Journal articles on the topic 'Spodumene'
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1
Lin, Ming-Hong, and Moo-Chin Wang. "Phase transformation and characterization of TiO2 and ZrO2 addition in the Li2O–Al2O3-SiO2 gels." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 10 (October 1996): 2611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0328.
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Glass-ceramic powders with a composition of Li2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2 (LAS) have been synthesized by the sol-gel technique using LiOCH3, Al(OC2H5)3, Si(OC2H5)4, Ti(OC2H5)4, and Zr(OC2H5)4 as starting materials and the phase transformation behavior during calcination has been investigated. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to determine the thermal behavior of the gels. Considering the LAS gels with 6.0 wt. % TiO2 and various wt. % ZrO2 content, and peak position of the β-spodumene phase formation in DTA curves was shifted to a higher temperature when the ZrO2 content was increased. The activation energy of β-spodumene crystallization was 283.8 kcal/mol for LAS gels with 6.0 wt. % TiO2 and 2.0 wt. % ZrO2. Unlike foregoing studies for LAS gels, during calcination of the dried LASTZ gels from 800 °C to 1200 °C neither β-eucryptite nor γ-spodumene was noted to be present. The crystallized phases comprised of β-spodumenes as the major phase and rutile (TiO2) together with zirconia (ZrO2) are precipitated as minor phases.
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Noithong, Pannipa, Panee Pakkong, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "Color Change of Spodumene Gemstone by Electron Beam Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 770 (September 2013): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.370.
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Study on the electron beam irradiation color change induction of spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) samples, which color exhibit green, pink and colorless. Characteristic the electron-beam irradiation dose were selected 30,000 kGy, 40,000 kGy and 50,000 kGy. The color and fading of spodumene samples were analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer , crystal structure were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometer, free radical species of impurities were determined by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectrometer before and after irradiation. The results revealed the color of spodumene samples changed after irradiation, from green spodumene became a little darker color, pink spodumene became green color, colorless spodumene became pink to purple color the results of the color analysis and fading displayed on the CIE L* a* b* color system, color change spodumene samples were determined by values changed of a* and b*. Color fade of spodumene were determined by values changed of L*. The results of all samples crystal structure analysis were shown on the XRD patterns of the JCPDS No. 89-6662 (Spodumene) with monoclinic structure. The radical analysis results of impurity elements, green and pink only appear the ESR pattern of manganese (Mn2+), and chromium (Cr3+), respectively. It can be conclusion that intensity of color change depend on the irradiation dose and impurity elements in spodumene samples.
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Dessemond, Colin, Gervais Soucy, Jean-Philippe Harvey, and Philippe Ouzilleau. "Phase Transitions in the α–γ–β Spodumene Thermodynamic System and Impact of γ-Spodumene on the Efficiency of Lithium Extraction by Acid Leaching." Minerals 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10060519.
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Heat-treatment of spodumene concentrate at 1323 K (1050 °C) for 30 min in a rotary kiln yielded a successful decrepitation. Particle size decreased from 2 cm to less than 425 µm for 80% of the initial mass. X-ray analysis of both fractions did not reveal the presence of α-spodumene or γ-spodumene. The coarse fraction was ground to less than 425 µm with minimal mechanical energy and mixed with the finer fraction to perform lithium extraction. The lithium extraction efficiency reached 98 wt% without the need for flotation. Some aspects of the thermodynamic behavior of the spodumene system were assessed. Results show that metastable γ-spodumene may hinder the formation of β-spodumene at lower heat treatment temperatures. Some heat-treated samples presented non-negligible γ-spodumene content and lithium extraction efficiency decreases as the γ content increases. Finally, the assumed irreversibility of the transformations was studied by analyzing heat-treated samples following long controlled-storage periods. The results show that concentrate composition is not static over the studied time. This suggests that the β formation is not as irreversible as claimed. It is recommended to avoid long periods between heat-treatment and extraction to avoid the slow conversion of β-spodumene to other allotropes, which are less susceptible to lithium extraction.
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Sardisco, Lorenza, Pyry-Mikko Hannula, Tim J. Pearce, and Luke Morgan. "Multi-Technique Analytical Approach to Quantitative Analysis of Spodumene." Minerals 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020175.
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The aim of this study was to establish the capability of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods to determine different spodumene forms (α-, β- and γ-spodumene) occurring during heat treatment of lithium spodumene. It is essential to correctly identify and quantify the presence of different forms of spodumene after heat treatment to ensure optimum lithium extraction. A sample from the Haapaluoma lithium-pegmatite (western Finland) was used for this study. An experimental programme was initiated to model the progression of the mineral transformation at different stages through heat treatment. The specimen was broken down and split into five portions. One of the splits was analysed unheated with XRD, FTIR, XRF and ICP; the other four splits were analysed with XRD and FTIR after heat treatment at different temperatures from 850 to 1100 °C. In this study, we show that both laboratory-based XRD and portable FTIR methods are effective in identifying and quantifying α-, β- and γ-spodumene as well as impurities. The accuracy of the quantification of the minerals with XRD was established by using a mass balance calculation and was compared with the actual chemistry of the sample measured with ICP analysis. Fully quantitative XRD analysis of heat-treated spodumene is considered a challenge due to peak overlaps between the β-, and γ-spodumene forms, particularly when gangue minerals and amorphous content are present. The novelty of this study consists of the use of the XRD technique complemented by the Rietveld method to fully quantify the different forms of spodumene from one another: α-, β- and γ-spodumene, along with the gangue minerals and the amorphous content. It is also shown that reproducible systematic changes occur in the FTIR spectra that track the spodumene transformation during heat treatment. With more samples and cross-validation between the XRD results, the FTIR methodology could be developed further to provide semi-quantitative information on the different spodumene forms in the future. This would permit the use of a fast, cost-effective and portable technique for quality control of the spodumene forms, which would open opportunities across the Li value chain.
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Filippov, Lev, Saeed Farrokhpay, Lichau Lyo, and Inna Filippova. "Spodumene Flotation Mechanism." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060372.
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Fine and coarse fractions of spodumene were obtained from a pegmatite ore and their flotation was investigated under different conditions. In particular, the optimum pH and collector dosage were studied. It was found that the best flotation performance occurs at pH 10 using 250 mg/L of sodium oleate. It was also observed that upon the addition of CaCl2, spodumene flotation recovery increases to about 90%. In addition, poor floatability was found for spodumene when Na2CO3 was used as a pH regulator (compared to NaOH).The zeta potential data confirmed the adsorption of oleate on the spodumene surface. It was found that activation of spodumene by calcium ions makes the surface charge less negative due to the adsorption of Ca2+ on the surface. The crystallographic properties of spodumene were analyzed. The adsorption of sodium oleate was attributed to the chemisorption of oleate to the exposed Al and Si sites generated after breakage of the Al–O and Si–O bonds on the mineral surface. It was observed that the {110} planes are the most favorable for the adsorption of oleate. The {110} plane is the weakest plane, and spodumene has the highest tendency to cleave along this plane. The XRD data revealed that fine spodumene particles have more {110} planes than the coarser fraction, which may explain why the former has better floatability.
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Shyu, Jiin-Jyh, and Ching-Tang Wang. "Sintering and properties of Li2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2-borosilicate glass composites." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 10 (October 1996): 2518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0317.
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Sintering, glass crystallization, microstructure, and the resulting properties of spodumene-borosilicate glass composites were investigated. Densities >90% could be obtained for samples sintered below 1000 °C. Samples that contained more low-viscosity glass densified at lower temperatures, and significant density reduction was observed at higher temperatures. Samples that contained high-viscosity glass densified only at higher temperatures. When glasses of different viscosity were added, the densification of the composites was improved. There was interdiffusion between spodumene and glass. Cristobalite crystallized from the pure glasses. Addition of spodumene changed the major phase crystallized to anorthite or α-quartz as a result of dissolution of spodumene into glass. Composites that contained glass of higher silica content showed more crystallization. As sintering temperatures increased, the amount of crystallization decreased, due to dissolution of glass into spodumene. The spodumene particles showed angular shape with smooth and straight sides. The spodumene-glass composites showed a dielectric constant in the range of 5–6, a loss tangent generally <1%, and a CTE value in the range of 2–5.6 × 10–6 K–1. Codoping of glasses with different viscosity effectively improved the densification and properties of the composites.
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Aydin, Tuna, and Alpagut Kara. "The Effect of Lithium Alumina Silicate Phases on Elastic Modulus of Porcelain Tiles." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.188.
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Spodumene, which is a lithium alumina silicate, has been used as a raw material in the production of thermal shock resistant whitewares and sanitarywares. The presence of spodumene results in enhancement of mullitization and imparts better physical and mechanical properties to ceramics. In this study, the influence of Lithium alumina silicate phases on the mechanical properties of standard porcelain stoneware body was investigated. Especially solid-solid reactions were observed between spodumene and quartz or spodumene and clay. These solid-solid reactions bring about a newly formed lithium alumina silicate (LAS) phases. Spodumene allows the development of a low viscosity liquid phase and results in a decrease in closed porosity, also with increase in bulk density, bending strength and elastic modulus.
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Wang, Moo-Chin, Nan-Chung Wu, Sheng Yang, and Shaw-Bing Wen. "Effect of LiF addition on the phase transition of sinterable β-spodumene precursor powders prepared by a sol-gel process." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 8 (August 2002): 1960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0290.
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β-Spodumene (Li2O · Al2O · 4SiO2, LAS4) precursor powders were obtained through a sol-gel process using Si(OC2H5)4, Al(OC4H9)3, and LiNO3 as starting materials and LiF as a sintering aid. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer, and electron diffraction analysis were utilized to study the phase transition of the β-spodumene glass–ceramics prepared from the gel-derived precursor powders with LiF additive. For the LAS4 precursor powders containing no LiF, the only crystalline phase obtained was β-spodumene. For the pellets containing less than 4.0 wt% LiF and sintered at 1050 °C for 5 h, the crystalline phases were β-spodumene solid solution and β-eucryptite (Li2O · Al2O3 · 2SiO2, LAS2) solid solution. When the LiF content was 5.0 wt% and the sintering process was carried out at 1050 °C for 5 h, the crystalline phases were β-spodumene solid solution, β-eucryptite solid solution (triclinic), and eucryptite [rhombohedral (hex.)]. When the LiF addition attains 3.0 wt%, the fully densified grains are formed, accompanied with an increase in grain size for LiF addition. At the triple junction of grain boundaries a second phase segregates which is identified to be β-spodumene solid solution. In the sintering period of LAS4 precursor powders with LiF additive, the grains converted to β-eucryptite solid solution and β-spodumene solid solution remains at the grain boundaries.
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Pan, Ji Yong, and Jiang Hong Gong. "Improving the Strength of Al2TiO5 by Adding Spodumene." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1185.
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Aluminium titanate (Al2TiO5) is an excellent oxide ceramic material with a very low thermal expand coefficient. Aiming at improving the bending strength Al2TiO5, spodumene was used as additives for preparing Al2TiO5 and the effect of adding spodumene on the mechanical properties of Al2TiO5 was investigated in this paper. It was found that adding spodumene, instead of simple oxides, may significantly enhance the bending strength of Al2TiO5.
10
L. Moore, Radhika, Jason P. Mann, Alejandro Montoya, and Brian S. Haynes. "In situ synchrotron XRD analysis of the kinetics of spodumene phase transitions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 16 (2018): 10753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07754h.
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Qiu, Yaxin, Defeng Wu, Lili Yan, and Ye Zhou. "Recycling of spodumene slag: preparation of green polymer composites." RSC Advances 6, no. 43 (2016): 36942–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03119f.
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Rajesh, H. M., and M. W. Knoper. "Discussion of “New zircon shock phenomena and their use for dating and reconstruction of large impact structures revealed by electron nanobeam (EBSD, CL, EDS) and isotopic U–Pb and (U–Th)/He analysis of the Vredefort dome”1Appears in Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2011, 48(2): 117–139 [doi: dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-011]." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 7 (July 2012): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-003.
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Spodumene pegmatites occur in the southeastern sector of the 2.02 Ga Vredefort impact structure in South Africa. Moser et al. (published in 2011) presented an isotope dilution – thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID–TIMS) age of 1136 ± 47 Ma for these spodumene pegmatites. This discussion questions the reliability of this age. Field relations indicate that the spodumene pegmatites are not affected by the structural fabric that affected the host amphibolites. The crosscutting impact-related veins of pseudotachylitic breccia clearly argues a preimpact age for the spodumene pegmatites. The high-uranium content of one of the two zircons used by Moser et al. to obtain the age is correlated to the ∼1.1 Ga Pb-loss event, widely observed in different rocks within the Vredefort impact structure.
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Quezada, Gonzalo R., and Pedro G. Toledo. "Complexation of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metal Cations at Spodumene-Saltwater Interfaces by Molecular Simulation: Impact on Oleate Adsorption." Minerals 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010012.
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Spodumene, a lithium aluminum inosilicate, is recovered by froth flotation using surfactants, so-called collectors. Therefore, the behavior and properties of the water-mineral interface in saline solutions are central. Here, molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the adsorption of alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations from concentrated solutions on the weakest (110) surface plane of negatively-charged spodumene. Results include the envelope density function of inner-sphere complexes for each cation and the density of complexes according to their adsorption contacts. Visualization of complexes for each cation is also included. Once the structure of the cation layers adsorbed on the surface of spodumene is defined, its role as a catalyst or barrier for adsorption of the spodumene collector in flotation is evaluated. The collector studied is the typical sodium oleate. The results show that oleate adsorption is poor and that the few adsorption contacts are mainly via cation bridges. The findings here indicate that molecular simulation can facilitate the search for effective collectors for environmentally sustainable spodumene flotation processes in saltwater.
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Gardner, Melinda, Martyn Cross, Sue Reed, Maggie Davidson, Rick Hughes, and Jacques Oosthuizen. "Pathogenic Potential of Respirable Spodumene Cleavage Fragments following Application of Regulatory Counting Criteria for Asbestiform Fibres." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 16649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416649.
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Health risks from exposure to lithium-bearing spodumene cleavage fragments are unknown. While asbestiform fibres can lead to fibrosis, mesothelioma and lung cancer, controversy remains whether non-asbestiform cleavage fragments, having equivalent dimensions, elicit similar pathologic responses. The mineralogy of respirable particles from two alpha (α)-spodumene concentrate grades (chemical and technical) were characterised using semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD). Particles were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the dimensions (length [L], diameter [D], aspect ratio [AR]) applied to regulatory counting criteria for asbestiform fibres. Application of the current World Health Organization (WHO) and National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) counting criteria, L ˃ 5 µm, D ˂ 3 µm, AR ˃ 3:1, to 10 SEM images of each grade identified 47 countable particles in the chemical and 37 in the technical concentrate test samples. Of these particles, 17 and 16 in the chemical and technical test samples, respectively, satisfied the more rigorous, previously used Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995 (Western Australia [WA]) criteria, L ˃ 5 µm and D ≤ 1 µm. The majority of the countable particles were consistent with α-spodumene cleavage fragments. These results suggest elongated α-spodumene particles may pose a health risk. It is recommended the precautionary principle be applied to respirable α-spodumene particles and the identification and control of dust hazards in spodumene extraction, handling and processing industries be implemented.
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Thibault, Yves, and Joanne Gamage McEvoy. "Alkali-Induced Phase Transition to β-Spodumene along the LiAlSi2O6-LiAlSi4O10 Join." Crystals 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2023): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13081182.
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Due to the refractory nature of α-spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) and petalite (LiAlSi4O10), two major lithium minerals, conventional lithium recovery processes involve a high-temperature pre-treatment (>1000 °C) to induce a phase transition to tetragonal β-spodumene, an open structure allowing easier access to lithium through ion exchange. Considering that these high temperatures are not dictated by thermodynamics but rather sluggish kinetics, the study investigates the mechanisms enhancing the rate of transformation to β-spodumene at lower temperatures while minimizing the growth of metastable hexagonal β-quartz typically observed at the onset of the conversion. The heat treatment of natural α-spodumene revealed that rapid growth of β-spodumene veinlets is achieved at ≤600 °C by activation of alkali-rich fluid inclusions, through a dissolution–recrystallization process. For petalite, the mechanism of the phase transition, initiated at ≈750 °C is a solid-state transformation keeping crystallographic coincidence with the mineral host. Synthetic growth experiments along the LiAlSi2O6-LiAlSi4O10 join indicate a compositional dependence on the resulting β-phase structure, where minor sodium doping strongly favors β-spodumene, as the tetrahedral framework of β-quartz does not allow the extent of deformation to accommodate the larger alkali. These findings open opportunities for energy-efficient lithium recovery pathways where the phase transition and ion exchange can be achieved simultaneously without a high-temperature pre-treatment.
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Sheikhi Gheshlaghi, Rasoul, Mansour Ghorbani, Ali Asghar Sepahi, Reza Deevsalar, Kazuo Nakashima, and Ryuichi Shinjo. "The origin of gem spodumene in the Hamadan Pegmatite, Alvand Plutonic Complex, western Iran." Canadian Mineralogist 60, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2000087.
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ABSTRACT Pegmatite bodies with a simple mineral composition are widespread within the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SaSiZ), Zagros Orogen, Iran; however, gem-bearing pegmatite bodies are rare. There is a pegmatitic vein within the Hamadan garnet (± andalusite ± staurolite) schist adjacent to the Alvand Plutonic Complex (APC), south of Hamedan city (western Iran), in which large crystals of gem spodumene occur together with quartz, amazonite, beryl, tourmaline, and apatite. This spodumene-bearing pegmatite consists of four major zones with slightly different mineral compositions from the border to the core. The wall zone of quartz-rich granitoid and the intermediate zone of alkali granite have trondhjemitic compositions near the quartzolitic gem-bearing core zone. All parts of the vein are peraluminous in composition and exhibit S-type affinity. Two types of spodumene which have been distinguished in the core zone are colorless to very pale yellow and pink, transparent with vitreous luster and inclusion-free (eye clean) under 10× magnification. The different color in these minerals can be attributed to the slightly different chemical compositions, particularly lower Fe/Mn ratios in the pink material. The δ7Li values of the spodumene (+5.58 to +6.57‰) are indicative of the incorporation of middle continental crustal components in their genesis. Change in the mineral assemblage from tourmaline-bearing in the intermediate zone to spodumene + tourmaline in the core zone of the spodumene-bearing pegmatite is consistent with increasing lithium content from the wall zone to the core. Petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic data indicate that partial melting of middle-crustal Al-rich metapelitic source was followed by fractional crystallization to generate these rocks. In this concern, the required Li for the crystallization of spodumene was probably supplied by the breakdown of staurolite of the Hamadan schist and/or subsequent fractional crystallization of the parent magma. The results also demonstrate that the regional tectonic regime exerts a primary control on the occurrence and emplacement of the miarolitic pegmatite in the upper crust and the formation of gem spodumene during late-stage magmatic activities.
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Cook, Brian Kawenski, and Charlotte E. Gibson. "A Review of Fatty Acid Collectors: Implications for Spodumene Flotation." Minerals 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020212.
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Increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries has led to the development of several new lithium mineral projects around the globe. Some major mineral processing challenges these projects face are similarities in gangue and value mineral behaviour and poor selectivity in froth flotation. Unsaturated anionic fatty acids are the primary spodumene flotation collectors, known to be strong collectors with poor solubility and selectivity. Fundamental flotation research consensus is that spodumene flotation is driven by a fatty acid–anion complex adsorbed at cationic aluminum sites. However, many small-scale studies result in poor recoveries, prompting several researchers to investigate cationic activators or mixed anionic/cationic collectors to improve flotation performance. Testwork with real spodumene ore is rare in recent literature, but older publications from several deposits prove that fatty acids can successfully concentrate spodumene. The process generally includes alkaline scrubbing, high-density fatty acid conditioning, and flotation at pH 7.5–8.5 with 500–750 g/t fatty acid collector. The collector speciation behaviour is notably sensitive to pulp conditions around this pH; possibly resulting in unstable flotation circuits and inconsistent results. This paper reviews fatty acid collector properties and the available industrial and fundamental spodumene flotation research. We aim to provide new insight for understanding particle-collector interactions in spodumene flotation and help bridge the gap between fundamental and industrial processes which will be needed to de-risk projects in the growing lithium mineral industry.
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Wang, Moo-Chin. "The effect of TiO2addition on the preparation and phase transformation for precursor β-spodumene powders." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 9 (September 1994): 2290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.2290.
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Fine β-spodumene-type amorphous powders were obtained through sol-gel techniques using Si(OC2H5)4, Al (OC2H5)3, LiOCH3, and Ti(OC2H5)4as the starting metal alkoxides. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron diffraction (ED) analysis were utilized to study the phase transformation behavior of the LAST gels. The viscosity of the LAST solution increased abruptly at longer time when the TiO2content was increased. As the TiO2content was increased, the peak position of β-spodumene phase formation in DTA curves was shifted to a lower temperature. For calcination of LAST gels at 800°-1200 °C, the crystallized phases are composed of the major phase of β-spodumene and a minor phase of rutile (TiO2). Unlike earlier studies, heating the dried LAST gels from 800 °C to 1200 °C did not show β-eucryptite, nor found γ-spodumene.
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Zhao, Jun, Huihua Luo, Yutong Liu, Ju Liu, Liqing Peng, Mei Cen, and Fengyuan Li. "Mechanistic Study and Application of Anionic/Cationic Combination Collector ST-8 for the Flotation of Spodumene." Minerals 13, no. 9 (September 7, 2023): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13091177.
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The mechanism of anionic/cationic combination collector ST-8 for the efficient separation of spodumene and feldspar was investigated by flotation tests, surface tension measurements, zeta potential measurements and infrared spectroscopy analysis. The flotation results indicated that when the optimum molar ratio of sodium oleate and dodecylamine was 6:1–10:1 and pH = 8.5, the recovery of spodumene reached a maximum of 80% and that of feldspar reached about 24.5%. Zeta potential measurements showed that the negative shift of the kinetic potential on the surface of spodumene was much stronger than that on the surface of feldspar, indicating that the adsorption capacity of the combined collector on spodumene surface and feldspar surface was greatly different. From the surface tension as well as the synergistic parameters, there was a strong mutual attraction between dodecylamine and sodium oleate, and there was a significant synergistic effect between them. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that the combined collector chemisorbed on the mineral surface, and the intensity of the absorption peak after the action of spodumene was much stronger than that after the action of feldspar. The solution chemistry of the combined collector revealed that at pH 8.5, the positively charged ions RNH3+ and (RNH3+)22+ in dodecylamine and the negatively charged RCOO− and (RCOO−)22− ions in oleic acid form highly reactive complexes to interact with the mineral surface by electrostatic gravitation, thus achieving efficient separation of spodumene and feldspar. Finally, from the closed-circuit test results, a flotation index of 6.34% Li2O grade and 88.51% Li2O recovery was obtained.
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Hernández, M. F., P. V. López, A. Violini, G. Suárez, M. S. Conconi, and N. M. Rendtorff. "Dense alumina-mullite composite ceramics from alumina and spodumene-albite feldspar binary mixtures: Processing and properties." Science of Sintering 51, no. 4 (2019): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1904445h.
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A processing strategy for obtaining alumina-spodumene ceramics from fine commercial powders is presented. In this work, a spodumene addition to calcined alumina powder was performed and their proportion was explored between 15 and 45 wt%. The industrial spodumene presented secondary phases, mainly albite and quartz. Mechanical properties were evaluated. Although they were lower than those of sintered alumina, based on the achieved values an adequate behavior in structural applications can be assumed, especially taking into account that the better mechanical behavior was coupled with the lower thermal expansion. Relatively low thermal expansion( ? 5 x 10-1?C-1) behaviors were observed in one of the developed materials. Noncrystalline phases containing lithium were detected. We assume that all the lithium oxide incorporated through the spodumene is in the glassy phase after the sintering of the materials. This difference in lithium concentration in the composition of the resulting glass affected the thermal expansion of the developed materials. Particularly with low lithium content (30 wt% of additive) the material performance was enhanced. This, together with the mechanical behavior, encourages structural applications with high thermomechanical solicitations. With the information gathered, a wide range of materials with specific properties can be obtained by modulating the spodumene-alumina proportion only.
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Dias, Filipa, Ricardo Ribeiro, Filipe Gonçalves, Alexandre Lima, Encarnación Roda-Robles, and Tânia Martins. "Calibrating a Handheld LIBS for Li Exploration in the Barroso–Alvão Aplite-Pegmatite Field, Northern Portugal: Textural Precautions and Procedures When Analyzing Spodumene and Petalite." Minerals 13, no. 4 (March 26, 2023): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13040470.
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In pegmatites containing abundant petalite and spodumene, such as those from the Barroso–Alvão (BA) aplite-pegmatite field, calibrating a portable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (pLIBS) equipment to identify and analyze these minerals may be challenging. Forty-nine samples of spodumene, petalite and spodumene + quartz were collected from 22 aplite-pegmatites from the BA field and sent for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy analysis. One calibration for both spodumene and petalite has been proven to be impossible since almost all the LIBS intensity ratios, including for Li, overlapped on both minerals. Thus, three calibrations were developed: one qualitative to distinguish both minerals and two more quantitative, specifically made for each mineral. The first LIBS calibration only has Fe since it is the sole element with intensity ratios different enough to distinguish both minerals. Eleven calibration lines were created: Li, Al, Si, Be, Na, P, K, Mn, Fe, Rb and Cs; however, only the Li, Al, and Si have consistent errors below 20%. Thin sections were produced and observed with optical microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) to control the purity and mineral paragenesis of the samples. The petalite pellets were also controlled with cold CL since petalite crystals often present fine spodumene and quartz inclusions.
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Borges, Paulo H. R., Flávio A. Santos, Nina Milikic, Francisco J. Belieny Jr., and Christiano A. Barsante. "Lithium Aluminosilicate Residue as Raw Material in the Production of Sustainable Concrete Masonry Units: A Brazilian Case." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 10, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801610010418.
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Spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) is a natural occurring mineral which is processed to produce lithium carbonate (LiCO3) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH), both used for several industrial and medical applications. The processing of spodumede generates a lithium aluminosilicate residue with no commercial value in Brazil, which is therefore landfilled. This paper studied the effect of the partial replacement of Portland cement (PC) in the production of sustainable concrete masonry units (CMU) for construction. The residue was thoroughly characterized and its interaction with PC was also assessed. Several mixes of CMU were manufactured and compared with a reference mix (without residue). Results indicated that the lithium aluminosilicate is highly reactive and may replace PC in the concrete formulations.
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Kuang, Ge, Zhi Bin Chen, Hui Guo, and Ming Hao Li. "Lithium Extraction Mechanism from α-Spodumene by Fluorine Chemical Method." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2011.
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In order to decrease lithium extraction cost, pollution and energy. A new and efficient technology was particularly discussed in this paper, the fluorine chemical method to extract lithium from spodumene. The reaction mechanism had also been analysed by studying the crystal structure variation and reaction products. The results show that hydrofluoric acid corroded α-spodumene in low temperature, damaged the compact chemical bonds: Li-O, Al-O, Si-O, and Al-O-Si, and generated Li3AlF6 and AlF3, which can be dissolved in sulfuric acid. Our research provides theoretical guidance for the lithium extraction process from α-spodumene.
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Whitworth, Martin P., and Andrew H. Rankin. "Evolution of fluid phases associated with lithium pegmatites from SE Ireland." Mineralogical Magazine 53, no. 371 (June 1989): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1989.053.371.01.
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AbstractFluid inclusions in quartz from internally zoned barren and spodumene-bearing pegmatites associated with the Leinster granite of SE Ireland represent a variety of early and late hydrothermal fluids responsible for the development of pegmatites. Microthermometry and optical examination reveal two main populations of inclusions. The first (Type 1) comprises low-moderate salinity brines which homogenized at temperatures up to about 400 °C. The second (Type 2) appear to postdate the first population and are characteristically more saline and homogenized at temperatures mostly below 250 °C. Isochores for model type 1 inclusion fluids indicate that a late-magmatic/early-hydrothermal fluid developed from the Leinster granite at 675 °C. and 2.5 kbar and cooled isobarically into the spodumene stability field where complete crystallization of the pegmatites took place. Later, more saline, type 2 fluids of unknown origin may have contributed to the alteration of spodumene to muscovite and albite with the accompanying release of lithium from the lattice of spodumene.
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Junlar, Pranee, Thanakorn Wasanapiarnpong, Lada Punsukmtana, and Noppasint Jiraborvornpongsa. "Fabrication and Characterization of Low Thermal Expansion Cordierite/Spodumene/Mullite Composite Ceramic for Cookware." Key Engineering Materials 766 (April 2018): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.766.276.
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Ceramic cookware can be taken a direct flame or stove top for the duration without damage. The selected materials must have low thermal expansion coefficient, high strength, low water absorption and high thermal shock resistance, reasonable in cost and easy to be produced. Cordierite and spodumene composite has been interested for ceramic cookware due to their fitted properties. In previous work, study in the cordierite-spodumene composite with low thermal expansion coefficient of 2.60 x 10-6 /°C when sintered at 1250 oC with a ratio of spodumene 60 wt% and cordierite 40 wt% can withstand the pot shape samples. However, the sample showed relatively high water absorption and low strength which was not appropriate for using in this application. In this research, mullite is added in the formula to improve strength and densification of ceramic composites. Spodumene, ball clay, calcined talc and calcined alumina are used as starting raw materials and formed by slip casting. All samples are sintered in a temperature range from 1250-1275 °C in an electric furnace. Water absorption and bulk density were tested by Archimedes method, modulus of rupture was tested by the three-point bending method, microstructure were investigated by SEM and the coefficient of thermal expansion was measured by dilatometer. It was found that the mullite phase was investigated when adding mullite more than 30 wt% in cordierite-spodumene composite.
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Anderson, Alan J. "Microthermometric behavior of crystal-rich inclusions in spodumene under confining pressure." Canadian Mineralogist 57, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 853–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1900013.
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Abstract A hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) was used to observe the microthermometric behavior of solid + liquid + vapor inclusions in spodumene from the Tanco pegmatite, Manitoba, under confining pressure. At 25 °C, these inclusions commonly contain a carbonate mineral (zabuyelite, rarely calcite or nahcolite), quartz, a phyllosilicate (cookeite), and an aqueous carbonic fluid phase. Heating spodumene-hosted inclusions to temperatures between 600 and 680 °C in a HDAC resulted in total or partial dissolution of the contained solid phases, followed by homoepitaxial growth of new spodumene on the inclusion walls, which reduced the inclusion volume by up to 31%. At room temperature, the homogenized inclusions contain only an aqueous fluid phase, CO2 liquid, and CO2 vapor. Inclusions that failed to homogenize at 680 °C, or leaked during heating, contain partially dissolved minerals with or without an aqueous carbonic fluid. The volume of spodumene formed within an inclusion during experimental re-heating, as determined by the difference in inclusion size before and after total dissolution of the contained solid phases, was used to estimate the volume of zabuyelite, quartz/cristobalite, and cookeite produced by the reaction The relative volumes of the calculated reaction products approximate the proportions of zabuyelite, quartz/cristobalite, and cookeite in inclusions prior to heating. The absence of silicate glass in the quenched homogenized inclusions indicates that they do not represent the crystallized products of an entrapped hydrous silicate melt that wetted the surface of spodumene during its growth. Large changes in inclusion volume and composition during experimental re-heating shows that the inclusions are neither isochoric nor isoplethic systems and as such are unsuitable for estimating the P-T conditions of trapping. Readers should therefore exercise caution when using thermobaric estimates of pegmatite crystallization inferred from microthermometric measurements of presumably primary melt inclusions in spodumene.
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Kasikov, Alexandr G., Elena A. Shchelokova, Kirill A. Iakovlev, Viktor N. Korovin, and Irina V. Glukhovskaya. "SULFURIC ACID LEACHING OF SPODUMENE CONCENTRATE FROM THE KOLMOZERSKOE DEPOSIT." Transactions of the Kоla Science Centre of RAS. Series: Engineering Sciences 2, no. 2/2023 (April 10, 2023): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2949-1215.2023.14.2.018.
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The study results of the phase composition of spodumene concentrate obtained by manual disassembly and its decomposition using the sulfuric acid method were presented. The concentrate processing conditions were found, under which the lithium extraction is 97 %. Spodumene processing efficiency in the Murmansk region using sulfuric acid from Kola MMC was shown.
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Lai, Xiang, Cuihua Chen, Xiaojie Chen, Guangchun Fei, Yin Li, Jiaxin Wang, and Yunhua Cai. "Process Mineralogy Characteristics of Lijiagou Pegmatite Spodumene Deposit, Sichuan, China." Minerals 13, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13091180.
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Ljiagou pegmatite spodumene deposit is part of the Ke’eryin ore-field in the central Songpan-Garze Fold Belt of Sichuan, China. After recent exploration and assessment, it has been established as a new super-large spodumene deposit. In order to determine the processing characteristics of the ore and assess its industrial value, based on detailed microscopic and hand specimen observations, this study employs various methods and techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), chemical element analysis, chemical phase analysis and the mineral liberation analyzer system (MLA). The average grade of lithium ore is 0.86%, making it a low-grade ore with 84.1% of Li derived from spodumene. The Li grade decreases with increasing depth, and the samples from shallower depths are easier to dissociate. The spodumene exhibits a wide range of grain sizes and is highly heterogeneous, requiring multiple stages of grinding. Based on the liberation characteristics, it is recommended to grind the material to −0.075 mm before entering the final flotation process.
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Dessemond, Colin, Francis Lajoie-Leroux, Gervais Soucy, Nicolas Laroche, and Jean-François Magnan. "Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes." Minerals 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060334.
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This literature review gives an overview of the lithium industry, including the lithium market, global resources, and processes of lithium compounds production. It focuses on the production of lithium compounds from spodumene minerals. Spodumene is one of the most critical minerals nowadays, due to its high lithium content and high rate of extraction. Lithium is one of the most sought-after metals, due to the ever-growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The data on lithium extraction from minerals is scattered through years of patents, journal articles, and proceedings; hence, requiring an in-depth review, including the comprehension of the spodumene phase system, the phase conversion processes, and the lithium extraction processes.
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Xiao, Zhuo Hao, and Wen Yan Luo. "Nanosize Beta-Spodumene Glass-Ceramic Powders Synthesized by Sol–Gel Route." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 3844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.3844.
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Beta-spodumene glass-ceramic powder was prepared by Sol–gel route. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TOES), aluminum nitrate, lithium carbonate were used as starting materials. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were utilized to characterize the dried LAS gels and glass-ceramic blocks. The results suggest beta-spodumene is the only crystals phase in the prepared LAS glass-ceramics powder when sintering temperature is 950 °C. The average particle size of the beta-spodumene crystal is about 30 nm with a narrow size distribution both in prepared LAS glass-ceramics powder and block. The thermal expansion coefficient of moulding pressed blocky LAS glass-ceramics is lower than 0.6×10-6 oC-1.
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Krivolapova, O. N., and I. L. Fureev. "Application of microwave radiation for decrepitation of spodumene from the Kolmozerskoe deposit." Izvestiya. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, no. 6 (January 2, 2024): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2023-6-5-12.
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The lithium-ion industry is experiencing a rapidly growing demand for compounds containing lithium. Spodumene is one of the primary industrial minerals used in the production of this metal. It exists in three polymorphic forms. In its natural state, it is known as α-spodumene, which possesses a high resistance to chemical attack due to its compact structure containing silicon and aluminum oxides. When subjected to microwave radiation, α-spodumene undergoes a transformation, first becoming the γ form and then transitioning to the β form. It is known that the β form can be chemically treated to extract lithium. In light of this, microwave exposure was applied to α-spodumene with the aim of decrepitation, followed by sulfuric acid decomposition of the mineral. The mineral was crushed into different sizes (1.0, 0.5, and 0.25 mm). Temperature changes, induced by both conventional and microwave heating, were analyzed. The heating process was continued for samples of various sizes until a temperature of 1200 °C was reached. Sulfation of calcined samples was carried out for 60 minutes at a temperature of 250 °C. After cooling to 22 °C, distilled water was added and mixed for 120 minutes in closed leaching vessels. To determine the recovery of valuable and associated components, leach cakes and the liquid phase were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Based on the analysis of experimental results, the feasibility of using microwave radiation for decrepitation of spodumene to extract lithium is confirmed. The influence of particle size on phase transformations and, consequently, the degree of lithium extraction from spodumene was investigated. It was found that the recovery of lithium during the microwave action and leaching process for particles smaller than 0.25 mm reached 96.82 %. Microwave heating resulted in lower recovery rates of “harmful” components, such as iron, sodium, and calcium, in the leaching process, leading to a higher purity of the resulting product.
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Krenn, Kurt, Martina Husar, and Anna Mikulics. "Fluid and Solid Inclusions in Host Minerals of Permian Pegmatites from Koralpe (Austria): Deciphering the Permian Fluid Evolution during Pegmatite Formation." Minerals 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060638.
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Fluid inclusions (FIs) and associated solids in host minerals garnet, tourmaline, spodumene, and quartz from six pegmatite fields of Permian origin at Koralpe (Eastern Alps) have been investigated. Although pegmatites suffered intense Eoalpine high-pressure metamorphic overprint during the Cretaceous period, the studied samples originate from rock sections with well-preserved Permian magmatic textures. Magmatic low-saline aqueous FIs in garnet domains entrapped as part of an unmixed fluid together with primary N2-bearing FIs that originate from a host rock-derived CO2-N2 dominated high-grade metamorphic fluid. This CO2-N2 fluid is entrapped as primary FIs in garnet, tourmaline, and quartz. During host mineral crystallization, fluid mixing between the magmatic and the metamorphic fluid at the solvus formed CO2-N2-H2O–rich FIs of various compositional degrees that are preserved as pseudo-secondary inclusions in tourmaline, quartz, and as primary inclusions in spodumene. Intense fluid modification processes by in-situ host mineral–fluid reactions formed a high amount of crystal-rich inclusions in spodumene but also in garnet. The distribution of different types of FIs enables a chronology of pegmatite host mineral growth (garnet-tourmaline/quartz-spodumene) and their fluid chemistry is considered as having exsolved from the pegmatite parent melt together with the metamorphic fluid from the pegmatite host rocks. Minimum conditions for pegmatite crystallization of ca. 4.5–5.5 kbar at 650–750 °C have been constrained by primary FIs in tourmaline that, unlike to FIs in garnet, quartz, and spodumene, have not been affected by post-entrapment modifications. Late high-saline aqueous FIs, only preserved in the recrystallized quartz matrix, are related to a post-pegmatite stage during Cretaceous Eoalpine metamorphism.
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Li, Siyang, Jie Liu, Yuexin Han, and Shumin Zhang. "Review on the Beneficiation of Li, Be, Ta, Nb-Bearing Polymetallic Pegmatite Ores in China." Minerals 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2023): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13070865.
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Lithium-bearing polymetallic pegmatite ores are an important raw material for lithium extraction. They contain not only lithium but also other associated elements such as beryllium, tantalum, and niobium, with great recovery values. It is therefore often called lithium-bearing polymetallic pegmatite ore (LPPO). The recovery and utilization of Be-bearing minerals in LPPOs have yet to be further studied. This paper briefly expounds the geological aspects of LPPO deposits in China and Chinese experiences on the beneficiation of LPPOs, with special emphasis on the flotation separation of lithium-beryllium minerals. In LPPO, spodumene is the main target mineral for lithium, while beryl is the main Be-bearing mineral in a fine-grained embedded state. If the BeO grade of LPPO is greater than the industrial grade (BeO ≥ 0.04%), it will be processed for recovery. Tantalum and niobium minerals are mainly in the form of tantalite, columbite, or ferrotapiolite, which may be recovered by gravity separation or magnetic separation. Gangue minerals are mainly composed of albite and quartz. Currently, the most commonly used methods for separating the target minerals from gangue are dense medium separation and flotation. The manual sorting method has become obsolete and is expected to be replaced by machine sorting methods such as color sorters and X-ray transmission sorters. Flotation is the main method for the separation of fine-grained beryl and spodumene. The success of flotation depends on the selection of suitable pretreatment methods and appropriate flotation reagents for altering the surface properties of spodumene and beryl and for expanding the floatability differences between spodumene and beryl and between spodumene and gangue.
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CĂLIN, Nicolae, Ciprian CONSTANTINA, and Elena Ramona BĂLĂȘCUȚĂ. "SPODUMENE AND BERYL FROM CONȚU LITHIUM - PEGMATITES, CINDREL (CIBIN) MOUNTAINS, CENTRAL GROUP, SOUTH CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 18, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/250.
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Spodumene, now in the everyday life, represent a critical source of the chemical element known as lithium. For principle reducing emissions of CO2, now and in the future, we can find an alternative resource like green resources – spodumene. The first step is to identify the field with minerals - prospecting, then the second is exploration, and culminates with exploitation. In Romania, we find probably the only fields with lithium pegmatites in Conțu. Pegmatitic bodies are known as Conțu Superior and Conțu Inferior. Spodumene appears in the form of crystals and massive aggregates, with long habitus – prismatic, sometimes tabular, and with dimensions of 25 cm – 70 cm. Its color varies from white–greenish with vitreous luster, to gray – greenish, color due to the alteration processes, which led to the appearance in green – yellow colors on the spodumene has a good cleavage on the plane (010). Spodumene has monoclinic symmetry and C2/c space group (15), and cell parameters: a = 9.466 Å, b = 8.394 Å, c = 5.221 Å. The analytical method (EPMA) indicated a lithium oxide content between 7.43 % and 7.50 %, these percentages were calculated. Beryl (the emerald variety) macroscopically, has a greasy luster, colors in light green to dark green tones, in the mass of quartz and albite. Beryl crystallizes in the hexagonal system, space group P6/mcc (192), and the cell parameters are a = 9.267 Å, b = 9.187 Å. Infrared transmittance spectroscopy indicated the presence of beryl. BeO4 vibrates at frequencies around 900 cm-1 and 1000 cm-1, we find in sample N118, valence vibrations at: 1094 cm-1, 1039 cm-1, and 957 cm-1.
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Ghosh, N. N., and P. Pramanik. "Synthesis of spodumene and spodumene — zirconia composite powders using aqueous sol-gel method." Bulletin of Materials Science 20, no. 2 (April 1997): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02744895.
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Wang, Zhen, Jiankang Li, Zhenyu Chen, Qinggao Yan, Xin Xiong, Peng Li, and Jingyi Deng. "Evolution and Li Mineralization of the No. 134 Pegmatite in the Jiajika Rare-Metal Deposit, Western Sichuan, China: Constrains from Critical Minerals." Minerals 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12010045.
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The Jiajika rare-metal deposit located in western Sichuan Province (China) is renowned as the largest lithium deposit in Asia, and the No. 134 pegmatite dike is the largest lithium pegmatite under mining conditions in the area. On the basis of a detailed characterization of textures and minerals in the Jiajika No. 134 pegmatite, two zones (the barren Zone I and the spodumene Zone II) and three subzones (Zone II was subdivided into microcrystalline, medium-fine grained and coarse-grained spodumene zones) have been identified. The detailed mineralogical characteristics of lithium minerals and other indicator minerals from each zone were evaluated by EPMA for illustrating the magmatic–hydrothermal evolution and the cooling path of the Jiajika No. 134 pegmatite. From the outer zone inwards, grain size gradually increased, the typical graphic pegmatite zone was absent, and spodumene randomly crystallized throughout nearly the whole pegmatite body. This evidence indicated a Li-saturated melt prior to pegmatite crystallization, which could be the main cause of the super-large-scale Li mineralization of the Jiajika No. 134 pegmatite. A comparison of the Cs content between primary beryl in the Jiajika No. 134 pegmatite and other important Li-Cs-Ta pegmatites in the world indicates that No. 134 pegmatite shows a high degree of fractional crystallization. The evolution of mica species from muscovite to Li-micas from Zone I to Zone II marks the transition from the magmatic to the hydrothermal stage in pegmatite evolution. The absence of individual lepidolite and the relatively limited scale of alteration of spodumene (<10 vol%) suggest that the activity of the hydrothermal fluids in the system is limited, which contributes to the preservation of the easily altered Li ores and is also an important controlling factor of the super-large-scale Li mineralization of the pegmatite. Spodumene–quartz intergrowth (SQI) usually occurs partly along the rims of the spodumene grains in the Jiajika No. 134 pegmatite. Combined with the pegmatite mineral equilibria, the results of fluid inclusion studies of the pegmatite and the metamorphic conditions in the area, a constrained P-T path of the magmatic–hydrothermal crystallization of the Jiajika No. 134 pegmatite is proposed. The unusual steeply sloped cooling path of the No. 134 pegmatite could be attributed to the fast pressure drop triggered by the intrusion of a pegmatitic melt along the fractures surrounding the Majingzi granite, which could also be the dominant evolution process for other spodumene pegmatites with similar SQI features in the world. The feature of limited internal geochemical fractionation suggested by mineral-scale geochemical analyses of spodumene and micas, combined with the clear textural zoning of the No. 134 pegmatite, can best be ascribed to the effect of undercooling during pegmatite formation. This effect might be one of the non-negligible rules of pegmatite petrogenesis, and would significantly upgrade the potential of Li mineralization by minimizing diffusional Li transfer to the country rocks.
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Lamy Morissette, Claude, Emmanuelle Cecchi, and Jean-François Blais. "Mineralogical Variability of the Whabouchi Pegmatite and its Effect on the Li Concentrations." Canadian Mineralogist 60, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 759–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2100071.
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ABSTRACT The Whabouchi pegmatite, located in the James Bay area of Québec, is a lithium-cesium-tantalum pegmatite of albite-spodumene type. In order to evaluate the mineralogical and geochemical variability of the pegmatite, 168 samples were collected from drill core and analyzed for their whole rock geochemistry and mineralogy. The pegmatite is composed of quartz, albite, K-feldspar, spodumene, and muscovite, with trace amounts of spessartine garnet, apatite, beryl, tourmaline, and oxides. It is mostly homogenous, showing greatest variability with respect to the minerals albite, K-feldspar, and spodumene. The Li2O concentration varies between 0.03 and 4.46 wt.%, for an average of 1.53 wt.% and an estimated variability of 53%. Modal mineralogical data showed an inverse correlation between spodumene and the feldspars (albite + K-feldspar), which could also be observed when comparing the Li2O content with the sum of Na2O and K2O. To improve on this relationship, correlation matrices comparing all geochemical components were constructed and allowed the development of an equation able to estimate the Li2O content of the samples within 0.5 wt.% of the measured value. The applicability of the equation to other albite-spodumene type pegmatites was verified with samples collected from the Georgia Lake area of northwestern Ontario. The calculation provided a good approximation of the Li2O content of the samples, with 92% of the data showing a difference of 0.5 wt.% Li2O or less; however, it has an impact on the statistical mean of the data set, the data being recalculated to return an average closer to 1.5 wt.% Li2O. Considering the difficulty in analyzing lithium content of an in situ sample, this relationship could facilitate estimation in the field using portable X-ray fluorescence with the capability of analyzing all required components.
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Nuernberg, Rafael Bianchini, and Oscar Rubem Klegues Montedo. "Crystallization Kinetics of β-Spodumene/Cordierite-Based Glass-Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 881 (November 2016): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.881.83.
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This work aims to investigate the crystallization kinetics of β-spodumene/cordierite glass-ceramics. Thus, three glasses with compositions based predominantly on cordierite (C), β-spodumene (L) and in a molar ratio 1:1 of both phases (CL) were prepared. The kinetics parameters such as activation energy for crystallization (ranging from 160 to 358 kJ/mol) and Avrami exponent (ranging from 1.4 to 10.7) were determined by means of non-isothermal methods using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the samples were crystalized according to DSC analyses and characterized by using x-ray diffraction (XRD). The main detected crystalline phases were β-spodumene to the glass L, cordierite to the glass C and β-quartz, mulite and spinel to the glass CL. Considering the thermal and electrical properties of these crystalline phases, these glass-ceramics have potential use for LTCC (Low Thermal Co-fired Ceramics) applications.
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Barros, Renata, David Kaeter, Julian F. Menuge, Thomas Fegan, and John Harrop. "Rare Element Enrichment in Lithium Pegmatite Exomorphic Halos and Implications for Exploration: Evidence from the Leinster Albite-Spodumene Pegmatite Belt, Southeast Ireland." Minerals 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12080981.
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Pegmatitic deposits of critical metals (e.g., Li, Ta, Be) are becoming increasingly significant, with growing interest in understanding metal enrichment processes and potential vectors to aid the discovery of new resources. In southeast Ireland, the Leinster pegmatite belt comprises several largely concealed Li-Cs-Ta albite-spodumene-type pegmatites. We carried out detailed mineralogical characterization and whole-rock geochemical analyses of six drill cores intersecting pegmatite bodies and their country rocks. Exomorphic halos 2–6 m thick, enriched in Li, Rb, Be, B, Cs, Sn and Ta, are identified in both mica schists and granitic rocks adjacent to spodumene pegmatites. Metasomatism in wall rocks visible to the naked eye is restricted to a few tens of centimeters, suggesting country rock permeability plays a key role in the dispersion of these fluids. We propose that halos result from the discharge of rare element-rich residual fluids exsolved near the end of pegmatite crystallization. Halo geochemistry reflects the internal evolution of the crystallizing pegmatite system, with residual fluid rich in incompatible elements accumulated by geochemical fractionation (Be, B, Cs, Sn, Ta) and by auto-metasomatic resorption of spodumene and K-feldspar (Li, Rb). The possibility of identifying rare-element enrichment trends by analysis of bedrock, stream sediments and soils brings opportunities for mineral exploration strategies in Ireland and for similar albite-spodumene pegmatites worldwide.
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Xiao, Zi Fan, Jin Shu Cheng, and Jun Xie. "Structure Characterization of Sintered CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass-Ceramic Reinforced with Spodumene." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.309.
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A glass-ceramic belonging to the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2(CAS) system with different composition of spodumene and doping the Li2O with amount between 0~2.5 % (mass fraction) were prepared by onestage heat treatment, under sintering and crystallization temperature at 1120 °C for two hours. In this paper, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry and bending strength test were employed to investigate the microstructure and properties of all samples. β-wollastonite crystals were identified as the major crystalline phases, and increasing Li2O was found to be benefit for the crystallization and tiny crystalline phases remelting, resulting in the content of major crystalline phases increased first and then decreased with increasing the expense of spodumene. Meanwhile, the crystal size can be positively related with the content of Li2O. The preferable admixed dosage of spodumene can be obtained, besides the strength of glass-ceramics can be more than 90 MPa.
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Kashif Nazir, Muhammad, Laurence Dyer, Bogale Tadesse, Boris Albijanic, and Nadia Kashif. "Flotation performance of calcined spodumene." Advanced Powder Technology 33, no. 11 (November 2022): 103772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2022.103772.
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Souza, S. O., S. Watanabe, A. F. Lima, and M. V. Lalic. "Thermoluminescent Mechanism in Lilac Spodumene." Acta Physica Polonica A 112, no. 5 (November 2007): 1001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.112.1001.
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Knickerbocker, Sarah, Michelle R. Tuzzolo, and Samuel Lawhorne. "Sinterable beta-Spodumene Glass-Ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 72, no. 10 (October 1989): 1873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb05994.x.
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Fankhänel, Beate, Michael Stelter, Claudia Voigt, and Christos G. Aneziris. "Wettability of AlSi5Mg on Spodumene." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 46, no. 3 (February 25, 2015): 1535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0307-0.
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El-Meliegy, Emad M. "Machinable spodumene–fluorophlogopite glass ceramic." Ceramics International 30, no. 6 (January 2004): 1059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2003.11.009.
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Berger, A., V. Boldyrev, and L. Menzheres. "Mechanical activation of β-spodumene." Materials Chemistry and Physics 25, no. 4 (July 1990): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0254-0584(90)90123-r.
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Wang, Moo-Chin, Ming-Hong Lin, and Hok-Shing Liu. "Effect of TiO2 addition on the preparation of β-spodumene powders by sol-gel process." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 1 (January 1999): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0029.
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This study has shown the possibility of achieving two primary considerations for the advanced fabrication of spodumene with a composition of Li2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2 · nTiO2 (LAST) glass-ceramics by a sol-gel process, namely, an enormous reduction of sintering temperature from 1600 to 1200 °C together with the appearance of simple phases of β-spodumene/rutile as opposed to products via the conventional melting-crystallization process. Fine glass-ceramic powders with a composition of Li2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2 (LAS) have been synthesized by the sol-gel process using Si(OC2H5)4, Al(OC2H5)3, LiOCH3, and Ti(OC2H5)4 as the starting materials. The process included well-controlled hydrolysis polycondensation of the raw alkoxides. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron diffraction (ED) analysis were utilized to study the effect of TiO2 addition on the preparation of β-spodumene powders by the sol-gel process. The gelation time of the LAST solution increases as the TiO2 content increases. For the low (<3) or high (>11) pH value, the gelation time was shortened. At pH = 5, regardless of the TiO2 content, the gel has the longest time of gelation. When the dried gels of the LAST system are heated from 800 to 1200 °C, the crystallized samples are composed of the major phase of β-spodumene and a minor phase of rutile (TiO2).
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Harmon, Russell S., Michael A. Wise, Adam C. Curry, Joshua S. Mistele, Michael S. Mason, and Zach Grimac. "Rapid Analysis of Muscovites on a Lithium Pegmatite Prospect by Handheld LIBS." Minerals 13, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13050697.
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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a technology for compositional analysis that is particularly effective for light elements, particularly Li, which is a critical commodity for emerging green technologies. This study undertook analysis by handheld LIBS of muscovite from the drill core, outcrop, and soil on the Carolina Lithium Prospect (CLP) in Gaston County, North Carolina (USA), which lies within the Carolina Tin-Spodumene Belt (CTSB). Abundances of the alkali elements Li, K, and Rb were determined for more than 130 muscovites from the Li-rich pegmatites to track the degree of pegmatite fractionation as a pathfinder for spodumene mineralization. Across the CTSB and including the CLP, muscovite Li contents vary over an order of magnitude, ranging from 0.04 to 0.74 wt. %, with their K/Rb ratios varying between 63 and 8, features that together document the highly evolved character of pegmatites within the CTSB district. On average, muscovite Li contents are greater in spodumene-bearing pegmatites at 0.21 ± 0.12 wt. % than for common quartz-feldspar pegmatites at 0.14 ± 0.08 wt. %. Although overlapping substantially in the middle portions of their distributions, muscovite K/Rb ratios are biased toward low values for spodumene-bearing pegmatites (X- = 21 ± 6) compared to those for quartz-feldspar pegmatites (X- = 33 ± 9). This study provides a framework for the use of LIBS analysis of muscovite in outcrop, drill core, and soil samples as an analytical tool for in-field and on-site geochemical analysis during Li pegmatite exploration and prospect evaluation.
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Fosu, Allen Yushark, Ndue Kanari, Danièle Bartier, Harrison Hodge, James Vaughan, and Alexandre Chagnes. "Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Spodumene Concentrate and Its Thermal Transformations." Materials 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 7423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237423.
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Spodumene concentrate from the Pilbara region in Western Australia was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) to identify and quantify major minerals in the concentrate. Particle diameters ranged from 10 to 200 microns and the degree of liberation of major minerals was found to be more than 90%. The thermal behavior of spodumene and the concentration of its polymorphs were studied by heat treatments in the range of 900 to 1050 °C. All three polymorphs of the mineral (α, γ and β) were identified. Full transformation of the α-phase was achieved at 975 °C and 1000 °C after 240 and 60 min treatments, respectively. SEM images of thermally treated concentrate revealed fracturing of spodumene grains, producing minor cracks initially which became more prominent with increasing temperature. Material disintegration, melting and agglomeration with gangue minerals were also observed at higher temperatures. The metastable γ-phase achieved a peak concentration of 23% after 120 min at 975 °C. We suggest 1050 °C to be the threshold temperature for the process where even a short residence time causes appreciable transformation, however, 1000 °C may be the ideal temperature for processing the concentrate due to the degree of material disintegration and α-phase transformation observed. The application of a first-order kinetic model yields kinetic parameters which fit the experimental data well. The resultant apparent activation energies of 655 and 731 kJ mol−1 obtained for α- and γ-decay, respectively, confirm the strong temperature dependence for the spodumene polymorph transformations.
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Wang, Yuhua, Guangli Zhu, Lei Zhang, Dongfang Lu, Liguang Wang, Yuehao Zhao, and Haitao Zheng. "Surface dissolution of spodumene and its role in the flotation concentration of a spodumene ore." Minerals Engineering 125 (August 2018): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.06.002.
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