the aetiological mechanism—spontaneous and traumatic. Pleural effusion is classified as transudates or exudates, mainly based on protein content; this classification comprises different pathological mechanisms beneath the two kind of pleural effusion.
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Qureshi, Norman, and Kim Rajappan. Sudden cardiac death. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0120.

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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as unexpected death due to a cardiac disease, in a patient with or without known cardiac disease and which occurs within 1 hour from the appearance of the first clinical symptoms. The sudden cessation of cardiac activity leads to haemodynamic collapse, typically due to sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The event is described as an aborted SCD (or sudden cardiac arrest) when an intervention (e.g. defibrillation) or spontaneous reversion restores circulation. The lack of uniformity with this definition complicates SCD statistics. By convention, the use of SCD to describe both fatal and non-fatal cardiac arrests persists. SCD continues to be a leading cause of death in Western countries, and accounts for 15%–20% of all natural deaths in adults in the US and Western Europe, and up to 50% of all cardiovascular deaths. In the US, estimates of SCDs from retrospective death certificate analyses range from 300 000 to 350 000 annually, giving an incidence of 0.1%–0.2% per year amongst the population above the age of 35 years. Event rates are said to be similar in Europe, although worldwide incidence is difficult to estimate and varies in accordance to the prevalence of CHD. The incidence of SCD increases with age and underlying cardiac disease. There is also a male preponderance, with men 2–3 times more likely to experience SCD than women, and this reflects the higher incidence of CHD in men.
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Mojoli, Francesco, and Antonio Braschi. Respiratory support with continuous positive airways pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0089.

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Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) is a mechanical ventilation (MV) mode in which the patient breaths spontaneously at a higher than atmospheric pressure. CPAP increases transpulmonary pressure inducing an FRC increase and a WOB decrease in acute restrictive lung pathology, with improvement of gas exchange. The work of breathing (WOB) is also reduced in the resistive component and inspiratory effort can be reduced if the patient experiences airway collapse and flow limitation, where CPAP counteracts the inspiratory threshold load represented by intrinsic PEEP. CPAP has been proven to be useful in many clinical situation and the technique for administration has a pivotal role in clinical efficacy of the technique. It’s crucial to keep the positive pressure as constant as possible and to avoid any technical increase of WOB. These goals can be achieved by continuous or demand flow systems. The modern ventilators work well and have overcome the valve function problem, which made difficult to use CPAP with old-generation machines.
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Chadwick, David. Seizures, epilepsy, and other episodic disorders in adults. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0709.

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Epilepsy, or more correctly a seizure, is most easily defined in physiological terms, being ‘the name for occasional sudden, excessive, rapid, and local discharges of grey matter’ (Jackson 1873). It is more difficult to offer a comprehensive clinical definition of epileptic seizures and epilepsy because of the varied clinical manifestations produced by cerebral neuronal discharge. However, an epileptic seizure can be defined as an intermittent and stereotyped disturbance of consciousness, behaviour, emotion, motor function, or sensation that on clinical grounds is believed to result from cortical neuronal discharge. Epilepsy can then be defined as a condition in which seizures recur, usually spontaneously. The differential diagnosis of epilepsy is large because of the enormous range of symptoms that can occur during seizures. Inevitably, the differential diagnosis for tonic-clonic seizures is very different from that for simple partial seizures with autonomic symptoms. The most common clinical problem is the differential diagnosis from other causes of transient loss of consciousness associated with collapse, the commonest cause of which is syncope.
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Hedenstierna, Göran, and Hans Ulrich Rothen. Physiology of positive-pressure ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0088.

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During positive pressure ventilation the lung volume is reduced because of loss of respiratory muscle tone. This promotes airway closure that occurs in dependent lung regions. Gas absorption behind the closed airway results sooner or later in atelectasis depending on the inspired oxygen concentration. The elevated airway and alveolar pressures squeeze blood flow down the lung so that a ventilation/perfusion mismatch ensues with more ventilation going to the upper lung regions and more perfusion going to the lower, dependent lung. Positive pressure ventilation may impede the return of venous blood to the thorax and right heart. This raises venous pressure, causing an increase in systemic capillary pressure with increased capillary leakage and possible oedema formation in peripheral organs. Steps that can be taken to counter the negative effects of mechanical ventilation include an increase in lung volume by recruitment of collapsed lung and an appropriate positive end-expiratory pressure, to keep aerated lung open and to prevent cyclic airway closure. Maintaining normo- or hypervolaemia to make the pulmonary circulation less vulnerable to increased airway and alveolar pressures, and preserving or mimicking spontaneous breaths, in addition to the mechanical breaths, since they may improve matching of ventilation and blood flow, may increase venous return and decrease systemic organ oedema formation (however, risk of respiratory muscle fatigue, and even overexpansion of lung if uncontrolled).
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Book chapters on the topic "Spontaneous Collapse"

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Norsen, Travis. "The Spontaneous Collapse Theory." In Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, 245–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65867-4_9.

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Sudarsky, Daniel. "Spontaneous Collapse Theories and Cosmology." In Fundamental Theories of Physics, 291–320. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46777-7_22.

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Belavkin, V. P., and O. Melsheimer. "A Hamiltonian Solution to Quantum Collapse, State Diffusion and Spontaneous Localization." In Quantum Communications and Measurement, 201–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1391-3_20.

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Petrascu, Catalina Curceanu, Sergio Bartalucci, Mario Bragadireanu, Alberto Clozza, Carlo Guaraldo, Mihai Iliescu, Alessandro Rizzo, et al. "Experimental Tests of Quantum Mechanics: Pauli Exclusion Principle and Spontaneous Collapse Models." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 181–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00297-2_18.

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Grider, Sylvia. "Twelve Aggie Angels: Content Analysis of the Spontaneous Shrines Following the 1999 Bonfire Collapse at Texas A&M University." In Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death, 215–32. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12021-2_10.

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Piscicchia, K., R. Del Grande, M. Laubenstein, and C. Curceanu. "Sneaking a Look at Ghirardi’s Cards: Collapse Models Mapped with the Spontaneous Radiation." In Fundamental Theories of Physics, 413–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46777-7_28.

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Ojima, Izumi. "Spontaneous Collapse of Supersymiv Etry." In Mathematical Methods of Quantum Physics, 275–86. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078296-29.

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Kent, Adrian. "Perception Constraints on Mass-Dependent Spontaneous Localization." In Consciousness and Quantum Mechanics, 99–114. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197501665.003.0005.

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Abstract Some versions of quantum theory treat wave function collapse as a fundamental physical phenomenon to be described by explicit laws. One motivation is to find a consistent unification of quantum theory and gravity, in which collapse prevents superpositions of space-times from developing. Another is to invoke collapse to explain our perception of definite measurement outcomes. Combining these motivations while avoiding two different collapse postulates seems to require that perceptibly different physical states necessarily create significantly different mass distributions in our organs of perception or brains. This chapter notes problems with earlier analyses which cast some doubt on the claim that there are collapse model parameters consistent with known experiment that imply collapse times within the human eye fast enough to be consistent with our perceptions.
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Chalmers, David J., and Kelvin J. McQueen. "Consciousness and the Collapse of the Wave Function." In Consciousness and Quantum Mechanics, 11–63. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197501665.003.0002.

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Abstract Does consciousness collapse the quantum wave function? This idea was taken seriously by John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner but is now widely dismissed. We develop the idea by combining a mathematical theory of consciousness (integrated information theory) with an account of quantum collapse dynamics (continuous spontaneous localization). Simple versions of the theory are falsified by the quantum Zeno effect, but more complex views remain compatible with empirical evidence. In principle, versions of the theory can be tested by experiments with quantum computers. The upshot is not that consciousness-collapse interpretations are clearly correct, but that there is a research program here worth exploring.
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Louchet, Francois. "Slab Avalanche Release: Data and Field Experiments." In Snow Avalanches, 25–35. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.003.0004.

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Starting zone sizes are shown to obey statistical laws, named “power laws”, stating that the recurrence time of an event of a given size increases in a precise proportion with its size. Extrapolation of such laws fitted on small-sized events allows a determination of recurrence times for big and uncommon events. The key role of the weak layer (WL) failure is illustrated by “Propagation Saw Tests” (PST), showing that the collapse of a WL zone of a few decimeters may act as a switch, triggering a very large scale spontaneous WL failure. However, the consequences of such a collapse may be damped down by sintering of broken WL grains. We analyze bridging indexes, often used to estimate WL resistance to collapse under loading. We define a new bridging index, extending the usual one to the case of elastic bending, and we discuss the validity domains of both of them.
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Conference papers on the topic "Spontaneous Collapse"

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Vinante, Andrea. "Experimental test of spontaneous collapse models with mechanical systems." In Corfu Summer Institute 2017 "Schools and Workshops on Elementary Particle Physics and Gravity". Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.318.0208.

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Bassi, Angelo. "Precision tests of models of spontaneous wave function collapse." In Quantum Sensing, Imaging, and Precision Metrology, edited by Selim M. Shahriar and Jacob Scheuer. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2657325.

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Bassi, Angelo. "Present and future precision tests of spontaneous wave function collapse models." In Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology, edited by Selim M. Shahriar and Jacob Scheuer. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2578263.

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Curceanu, Catalina, S. Bartalucci, A. Bassi, S. Bertolucci, M. Bragadireanu, M. Cargnelli, A. Clozza, et al. "Experimental tests of quantum mechanics: Pauli exclusion principle violation and spontaneous collapse models." In FOUNDATIONS OF PROBABILITY AND PHYSICS - 6. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3688992.

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DAS, SURATNA, KINJALK LOCHAN, and ANGELO BASSI. "BOUNDS ON SPONTANEOUS COLLAPSE MODEL OF QUANTUM MECHANICS FROM FORMATION OF CMBR AND STANDARD COSMOLOGY." In Proceedings of the MG13 Meeting on General Relativity. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814623995_0244.

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Alsing, P. M., Vassilios Kovanis, and D. A. Cardimona. "Collapse and revival dynamics in a driven Jaynes-Cummings system." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.wj4.

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A single atom coupled to a quantized mode of an electromagnetic cavity, driven by an external coherent field, is described by the Hamiltonian H djc = ig(a†σ− − aσ+) + iε(a† − a), where (a†, a) and (σ+, σ) are the raising and lowering operators for the cavity mode and atom, respectively. This is the single atom version of the Hamiltonian used in the study of optical bistability. It describes the evolution of the atom-cavity system on time scales much smaller than the inverse spontaneous emission and cavity decay rates. For 2ε/g < 1, HDJC possesses a discrete set of interaction eigenstates1 with eigenvalues E n ± = ± g n [ 1 − ( 2 ε / g ) 2 ] 3 / 4 . These form a renormalized version of the usual Jaynes-Cummings eigenstates2, which correctly take into account the effect of the driving field to all orders of magnitude. We investigate the collapse and revival nature of the dynamical evolution of the single atom in a cavity, with and without dissipation and above and below the threshold 2ε/g = 1 of the driven Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian.
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Curceanu (Petrascu), C., S. Bartalucci, A. Bassi, S. Bertolucci, M. Bragadireanu, M. Cargnelli, A. Clozza, et al. "A glimpse into the Pandora box of the quantum mechanics: The Pauli exclusion principle violation and spontaneous collapse models put at test." In QUANTUM THEORY: RECONSIDERATION OF FOUNDATIONS 6. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773125.

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Itano, Wayne M., D. J. Heinzen, J. J. Bollinger, and D. J. Wineland. "Demonstration of the quantum Zeno effect with laser-cooled ions." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.thbb2.

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Laser-cooled ions stored in Penning traps are essentially free from collisions and other perturbations that could cause relaxations. This, and the fact that their energy levels can easily be manipulated with rf and laser radiation, makes them well suited for demonstrating certain aspects of quantum measurement theory. The quantum Zeno effect is the inhibition of transitions between states by frequent measurements.1 We have observed this effect in a 9Be+ ground-state rf transition. The measurements are short pulses of light. If the ion is in one state, it scatters a few photons; if it is in the other, it scatters no photons. In the latter case the wavefunction collapse is due to a null measurement.2 The dynamics of this system are similar to those which are predicted to lead to nonexponential spontaneous decay at short times.
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Liu, Xiliang, Hao Chen, Jin Yang, and Shenglai Yang. "Dynamic Behavior of Salt Dissolution and Its Effect on Imbibition in Inter-Salt Oil Reservoir Due to Fracturing Fluid Injection." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209641-ms.

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Abstract Billions of tons in proven reserves for inter-salt shale oil has been recognized as crucial strategic resources. The fracturing fluids injection triggers unique salt dissolution chemical phenomena, which on the one hand improves the reservoir pore structure and on the other hand easily induces formation collapse. However, there is no research on triggering mechanism and controlling factors of salt dissolution, and effect of slat dissolution on extremely important imbibition function in inter-salt shale formation is lack of understanding. Herein, the complex mechanism of inter-salt shale dissolution reaction was revealed based on microcosmic pore structure network. The effect of salt dissolution on imbibition in inter-salt shale formation was assessed from various angles, which was conducted by online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-quality focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), and CT technologies. The results indicate that high temperature improves slat dissolution reaction and enhances the seepage capacity by more than 60 times, which sharply exceeds the influence of fracturing fluid salinity, flow rate and pressure in inter-slat formation. Three kinds of pores for imbibition recovery contribution were 48.17%, 46.39%, and 5.44%, namely micropore, mesopore and macropore, respectively. Additionally, salt dissolution enlarged seepage channel so that spontaneous imbibition occurred in micropores, which was considered as conventionally unmovable areas. Besides, the salt dissolution effect mainly promoted oil discharge in the second stage of imbibition process, leading to 15.83% higher imbibition recovery. These results can furnish an in-depth understanding the nature of complicated mechanisms in inter-slat shale oil reservoirs with fracturing fluids injection.
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Lukanc, Barbara, Alenka Nemec Svete, and Vladimira Erjavec. "Anaesthetic Management for Dogs Treated Surgically for Brachycephalic Syndrome: A Preliminary Study." In Socratic Lectures 6. University of Ljubljana Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2021.d.003.

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Brachycephalic breeds have various health problems due to anatomic abnormalities that repre-sented brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). BOAS is characterized by stenotic nostriles, an elongated soft palate, aberrant nasal conche, everted laryngeal saccules, laryngeal collapse and hypoplastic trachea and is clinically observed by dyspnea, stridor, exercise intolerance and vomiting. Staphylectomy and resection of the ala nasi for surgical treatment of BOAS was performed in 30 brachycephalic dogs (BOAS group) (14 French bulldogs, 9 Boston terriers, and 7 pugs). There were two control groups, a group of 15 non-brachycephalic dogs and a group of 11 brachycephalic dogs that did not have surgery associated with BOAS. The dogs in the BOAS group had significantly higher body temperature compared to the control group of brachycephalic dogs, but not compared to the group of non-brachycephalic dogs. Internal diameter of the endotracheal tube was significantly smaller in the BOAS group and in the control group of brachycephalic dogs compared with the group of non-brachycephalic dogs. The time of extubation after general an-aesthesia was significantly longer in the BOAS group compared to both control groups. The brachycephalic dogs for surgical correction of BOAS should be provided with gastroprotectives, antiemetics, dexamethasone and analgesics before surgery, sedation should be minimal to achieve earlier recovery from anaesthesia and spontaneous breathing without support. After surgery of the BOAS, dogs should be provided with non-steroidal analgesics, gastroprotectives and metoclo-pramide, they should be restrained from vigorous playing and exercise for at least 10 days.
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Reports on the topic "Spontaneous Collapse"

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Ne`eman, Y. Decoherence plus spontaneous symmetry breakdown generate the ``ohmic`` view of the state-vector collapse. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10158672.

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Duan, Jingwei, Jie Yu, Qiangrong Zhai, and Qingbian Ma. Survival and Neurologic Outcome of Different Time of Collapse to return of Spontaneous Circulation in Cardiac Arrest with Targeted Temperature Management: a Bayesian Network Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0027.

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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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A STUDY OF COLLAPSE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE OF LOADED CABLE-SUPPORTED PIPE STRUCTURE SUBJECT TO A SUDDEN BREAK OF CABLE MEMBER. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.3.7.

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Cable-supported pipe system (CSPS) provides a suitable system of structure for meeting the stringent structural requirements of pipeline bridges. However, due to a composite action of cable with truss and pipe members, the sudden failure of its structural member may lead to undesired vibratory response and collapse. The occurrence of a sudden break of the CSPS structural member is characterized by spontaneous dynamics and internal force rearrangement. The present study aims to investigate parametrically the collapse susceptibility and resistance of scaled down CSPS model in the event of a sudden break of the cable member by combined experimental and numerical procedures. The displacement of the structure, the pattern of internal force rearrangement, and dynamic responses were comparatively evaluated. Experimental results depict imminent cable failure under load and attendant dynamic response, but without a total collapse of the CSPS structure. Critical members causing large dynamic response amplitudes were identified and the mitigation of collapse was evaluated. Dynamic increasing factor (DIF) methods was utilized for the evaluation of the dynamic response of the sudden cable break resulting from the pattern of responses between the cable members and the rest of the CSPS structure. Comparison with provisions in other studies shows higher values DIF of the CSPS cable members which led to proposed evaluation using dynamic factor (DF). Thus, the dynamic factors for the sudden break of various cable members along the span and the errors were also estimated considering the parametric of design variables which will enable easy utilization during the structural process of CSPS.
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