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Journal articles on the topic 'Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking'

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Published: 4 May 2024

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1

Osmanaj (Zeqirllari), Rudina, and Dafina Hyka (Xhako). "Minimally doubled fermions and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817504002.

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Chiral symmetry breaking in massless QCD is a very important feature in the current understanding of low energy physics. Low - lying Dirac modes are suitable to help us understand the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, since the formation of a non zero chiral condensate is an effect of their accumulation near zero. The Banks – Casher relation links the spectral density of the Dirac operator to the condensate with an identity that can be read in both directions. In this work we propose a spectral method to achieve a reliable determination of the density of eigenvalues of Dirac operator near zero using the Gauss – Lanczos quadrature. In order to understand better the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and use the method we propose, we have chosen to work with minimally doubled fermions. These kind of fermions have been proposed as a strictly local discretization of the QCD fermions action, which preserves chiral symmetry at finite cut-off. Being chiral fermions, is easier to work with them and their low - lying Dirac modes and to understand the dynamical spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking.

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2

Del Sordo, Fabio, Alfio Bonanno, Axel Brandenburg, and Dhrubaditya Mitra. "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in the Tayler instability." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S286 (October 2011): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312004644.

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AbstractThe chiral symmetry breaking properties of the Tayler instability are discussed. Effective amplitude equations are determined in one case. This model has three free parameters that are determined numerically. Comparison with chiral symmetry breaking in biochemistry is made.

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3

Ying, S. "Patterns of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking." Physics Letters B 283, no. 3-4 (June 1992): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(92)90029-4.

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4

COHEN, THOMAS D., and LEONID YA GLOZMAN. "A SIMPLE TOY MODEL FOR EFFECTIVE RESTORATION OF CHIRAL SYMMETRY IN EXCITED HADRONS." Modern Physics Letters A 21, no. 25 (August 20, 2006): 1939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306021360.

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A simple solvable toy model exhibiting effective restoration of chiral symmetry in excited hadrons is constructed. A salient feature is that while physics of the low-lying states is crucially determined by the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry, in the high-lying states the effects of chiral symmetry breaking represent only a small correction. Asymptotically the states approach the regime where their properties are determined by the underlying unbroken chiral symmetry.

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5

Hananel, Uri, Assaf Ben-Moshe, Haim Diamant, and Gil Markovich. "Spontaneous and directed symmetry breaking in the formation of chiral nanocrystals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 23 (May 16, 2019): 11159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821923116.

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Symmetry plays a crucial part in our understanding of the natural world. Mirror symmetry breaking is of special interest as it is related to life as we know it. Studying systems which display chiral amplification, therefore, could further our understanding of symmetry breaking in chemical systems, in general, and thus also of the asymmetry in Nature. Here, we report on strong chiral amplification in the colloidal synthesis of intrinsically chiral lanthanide phosphate nanocrystals, measured via circularly polarized luminescence. The amplification involves spontaneous symmetry breaking into either left- or right-handed nanocrystals below a critical temperature. Furthermore, chiral tartaric acid molecules in the solution direct the amplified nanocrystal handedness through a discontinuous transition between left- and right-handed excess. We analyze the observations based on the statistical thermodynamics of critical phenomena. Our results demonstrate how chiral minerals with high enantiopurity can form in a racemic aqueous environment.

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6

ZHANG, SUN, and FAN WANG. "RELATIVISTIC HYDRODYNAMICS WITH SPONTANEOUS CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING." International Journal of Modern Physics E 12, no. 05 (October 2003): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301303001491.

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We study the hydrodynamics of the nuclear matter of two flavors of light quarks with spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking based on the Poisson bracket method. The effects of mass are included and the full hydrodynamic equation for pions is given. The in-medium dispersion relation of pions in the neutron rich background state and the possibility of the phase transition to pion condensation are also discussed.

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7

Appelquist, Thomas, Kenneth Lane, and Uma Mahanta. "Ladder Approximation for Spontaneous Chiral-Symmetry Breaking." Physical Review Letters 61, no. 14 (October 3, 1988): 1553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.61.1553.

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8

Zhang, Fan. "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in bilayer graphene." Synthetic Metals 210 (December 2015): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.07.028.

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9

Christos, GA. "Alternative Scheme of Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking." Australian Journal of Physics 39, no. 3 (1986): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph860347.

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We develop an alternative scheme of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking which is characterized by four-quark condensates instead of (7jq),*O. In this scheme the Nambu-Goldstone bosons acquire a mass squared - m~uark' in comparison with mquark in the usual scheme. The quark mass ratios and the parameters of the scheme are determined by an application to the pseudoscalar nonet spectrum (including 'lT0_'Yj_'Yj' mixing). The decays Iji -+('lT0 , 'Yj, 'Yj}y and Iji' -+ 1ji('lT0 , 'Yj) are also considered. The results do not promote the alternative scheme.

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10

Kats, E. I. "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in liquid crystals." Low Temperature Physics 43, no. 1 (January 2017): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4974180.

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11

Okumura, Yoshitaka. "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in particle physics." Physics Letters B 156, no. 3-4 (June 1985): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(85)91520-5.

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12

Boscheto, Emerson, and Alejandro López-Castillo. "Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking for Finite Systems." ChemPhysChem 16, no. 17 (October 14, 2015): 3728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201500635.

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13

Ying, S. "Dual Phases of Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking." Annals of Physics 250, no. 1 (August 1996): 69–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/aphy.1996.0089.

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14

Toki, Hiroshi, Shoichi Sasaki, Hiroko Ichie, and Hideo Suganuma. "Chiral Symmetry Breaking in the Dual Ginzburg - Landau Theory." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 1 (1997): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96051.

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Confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking are the most fundamental phenomena in quark nuclear physics, where hadrons and nuclei are described in terms of quarks and gluons. The dual Ginzburg–Landau (DGL) theory contains monopole fields as the most essential degrees of freedom. Their condensation in the vacuum is modelled to describe quark confinement in strong connection with QCD. We then demonstrate that the DGL theory is able to describe the spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry.

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15

KAPUSTA, JOSEPH I., THOMAS M. KELLEY, and TONY GHERGHETTA. "CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING IN A SOFT-WALL MODEL OF AdS/QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2010): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10048755.

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We incorporate chiral symmetry breaking in a soft-wall version of the AdS/QCD model by using a modified dilaton profile and a quartic term in the bulk scalar potential. This allows one to separate the dependence on spontaneous and explicit chiral symmetry breaking. The resulting mass spectra in the scalar, vector and axial-vector sectors compares favorably with the respective QCD resonances.

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16

Coquerel, Gérard, and Marine Hoquante. "Spontaneous and Controlled Macroscopic Chiral Symmetry Breaking by Means of Crystallization." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111796.

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In this paper, macroscopic chiral symmetry breaking refers to as the process in which a mixture of enantiomers departs from 50–50 symmetry to favor one chirality, resulting in either a scalemic mixture or a pure enantiomer. In this domain, crystallization offers various possibilities, from the classical Viedma ripening or Temperature Cycle-Induced Deracemization to the famous Kondepudi experiment and then to so-called Preferential Enrichment. These processes, together with some variants, will be depicted in terms of thermodynamic pathways, departure from equilibrium and operating conditions. Influential parameters on the final state will be reviewed as well as the impact of kinetics of the R ⇔ S equilibrium in solution on chiral symmetry breaking. How one can control the outcome of symmetry breaking is examined. Several open questions are detailed and different interpretations are discussed.

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17

BERNARD, V., N. KAISER, and ULF-G. MEIßNER. "CHIRAL DYNAMICS IN NUCLEONS AND NUCLEI." International Journal of Modern Physics E 04, no. 02 (June 1995): 193–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301395000092.

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18

Ikegami, H., Y. Tsutsumi, and K. Kono. "Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Superfluid3He-A." Science 341, no. 6141 (July 4, 2013): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1236509.

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Spontaneous symmetry breaking is an important concept in many branches of physics. In helium-3 (3He), the breaking of symmetry leads to the orbital chirality in the superfluid phase known as3He-A. Chirality is a fundamental property of3He-A, but its direct detection has been challenging. We report direct detection of chirality by transport measurements of electrons trapped below a free surface of3He-A. In particular, we observed the so-called intrinsic Magnus force experienced by a moving electron; the direction of the force directly reflected the chirality. We further showed that, at the superfluid transition, the system selected either right- or left-handed chirality. The observation of such selection directly demonstrates chiral symmetry breaking.

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19

Appelquist, Thomas W., Mark Bowick, Dimitra Karabali, and L. C. R. Wijewardhana. "Spontaneous chiral-symmetry breaking in three-dimensional QED." Physical Review D 33, no. 12 (June 15, 1986): 3704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.33.3704.

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20

Sandler, Ilya M., Geoffrey S. Canright, Zhenyu Zhang, Hongjun Gao, Zenquan Xue, and Shijin Pang. "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in two-dimensional aggregation." Physics Letters A 245, no. 3-4 (August 1998): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(98)00424-1.

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21

Kondepudi, Dilip K., and Kouichi Asakura. "Chiral Autocatalysis, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, and Stochastic Behavior." Accounts of Chemical Research 34, no. 12 (December 2001): 946–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar010089t.

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22

de Rafael, Eduardo. "Large-Nc QCD and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 74, no. 1-3 (March 1999): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(99)00205-4.

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23

L'YI*, Won Sik. "Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and the Chiral Magnetic Effect." New Physics: Sae Mulli 64, no. 5 (May 30, 2014): 523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/npsm.64.523.

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24

Kafri, Ran, Omer Markovitch, and Doron Lancet. "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in early molecular networks." Biology Direct 5, no. 1 (2010): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-5-38.

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25

Wang, Juven, and Yi-Zhuang You. "Symmetric Mass Generation." Symmetry 14, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14071475.

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The most well-known mechanism for fermions to acquire a mass is the Nambu–Goldstone–Anderson–Higgs mechanism, i.e., after a spontaneous symmetry breaking, a bosonic field that couples to the fermion mass term condenses, which grants a mass gap for the fermionic excitation. In the last few years, it was gradually understood that there is a new mechanism of mass generation for fermions without involving any symmetry breaking within an anomaly-free symmetry group, also applicable to chiral fermions with anomaly-free chiral symmetries. This new mechanism is generally referred to as the symmetric mass generation (SMG). It is realized that the SMG has deep connections with interacting topological insulator/superconductors, symmetry-protected topological states, perturbative local and non-perturbative global anomaly cancellations, and deconfined quantum criticality. It has strong implications for the lattice regularization of chiral gauge theories. This article defines the SMG, summarizes the current numerical results, introduces an unifying theoretical framework (including the parton-Higgs and the s-confinement mechanisms, as well as the symmetry-extension construction), and presents an overview of various features and applications of SMG.

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26

KONDO, KEI-ICHI, and HAJIME NAKATANI. "SPONTANEOUS CHIRAL-SYMMETRY BREAKING AND SCALING LAW IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL QED." Modern Physics Letters A 05, no. 06 (March 10, 1990): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390000470.

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We analyze the critical behavior associated with spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry in QED3 (three-dimensional QED with four-component Dirac fermion using the SD (Schwinger-Dyson) equation. In the quenched planar approximation, we find an approximate solution such that QED3 resides in only one phase where the chiral symmetry is broken. Moreover, we predict the scaling law for the dynamical mass and chiral order parameter by an analytic study of the SD equation, which is then confirmed by solving the SD equation numerically. This scaling law is consistent with the Monte Carlo result in the quenched approximation.

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27

CHEOUN, MYUNG-KI, and C. Y. RYU. "MASS RELATIONS OF NUCLEONS AND MESONS UNDER SU(2) SYMMETRY BREAKING IN A GAUGED LINEAR SIGMA MODEL." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 01 (January 10, 2010): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310032184.

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We evaluate mass differences between a neutron and a proton, and between a charged and a neutral meson by using a gauged linear sigma model retaining the chiral SU (2) L × SU (2) R × U (1)V symmetry. Masses of nucleons and relevant mesons are generated through the spontaneous and the explicit chiral symmetry breaking. Since our Lagrangian includes explicitly SU(2) isospin symmetry breaking term, it enables us to simultaneously consider the mass differences of a neutron and a proton, and a charged meson and a neutral one. Their reciprocal relations of the mass differences are also derived, where radiative corrections due to electromagnetic interactions are deliberately taken into account to exactly obtain the isospin symmetry breaking effect in the particle mass differences.

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28

DMITRAŠINOVIĆ, V., ATUSHI HOSAKA, and KEITARO NAGATA. "A LAGRANGIAN FOR THE CHIRAL (½, 0) ⊕ (0, ½) QUARTET NUCLEON RESONANCES." International Journal of Modern Physics E 19, no. 01 (January 2010): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301310014650.

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We study the nucleon and three N* resonances' properties in an effective linear realization chiral SUL(2)×SUR(2) and UA(1) symmetric Lagrangian. We place the nucleon fields into the so-called "naive" (½, 0) ⊕ (0, ½) and "mirror" (0, ½) ⊕ (½, 0) (fundamental) representations of SUL(2)×SUR(2), two of each — distinguished by their UA(1) chiral properties, as defined by an explicit construction of the nucleon interpolating fields in terms of three quark (Dirac) fields. We construct the most general one-meson–baryon chiral interaction Lagrangian assuming various parities of these four nucleon fields. We show that the observed masses of the four lowest-lying nucleon states can be well reproduced with the effective Lagrangian, after spontaneous symmetry breakdown, without explicit breaking of UA(1) symmetry. This does not mean that explicit UA(1) symmetry breaking does not occur in baryons, but rather that it does not have a unique mass prediction signature that exists, e.g. in the case of spinless mesons. We also consider briefly the axial couplings with chiral representation mixing.

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29

Alexandru, Andrei, and Ivan Horv. "Chiral polarization scale of QCD vacuum and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 432 (April 30, 2013): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/432/1/012034.

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30

STEININGER, KLAUS. "e+e− MODES AND U(1) SPONTANEOUS CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING: A CASE STUDY." Modern Physics Letters A 07, no. 34 (November 10, 1992): 3237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392002627.

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Motivated by evidence for a chiral phase transition in strong coupling lattice QED we calculate the two-particle spectrum of the broken QED phase. This is done in the framework of a Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model with U(1) symmetry including chiral symmetry and symmetry breaking properties of QED. The second order chiral phase transition behavior in our model and in lattice QED are in excellent agreement. We then present a detailed analysis of the spectra of the e+e− modes in the broken phase. We examine whether these modes have any possible relationship to the narrow e+e− resonances found in soft heavy ion collisions at GSL. Our answer is negative.

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31

SCHWINDT, JAN-MARKUS, and CHRISTOF WETTERICH. "CHIRAL TENSOR FIELDS AND SPONTANEOUS BREAKING OF LORENTZ SYMMETRY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, no. 26 (October 20, 2008): 4345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08041347.

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Antisymmetric tensor fields interacting with quarks and leptons have been proposed as a possible solution to the gauge hierarchy problem. We compute the one-loop beta function for a quartic self-interaction of the chiral antisymmetric tensor fields. Fluctuations of the top quark drive the corresponding running coupling to a negative value as the renormalization scale is lowered. This may indicate a nonvanishing expectation value of the tensor field, and thus a spontaneous breaking of Lorentz invariance. Settling this issue will need the inclusion of tensor loops.

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32

Alexandru, Andrei, and Ivan Horváth. "Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking as condensation of dynamical chirality." Physics Letters B 722, no. 1-3 (May 2013): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2013.03.041.

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33

Dressel, Christian, Wolfgang Weissflog, and Carsten Tschierske. "Spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking in a re-entrant isotropic liquid." Chemical Communications 51, no. 87 (2015): 15850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc06843f.

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34

Ribó, Josep M., David Hochberg, Joaquim Crusats, Zoubir El-Hachemi, and Albert Moyano. "Spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking and origin of biological homochirality." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 137 (December 2017): 20170699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0699.

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Recent reports on both theoretical simulations and on the physical chemistry basis of spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB), that is, asymmetric synthesis in the absence of any chiral polarizations other than those arising from the chiral recognition between enantiomers, strongly suggest that the same nonlinear dynamics acting during the crucial stages of abiotic chemical evolution leading to the formation and selection of instructed polymers and replicators, would have led to the homochirality of instructed polymers. We review, in the first instance, which reaction networks lead to the nonlinear kinetics necessary for SMSB, and the thermodynamic features of the systems where this potentiality may be realized. This could aid not only in the understanding of SMSB, but also the design of reliable scenarios in abiotic evolution where biological homochirality could have taken place. Furthermore, when the emergence of biological chirality is assumed to occur during the stages of chemical evolution leading to the selection of polymeric species, one may hypothesize on a tandem track of the decrease of symmetry order towards biological homochirality, and the transition from the simple chemistry of astrophysical scenarios to the complexity of systems chemistry yielding Darwinian evolution.

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35

Torres-Rincon, Juan M. "Degeneracy Patterns of Chiral Companions at Finite Temperature." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081400.

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Chiral symmetry represents a fundamental concept lying at the core of particle and nuclear physics. Its spontaneous breaking in vacuum can be exploited to distinguish chiral hadronic partners, whose masses differ. In fact, the features of this breaking serve as guiding principles for the construction of effective approaches of QCD at low energies, e.g., the chiral perturbation theory, the linear sigma model, the (Polyakov)–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, etc. At high temperatures/densities chiral symmetry can be restored bringing the chiral partners to be nearly degenerated in mass. At vanishing baryochemical potential, such restoration follows a smooth transition, and the chiral companions reach this degeneration above the transition temperature. In this work I review how different realizations of chiral partner degeneracy arise in different effective theories/models of QCD. I distinguish the cases where the chiral states are either fundamental degrees of freedom or (dynamically-generated) composed states. In particular, I discuss the intriguing case in which chiral symmetry restoration involves more than two chiral partners, recently addressed in the literature.

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36

LUO, XIANG-QIAN. "INVESTIGATION OF SPONTANEOUS CHIRAL-SYMMETRY BREAKING FROM LATTICE QCD WITH MASSLESS QUARKS." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 07n10 (March 28, 2007): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307023079.

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We apply the probability distribution function method to the study of chiral properties of QCD with quarks in the exact massless limit. A relation among the chiral condensate, zeros of the Bessel function and eigenvalue of Dirac operator is also given. The chiral condensate in this limit can be measured with small number of eigenvalues of the massless Dirac operator and without any ambiguous mass extrapolation. Results for lattice QCD with Kogut-Susskind quarks are shown.

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NAPSUCIALE, M., and S. RODRIGUEZ. "UA(1) SYMMETRY BREAKING AND THE SCALAR SECTOR OF QCD." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, no. 17 (July 10, 2001): 3011–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01004189.

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It is shown that most of the unusual properties of the lowest lying scalar (and pseudoscalar) mesons can be understood, at the qualitative and quantitative level, on the basis of the breakdown of the UA(1) symmetry coupled to the vacuum expectation values of scalars by the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry.

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Kondepudi, Dilip, and Zachary Mundy. "Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Entropy Production in a Closed System." Symmetry 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12050769.

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In this short article, we present a study of theoretical model of a photochemically driven, closed chemical system in which spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking occurs. By making all the steps in the reaction elementary reaction steps, we obtained the rate of entropy production in the system and studied its behavior below and above the transition point. Our results show that the transition is similar to a second-order phase transition with rate of entropy production taking the place of entropy and the radiation intensity taking the place of the critical parameter: the steady-state entropy production, when plotted against the incident radiation intensity, has a change in its slope at the critical point. Above the critical intensity, the slope decreases, showing that asymmetric states have lower entropy than the symmetric state.

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39

Sasaki, Haruna, Yoichi Takanishi, Jun Yamamoto, and Atsushi Yoshizawa. "Achiral flexible liquid crystal trimers exhibiting chiral conglomerates." Soft Matter 12, no. 14 (2016): 3331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02969d.

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The liquid crystal trimers form an achiral ground-state conformation in the nematic phase; however, by intermolecular interactions between cores they adopt a twisted chiral conformation to exhibit the spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking in the low-temperature DC phase.

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40

Aoki, Mayumi, Jisuke Kubo, and Jinbo Yang. "Inflation and dark matter after spontaneous Planck scale generation by hidden chiral symmetry breaking." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/01/005.

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Abstract Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in a QCD-like hidden sector is used to generate the Planck mass and the electroweak scale including the heavy right-handed neutrino mass. A real scalar field transmits the energy scale of the hidden sector to the visible sectors, playing besides a role of inflaton in the early Universe while realizing a Higgs-inflation-like model. Our dark matter candidates are hidden pions that raise due to dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. They are produced from the decay of inflaton. Unfortunately, it will be impossible to directly detect them, because they are super heavy (109 ∼ 12 GeV), and moreover the interaction with the visible sector is extremely suppressed.

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41

Azcoiti, Vicente. "Axial UA(1) Anomaly: A New Mechanism to Generate Massless Bosons." Symmetry 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020209.

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Prior to the establishment of QCD as the correct theory describing hadronic physics, it was realized that the essential ingredients of the hadronic world at low energies are chiral symmetry and its spontaneous breaking. Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a non-perturbative phenomenon, and, thanks to massive QCD simulations on the lattice, we have at present a good understanding of the vacuum realization of the non-abelian chiral symmetry as a function of the physical temperature. As far as the UA(1) anomaly is concerned, and especially in the high temperature phase, the current situation is however far from satisfactory. The first part of this article is devoted to reviewing the present status of lattice calculations, in the high temperature phase of QCD, of quantities directly related to the UA(1) axial anomaly. In the second part, some recently suggested interesting physical implications of the UA(1) anomaly in systems where the non-abelian axial symmetry is fulfilled in the vacuum are analyzed. More precisely it is argued that, if the UA(1) symmetry remains effectively broken, the topological properties of the theory can be the basis of a mechanism, other than Goldstone’s theorem, to generate a rich spectrum of massless bosons at the chiral limit.

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42

KONDO, KEI-ICHI. "FIRST AND SECOND ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS IN MAXWELL–CHERN–SIMONS THEORY COUPLED TO FERMIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, no. 04 (February 10, 1996): 777–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x96000365.

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In the Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory coupled to Nf flavors of four-component fermions (or an even number of two-component fermions), we construct the gauge-covariant effective potential written in terms of two order parameters which are able to probe the breakdown of chiral symmetry and parity. In the absence of the bare Chern–Simons term, we show that the chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken for fermion flavors Nf below a certain finite critical number [Formula: see text] while the parity is not broken spontaneously. This chiral phase transition is of the second order. In the presence of the bare Chern–Simons term, on the other hand, the chiral phase transition associated with the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry is shown to continue to exist, although the parity is explicitly broken. However, it is shown that the existence of the bare Chern–Simons term changes the order of the chiral transition into the first order, no matter how small the bare Chern–Simons coefficient may be. This gauge-invariant result is consistent with that recently obtained through the Schwinger–Dyson equation in the nonlocal gauge.

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43

Alanne, Tommi, Heidi Rzehak, Francesco Sannino, and Anders Eller Thomsen. "Raising the SUSY-breaking scale in a Goldstone–Higgs model." Modern Physics Letters A 32, no. 27 (August 24, 2017): 1750143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317501437.

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We show that by combining the elementary Goldstone–Higgs scenario and supersymmetry it is possible to raise the scale of supersymmetry breaking to several TeVs by relating it to the spontaneous-symmetry-breaking one. This is achieved by first enhancing the global symmetries of the super-Higgs sector to SU(4) and then embedding the electroweak sector and the Standard Model (SM) fermions. We determine the conditions under which the model achieves a vacuum such that the resulting Higgs is a pseudo-Goldstone boson (pGB). The main results are: the supersymmetry-breaking scale is identified with the spontaneous-symmetry-breaking scale of SU(4) which is several TeVs above the radiatively induced electroweak scale; intriguingly the global symmetry of the Higgs sector predicts the existence of two super-Higgs multiplets with one mass eigenstate playing the role of the pseudo-Goldstone Higgs; the symmetry-breaking dynamics fixes [Formula: see text] and requires a supplementary singlet chiral superfield. We finally discuss the spectrum of the model that now features the superpartners of the SM fermions and gauge bosons in the multi-TeV range.

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Bock, William, and Enrique Peacock-López. "Chiral Oscillations and Spontaneous Mirror Symmetry Breaking in a Simple Polymerization Model." Symmetry 12, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091388.

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The origin of biological homochirality—defined as the preference of biological systems for only one enantiomer—has widespread implications in the study of chemical evolution and the origin of life. The activation—polymerization—epimerization—depolymerization (APED) model is a theoretical model originally proposed to describe chiral symmetry breaking in a simple dimerization system. It is known that the model produces chiral and chemical oscillations for certain system parameters, in particular, the preferential formation of heterochiral polymers. In order to investigate the effect of higher oligomers, our model adds trimers, tetramers, and pentamers. We report sustained oscillations of all chemical species and the enantiomeric excess for a wide range of parameter sets as well as the periodic chiral amplification of a small initial enantiomeric excess to a nearly homochiral state.

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45

KONDO, KEI-ICHI. "GAUGE INDEPENDENT PHASE STRUCTURE OF GAUGED NAMBU-JONA-LASINIO AND YUKAWA MODELS." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 32 (October 20, 1993): 3031–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393001999.

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We investigate the critical behavior of the gauged NJL model (QED plus four-fermion interaction) and the gauged Yukawa model by the use of the inversion method. By calculating the gauge-invariant chiral condensate in the inversion method to the lowest order, we derive the critical line which separates the spontaneous chiral-symmetry breaking phase from the chiral symmetric one. The critical exponent for the chiral order parameter associated with the second order chiral phase transition is shown to take the mean field value together with possible logarithmic correction to the mean-field prediction. All the above results are gauge-parameter independent and are compared with the previous results obtained from the Schwinger-Dyson equation for the fermion propagator.

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46

Nojiri, S., and K. Ogawa. "Zero Mode Analysis of Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking in QCD." Progress of Theoretical Physics 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.74.807.

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47

Damgaard, P. H., U. M. Heller, R. Niclasen, and B. Svetitsky. "Patterns of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in vectorlike gauge theories." Nuclear Physics B 633, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(02)00252-3.

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48

Kondepudi, Dilip K., and Kouichi Asakura. "ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Autocatalysis, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, and Stochastic Behavior." ChemInform 33, no. 13 (May 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200213290.

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49

Wang, Haiying, Weiwei Yang, Kim K. Baldridge, Cai-Hong Zhan, Tushar Ulhas Thikekar, and Andrew C. H. Sue. "Spontaneous and induced chiral symmetry breaking of stereolabile pillar[5]arene derivatives upon crystallisation." Chemical Science 12, no. 33 (2021): 10985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc02560k.

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Stereolabile pillar[5]arene derivatives, which are dynamic racemic mixtures in solution on account of their low inversion barriers, were employed as platforms to study chiral symmetry breaking during crystallisation.

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50

Zagami, Roberto, Maria Angela Castriciano, Andrea Romeo, and Luigi Monsù Scolaro. "Kinetic Investigations on the Chiral Induction by Amino Acids in Porphyrin J-Aggregates." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021695.

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The self-assembling kinetics of the 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonato-phenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4) into nano-tubular J-aggregates under strong acidic condition and in the presence of amino acids as templating chiral reagents have been investigated through UV/Vis spectroscopy. The ability of the chiral species to transfer its chiral information to the final J-aggregate has been measured through circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and compared to the spontaneous symmetry breaking process usually observed in these nano-aggregates. Under the experimental conditions here selected, including mixing protocol, we have observed a large difference in the observed aggregation rates for the various amino acids, those with a positively charged side group being the most effective. On the contrary, these species are less efficient in transferring their chirality, exhibiting a quite low or modest enhancement in the observed dissymmetry g-factors. On the other side, hydrophobic and some hydrophilic amino acids are revealed to be very active in inducing chirality with a discrete increase of intensity of the detected CD bands with respect to the spontaneous symmetry breaking.

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