Academic literature on the topic 'Spongy moth'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spongy moth"
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Song, Jae-Woo, Jae-Min Jung, Young-Woo Nam, Hye-Min Byun, Sun-Hee Yoon, Sung-Hoon Jung, and Wang-Hee Lee. "Spatiotemporal Statistics for Analyzing Climatic Conditions Influencing Lymantria dispar Outbreaks." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091474.
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The spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) is a forest pest that damages a variety of trees in North America and Eurasia. A spongy moth outbreak occurred in part of South Korea in 2020 and caused severe damage to domestic forests and human society. Since the occurrence of spongy moths is influenced by climatic factors, this study examines the causes of spongy moth outbreaks by analyzing the temporal and spatial differences in climatic factors, influencing spongy moth occurrence using specimens collected during field surveys. Climatic factors were identified using global occurrence coordinates to compare the weather characteristics of spongy moth occurrence in domestic regions, using the kernel density function. Spatial and temporal comparisons were performed for monthly weather factors obtained from field surveys in 2020 and 2021 in areas with high and low spongy moth larvae densities. Spongy moth outbreaks may result from particular combinations of variable seasonality in temperature and precipitation, including high temperatures during cold periods and low precipitation during developmental periods.
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Akram, Muhammad, Umer Hayat, Juan Shi, and Shoaib Ahmad Anees. "Association of the Female Flight Ability of Asian Spongy Moths (Lymantria dispar asiatica) with Locality, Age and Mating: A Case Study from China." Forests 13, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081158.
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The spongy moth (formerly known as a gypsy moth), Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is a polyphagous pest that defoliates various species of trees in the genera Populus, Salix, Quercus, Acer and Pinus. Egg masses of Asian spongy moths (Lymantria dispar asiatica) were obtained from five geographically distinct locations in China (Chengdu, Xifeng, Heilongjiang, Kuduer and Longhua regions) and were carried to the lab for incubation and rearing larvae up to adult emergence. The aim was to see how locality, age and mating status influenced the flying activity of female Asian spongy moths. The findings demonstrate that age significantly affects L. dispar asiatica flying activity, with flight period and distance decreasing dramatically as age increases. Locality also significantly impacts flight ability, and mating status does not affect the L. dispar asiatica female flight ability (p > 0.05). The maximum speed was observed for females from Xifeng (7.19 ± 0.34 km/h). The females from Heilongjiang were recorded as having the maximum average speed (2.35 ± 0.08 km/h). Females from Xifeng exhibited the maximum flight duration and distance (0.94 ± 0.04 h and 1.87 ± 0.18 km). Morphological features, i.e., thorax width (cm) and wing loading, significantly influenced the L. dispar asiatica flight ability (R2 = 0.93 and R2 = −0.98). The overall pattern observed for female L. dispar asiatica flight duration was Xifeng > Kuder > Chengdu > Heilongjiang > Longhua, and for flight distance, it was Xifeng > Longhua > Heilongjiang > Kuder > Chengdu. This research offers detailed information on the dispersion rate of Spongy moths in a known or newly introduced habitat, which can help us limit the spread of this polyphagous pest.
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Ji, Wenzhuai, Fengrui Dou, Chunhua Zhang, Yuqian Xiao, Wenqi Yin, Jinyong Yu, D. K. Kurenshchikov, Xiue Zhu, and Juan Shi. "Improvement in the Identification Technology for Asian Spongy Moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Based on SS-COI." Insects 14, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14010094.
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Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758), which is commonly known as spongy moth, with two subspecies, is found in Asia: Lymantria dispar asiatica and Lymantria dispar japonica, collectively referred to as the Asian spongy moth (ASM). The subspecies Lymantria dispar dispar occurs in Europe and is commonly known as the European spongy moth (ESM). The ASM is on the quarantine list of many countries because it induces greater economic losses than the ESM. Accurate identification is essential to prevent the invasion of ASM into new areas. Although several techniques for identifying ASMs have been developed, the recent discovery of complex patterns of genetic variation among ASMs in China as well as new subspecies in some areas has necessitated the development of new, improved identification techniques, as previously developed techniques are unable to accurately identify ASMs from all regions in China. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of an improved technique for the identification of the ASM using ASM-specific primers, which were designed based on cytochrome oxidase I sequences from samples obtained from all sites where ASMs have been documented to occur in China. We show that these primers are effective for identifying a single ASM at all life stages and from all ASM populations in China, and the minimum detectable concentration of genomic DNA was 30 pg. The inclusion of other Lymantria samples in our analysis confirmed the high specificity of the primers. Our improved technique allows the spread of ASMs to be monitored in real time and will help mitigate the spread of ASMs to other areas.
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Soukhovolsky, Vladislav, Olga Tarasova, Sergey Pavlushin, Ekaterina Osokina, Yuriy Akhanaev, Anton Kovalev, and Vyacheslav Martemyanov. "Economics of a Feeding Budget: A Case of Diversity of Host Plants for Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera) Feeding on Leaves and Needles." Diversity 15, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010102.
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Relationships were analyzed among the energy-related characteristics of feed consumption by caterpillars of the spongy moth (also known as gypsy moth) Lymantria dispar L., survival of individuals, and fecundity of females depending on the species of a host plant. An optimization model of feed consumption was used for the calculations. In this model, efficiency of consumption depends on two parameters: efficiency of metabolic degradation of feed and efficiency of caterpillar biomass synthesis. Experiments were conducted regarding the feeding of caterpillars on the leaves of silver birch Betula pendula Roth. and needles of Siberian larch Larix sibirica Ldb. and Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris L. On the basis of the results of experiments, “costs” of the feed for females and males were calculated, the consumption efficiency of different types of feed was found, and the relationship between efficiency of feed consumption and female fecundity was determined. The proposed approach can be employed to assess feeding efficiency of insects in various habitats.
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Ananko, Grigory G., Aleksei V. Kolosov, and Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov. "Rock Microhabitats Provide Suitable Thermal Conditions for Overwintering Insects: A Case Study of the Spongy Moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Population in the Altai Mountains." Insects 13, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080712.
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Many insect species overwinter in various rock shelters (cavities and crevices), but the microclimates of rock biotopes remain poorly understood. We investigated the temperature dynamics in rock microhabitats where clusters of egg masses of the wintering spongy moth Lymantria dispar L. (SM) were observed. Our research objective was to find the relation between the ovipositing behaviour of females and the landscape features in different parts of this species’ range. Studies of the ecology of the SM are important from a practical point of view, as the moth causes significant economic damage to forests of the Holarctic. We found that the average monthly temperature of rock surfaces in the studied microhabitats was 2–5 °С above the average air temperature. More importantly, the minimum temperatures in these microhabitats were 4–13 °C higher than the minimum air temperature. These results help to reassess the role of the mountain landscape in the spread of insect species. Rock biotopes provided a significant improvement in the conditions for wintering insects. We believe that, when modelling the spread of invasive species (such as the SM), it is necessary to account for the influence of rock biotopes that may facilitate shifts in the northern boundaries of their range.
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Boukouvala, Maria C., Nickolas G. Kavallieratos, Anna Skourti, Xavier Pons, Carmen López Alonso, Matilde Eizaguirre, Enrique Benavent Fernandez, et al. "Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America." Insects 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090854.
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The European Spongy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is an abundant species found in oak woods in Central and Southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa and is an important economic pest. It is a voracious eater and can completely defoliate entire trees; repeated severe defoliation can add to other stresses, such as weather extremes or human activities. Lymantria dispar is most destructive in its larval stage (caterpillars), stripping away foliage from a broad variety of trees (>500 species). Caterpillar infestation is an underestimated problem; medical literature reports that established populations of caterpillars may cause health problems to people and animals. Inflammatory reactions may occur in most individuals after exposure to setae, independent of previous exposure. Currently, chemical and mechanical methods, natural predators, and silvicultural practices are included for the control of this species. Various insecticides have been used for its control, often through aerial sprayings, which negatively affect biodiversity, frequently fail, and are inappropriate for urban/recreational areas. However, bioinsecticides based on various microorganisms (e.g., entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) as well as technologies such as mating disruption using sex pheromone traps have replaced insecticides for the management of L. dispar.
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Kim, Min-Jung, Keonhee E. Kim, Cha Young Lee, Yonghwan Park, Jong-Kook Jung, and Youngwoo Nam. "Effect of Chilling Temperature on Survival and Post-Diapause Development of Korean Population of Lymantria dispar asiatica (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Eggs." Forests 13, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122117.
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One of the subspecies of the Eurasian spongy moth, Lymantria dispar asiatica, is a destructive forest pest in native regions and also an important quarantine pest in non-native regions. Its polyphagous nature, together with occasional outbreaks, may seriously threaten ecosystems and result in costly management programs. In this study, we examined the effect of chilling temperatures (−12, −6, 0, 6, and 12 °C) during the diapause phase on the survival and post-diapause development of L. d. asiatica eggs, collected before winter, in order to characterize their thermal response. The eggs were exposed to treatment temperatures for 100 days, followed by 25 °C incubation to determine their survival and development time. The eggs hatched in all the treatments, indicating that all the examined conditions could partly or sufficiently satisfy the thermal requirement for eggs to enter post-diapause development. However, exposure to chilling temperatures significantly affected both the survival and development times of overwintering eggs in a given temperature range. The survival rates declined at −12 °C, and the development rates accelerated as the chilling temperature increased. This information could offer clues for the assessment of the outbreak potential in native regions and the possibility of range expansion in non-native regions through the consideration of winter conditions that favor L. d. asiatica egg hatching and their subsequent development.
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Long, Haiyan, Kunlong Ma, Zhenghua Xiao, Xiaomei Ren, and Gang Yang. "Preparation and characteristics of gelatin sponges crosslinked by microbial transglutaminase." PeerJ 5 (August 9, 2017): e3665. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3665.
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Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) was used as a crosslinking agent in the preparation of gelatin sponges. The physical properties of the materials were evaluated by measuring their material porosity, water absorption, and elastic modulus. The stability of the sponges were assessed via hydrolysis and enzymolysis. To study the material degradation in vivo, subcutaneous implantations of sponges were performed on rats for 1–3 months, and the implanted sponges were analyzed. To evaluate the cell compatibility of the mTG crosslinked gelatin sponges (mTG sponges), adipose-derived stromal stem cells were cultured and inoculated into the scaffold. Cell proliferation and viability were measured using alamarBlue assay and LIVE/DEAD fluorescence staining, respectively. Cell adhesion on the sponges was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that mTG sponges have uniform pore size, high porosity and water absorption, and good mechanical properties. In subcutaneous implantation, the material was partially degraded in the first month and completely absorbed in the third month. Cell experiments showed evident cell proliferation and high viability. Results also showed that the cells grew vigorously and adhered tightly to the sponge. In conclusion, mTG sponge has good biocompatibility and can be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Setyowati, Erna Prawita, Sudarsono Sudarsono, and Retno Murwanti. "Penares sp sponge from Menjangan Island-water West Bali National Park: Isolation of Cytotoxic Compounds." Majalah Obat Tradisional 22, no. 3 (December 21, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/mot.31547.
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Sponges are multicellular animals which have cytotoxic compounds. In this study, isolation and cytotoxic activity of Penares sp sponge from Menjangan island-water West Bali National Park have been carried out. The results showed that chloroform extract and GF V Penares sp fraction were toxic according to Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method (each 85% and 63.3% mortality at 25μg/mL concentration). The isolation result of GF V fraction was obtained a compound (Spot 4) that is active as cytotoxic agent against T47D cells (IC50 of 12.7 ug/mL). Spot 4 is a terpenoid compound which has conjugated double bonds.
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Ye, Danyan, Sixun Wu, Bingna Zhang, Chuzhu Hong, and Lujun Yang. "Characteristics and clinical potential of a cellularly modified gelatin sponge." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 19 (January 2021): 228080002110350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22808000211035061.
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Background: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HuMSCs) injected directly have been proven effective for improving chronic wounds. However, HuMSCs largely die within 14 days. The aim of study is to establish a cellularly modified gelatin sponge and investigate its characteristics and clinical potential. Methods: HuMSCs were isolated, expanded and seeded in a poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated gelatin sponge. Fabricated gelatin sponges were estimated through observation of morphological surface and ultrastructure, following confirmed by histology method. Supernatants were collected at different times for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure growth factors. The cell embedded gelatin sponges were implanted subcutaneously on the backs of mice and the samples were harvested and studied histologically. Results: HuMSCs gradually modified the gelatin sponge by depositing collagen and hyaluronic acid, and degrading the structure of gelatin, resulting in a dense, and elastic structure. Compared with cells cultured in monolayer, the levels of growth factors increased remarkably when HuMSCs were cultivated in the gelatin sponge. Upon subcutaneous implantation in the backs of mice, the cellularized gelatin sponges persisted for up to 2 months and eventually integrated into the host tissue, while blank gelatin sponges degraded completely by the end of the second month. Conclusion: Gelatin sponge is a clinically accessible scaffold for HuMSCs implantation to maintain short-term survival of the cells and high-level production of growth factors, which demonstrates good clinical potential for enhancing wound healing.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spongy moth"
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Fisher, Makani Layne. "Biogeography and Natural History of Tiger Moths and Spongillaflies of Intermountain North America with Experimental Studies of Host Preference in the Lichen-Feeder Cisthene angelus (Insecta: Lepdioptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae and Neuroptera: Sisyridae)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7194.
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The Intermountain West is comprised of impressive land formations, numerous ecoregions, and a unique biota. The area has many flora and fauna that have been investigated, but the region is generally considered undersampled when it comes to insects. However, I propose the matter to be a lack of shared experience in identifying key insect species and the underutilization of professional and personal collections. These impediments are highlighted by two insect groups in the Intermountain West: spongillaflies and tiger moths.Spongillaflies can be difficult to recognize for the general entomologist and have rarely been recorded in the Intermountain West. My colleagues and I recently discovered a large population of spongillaflies in Utah that we present as a substantial additional record. I also followed the population throughout the 2016 field season to make natural history observations. I identified the spongillaflies to be Climacia californica and their associated host to be Ephydatia fluviatilis. During the season, a total of 1,731 specimens were collected, light traps were the most effective sampling technique and the population had one mass emergence event. I hope my work and figures will help investigators as they continue to search the area for spongillaflies. Tiger moths on the other hand have largely been collected in the Intermountain West and are easily recognized, generally being brightly colored. Because of these bright colors, they attract collectors and have been sampled heavily throughout the Intermountain West. However, until now, these records have not been utilized and tucked away in collections. We took the vast amount of records and used them to create predicted models of biogeography for each tiger moth species in the area. We successfully created species level ecological niche models (ENM) analyzing environmental variables such as temperature, precipitation, elevation, and vegetation. Overall, I found tiger moths can be collected almost everywhere and during each month of the year with 93 different species scattered across the region. I anticipate our ENM models to help researchers locate tiger moths of interest to investigate within the Intermountain West.During my studies, I investigated in detail the lichen feeding tiger moths (Lithosiini). Many tiger moths eat toxic plants, but only a few in the area consume lichen, an unusual host because of their secondary defensive chemicals. I investigated how these chemicals impacted Cisthene angelus caterpillars host selection by simultaneously offering them various lichens with differing chemistries. I expected these caterpillars to avoid usnic acid as it deterred other lichen feeding tiger moths. However, these caterpillars surprised me by consistently consuming the acid and being largely polyphagous. Our future work will be directed at how caterpillars balance nutritional needs and the chemicals they sequester.
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Souza, Renata Torres Mattos Paschoalino de. "Alcaloides bromopirrólicos da Esponja Marinha Dictyonella sp. do Delta do Rio Amazonas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75133/tde-21082018-092753/.
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A descoberta de metabólitos secundários de esponjas marinhas decorre da enorme diversidade de entidades químicas e atividades biológicas que estes animais apresentam. O presente projeto origina-se da coleta de dois gêneros de esponja (Dictyonella e Agelas) em expedição a bordo do Navio Cruzeiro do Sul (Marinha do Brasil) ao longo da margem equatorial da Foz Rio do Amazonas (Pará). Esta região é submetida a um forte ciclo sazonal no padrão de dispersão da pluma do Rio Amazonas. Purificação extensiva do extrato aquoso da Dictyonella sp. através de vários passos cromatográficos de separação, levou ao isolamento e identificação de 7 alcalóides bromopirrólicos: himenidina (16), clathrodina (17) e monobromoisofakelina (20) são compostos já reportados na literatura. A 4-desbromooroidina (28), 5-desbromo-seco-isofakelina (30), 4-desbromo-seco-isofakelina (31) e 5-bromopalau\'amina (32) não foram reportados na literatura até então, sendo compostos inéditos. Da esponja Agelas sventres, foi isolado a oroidina (15), o primeiro composto da classe dos alcalóides pirrólicos a ser isolado reportado na literatura.The discovery of secondary metabolites from marine sponges is consequential from the enormous diversity of chemical entities and biological activities presented by these animals. This project originates from the collection of two genera of sponges (Dictyonella and Agelas), in an expedition aboard the Cruzeiro do Sul ship (Brazilian Navy) along the equatorial margin of Amazon river mouth (Pará). This region is subject to a strong seasonal cycle related to the pattern of dispersion of the plume of the Amazon River. Extensive purification of the MeOH extract of Dictyonella sp. through several chromatographic steps of separation, led to the isolation and identification of 7 bromopyrrole alkaloids: hymenidin (16), clathrodin (17) and monobromoisophakellin (20), compounds already reported in the literature. 4-Desbromooroidin (28), 5-debromo-seco-isophakellin (30), 4-debromo-seco-isophakellin (31) and 5-bromopalau\'amine (32) were not yet reported in the literature. The purification of the sponge Agelas sventres extract led to the isolation of oroidin is the first compound of pyrrole alkaloids ever isolated.
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Abualreesh, Heba. "Screening for antibacterial metabolites in marine sponges collected from the coastline of Sri Lanka." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Farmakognosi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451690.
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Natural products and their derivatives have and are still used by humans for various health ailments due to their rich sources of drug discovery. New biologically active compounds from natural products play a key role in drug development. Marine sponges and their associated microbes contain a lot of bioactive compounds that are potential for drug development. These compounds produce chemical compounds with useful pharmaceutical properties such as antitumor, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. The main focus of this project was on the antibacterial activity of six different sponge specimens. The aim was to screen the antibacterial activity of the sponge specimen’s extracts. In order to do so, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assay was performed to screen the sponge's antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Analytical HPLC was used for separation and Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for determining the effect of salts towards the inhibition of anti-bacterial activity for two selected extracts. Ethanolic extract of Stylissa massa showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus. SPE would be a rapid purification step to remove the salts present in sponges at a high concentration but it has not shown a significant effect on the inhibition of antibacterial activity. However, further separation and purification need to be done to be able to completely screen for all the six different sponge specimens.
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MRÁZ, Petr. "Vliv působení trávicího procesu zavíječe voskového (Galleria mellonella) na spory původce moru včelího plodu (Paenibacillus larvae)." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-317640.
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This diploma thesis deals with a serious honey bee (Apis mellifera) disease, the American foulbrood (AFB), and with possibilities of its control. The thesis is divided into two parts, the theoretical and the experimental. The theoretical part is written as a research and contains two big chapters. The first one describes American foulbrood disease and its causative agent, bacteria Paenibacillus larvae. The second part deals with the wax moth (Galleria mellonella). The experimental part then combines above mentioned themes in an effort to find the relationship between the wax moth caterpillars and bacteria P. larvae that could possibly help to control the AFB. The aim of this work was to determine whether the wax moth can disrupt resistant layers of P. larvae spores thanks to its well adapted digestive tract and whether it could change their germination.
Books on the topic "Spongy moth"
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Sponge Bob Square Pants 2004 Mini Calendar (Spongebob 16-Month 2004 Calendars). DC Comics, 2003.
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Planners, Dumkist. 2022 Weekly Planner: Halloween Human Skulls Bones Spooky Scary Pattern Design Cover 52 Weekly Planners 12 Month Appointment Schedule Calendar Organizer Notebook Agenda Daily Reminder Logbook. Independently Published, 2021.
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Planners, Dumkist. 2021-2025 Five Year Weekly Planner: Halloween Human Skulls Bones Spooky Scary Pattern Design Cover 60 Month Appointment Schedule Calendar Organizer Notebook Agenda Daily Reminder Logbook. Independently Published, 2021.
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Planners, Dumkist. Undated Daily Planner 8. 5 X 11: Halloween Human Skulls Bones Spooky Scary Pattern Design Cover 365 Undated Daily Planner 12 Month Appointment Schedule Calendar Organizer Notebook Agenda Daily Reminder Logbook. Independently Published, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Spongy moth"
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Kampasová, Jitka, and Hana Válková. "Comparison of BMI Indicators in Participants in Special Olympics and Non-Sporty Children with Intellectual Disability." In Body Mass Index - Overweight, Normal Weight, Underweight [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107346.
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The goal of the study is to compare BMI indicators in children who regularly do sports, participating in the Special Olympics (SO) with non-sporty children, show the trend of BMI indicators, and to find out whether the 2-month of summer holidays have any effect on BMI indicators. An InBody device was used. Participants are children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID). In total, four measurements of children were carried out over the course of 2 years. Total participants SO is n = 14, n = 18, n = 18, and n = 13 (13.6 ± 2.8 aged). Non-sporty children is n = 35, n = 37, n = 38, and n = 46 (12.5 ± 3.1 aged). Participants SO have 1.48 lower BMI values, 1 kg more muscle mass, and 1.3 kg less fat. During the summer holidays, participants SO have an increase in muscle mass (BMI and fat remain unchanged). For non-sporty children, all indicators decrease over the summer holidays (BMI, muscle mass, and fat). Participants SO have better results in all BMI indicators compared to non-sporty children. The results clearly show the great importance of sports and the positive effects of physical activities for children and adolescents with ID.
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Colby, Jason M. "The White Whale." In Orca. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673093.003.0015.
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When bob wright awoke on Sunday March 1, 1970, he didn’t feel like getting in a boat. He had attended a wedding reception late into the previous night, and the morning in Victoria had broken cold and blustery. But he had promised to show his whale-catching operation to Don White, Paul Spong’s former research assistant. Wright already had an orca at his new oceanarium, Sealand of the Pacific, but he was keen to try his hand at capture, and he especially hoped to trap an albino killer whale often seen in local waters. When White and a friend arrived for the excursion, however, Wright wasn’t feeling very eager. “Bob is totally hung over, but he is feeling responsible,” White recalled. “He has told me to come, so he feels like we’ve got to do it.” Along with trainer Graeme Ellis, the three men piled onto Wright’s twenty-foot Bertram runabout and started for Pedder Bay. As the boat rounded Trial Island and cruised west past Victoria, the sea became choppy and Wright grew queasier. But minutes later, as they approached Race Rocks, he forgot all about his hangover. “Fuck!” he yelled. “It’s the white whale!” Sure enough, a group of orcas with what appeared to be an albino member was passing Bentinck Island and heading straight for Pedder Bay. The sighting was lucky, but the timing awful. Wright wasn’t set for a capture that day. His seine nets were in storage, and at first he couldn’t hail any of his Sealand staff. Determined not to let this opportunity pass, he gunned the Bertram into the bay and made straight for the Lakewood—a charter fishing boat he had rigged for orca catching. As Wright gathered his crew on the vessel, the excitement was palpable. “We were playing macho whale hunters,” White reflected, “and Bob Wright was our Captain Ahab.” With only one light net on board, the operation would have to be perfect, and everyone watched anxiously as the whales lingered near the mouth of Pedder Bay. Finally, as the sun began to set, the orcas entered.
Conference papers on the topic "Spongy moth"
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Kutlakhmedov, Yu, V. Davydchyk, A. Jouve, and N. Grytsiuk. "Evaluation the Efficacy of the Turf-Cutter Soil Decontamination Technology." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1167.
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Abstract The testing begun in the framework of the CEC project ECP-4 “Decontamination technologies and strategies” have allowed to develop and to test new technology of the polluted soils decontamination by removal of the thin turf layer by the vibrating blade of the special machine (Turf-Cutter). The experiments were conducted at the radioactively contaminated soils of Ukraine and Belarus during 1992–2000. The machine “TURF HARVESTER” (USA) was used in the experiment. The first testing of the method was conducted on the well turfed radioecological polygon “Buryakovka”, 4 km from the Chernobyl NPP, with levels of contamination: 100 Ci/km2 by Cs-137, 80 Ci/km2 by Sr-90, 7 Ci/km2 by Pu-239. As the preliminary researches have shown, about 95% of the radionuclides were concentrated in the upper layer of the unploughed soil. In an outcome of tests on a selected plot the decontamination factor (Fd) 25–40 for different radionuclides was obtained. After removal of turf and opening the soil surface, the wind soil erosion and secondary resuspension the radionuclides was expect. It has not taken place, as special researches on an evaluation of the wind resuspension of radionuclides by the soil particles after the turf harvesting. This can be explained as follows. The vibrating blade does not decondence and decompose the soil layer remaining. At the same time, the thin turf and soil layer removal saves the vegetation regenerating organs and roots, which allows the grass restoration and surface fixation within one month after the experiment. The second test of a method was conducted on a polygon “Chistogalovka”, 3 km of the NPP. A high level of the radioactive contamination (150 Ci/km2 by Cs-137) and the weak turf cover of the rugged sand surface characterized the polygon. The turf removal at this polygon has allowed to receive Df = 10–15. Another testing was made at the Belorussian part of the Zone, which have demonstrated the possibility of the selected turf removal under the spotty radioactive contamination. The field gamma-spectrometer “Corad”, produced by the Kurchatov Institute (Russia), was used for the operative definition the highly contaminated spots. The selected removal of the mostly contaminated spots decreased the mass of the turf removed by 70%, obtaining the Df = 5–7. Next testing was conducted at the village Miliach (Rivne Province, Dubrovitsa district, Ukraine) at the pasture “Stav” with the contamination level by Cs-137 about 5 Ci/km2. This pasture was not influenced by any post-accident countermeasures. After the radioactive turf removal (Df = 15–20), the fodder grass was sow. The grass contamination was 15 times less, comparing to the control. The experimental fattening of 10 cows by a grass, skewed on the decontaminated plot, within 10 days, was carried on. A comparison the contamination of the milk from the experimental cows, which were fed by a grass of the turf-harvested plot, and the milk of the control cows, has shown the milk Df about 11 in 1993. The data obtained show high efficiency of the decontamination technology for the polluted soils based on the turf removal by the vibrating blade. Decontamination factor about 7–15 for the sandy and dusty-sandy soils with a weak turf layer up to 20–40 for the organic and wet silty soils with a strong turf layer was obtained. Important thing is, the best Dfs were obtained for the soils, which are critical on the intensity of the root uptake of the radionuclides. The high ecological and radioecological safety of the Turf-Cutter technology of the soil decontamination is also to be considered. The thin turf and soil layer removal does not deteriorate dramatically the migration situation and at the same time does not avoid the damaged ecosystem self-restoration. The volume of the matter harvested is comparatively low, because of the thin cutting. Being stored in the walls 2,5 m height, it occupies less 5% of the territory decontaminated, and the risk of migration the radionuclides outside the storage sites is comparative to those of the primary soil layouts. The field testing of the Turf-Cutter technology show correlation of its efficacy to the soil types, vegetation cover and the landscape conditions of the contaminated territory. It allowed, using some elements of the GIS-technologies and cartographic modeling, to prepare special evaluation and zonification the territories contaminated on the efficacy of the Turf-Cutter technology, and to identify the areas best for it’s mostly effective application. Following investigations confirm stable, long-term character of the improvements carried out. The sampling of 2000 at Miliach experimental plot shows the decontamination factor 10–11 for the grass and about 8 for milk. Moreover, as the Cs-137 still remains at the upper part of the soil profile, the Turf-Cutter technology is still actual for the territories of the post-Chernobyl radioactive contamination. Obviously, it can be suitable also for the removal of any other surface pollutant from the soil.