Journal articles: 'Spoil'

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Singh, Anand Narain. "Spoil characteristics under five years old native woody plantations and unplanted dump in dry tropical environment, India." Annals of Plant Sciences 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2017.6.11.8.

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Present study was conducted to investigate spoil characteristics under 5-yr old high-density plantations of three native trees (Albizia lebbeck A. procera and Tectona grandis) and one fast growing woody grass (Dendrocalamus strictus) species on coal mine spoils and same age unplanted mine spoil dump at the same area. We examined physical characters such as soil bulk density, water holding capacity, soil texture (sand, clay and silt) and chemical characters such as pH, total nutrients (C, N and P) and exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na) in chronosequence of spoil depth (0-50 cm) at 10 cm interval under planted stand of each selected species and unplanted dump. A significant effect of plantations on physico-chemical characteristics (except soil bulk density) of mine spoils was found. Among species, A. lebbeck exhibited substantial improvement in mine spoil soils followed by D. strictus, A. procera and T. grandis plantation. Although, chemical characteristics especially total concentrations of soil C, N and P and their ratios were significantly different due to species and spoil depth, indicating plantations of all species have abilities to improve soil chemical qualities at young stage of establishment. Compared to unplanted dump, plantation of A. lebbeck showed highest concentrations of total nutrients (C, N and P) and exchangeable cations with respect to spoil depth followed by D. strictus, A. procera and T. grandis, which confirms that some species have suitable qualities for the modification of spoil characteristics during rehabilitation process.

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Evans, K. G., R. J. Loch, T. O. Aspinall, and L. C. Bell. "Laboratory rainfall simulator studies of selected open-cut coal mine overburden spoils from Central Queensland." Soil Research 35, no. 1 (1997): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s95010.

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Data on the erodibility of overburden spoils resulting from open-cut coal mining are limited. These data are required to derive parameters for erosion prediction models which can be used in the design of re-formed landscapes after mining. In this study, laboratory rainfall simulation data were used to derive CREAMS (Chemicals, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems) interrill erodibility parameters K and nbov for Central Queensland coal mine overburden spoils. For the spoils studied, K values ranged from 0·0111 to 0·1398 Mg·ha·h/(ha·MJ·mm) and nbov values ranged from 0·0004 to 0·0081. Sediment yield was transport controlled. Results for 1 spoil, South Blackwater Terang, showed that total soil loss increased linearly with slope, and both K and nbov varied non-linearly with slope. If a constant set of K and nbov values is used in modelling, CREAMS over-predicts spoil loss for slopes greater than that for which the parameter values were determined, and under-predicts spoil loss for slopes less than that for which the parameter values were determined. The results show evidence of differences between mine spoils and agricultural soils, including modality of size distribution of surface sediment available for erosion, a higher percentage of dispersed clays in eroded sediment from mine spoils than from agricultural soils, and the observed amount of surface sealing and crust formation. These differences indicate that erosion{erodibility parameters for mine spoils should be measured and that agricultural soil parameters should not be a basis for estimates of mine spoil parameters.

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Hilton, Melinda, Mandana Shaygan, Neil McIntyre, Thomas Baumgartl, and Mansour Edraki. "The Effect of Weathering on Salt Release from Coal Mine Spoils." Minerals 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120760.

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Coal mine spoils have the potential to create environmental impacts, such as salt load to surrounding environments, particularly when exposed to weathering processes. This study was conducted to understand the effect of physical and chemical weathering on the magnitude, rate, and dynamics of salt release from different coal mine spoils. Five spoil samples from three mines in Queensland were sieved to three different particle size fractions (<2 mm, 2–6 mm, and >6 mm). Two samples were dispersive spoils, and three samples were nondispersive spoils. The spoils were subjected to seven wet–dry cycles, where the samples were periodically leached with deionised water. The rate, magnitude, and dynamics of solutes released from spoils were spoil specific. One set of spoils did not show any evidence of weathering, but initially had higher accumulation of salts. In contrast, broad oxidative weathering occurred in another set of spoils; this led to acid generation and resulted in physical weathering, promoting adsorption–desorption and dissolution and, thus, a greater release of salts. This study indicated that the rate and magnitude of salt release decreased with increasing particle size. Nevertheless, when the spoil is dispersive, the degree of weathering manages salt release irrespective of initial particle size. This study revealed that the long-term salt release from spoils is not only governed by geochemistry, weathering degree, and particle size but also controlled by the water/rock ratio and hydrological conditions of spoils.

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Hornick, Sharon B. "Use of organic amendments to increase the productivity of sand and gravel spoils: Effect on yield and composition of sweet corn." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 4 (1988): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002435.

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AbstractCrops grown on sand and gravel spoil areas are subject to temperature, moisture, and nutrient stresses due to the infertile, acidic, and coarse-textured properties of the spoil material. Additions of organic materials such as feedlot manure and sewage sludge compost applied at rates of 40, 80, and 160 Mg/ha were found to improve these spoil areas by providing (1) a more favorable pH for seedling germination and root development, (2) essential crop nutrients, and (3) a greatly increased water content of the spoils in the treated plots compared to fertilized controls. The manure-treated spoil plots had a higher water content than either the compost-treated spoils or the limed and fertilized control plots. In a drought year when the wastes were reapplied, both grain and stalk yields of sweet corn were highest for the manure-treated plots. The low heavy metal content makes these organic materials safe for use as soil conditioners. In addition, uptake and accumulation of toxic metals by sweet corn is generally less than other crops. The interaction between the kind and rate of organic amendment applied, the amount of rainfall in any given growing period, and the water content of the treated spoils determined the final nutrient composition of the stalks, leaves, and grain, as well as the grain and stalk yield.

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Ralte, Vanlalhruaii. "Effect of coal mining on soil physico-chemical properties of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Meghalaya, northeastern India." Science Vision 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33493/scivis.17.04.07.

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Mining causes massive damage to landscape and biological components of an ecosystem. Due to extensive and unmanaged coal mining in the southern part of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Meghalaya, the area has been turned into degraded land since nutrient deficient sandy spoils are hostile for the growth and regeneration of plant communities. Soil is sandy to sandy loam and red, brown to dark brown in colour. The physico-chemical properties of the soil were greatly affected due to coal mining. There is an increased acidity i.e. from 6.00 in the undisturbed forest (control site) to 3.50 in the coal mine spoil since abandoned mine spoil discharge acidic water that are enriched with iron and other metals and metalloids. Apart from this, soil nutrients are greatly depleted. The core zone soils are rich in organic matter and nutrients whereas coalmine spoils show sign of degradation especially in the nutrient content.

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SRIVASTAVA, S. C., A. K. JHA, and J. S. SINGH. "CHANGES WITH TIME IN SOIL BIOMASS C, N AND P OF MINE SPOILS IN A DRY TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-085.

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Soil biomass C, N and P were determined for a native forest site, an unmined deforested site and an age-series of adjacent coal mine spoils (5, 10, 12, 16 and 20 yr). Biomass C ranged from 209 to 867 μg g−1 soil, biomass N from 20 to 75 μg g−1 soil and biomass P from 7 to 29 μg g−1 soil. Biomass C, N and P were linearly related to each other. Biomass C was also related to the root biomass. Biomass N with a mean C:N ratio of 11.8 accounted for 2.2–4.2% of the total soil N and was positively related to the mineral N of soil. Biomass C:P ratio ranged from 27.6 to 31.0%. The biomass P was significantly related to the bicarbonate soluble soil Pi. Soil microbial biomass was characterized by a mean C:N:P ratio of 29:3:1. Soil microbial C, N and P were positively related with the age of mine spoils, the values for the youngest spoil (5 yr old) being about four times lower compared to native forest soil. Total soil N was also positively related with age of spoil. The data suggest that microbial biomass can be taken as a functional index of soil redevelopment. Key words: Surface coal mining, soil microbial biomass C, biomass N, biomass P, mine spoil

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Oggeri, Claudio, and Raffaele Vinai. "Characterisation of geomaterials and non-conventional waste streams for their reuse as engineered materials." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019506002.

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Reusing bulk volumes of waste material is a requirement often encountered in mining and construction activities involving excavations. Spoils produced from these activities typically show high variability in terms of properties and behaviour, due to the local geology, adopted excavation method and further spoil treatments. A procedure for classifying the spoil from tunnelling was proposed in order to correlate ground type, possible muck destination and treatment type. With a similar approach in industrial and related sectors, the reuse of non-conventional materials (i.e. wooden chips, fragments, granulates, micronized glass, residual out of shape from manufacturing processes or coming from selection of other waste) has a great relevance as it is accompanied by savings in disposal costs and in the sourcing of raw materials. Characterisation tests derived from geotechnical engineering can support the assessment of the physical and mechanical properties of non-conventional materials, creating a feedback loop encompassing raw material description, required treatments, and possible utilisations as engineered materials. This paper describes the possible screening tests and treatment options for material recycling in the framework of a modified spoil classification system.

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Russell, W. B., and G. H. La Roi. "Natural vegetation and ecology of abandoned coal-mined land, Rocky Mountain Foothills, Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-177.

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The natural vegetation and spoils of two abandoned, unreclaimed coal mines in the Mountain Park area were studied quantitatively in 34 stands. After 26 years of abandonment the vegetation of both Townsite and West Mine was sparse. Total plant cover was usually < 10% and isolated plants were common. The communities were dominated by perennial grasses and forbs. Seven plant community types were recognized: (i) Festuca rubra – Epilobium angustifolium, (ii) Agropyron latiglume –Agropyron repens, and (iii) Agropyron spp. – Artemisia borealis on the Townsite; and (iv) Equisetum arvense – Potentilla fruticosa, (v) Agoseris glauca – Crepis nana, (vi) Agropyron latiglume – Crepis elegans, and (vii) Crepis nana – Eriogonum androsaceum on the West Mine. The spoil materials were generally coarse textured and structureless, consisting of rock fragments and loose single grains. Spoil samples were analysed for 20 physical and chemical properties. Variation in spoil properties appeared to strongly influence plant distribution and community development. Total plant cover and species richness were correlated with several spoil properties; highest correlations were with fine earth content (<2 mm) and clay content on the Townsite and West Mine sites, respectively. Slope position strongly influenced plant distribution on both study sites. Total plant cover, species richness, and the frequency of most species were highest at the slope base and lowest at the upper slope, midslope, and (or) crest positions. The sites were only 1.2 km apart, differed only 30 m in elevation, and were abandoned for the same length of time. Nevertheless, they differed edaphically and supported significantly different plant communities.

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Turner, R. Eugene, and Erick M. Swenson. "The Life and Death and Consequences of Canals and Spoil Banks in Salt Marshes." Wetlands 40, no. 6 (September 7, 2020): 1957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-020-01354-w.

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AbstractWe describe the consequence and demise of levees (spoil banks) built from dredging canals in Louisiana salt marshes using morphometric measurements made over 30 years, soil collections on the spoil bank and in the salt marshes behind, and complementary observations from other areas. These measurements were used to determine the temporal bounds of how long spoil banks last and if salt marsh soils remaining in salt marshes are affected. If the rates of changes in spoil bank morphology continue, then the estimated life time of the shrub-tree vegetation at a representative spoil bank is 81 years, the spoil bank width is 89 years, and the dredged channel will erode to the center of the spoil bank after 118 years. The soils in marshes behind the spoil bank have a higher bulk density than in reference marshes, accumulate more mineral matter per year, have lower root mass and are weaker. These observations are compatible with measurements of spoil bank width, vegetative cover and soil compaction, and the conversion from wetland to open water on a coastwide scale.

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Zhang, Liheng, Yi He, and Jie Chen. "Analysis of Site Selection and Design Example of Spoil Ground." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 631, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/631/1/012005.

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Abstract As an auxiliary project of engineering construction, spoil ground is often not given enough attention. Unreasonable spoiled materials not only have negative impacts on the local natural environment, but also generate the risk of secondary disasters. The selection and design of spoil ground is an important part of earthwork. And thus it is necessary to select the site of spoil ground reasonably and carefully and carry out detailed design of spoil, protection and flood drainage. First of all, the basic selection principles of spoil ground were discussed in this paper. Then, combined with the spoil ground design of the Heat and Power Cogeneration Power Workshop Project in Zhenfeng County's Coal, Electricity and Metallurgical Integration Industrial Park, the author presented elaboration of the technical key points of site selection, slope stability, blocking engineering and flood drainage system of large-scale spoil ground. The analysis in this paper can be used as a reference for similar spoil ground design.

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Ghosh, Dipita, and Subodh Kumar Maiti. "Eco-Restoration of Coal Mine Spoil: Biochar Application and Carbon Sequestration for Achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals 13 and 15." Land 10, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111112.

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Open cast coal mining causes complete loss of carbon sink due to the destruction of vegetation and soil structure. In order to offset the destruction and to increase sequestration of carbon, afforestation is widely used to restore these mine spoils. The current field study was conducted to assess the ecosystem status, soil quality and C pool in an 8 years old reclaimed mine spoil (RMS), compared to a reference forest (RF) site and unamended mine spoil (UMS). Biochar (BC) prepared from invasive weed Calotropis procera was applied in this 8 year RMS at 30 t ha−1 (BC30) and 60 t ha−1 (BC60) to study its impact on RMS properties and C pool. Carbon fractionation was also conducted to estimate inorganic, coal and biogenic carbon pools. The C stock of 8 year old RMS was 30.98 Mg C ha−1 and sequestered 113.69 Mg C ha−1 CO2. BC30 and BC60 improved the C-stock of RMS by 31% and 45%, respectively, and increased the recalcitrant carbon by 65% (BC30) and 67% (BC60). Spoil physio-chemical properties such as pH, cation exchange capacity, moisture content and bulk density were improved by biochar application. The total soil carbon at BC30 (36.3 g C kg−1) and BC60 (40 g C kg−1) was found to be significantly high compared to RMS (21 g C kg−1) and comparable to RF (33 g C kg−1). Thus, eco-restoration of coal mine spoil and biochar application can be effective tools for coal mine reclamation and can help in achieving the UN sustainable development goal 13 (climate action) by increasing carbon sequestration and 15 (biodiversity protection) by promoting ecosystem development.

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Heal, K. V., and C. A. Salt. "Treatment of acidic metal-rich drainage from reclaimed ironstone mine spoil." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0540.

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Ironstone mine spoil leaves a legacy of land contamination and diffuse water pollution with acidic, metal-rich drainage. Reclamation for woodland may exacerbate water pollution due to spoil amendment and disturbance. Constructed wetland systems (CWS) are increasingly used for treating acid mine drainage but their performance is poorly understood. A combined approach was used to reclaim the Benhar ironstone spoil heap in Central Scotland. Trees have been planted in spoil treated with dried pelleted sewage sludge, limestone and peat. Spoil drainage (pH 2.7, 247 mg l−1 total Fe) passes through a CWS. Spoil throughflow, surface water chemistry and CWS performance were monitored for 12 months after reclamation. Acidity, Fe, Mn and Al concentrations declined in throughflow after reclamation, although this effect was not uniform. Soluble reactive P has been mobilised from the sewage sludge in residual areas of spoil acidity, but losses of other nutrients were short-lived. The CWS removes on average 33 % and 20–40% of acidity and metal inputs but removal rates decrease in winter. Spoil reclamation has been successful in enabling vegetation establishment but has also increased Fe and Mn concentration in surface drainage from the site, even after passage through the CWS.

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Agrawal, P., A. Agrawal, and A. K. Patel. "Community Level Physiological Profiling of Microbial Communities Influencing Mine Spoil Genesis in Chronosequence Coal Mine Overburden Spoil." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.045.

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Ecological restoration through mine spoil genesis should be dogmatic and the strategies involved a holistic approach, which emphasizes the role of microbial community composition that varies in accordance with the physiological and nutritional status of mine spoil profiles. This is because the patterns observed aboveground is being driven by the belowground diversity and processes. Thus, the relationship between microbial community structure and mine spoil genesis in chronosequence coal mine spoil has attracted considerable research attention. The occurrence of higher microbial diversity and difficulties in culturing microbes necessitate the use of a culture-independent approach through community-level physiological profiling based on the patterns of carbon source utilization using BIOLOG Ecoplate and thereby the functional diversity of microbial communities in different age series coal mine spoil was determined. The average well-color development exhibited an increasing trend with a minimum in OB0 (0.0640) and a maximum in OB15 (0.5060) over time. The patterns of substrate utilization (carbohydrates, carboxylic and ketonic acids, amino acids, polymers, amines, and amides) reflect the shift in microbial community composition in different age series coal mine spoil over time. Gradual increase in species richness and Shannon diversity index with the increase in age of mine spoil substantiated relatively higher microbial diversity reflecting the sign of mine spoil genesis. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis based on the differential patterns of substrate utilization discriminate different age series coal mine spoil into independent clusters, which evaluated the broad-scale patterns of microbial community dynamics influencing the pace and progress of mine spoil genesis.

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Van Reet, Brian. "Eat the Spoil." Missouri Review 37, no. 1 (2014): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.2014.0008.

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Li, Chengcheng, Xin Zhang, Xubo Gao, Shihua Qi, and Yanxin Wang. "The Potential Environmental Impact of PAHs on Soil and Water Resources in Air Deposited Coal Refuse Sites in Niangziguan Karst Catchment, Northern China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081368.

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Long-term deposition of coal spoil piles may lead to serious pollution of soil and water resources in the dumping sites and surrounding areas. Karst aquifers are highly sensitive to environmental pollution. In this study, the occurrence and release/mobilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coal waste and coal spoils fire gas mineral (CSFGM) were evaluated by field and indoor investigations at Yangquan city, one of the major coal mining districts in the karst areas of northern China. Field investigations showed that dumping of coal waste over decades has resulted in soil and water pollution via spontaneous combustion and leaching of coal spoil piles. Indoor analysis revealed that the 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs contribute to 65–80% of the total PAHs in coal spoils, with naphthalene (Nap), Chrysene (Chr), and Phenanthrene (Phe) as the dominant compounds. Based on a heating/burning simulation experiment, the production of PAHs is temperature-dependent and mainly consists of low-ring PAHs: 2-ring, 3-ring, and part of the 4-ring PAHs. The PAHs in the leachate are light-PAHs (Nap, 20.06 ng/L; Phe, 4.76 ng/L) with few heavy-PAHs. The distribution modes of PAHs in two soil profiles suggest that the precipitation caused downward movement of PAHs and higher mobility of light-PAHs.

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LANDSBURG, S. "EFFECTS OF PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION ON CHERNOZEMIC AND SOLONETZIC A AND B HORIZONS IN CENTRAL ALBERTA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-033.

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The effects of pipeline construction on agricultural soil quality ratings were evaluated for the A and B horizons of Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem and Dark Brown Solonetz soils at three sites in Central Alberta 1 wk after construction. At each site, samples of the Ap horizon from the spoil side, trench, and work side portions of a pipeline right-of-way were compared to a sample of the Ap horizon from an adjacent area unaffected by pipeline construction. Spoil material below replaced topsoil on the trench was compared to a sample of an undisturbed B horizon. Regardless of soil type or land use, construction had no effect on the Ap horizon on the work side. This was due to optimum weather conditions during construction; low rainfall resulted in lack of soil rutting and minimal soil mixing. For both soil types under cultivation, construction increased soluble salt concentrations in the Ap horizons on the spoil side due to mixing of topsoil and spoil materials. There were few effects on the Ap horizon on the spoil side in pasture land, due to trench only topsoil stripping and easy spoil removal from a well-developed sod layer. Both the Ap and spoil from the trench in the Dark Brown Solonetz had increased salt concentrations, while there were few changes in the Dark Brown Chernozem. Mixing of topsoil and spoil material, and bringing salt-enriched material to the spoil surface are thought to be reponsible for the increase. For both soils and land uses, soil effects due to construction were reflected in the Ap horizon of the trench and spoil side by changes in pH, electrical conductivity, soluble salts and bulk density. Even with the increases in the soil properties monitored, the results indicated that regardless of soil type or land use, pipeline construction did not significantly affect the agricultural soil quality of the A and B horizons. Key words: Pipeline construction, solonetz, chernozem, work side, trench, spoil side

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Zak, John C. "Redevelopment of biological activity in strip-mine spoils: saprotrophic fungal assemblages of grass roots." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 94 (1988): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007144.

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SynopsisThe development of fungal assemblages on root-surfaces of Agropyron trachycaulum growing in control, peat, fertiliser, or sewage-amended oil sand tailings was followed over a four-year period. Although the number of fungal species isolated from the root-surfaces differed significantly among the amendments, species numbers did not change significantly within treatments over the four years. The species composition of the assemblages, however, changed considerably from year to year. Species abundance distributions for fungal assemblages from the control, peat, and fertiliser amended spoil were best described by logarithmic functions. Distributions from the sewage-treated spoil were best fitted by exponential functions. Although species composition changed over time, the forms of the species abundance distributions were not altered. The observed structure and dynamic nature of fungal assemblages on root-surfaces may not be a consequence of disturbance, but may be a typical feature of such assemblages. High nutrient addition to mine spoils can result in altered species abundance patterns, and may lead to a decrease in community stability.

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Gao, Jie, Peng Zhang, and Qiu Yi Li. "Alkali Reactivity of Construction Spoil Gravel from Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Subsea Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1391.

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Abstract: Nowadays, a huge amount of concrete has been used as main construction material. This as a consequence will consume a large quantity of natural aggregates which quantity is not limitless. On the other hand, for instance, in the tunnel construction, a lot of spoil rocks could be produced. It will be beneficial both from the aspect of economy and ecology if these spoil rocks could be used as concrete aggregates. In this case, the alkali reactivity of the spoil aggregates will have to be determined to avoid the potential reaction between aggregates and cement. In this contribution, the spoil aggregates from Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Subsea Tunnel have been used to prepared concrete specimens. And their alkali reactivity has been determined by swelling test. The results indicate that the swelling rates of all specimens made by spoil aggregates, both from 6 different places in underground part and from 13 places in subsea part of the Tunnel, are at most 0.08 %, which is not higher than the limit value of 0.1 % according to the standard. This means the tested spoil aggregates do not have potential alkali reactivity, and they can be used as concrete aggregates.

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Denimal, Sophie, Florent Barbecot, Laurent Dever, Nicolas Tribovillard, and Francis Meilliez. "Tracage chimique et isotopique des eaux souterraines en relation avec les eaux de lixiviation de terrils, bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.1.111.

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Abstract Introduction. - In the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region (northern France), the mining activity linked to the coal extraction resulted in the existence of many mine spoils. Most of the time, the choice of the mine spoil location has been made without knowing the potential contamination of the aquifers contained in the underlying formations by substances which can be solubilized and released in relation with the weathering of these mine spoils. The aim of this study is to determine the possible role of the mine spoils in the sulfate mineralization of the chalk aquifer. Previous works [Bernard, 1979; Droz, 1985] allow to consider several possible sources of sulfate in the coal basin: the dissolution of evaporitic minerals present in the Carboniferous limestones Formation which can locally contaminate per ascensum the chalk aquifer; the dissolution of gypsum contained in the Tertiary formations (Argiles de Louvil, Sables d'Ostricourt); sulfates of anthropic origin linked to the waste water discharge and/or to the agricultural practices; finally, the weathering of mine spoils which leads to the oxydation of the pyrite contained in the Carboniferous shales, and can release sulfate ions that may be transferred to the aquifer. Two sites have been selected 30 km to the south of Lille: site 1 lies directly on the Senonian-Turonian chalk while site 2 lies on the sandy-clayey Tertiary formations overlying the chalk formations (fig. 1-3). Geology and hydrogeology. - The waters have been sampled within the chalk aquifer (fig. 2). This water table forms the main resource in drinking water, currently exploited. The chalk aquifer is a free water table except where the Tertiary formations make this water table confined, as is the case for site 2. The recharge of the chalk aquifer is made by the percolation of the impluvium through the microporosity of the chalk with an infiltration velocity of 0.5 to 0.7 m per year [Vachier et al., 1979]. The chalk aquifer flow is schematically SW-NE to the Orchies basin (fig. 1). This flow is caused by the piezometric depression in the Orchies basin linked to industrial pumpage. Since the decrease of these pumpages, we can observe a rise of the chalk aquifer piezometric level evaluated to 10 m in the studied area. Material and methods. - Rock samples have been collected on the surface of the two sites and below it at site 1. Mineralogical analyses have been carried out on the bulk fraction as on the clayey fraction, the elementary analysis of total carbon and total sulphur has also been performed. Two water sampling surveys have been carried out on 19 sites. Sampling has been made from piezometers which reach the chalk aquifer and that are placed close to the mine spoils but also in a radius of 5 to 10 km around. Chemical and isotopic analyses have been made on the waters sampled at hydraulic upstream and dowstream of the mine spoils. In situ measurements have been carried out during the sampling. Piezometric levels have been taken at all the sampling sites. Results and discussion. - The carbon and sulphur contents have shown a superficial leaching of these elements on the mine spoils (fig. 9). The use of isotopic geochemistry and in particular the sulphur isotopes as tracers of the sulfate origin has permitted to identify two contribution sources at the two sites: a "mine spoil" source with a delta 34 S weakly negative (delta 34 S = -2,8 per mil, -3,9 per mil) which corresponds to the oxidation of sulfides contained by the Carboniferous shales and another source (delta 34 S = -20 per mil) corresponding to the gypsum of the "Sables d'Ostricourt" which is present only at site 2 (fig. 7, 10 & 11). This study has revealed the different behaviour of the two sites: for site 1, with a free water-table zone, the mine spoil leaching carries sulfate ions directly to the table whereas in the second site, with a confined aquifer zone, a part of the sulfate ions are reduced once exported to the table (the redox potential presents negative values; fig. 6). This bacterial reduction is made possible by the organic carbon leaching concomitant to the sulphur leaching on the mine spoils. This carbon contribution has been confirmed by the 14 C activity analysis: 14 C activity is characteristic of the chalk aquifer waters at the upstream of the mine spoil and noticeably lower downstream, this decrease can be linked to the "dead carbon" supply from the mine spoils (fig. 8). This organic carbon is involved in bacterially-mediated sulfate reduction (2CH 2 O + SO 4 (super 2-) --> 2HSO 3 (super -) + H (super +) + HS (super -) ). Conclusion. - Both studied mine spoils release sulfate ions to the Chalk aquifer, in response to the weathering and leaching of their surficial part. Using an isotope study-grounded approach, the influence of the mine spoils upon the sulfate enrichment of the water table can be distinguished from that of Cenozoic formations sometimes present between the chalk aquifer and the mine spoil basis. No other sulfate source seems to be involved in the studied area. Together with sulfate ions, the mine spoils export dissolved organic carbon. Both chemical species sustain bacterial activity (sulfate reducers) that develops where the water table is made confined by overlying, almost impervious, Cenozoic deposits. In that case, reducing conditions in the aquifer decrease the amount of sulfate ions present. Thus the simultaneous supply of sulfate and carbon by the mine spoils leads to a self-purification process where the aquifer is confined.

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Salazar, M., R. M. Poch, and A. D. Bosch. "Reclamation of steeply sloping coal spoil banks under Mediterranean semi-arid climate." Soil Research 40, no. 5 (2002): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00103.

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Deep coal mining activities in the Ebro Valley, north-eastern Spain, are important elements of the economy. A method for reclamation of high slope (30-56%) spoil banks under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions was assayed using amended mine spoils (with pig slurry and straw) as substrate due to the lack of topsoil. Sixteen experimental plots, divided into 4 sets according to slope aspect, gradient, and length, were established in October 1998. Two types of substrate and 4 types of seed mixes were used. Substrate, runoff, and vegetation properties were monitored.

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Nayak, S., and C. S. K. Mishra. "Evaluation of biomass and certain biochemical parameters of earthworm Drawida willsi in response to organic amendments of iron mine spoil." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/1/mrn-1308.

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Aim: To evaluate the changes in the tissue protein, lipid peroxidation (LPX) levels, catalase (CAT) activity and biomass of earthworm, Drawida willsi in response to different organic amendments of iron mine spoil. Methodology: Farmyard manure, poultry manure, vermimanure and bio-fertilizer in various combinations were amended with the mine spoil prior to inoculation of the earthworm. Tissue protein, lipid peroxidation levels and catalase activity of the earthworm were measured over an incubation period of 42 days at an interval of 7 days. The percent change in biomass of the earthworm over the experimental period was assessed. Results: Significant variation in the biochemical parameters and biomass of the earthworm were observed in response to amendments. The highest tissue protein (151.6 mg g-1 tissue) was observed in spoil amended with VM and BF. The maximum lipid peroxidation level (0.11nmol mg-1 protein) and catalase activity (0.59 nkat mol-1 protein) were recorded in control. The highest (0.476 g) biomass was observed in spoil with vermimanure and biofertilizer. Interpretation: The results of this study proved that vermimanure with biofertilizer is the most suitable combination for amendment of iron mine spoil with least physiological stress on the earthworms. Key words: Biomass, Drawida willsi, Iron mine spoil, Organic amendments

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Nayak, Samrudhi, S. P. Mishra, and C. S. K. Mishra. "Nutrient and Exo-Enzyme Dynamics in Organically Amended Iron Mine Spoil." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2020.115.

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The aim of this study is to restore the nutrient status of iron ore mine spoil through suitable organic interventions. This paper reports the effects of different organic manure and bio-fertilizer amendments with inoculation of the earthworm Eisenia fetida in iron mine spoil on certain chemical parameters, microbial load and soil exoenzyme activities. The mine spoil samples were collected at random from five years old spoil dump and amended with farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and vermimanure (VM) along with biofertilizer in different combinations. The pH, conductivity, % organic carbon, N, P, K, bacterial and fungal population with activities of soil exoenzymes amylase, cellulase and invertase were studied in organically amended mine spoil. Significant variations (p<0.05) in the chemical and biological parameters were observed between treatments and days of incubation. Higher values were obtained with PM followed by FYM and VM. Earthworm inoculation enhanced the values of all the chemical parameters except % organic carbon. Bacterial population and exoenzyme activities increased significantly (p<0.05) with earthworm. PM with biofertilizer was found to be the most suitable combination followed by FYM. Inoculation of Eisenia fetida could facilitate mineralization of organics resulting in higher nutrient availability, higher microbial load and exoenzyme activities required to facilitate spoil reclamation.

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Singer, David, Elizabeth Herndon, Laura Zemanek, Kortney Cole, Tyler Sanda, John Senko, and Nicolas Perdrial. "Biogeochemical Controls on the Potential for Long-Term Contaminant Leaching from Soils Developing on Historic Coal Mine Spoil." Soil Systems 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5010003.

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Coal mine spoil is widespread in US coal mining regions, and the potential long-term leaching of toxic metal(loid)s is a significant and underappreciated issue. This study aimed to determine the flux of contaminants from historic mine coal spoil at a field site located in Appalachian Ohio (USA) and link pore water composition and solid-phase composition to the weathering reaction stages within the soils. The overall mineralogical and microbial community composition indicates that despite very different soil formation pathways, soils developing on historic coal mine spoil and an undisturbed soil are currently dominated by similar mineral weathering reactions. Both soils contained pyrite coated with clays and secondary oxide minerals. However, mine spoil soil contained abundant residual coal, with abundant Fe- and Mn- (oxy)hydroxides. These secondary phases likely control and mitigate trace metal (Cu, Ni, and Zn) transport from the soils. While Mn was highly mobile in Mn-enriched soils, Fe and Al mobility may be more controlled by dissolved organic carbon dynamics than mineral abundance. There is also likely an underappreciated risk of Mn transport from coal mine spoil, and that mine spoil soils could become a major source of metals if local biogeochemical conditions change.

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Pajak, M., and W. Krzaklewski. "Selected physical properties of initial soils on the outside spoil bank of the Belchatow brown coal mine." Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 7 (January 7, 2008): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2077-jfs.

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The purpose of the study was to assess, in respect of selected physical properties, the reclamation of the northern slope of the outside spoil bank of the Belchatów brown coal mine by reforestation carried out 20 years ago. Investigations were carried out on 55 permanent research plots. This study confirmed the efficiency of reclamation of strip-mine spoils, and its results allowed to point out the properties of initial soils as the most useful characteristics for the assessment of land reclamation by reforestation.

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Govindarajan, MJ, Nagaraj, Ravikumar, Arjun Kalyanpur, and Kallur. "Tuberculosis - The spoil sport." Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging 18, no. 3 (2008): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.41843.

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Wang, Monica. "Crystals spoil mitochondrial potential." Nature Reviews Nephrology 15, no. 9 (August 2, 2019): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0187-7.

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Agoulnik, Alexander I. "Cryptorchidism—An Estrogen Spoil?" Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 8 (August 2005): 4975–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1290.

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O'Halloran, Joe. "Rich broth may spoil." Infosecurity Today 1, no. 3 (May 2004): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1742-6847(04)00060-6.

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Frader, Joel, and Kelly Michelson. "Can policy spoil compassion?*." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 8, no. 3 (May 2007): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pcc.0000264316.47451.6e.

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Verma, R., R. Rawat, and K. Kapoor. "Effect of lime mine spoil based potting media on the growth performance of different tree species under nursery conditions." Indian Journal of Forestry 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2007-b6y0z3.

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Studies to evaluate the effect of different combinations of lime mine spoil: forest soil (1:0, 1:1, 2:1 v/v), lime mine spoil: forest soil: FYM (1:1:1, 1:2:1, 0:1:0 v/v), lime mine spoil: sand: FYM (1:1:1, 2:1:1 v/v) and lime mine spoil: sand: compost (1:1:1, 1:0:1 v/v) on performance of four tree species viz., Leucaena leucocephala, Eucalyptus hybrid, Acacia catechu and Bauhinia variegata were conducted in poly-bags of size 22" x 12" (LxB). The experiment was carried out following randomized complete block design with three replications during 2002. The results showed that combination of lime mine spoil: forest soil: farmyard manure in the ratio of 1:2:1 (v/v) was found to be most effective with regard to growth and biomass production parameters in all the four tree species. Leucaena leucocephala gave maximum values for height, collar diameter, shoot dry weight and total biomass followed by Eucalyptus hybrid, Bauhinia variegata and Acacia catechu.

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Ghataora, Gurmel S., Nizar Ghazireh, and Nigel Hall. "Remediation of Acid Generating Colliery Spoil Using Steel Slag – Case Studies." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2015-0024.

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Abstract One of the legacies of the coal mining industry is the existence of numerous colliery spoil mounds. Run-off waters from some of these mounds result in oxidation of sulphur compounds causing pH to drop to perhaps as low as 2.5. At this pH, mobility for metals increases and it results in destruction of both flora and fauna. In order to reduce acidity, a number of solutions have been investigated with varying degree of success. A recent study to reduce acidity in spoil run-off water included the use of Basic Oxygen Steel slag. Its slow release of lime resulted in longer term remediation compared with other techniques. In addition to this, steel slag contains elements which are essential for plant growth and can be regarded as a weak fertiliser. This was substantiated in two field trials, which had the aim of not only remediating acidity from two different types of colliery spoils, but also to develop a composition that supports grass growth. The objectives were achieved at both sites and some of the results of over 5000 chemical tests conducted during these studies are reported in this paper.

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Lv, Jiaorong, Yongsheng Xie, and Han Luo. "Erosion Process and Temporal Variations in the Soil Surface Roughness of Spoil Heaps under Multi-Day Rainfall Simulation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142192.

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The extensive artificially accelerated erosion of spoil heaps on newly engineered landforms is a key ecological management point requiring better understanding. Soil surface roughness is a crucial factor influencing erosion processes; however, study on spoil heap erosion with a view of surface roughness is lacking. This study investigated the erosion processes and the spatiotemporal variation of surface roughness on spoil heaps, and then, analyzed how the roughness affected the hydrological and sediment yield characteristics. Sequences of four artificial rainstorms with constant rainfall intensity (90 mm/h) were applied to cone-shaped spoil heaps (ground radius 3.5 m, height 2.3 m) of a loess soil containing 30 mass percent rock fragments. The surface elevation was sampled by a laser scanner. For the surface roughness indicators, the root mean square height (rmsh) and the correlation length (cl) increased sharply during the first rainfall event, and in the last three rainfall events, rmsh increased slightly and cl showed a relative decrease. The initial rmsh/cl of the whole slope surface ranged from 0.063 to 0.135, and increased with the rainfall sequence, thus, indicating that the spoil heap surface became rougher. Increasing soil roughness in the rainfall sequence delayed the initial runoff time and increased the runoff yield. The average runoff coefficient of the spoil heaps was 0.658. The average erosion rate of each rainfall event can be simulated by a regression equation of the corresponding average runoff rate and median cl (R-square of 0.816). Soil slumping with an average volume of 0.014 m3 occurred in the first two rainfall events, thus, significantly changing the roughness and peak instant erosion rate. Together, the results revealed the effects of surface roughness on the erosion of spoil heaps and would provide a useful reference for soil loss prediction and control.

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Simon, L., J. Tamás, E. Kovács, B. Kovács, and B. Biró. "Stabilisation of metals in mine spoil with amendments and growth of red fescue in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 9 (November 17, 2011): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3456-pse.

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Metal stabilisation effects of amendments (1% m/m CaCO<sub>3</sub>-L, 5% m/m municipal sewage sludge compost-MSSC, and 7.5% m/m natural zeolite-Z) were studied on acidic mine spoil (pH<sub>KCl</sub> 3.73) from Gyöngyösoroszi (Hungary) containing Cd-15.0, Cu-336, Mn-568, Pb-1919, and Zn-3306 mg/kg. Red fescue (Festuca rubra, cv. Keszthelyi 2) was grown in a pot experiment in amended mine spoil, and was infected with spores of a Zn-tolerant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices. During 12 weeks of plant growth L + MSSC + Z amendments were more effective in stabilizing the pH, reducing the leaching and phytoavailability of metals in mine spoil than the lime application itself. Liming (L) had a negative effect on Cd, Mn and Zn concentrations in mine spoil water (leachate) as compared to the untreated control. In mine spoil stabilized with a combination of amendments red fescue growth can be established in symbiosis with AMF. Rate of AMF infection (F 4%) was low in limed mine spoil but was especially high (F 93%) in the case of L + MSSC + Z application. In shoots of these cultures − as a trend − AMF reduced the concentration of Cd by 35–55%, Cu by 9–34%, Mn by 14–55%, and Zn by 22–44%.

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Theocharis, Alexandros I., Ioannis E. Zevgolis, Christos Roumpos, and Nikolaos C. Koukouzas. "3D Numerical Analysis for the Valorization Potential of Spoil Heaps by Shallow Foundations." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 7363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127363.

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Coal has been an energy source exploited for several decades, with its extraction being linked to creating wastes. Surface mines’ overburden and interburden materials are typically dumped in spoil heaps, many times without considering their future use. Nowadays, sustainability and circular economy principles demand the efficient valorization of these areas. In that vein, this work investigates alternatives from a geotechnical perspective with shallow foundations for the reclamation of a massive spoil heap. Initially, the installation with a raft foundation of a wind turbine was investigated through a serviceability limit envelope employing 3D finite element analysis. However, the spoil material is too soft to withstand such a massive superstructure, and more advanced foundation techniques are needed. Moreover, the installation of supportive constructions was examined, i.e., buildings with shallow isolated footings using a similar approach and 3D finite element analysis. The soil-footing response is much dependent on the constitutive model, and the potential of small buildings requires further attention. Overall, for the appropriate valorization of the spoil heap, it appears that ground improvement or deep foundations are necessary. This conclusion stands for many similar spoil heaps globally due to the material’s nature.

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Ulusay, Resat, Dinçer Çaglan, Fehmi ArIkan, and M. Fatih Yoleri. "Characteristics of biplanar wedge spoil pile instabilities and methods to improve stability." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 1 (March 25, 1996): 58–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-024.

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The stability of spoil piles in surface coal mines is an important factor in the successful exploitation of coal reserves. Spoil pile instability must be avoided not only to ensure negligible risk in both personnel and equipement but also to prevent increased production costs. Since mining began at the Eskihisar strip coal mine, southwest Turkey, stability problems have been experienced in both spoil piles adjacent to highwalls (slices) and outside dumping areas. This paper outlines the results of field and laboratory investigations performed to describe the causes and mechanism of pile instabilities threatening production along the highwalls. Back-analysis of failures and monitoring data have revealed that failures occur along planar surfaces that define two-wedge shaped blocks. In addition, shear strength of the moist underclay at the base of piles and changes in the floor dip are the controlling factors in the development of failures. It is also noted that sharp decreases in shear strength after peak values for the the underclay indicated that weak basal planes exhibit a shear strength at or approaching the residual value at the time of failure. Results show that failures are most likely initiated along the spoil &#150 natural ground interface and propagate into spoil mass. Three possible remedial measures have been evaluated by carrying out two-dimentional stability analyses, and the most effective method for improving spoil pile stability appeared to be spreading of a rockfill material on the floor after coal production. Key words: back-analysis, biplanar wedge failure, pile instability, rockfill blanket, shear strength.

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Willscher, Sabine, Maximilian Schaum, Josef Goldammer, Doreen Knippert, Denise Kühn, Heiko Ihling, and Toralf Schaarschmidt. "Comparison of Microbial and Geochemical Conditions of Lignite Coal Spoil and Overburden Areas and their Environmental Impact." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.32.

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During the 20th century, Germany belonged to the world’s largest producers of lignite coal. Approaches for remediation of lignite spoil and overburden material were carried out since at least the last 50 years. Today, results of former remediation can be evaluated by their long-term effects. Coal spoil seepage waters can impact billions of m3 of ground water in involved areas for a very long time horizon (eternity impacts). In the last years our working group had studied especially lignite coal spoil sites in the Lusatia (East Germany) with sandy substrates and faster vertical mass transport processes. In new investigations, another coal spoil site in Middle Germany with more cohesive soil substrates and layers of drift clays was studied, and geochemical and microbial parameters were characterized. The investigated site partially had a remediated topsoil layer since 40 years, and since this time agricultural cultivation of different plants (grains, legumes, Pocaceae) was performed. In this paper, data of different microbial populations in the coal spoil substrate and geochemical background data are given, and they are compared with former data of microbial communities in sandy substrates and their impact to the environment. Finally, the success of long-term remediation of such sites, the influence onto microbial life and impact to the environments will be compared and discussed.

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Murali, M., and G. S. Tiwari. "Effect of tool and operational parameters on soil disruption single point tractor operated cultivator shovels in sandy loam soil." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.1/82-87.

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Single point shovels type furrow openers are simple in design and because of their simple low-cost construction; they are widely used in cultivator for opening the soil. The study was conducted on the soil disruption by tractor operated cultivator type single point shovel to improve soil conditions in sandy loam soil using six types of single point shovels at operational speed (1.53 and 1.81 m/s ) and depth of operation of (0.10 and 0.12 m), respectively. Shovel S5 gave more spoil furrow width, spoil furrow depth, spoil area and trench area compared to the other single point shovels.

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Carroll, C., L. Merton, and P. Burger. "Impact of vegetative cover and slope on runoff, erosion, and water quality for field plots on a range of soil and spoil materials on central Queensland coal mines." Soil Research 38, no. 2 (2000): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99052.

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In 1993, a field study commenced to determine the impact of vegetative cover and slope on runoff, erosion, and water quality at 3 open-cut coal mine sites. Runoff, sediment, and water quality were measured on 0.01-ha field plots from 3 slope gradients (10, 20, 30%), with pasture and tree treatments imposed on soil and spoil material, and 2 soil and spoil plots left bare. The greatest soil erosion occurred before pasture cover established, when a large surface area of soil (>0.5 plot area) was exposed to rainfall and overland flow. Once buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) colonised soil plots, there were negligible differences in soil erosion between slope gradients. On spoil, Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) reduced in situ soluble salt content, and reduced runoff electrical conductivity to levels measured in surrounding creeks. Where spoil crusted there was poor vegetative growth and unacceptably large runoff and erosion rates throughout the study.

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Wang, Jian, and Wei Zhang. "Investigation and Study on the Design and Construction Status of Spoil Yards in Mountainous Highways." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014502012.

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This study conducts field investigation, survey and analysis on the spoil yards in 37 mountainous highways across the country and analyzes the current protection features of the spoil yard projects and the main type, effect and applicability of restoration measures to provide technical support for design and construction.

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Melichar, Jan, Emil Cienciala, Jan Albert, Markéta Braun Kohlová, Vojtěch Máca, and Petr Pavelčík. "Dynamics and Management of Restored Forests in Post-Mining Sites with Respect to Their Recreation Value: A Matrix Growth Model." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091519.

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Afforestation has been a popular restoration procedure for spoil heaps in the sites affected by coal open-cast mining in the Czech Republic. Forest replantation is a frequent restoration variant when spoil heaps are recovered, but unreclaimed sites are often left to spontaneous succession. Studies on the dynamics of such restored forests are missing, and the evidence of restored forests with respect to their recreation value is also sporadic. To study the dynamics and management of restored forests—both replanted and recovered by spontaneous succession—on spoil heaps, we used a matrix growth model, which accounts for harvest, artificial and natural regeneration, and recreation value of these forest stands. The model calibration was performed on data from 250 inventory plots distributed across the Velká Podkrušnohorská spoil heap and the Matyáš spoil heap in the Sokolov brown-coal mining area. The growth model was applied on six restored forest types to simulate—over 65 years with a 10-year cutting cycle—the effect of various management regimes of thinning on their recreation value and aboveground biomass (AGB). The results indicate that initial planting density and stand type have an effect on the dynamics of restored forest stands in the short-term horizon. Applying the thinning management resulted in an increase in recreation value for all types of restored stands, while AGB decreased.

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Zarychta, Adrian, and Roksana Zarychta. "Aplication of IDW and RBF methods to develop models of temperature distribution within a spoil tip located in Wojkowice, Poland." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2018-0005.

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AbstractThis article describes two methods of showing the distribution of temperature on the surface and inside a spoil tip (coal mine waste dump) located in Wojkowice (in the Silesian Voivodeship). Two deterministic estimation methods were tested, i.e., Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Radial Basis Functions (RBF). According to isotherm maps the highest temperature on the surface of the “Wojkowice” spoil tip was in the NE area, while inside the heap the highest temperature noted was in the SW area. Better results were obtained from the application of the RBF method. A three-dimensional model (3D model) was generated by the method, which visualized the temperature distribution within the “Wojkowice” spoil tip. According to the 3D model of the temperature distribution the greatest heat centre inside the heap in Wojkowice was located in the SW part with a temperature of around 300°C. As a result, it can be concluded that the material of the “Wojkowice” spoil tip is burning out in a NW direction. On the basis of the model obtained it is possible to determine the location of potentially dangerous places which are exposed to possible deformations caused by the material burning under the surface. The results of the research presented make it possible to assess the thermal state of the spoil heap located in Wojkowice, Poland.

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Long, Tony. "Rod and spoil the nurse?" Nursing Standard 20, no. 36 (May 17, 2006): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.20.36.29.s36.

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Boehme, Jason, and Emin Maltepe. "Spare hypoxia, spoil the child?" Journal of Clinical Investigation 125, no. 3 (February 17, 2015): 965–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci80820.

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Silverman, Mark P. "No-Shows Spoil Meeting Sessions." Physics Today 54, no. 9 (September 2001): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1420529.

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Leavitt, Jonathan D., and Nicholas J. S. Christenfeld. "Story Spoilers Don’t Spoil Stories." Psychological Science 22, no. 9 (August 12, 2011): 1152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417007.

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Aron, Jacob. "Messy humans won't spoil Mars." New Scientist 226, no. 3027 (June 2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)30637-0.

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Chowdhury, R. N., V. U. Nguyen, and J. A. Nemcik. "Spoil stability considering progressive failure." Mining Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (January 1986): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9031(86)90271-9.

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Dauvin, J. C., N. Baux, and J. P. Pezy. "Dredge spoil disposal (DSD) index." Marine Pollution Bulletin 129, no. 1 (April 2018): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.002.

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Eastment, H. T., M. J. Russell, and M. A. Toleman. "Spatial variability in spoil sampling." Landscape and Urban Planning 17, no. 2 (April 1989): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(89)90020-0.

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Dusseault, M. B., J. D. Scott, G. Zinter, and S. Moran. "Simulation of spoil pile subsidence." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 22, no. 6 (December 1985): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(85)90166-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spoil'

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