Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spodumene

Academic literature on the topic 'Spodumene'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Spodumene"

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Lin, Ming-Hong, and Moo-Chin Wang. "Phase transformation and characterization of TiO2 and ZrO2 addition in the Li2O–Al2O3-SiO2 gels." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 10 (October 1996): 2611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0328.

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Glass-ceramic powders with a composition of Li2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2 (LAS) have been synthesized by the sol-gel technique using LiOCH3, Al(OC2H5)3, Si(OC2H5)4, Ti(OC2H5)4, and Zr(OC2H5)4 as starting materials and the phase transformation behavior during calcination has been investigated. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to determine the thermal behavior of the gels. Considering the LAS gels with 6.0 wt. % TiO2 and various wt. % ZrO2 content, and peak position of the β-spodumene phase formation in DTA curves was shifted to a higher temperature when the ZrO2 content was increased. The activation energy of β-spodumene crystallization was 283.8 kcal/mol for LAS gels with 6.0 wt. % TiO2 and 2.0 wt. % ZrO2. Unlike foregoing studies for LAS gels, during calcination of the dried LASTZ gels from 800 °C to 1200 °C neither β-eucryptite nor γ-spodumene was noted to be present. The crystallized phases comprised of β-spodumenes as the major phase and rutile (TiO2) together with zirconia (ZrO2) are precipitated as minor phases.
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Noithong, Pannipa, Panee Pakkong, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "Color Change of Spodumene Gemstone by Electron Beam Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 770 (September 2013): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.370.

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Study on the electron beam irradiation color change induction of spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) samples, which color exhibit green, pink and colorless. Characteristic the electron-beam irradiation dose were selected 30,000 kGy, 40,000 kGy and 50,000 kGy. The color and fading of spodumene samples were analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer , crystal structure were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometer, free radical species of impurities were determined by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectrometer before and after irradiation. The results revealed the color of spodumene samples changed after irradiation, from green spodumene became a little darker color, pink spodumene became green color, colorless spodumene became pink to purple color the results of the color analysis and fading displayed on the CIE L* a* b* color system, color change spodumene samples were determined by values changed of a* and b*. Color fade of spodumene were determined by values changed of L*. The results of all samples crystal structure analysis were shown on the XRD patterns of the JCPDS No. 89-6662 (Spodumene) with monoclinic structure. The radical analysis results of impurity elements, green and pink only appear the ESR pattern of manganese (Mn2+), and chromium (Cr3+), respectively. It can be conclusion that intensity of color change depend on the irradiation dose and impurity elements in spodumene samples.
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Dessemond, Colin, Gervais Soucy, Jean-Philippe Harvey, and Philippe Ouzilleau. "Phase Transitions in the α–γ–β Spodumene Thermodynamic System and Impact of γ-Spodumene on the Efficiency of Lithium Extraction by Acid Leaching." Minerals 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10060519.

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Heat-treatment of spodumene concentrate at 1323 K (1050 °C) for 30 min in a rotary kiln yielded a successful decrepitation. Particle size decreased from 2 cm to less than 425 µm for 80% of the initial mass. X-ray analysis of both fractions did not reveal the presence of α-spodumene or γ-spodumene. The coarse fraction was ground to less than 425 µm with minimal mechanical energy and mixed with the finer fraction to perform lithium extraction. The lithium extraction efficiency reached 98 wt% without the need for flotation. Some aspects of the thermodynamic behavior of the spodumene system were assessed. Results show that metastable γ-spodumene may hinder the formation of β-spodumene at lower heat treatment temperatures. Some heat-treated samples presented non-negligible γ-spodumene content and lithium extraction efficiency decreases as the γ content increases. Finally, the assumed irreversibility of the transformations was studied by analyzing heat-treated samples following long controlled-storage periods. The results show that concentrate composition is not static over the studied time. This suggests that the β formation is not as irreversible as claimed. It is recommended to avoid long periods between heat-treatment and extraction to avoid the slow conversion of β-spodumene to other allotropes, which are less susceptible to lithium extraction.
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Sardisco, Lorenza, Pyry-Mikko Hannula, Tim J. Pearce, and Luke Morgan. "Multi-Technique Analytical Approach to Quantitative Analysis of Spodumene." Minerals 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020175.

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The aim of this study was to establish the capability of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods to determine different spodumene forms (α-, β- and γ-spodumene) occurring during heat treatment of lithium spodumene. It is essential to correctly identify and quantify the presence of different forms of spodumene after heat treatment to ensure optimum lithium extraction. A sample from the Haapaluoma lithium-pegmatite (western Finland) was used for this study. An experimental programme was initiated to model the progression of the mineral transformation at different stages through heat treatment. The specimen was broken down and split into five portions. One of the splits was analysed unheated with XRD, FTIR, XRF and ICP; the other four splits were analysed with XRD and FTIR after heat treatment at different temperatures from 850 to 1100 °C. In this study, we show that both laboratory-based XRD and portable FTIR methods are effective in identifying and quantifying α-, β- and γ-spodumene as well as impurities. The accuracy of the quantification of the minerals with XRD was established by using a mass balance calculation and was compared with the actual chemistry of the sample measured with ICP analysis. Fully quantitative XRD analysis of heat-treated spodumene is considered a challenge due to peak overlaps between the β-, and γ-spodumene forms, particularly when gangue minerals and amorphous content are present. The novelty of this study consists of the use of the XRD technique complemented by the Rietveld method to fully quantify the different forms of spodumene from one another: α-, β- and γ-spodumene, along with the gangue minerals and the amorphous content. It is also shown that reproducible systematic changes occur in the FTIR spectra that track the spodumene transformation during heat treatment. With more samples and cross-validation between the XRD results, the FTIR methodology could be developed further to provide semi-quantitative information on the different spodumene forms in the future. This would permit the use of a fast, cost-effective and portable technique for quality control of the spodumene forms, which would open opportunities across the Li value chain.
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Filippov, Lev, Saeed Farrokhpay, Lichau Lyo, and Inna Filippova. "Spodumene Flotation Mechanism." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060372.

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Fine and coarse fractions of spodumene were obtained from a pegmatite ore and their flotation was investigated under different conditions. In particular, the optimum pH and collector dosage were studied. It was found that the best flotation performance occurs at pH 10 using 250 mg/L of sodium oleate. It was also observed that upon the addition of CaCl2, spodumene flotation recovery increases to about 90%. In addition, poor floatability was found for spodumene when Na2CO3 was used as a pH regulator (compared to NaOH).The zeta potential data confirmed the adsorption of oleate on the spodumene surface. It was found that activation of spodumene by calcium ions makes the surface charge less negative due to the adsorption of Ca2+ on the surface. The crystallographic properties of spodumene were analyzed. The adsorption of sodium oleate was attributed to the chemisorption of oleate to the exposed Al and Si sites generated after breakage of the Al–O and Si–O bonds on the mineral surface. It was observed that the {110} planes are the most favorable for the adsorption of oleate. The {110} plane is the weakest plane, and spodumene has the highest tendency to cleave along this plane. The XRD data revealed that fine spodumene particles have more {110} planes than the coarser fraction, which may explain why the former has better floatability.
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Shyu, Jiin-Jyh, and Ching-Tang Wang. "Sintering and properties of Li2O · Al2O3 · 4SiO2-borosilicate glass composites." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 10 (October 1996): 2518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0317.

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Sintering, glass crystallization, microstructure, and the resulting properties of spodumene-borosilicate glass composites were investigated. Densities >90% could be obtained for samples sintered below 1000 °C. Samples that contained more low-viscosity glass densified at lower temperatures, and significant density reduction was observed at higher temperatures. Samples that contained high-viscosity glass densified only at higher temperatures. When glasses of different viscosity were added, the densification of the composites was improved. There was interdiffusion between spodumene and glass. Cristobalite crystallized from the pure glasses. Addition of spodumene changed the major phase crystallized to anorthite or α-quartz as a result of dissolution of spodumene into glass. Composites that contained glass of higher silica content showed more crystallization. As sintering temperatures increased, the amount of crystallization decreased, due to dissolution of glass into spodumene. The spodumene particles showed angular shape with smooth and straight sides. The spodumene-glass composites showed a dielectric constant in the range of 5–6, a loss tangent generally <1%, and a CTE value in the range of 2–5.6 × 10–6 K–1. Codoping of glasses with different viscosity effectively improved the densification and properties of the composites.
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Aydin, Tuna, and Alpagut Kara. "The Effect of Lithium Alumina Silicate Phases on Elastic Modulus of Porcelain Tiles." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.188.

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Spodumene, which is a lithium alumina silicate, has been used as a raw material in the production of thermal shock resistant whitewares and sanitarywares. The presence of spodumene results in enhancement of mullitization and imparts better physical and mechanical properties to ceramics. In this study, the influence of Lithium alumina silicate phases on the mechanical properties of standard porcelain stoneware body was investigated. Especially solid-solid reactions were observed between spodumene and quartz or spodumene and clay. These solid-solid reactions bring about a newly formed lithium alumina silicate (LAS) phases. Spodumene allows the development of a low viscosity liquid phase and results in a decrease in closed porosity, also with increase in bulk density, bending strength and elastic modulus.
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Wang, Moo-Chin, Nan-Chung Wu, Sheng Yang, and Shaw-Bing Wen. "Effect of LiF addition on the phase transition of sinterable β-spodumene precursor powders prepared by a sol-gel process." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 8 (August 2002): 1960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0290.

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β-Spodumene (Li2O · Al2O · 4SiO2, LAS4) precursor powders were obtained through a sol-gel process using Si(OC2H5)4, Al(OC4H9)3, and LiNO3 as starting materials and LiF as a sintering aid. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer, and electron diffraction analysis were utilized to study the phase transition of the β-spodumene glass–ceramics prepared from the gel-derived precursor powders with LiF additive. For the LAS4 precursor powders containing no LiF, the only crystalline phase obtained was β-spodumene. For the pellets containing less than 4.0 wt% LiF and sintered at 1050 °C for 5 h, the crystalline phases were β-spodumene solid solution and β-eucryptite (Li2O · Al2O3 · 2SiO2, LAS2) solid solution. When the LiF content was 5.0 wt% and the sintering process was carried out at 1050 °C for 5 h, the crystalline phases were β-spodumene solid solution, β-eucryptite solid solution (triclinic), and eucryptite [rhombohedral (hex.)]. When the LiF addition attains 3.0 wt%, the fully densified grains are formed, accompanied with an increase in grain size for LiF addition. At the triple junction of grain boundaries a second phase segregates which is identified to be β-spodumene solid solution. In the sintering period of LAS4 precursor powders with LiF additive, the grains converted to β-eucryptite solid solution and β-spodumene solid solution remains at the grain boundaries.
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Pan, Ji Yong, and Jiang Hong Gong. "Improving the Strength of Al2TiO5 by Adding Spodumene." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1185.

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Aluminium titanate (Al2TiO5) is an excellent oxide ceramic material with a very low thermal expand coefficient. Aiming at improving the bending strength Al2TiO5, spodumene was used as additives for preparing Al2TiO5 and the effect of adding spodumene on the mechanical properties of Al2TiO5 was investigated in this paper. It was found that adding spodumene, instead of simple oxides, may significantly enhance the bending strength of Al2TiO5.
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L. Moore, Radhika, Jason P. Mann, Alejandro Montoya, and Brian S. Haynes. "In situ synchrotron XRD analysis of the kinetics of spodumene phase transitions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 16 (2018): 10753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07754h.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spodumene"

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Mast, Ernest. "Lithium production from spodumene." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55633.

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Albertani, Bryce Martin. "The leaching of α-spodumene." Thesis, Albertani, Bryce Martin (2018) The leaching of α-spodumene. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/44868/.

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An investigation into the direct leaching of α-spodumene has being warranted due to increasing societal interest in lithium-ion battery technology. The direct leaching of α-spodumene utilising a caustic autoclave process was investigated, in aspirations of leaching significant quantities of lithium from the silicate matrix of α-spodumene. The influence of reagent dosage, temperature, reaction time and particle size on the extraction efficiency of lithium were investigated. From the investigations conducted it became evident that the leaching efficiency of α-spodumene was consistently greater than 40.00% under the optimal conditions. The optimal conditions evaluated throughout the investigation were found to occur at 573.15 kelvin, 14 molar NaOH, a 6 hour residence time and a P80 of 325 μm. The lithium recovered to solution is present as a hydroxide species, of which is in significant demand within the lithium-ion battery production industry. Sodium silicate or ‘water glass’ was also found to be present within the leach products adding a potential valuable by-product to the process investigated.
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Khoshdel, Salakjani Nasim. "Extraction of lithium from spodumene." Thesis, Khoshdel Salakjani, Nasim (2019) Extraction of lithium from spodumene. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/55537/.

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Spodumene is an important source of lithium, a key element of Li-ion batteries used in mobile communication and entertainment devices, hybrid and all electric cars and electric bikes. Spodumene forms three different crystal structures, the naturally occurred α- spodumene, and y and β-spodumene which are the products of heat treatment at 700 to 1100 °C. Among these three modifications β-spodumene proven suitable for lithium extraction processes, hence the production of these phases should be closely monitored in feed preparation stage. In order to extract lithium from spodumene, β form of the mineral goes through acid roasting with concentrated sulfuric acid at 250 °C. This method remined unchanged for almost 50 years and limited information on the details of the process and effect of key factors is available. This study will investigate the preparation of suitable spodumene phase for extraction process exploiting two different types of heating. Then focuses on traditional acid roasting of spodumene and the key factors of the process and further on proposing a less energy intense method of acid roasting using microwaves. Spodumene concentrate of the highest purity from Greenbushes Western Australia was studied for mineralogical changes with temperature in muffle furnace. The feed sample with particle size of 325 mm was heated at temperatures from 800 to 1100 °C for different durations of time and structural changes were closely monitored. At 950 °C after 30 minutes of heating γ phase appeared on the XRD spectra which detected while β-spodumene was produced, after 2 hours of heating at 1100 °C. The crystal structure altered from monoclinic α to hexagonal γ and finally tetragonal β-spodumene. Physical properties of product heated at different temperatures and times were analyzed. The significant change was related to the particle size. Conversion of α to γ-spodumene is accompanied by shrinkage of the crystal units leading to contraction of particles. Moreover, particles go through substantial expansion with formation of β-spodumene. This leads to cracking of the particles and their dispersion to smaller particles. This phenomenon directly causes the reduction in particle size which increases the specific surface of the sample. Specific gravity of the sample was constantly reduced with order of changes of the crystal structure. All these alterations positively affect the yields of lithium extraction from β over α-spodumene. As an alternative process of calcination, a sample of α-spodumene was subjected tomicrowave and hybrid microwave heating. The sample reached 98 °C after 10 minutes of microwave irradiation with power of 3 kW. This proved that spodumene is categorized in the group of non-absorbers of microwave. Next a hybrid microwave heating set up was designed which applied three SiC sticks to absorb microwave energy and conventionally heat the spodumene sample. After 32 minutes of hybrid microwave heating and temperature increase up to 643 °C a sudden increase in temperature was observed. Due to localized heat some spot of the sample heated up to the melting point of the spodumene and left sintered and/ or melted parts. This suggested that α-spodumene can start absorbing microwave at temperatures above 643 °C. The process was repeated for a sample of synthesized β-spodumene absorption of microwave energy started at 447 °C. This phenomenon made the complete conversion of the sample complicated. As the next part of this study the common method of extraction of lithium from spodumene was studied. Sample of synthesized β-spodumene was mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and roasted at temperatures between 200 and 300 °C. This process was followed by water leaching at 50 °C for 1 hour. In addition to temperature, the effects of acid dosage and roasting time were investigated. The highest extraction of 98% was achieved after roasting at 250 °C for 1 hour with 80% excess acid to the stoichiometry of the reaction of spodumene and sulfuric acid. Elongated roasting, roasting at temperatures close to boiling point of the acid and very high amount of excess acid negatively affected Li extraction. The residue after water leach was identified as aluminium silicon hydrate (H2O.Al2O3.4SiO2). In order to reduce the energy consumption of the acid roast process application of microwave oven was proposed. Acid roasting of spodumene was replicated in benchtop microwave oven adjusted on 700 W power. Interestingly 96 % of lithium was extracted after 20 second of microwave irradiation in presence of 80% excess acid. After 30 seconds of roasting the extraction reduced and reached 49% after 4 minutes. The residue of the water leach was aluminium silicon hydrate (H2O.Al2O3.4SiO2) for roasting under 30 seconds and after 4 minutes peaks of β-spodumene appeared in the XRD pattern. More studies on the residue showed that the residue has ion exchange properties and at elevated temperatures in presence of lithium the H+ can be replaced with Li+. With slight grinding the excess acid could be reduced to 15%. The energy consumption of microwave acid roasting was 15.4 kJ which was 3 order of magnitude less than the energy consumption of conventional acid roasting. Microwave acid roasting of β-spodumene is a promising method with less energy consumption.
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Ncube, Thamsanqa. "Extraction of Lithium from Spodumene." Thesis, Ncube, Thamsanqa (2022) Extraction of Lithium from Spodumene. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2022. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/66241/.

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The conventional process of lithium extraction from α-spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) is energy-intensive and associated with high by-product management cost. In this work, we investigate an alternative process route that uses potassium sulfate (K2SO4) to extract lithium while producing leucite (KAlSi2O6), a slow-release fertiliser and potash alum (KAl(SO4)2∙12H2O), which can be used in water purification, and medical drugs. This work presents the first-ever high temperature in situ record of the reaction of α-spodumene with potassium sulfate, using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (S-XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to document the reaction sequence during prograde heating. During in-situ studies, we observe that the reaction of potassium sulfate and spodumene proceeds through ion exchange between lithium and potassium in the spodumene structure, followed by phase conversion of α-(Li,K)-spodumene into leucite. Once conversion of spodumene to leucite reaches 90 %, a lithium sulfate- melt starts to appear. We optimised the potassium sulfate process at a K2SO4:α-SC 7.6 ratio of 0.6:1 (w/w), 1050 oC and 30 min roasting time, achieving 96.3 ± 2 % (w/w) lithium extraction efficiency, similar to the conventional sulfuric acid process (96.7 ± 0.6 % (w/w)). Using OLI systems modelling we found that purification of the leach liquor from the potassium sulfate requires the addition of aluminium sulfate to recover potassium as potash alum. Comparing the two processes based on 200 kt y-1 of spodumene concentrate, we estimate that the operating profit of the potassium sulfate is 5 % lower than that of the sulfuric acid process. Because of its potassium content, leucite can be converted into a slow-release fertiliser through further processing. For the potassium sulfate process to be more profitable than the sulfuric acid process, the fertiliser market price should exceed US$34.5 t-1. This work demonstrates that K2SO4 process could be a feasible alternative to the conventional sulfuric acid process.
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Mulwanda, James. "Extraction of lithium from lepidolite and spodumene." Thesis, Mulwanda, James (2021) Extraction of lithium from lepidolite and spodumene. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/63573/.

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The energy intensive extraction of lithium from α-spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) involves decrepitation at 1100 oC followed by sulphuric acid roasting (200 oC) and water leaching. The extraction of lithium from lepidolite (K(Li,Al)3(Al,Si)4O10(F,OH)2) also involves high temperature (750 – 1000 oC) roasting with additives or direct leaching. The leaching in acid or alkaline media is less attractive due to high reagent consumption and complex purification processes. This thesis reports low temperature extraction of lithium from α-spodumene and lepidolite of 3.58% and 2.37% Li (w/w), from Greenbushes (Western Australia) and Minas Gerais (Brazil), respectively. Characterisation of the solids (feed, calcines, residues, and precipitates) was performed using XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The ICP-MS analysed the elemental composition of the leach liquors and digested solids. Results from thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis of feed material and XRD scans of solids were justified by thermodynamic modelling of chemical reactions using HSC software package. The roasting of α-spodumene and lepidolite concentrate of particle size range -75+45 μm with NaOH and Ca(OH)2 for 2 h in a muffle furnace at 500 °C, followed by alkaline leaching at 90 oC, resulted in 98.2% and 98.5% Li extraction, respectively after 3 h, with relatively low dissolution of impurities. Alkaline pressure leaching in autoclave removed about 95% Li, 98% K, 96% Rb and 90% Cs from lepidolite at 250 °C with relatively low NaOH consumption. Alternatively, roasting lepidolite at 500 oC and α-spodumene at 1000 oC with NaHSO4 followed by water leaching yielded 96% and 80% of Li extraction, respectively. Precipitation of Li3PO4 by adding phosphoric acid to the purified alkaline and sulphate leach liquors, both by pH adjustments, recovered 83% and 93% of Li, respectively. Addition of lime to Li3PO4 produced 98% LiOH·H2O with 99.7% conversion.
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Lu, Hong Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Formation of ??-eucryptite and ??-spodumene from topaz mixtures." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Materials Science and Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25141.

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The production of ??-eucryptite [LiAlSiO4] and ??-spodumene [LiAlSi2O6] from topaz [Al2SiO4(F0.64OH0.36)2, containing ~3 wt% quartz impurity] from Torrington, NSW may be of commercial importance since both lithium aluminosilicates have negative or low coefficients of thermal expansion and are used commercially as raw materials in the glass, ceramics, and metallurgical industries. A review of the literature has revealed that the production of ??-eucryptite and ??-spodumene from topaz has not been reported before. The aim of the present work was to determine the kinetics and reaction mechanisms of formation of ??-eucryptite from topaz + lithium carbonate mixtures and ??-spodumene from topaz + lithium carbonate + silica mixtures. To this end, the related reactions and subsolidus phase equilibria of the Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary system were determined. The subsolidus phase equilibria for the Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary system were investigated by literature assessment, experimentation, and thermodynamic calculations. The experimentation confirmed the previously published tentative compatibility relations in the Al2O3 and the SiO2 corners. Thermodynamic calculations were used to define the phase relations in the Li2O corner. Thermodynamic calculations also were used to define the phase equilibria for two binary subsystems, Li2SiO3-LiAlO2 and Li4SiO4-LiAlO2. The decomposition of topaz and formation of ??-eucryptite from topaz + lithium carbonate mixtures and ??-spodumene from topaz + lithium carbonate + silica mixtures were investigated experimentally using differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman microspectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Confirmatory thermodynamic calculations also were done. One significant finding of the present work was the formation of nanofibres from topaz + lithium carbonate mixtures at 1150???C. These fibres were formed by gas-phase reaction of SiF4 and AlOF produced from the reaction between topaz, lithium carbonate and by reaction of SiO2 and Li(OH), which was produced by Li2O volatilisation. These fibres, which were difficult to analyse, most likely consisted of metastable ???-spodumene solid solution or mullite in the incipient stage of formation. Formation of single-phase ???-spodumene from topaz + lithium carbonate + silica mixtures was observed after heating above 950???C for 24 h. Reaction paths for the formation of ??-spodumene over the temperature range 450???-1550???C were proposed. The formation of single-phase ??-spodumene was not simple and straightforward but a complex process involving several precursor phases. Specifically, there were two reaction mechanisms involving the formation of single-phase ???-spodumene by gas-solid reaction and gas-liquid-solid reaction. The reaction kinetics and thermodynamics of the formation of single-phase ??-spodumene at 750???-950???C were assessed. Essential work supplementary to that associated with the Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system consisted of determination of the decomposition mechanism of topaz, which was determined to take place in four stages. Reaction paths for the decomposition of topaz also were proposed. Another significant finding of the present work was the formation of transient single-crystal mullite from topaz + lithium carbonate + silica mixtures at ~600???C, which may be contrasted with the normal temperature range of 1000???-1400???C for formation from clay-based raw materials. This phenomenon occurred via a gas-solid growth mechanism. The present observation suggests a potential low-temperature route for the production of high-purity mullite fibres without glass contamination.
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Grigio, Joshua. "Optimisation of Spodumene Ore Flotation using Zeta Potentials." Thesis, Grigio, Joshua (2018) Optimisation of Spodumene Ore Flotation using Zeta Potentials. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/44763/.

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With the increase in global lithium consumption, it is vital that lithium refinery processes are optimised to combat this growing need. One of the richest sources of lithium, spodumene, was tested alongside a common gangue material, silica, for its zeta potential. Variables used are namely modifiers iron chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and calcium alginate. These materials’ concentrations were tested using a zeta probe to identify theoretically optimal conditions to selectively float spodumene from the gangue. The source of spodumene used was a lithia concentrate obtained from Talison Greenbushes mine and refinery, giving a lithia (Li2O) concentration of 7.0%, which is the target of this investigation. Once the zeta potentials for both spodumene and silica were obtained from a range of pH values, flotation tests were performed to test the theory, followed up by XRD analysis to identify an estimated lithia concentration and confirm whether or not there are some applicable uses for zeta potential measurements in the mining industry. It was discovered post experimentation and analysis, that at notable concentrations for certain cations, collectors and pH conditions, namely 250 mg/L of Ca (II) at a pH of 4 with an anionic collector, Fe (III) at concentrations less than 50 mg/L in neutral conditions with a cationic collector and at greater concentrations on ions in acidic conditions with an anionic collector. Further research in ranges of Mg (II) and sodium alginate concentrations would be required to identify their uses to optimise spodumene flotation; or separation from the bulk slurry solution.
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Abdullah, Arif A. "Thermal treatment of spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) for lithium extraction." Thesis, Abdullah, Arif A. (2019) Thermal treatment of spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) for lithium extraction. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/45476/.

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This work provides a detailed description of the qualitative and quantitative mineralogical, dynamic, as well as kinetic aspects for the structural transformation of α-spodumene (α-LiAlSi2O6), and advances the industrial processing of spodumene by introducing two novel alternative technologies that are relatively straightforward and potentially cost-effective. Spodumene, the most abundant lithium-containing mineral, usually undergoes calcination at an extreme temperature of about 1100 ºC and strong-acid digestion during industrial processing. The calcination process stimulates the structural transformation of spodumene from its naturally occurring pyroxene-framework α-phase into the relatively more reactive β-spodumene of the keatite (SiO2) structure. On the other hand, the acid digestion approach facilitates the production of water-soluble lithium compounds (mainly lithium sulfate Li2SO4). This study resolves the technical obstacles associated with cheaper (and safer) processing of spodumene concentrates. The project incorporated intensive experiments to analyse the thermally-activated changes during the calcination of spodumene. The combination of hot-stage and high-temperature synchrotron X-ray diffractometry (XRD) enabled in-situ mineralogical analysis of the transformation processes, identifying (and quantifying) the resulting phases at various temperatures. Each of the diffractometry techniques complements the heating rate and temperature limitations of each other. Likewise, accurate calorimetric and thermogravimetric analyses yielded the corresponding thermodynamic and kinetic functions, allowing the precise determination of the minimum energy required for the heat treatment process. Distinctly, the project also involved detailed investigation on roasting of spodumene with the most effective additives, CaO and Na2SO4, for better extraction of lithium. The addition of these chemicals resulted in the formation of water-soluble lithium compounds via the roasting process at a relatively low temperature (800 – 900 ºC). Set of experiments determined the best condition for minimising these additives and maximising the productivity of lithium. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) quantitated the recovered lithium from the roasted spodumene concentrate. Techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and AAS, attested the chemical analyses of the raw spodumene concentrate. The Match! Software allowed phase identification, while HSC 7.1 software facilitated the estimation of energies. The results of this thesis have demonstrated that the transition reaction of spodumene occurs via different pathways, depending on the amorphicity and the thermal history of the mineral. The results have also identified the intermediate species and clarified their appearance as a function of temperature and heating rate, and particle size, relative to the final phase of β-spodumene. For instance, the formation of the recently reported γ-spodumene is initiated by crystallisation of minuscule amorphous materials in the concentrated sample at slow heating conditions, while fast initial heating to 800 ºC prompts the emergence of a newly-identified phase of β-quartzss, at low temperatures of less than 900 ºC. Requiring an operating temperature of above 1000 ºC, the calcination of spodumene concentrate has been elucidated to adopt slow kinetics, with a high activation energy of more than 800 kJ mol-1 and significant dependency on the degree of conversion. The combined outcomes of this study are instrumental in optimising the energy cost of lithium extraction from spodumene mineral in practical operations. In particular, this thesis reveals that, the roasting of spodumene concentrate with a small amount of CaO reduces the transformation temperature by 150 – 200 ºC as determined by in-situ XRD, which translates into important energy saving during the calcination of spodumene in the first step of the commercial acid digestion process. Roasting of spodumene with CaO and Na2SO4 at 882 ºC for 2 h results in producing a water-leachable lithium compound of LiNaSO4 with 94 % lithium recovery. Thus, the roasting of spodumene concentrate with these two additives eliminates the aggressive acidic treatment and decreases the operating temperature of the kiln.
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Ramachandran, Vasuki. "Luminescence spectra of lead tungstate, spodumene and topaz crystals." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249387.

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Kalinová, Helena. "Vliv mineralizátorů na šířku intervalu slinování a fázové transformace v soustavě Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216345.

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Course of synthesis of Li2O – Al2O3 – SiO2 (LAS) ceramic via sol – gel process made precursor was investigated. Powder precursor containing LAS components in molar ratio 1:1:4 were prepared by polycondensation technique in aqueous medium using lithium chloride (LiCl), hydrated aluminium nitrate (Al(NO3)39H2O) and silica sol (tosil), respectively. Heated sol was transformed into gel. The resulting gel was dried at temperature 105 °C and xerogel was next calcinated at 750°C. Further was evaluated influence of sintering additives (MgO, ZnO, Ca5(PO4)3OH) on the length of sintering interval. All of them have been stabilized spodumene in the solid solution. The properties of ceramic body prepared by sintering of precursor and grinded Li2CO2, Al2O3 a SiO2 powders were compared. Simultaneous thermogravimety and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffractions and heating microscopy were used to study sintering process of LAS ceramic.
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Books on the topic "Spodumene"

1

Egab, Esma. Flotation of spodumene from Manitoba. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, School of Engineering, 1996.

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Kuznet︠s︡ova, L. G. (Li︠u︡dmila Georgievna) and Shmakin Boris Matveevich, eds. Geokhimii︠a︡ spodumenovykh pegmatitov i shchelochno-redkometallʹnykh metasomatitiov. Novosibirsk: "Nauka," Sibirskoe otd-nie, 1990.

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M, Beskin S., Filatov E. I, and Institut mineralogii, geokhimii i kristallokhimii redkikh ėlementov (Russia), eds. Kriterii prognoza i ot͡s︡enki litievorudnykh spodumenovykh pegmatitovykh raĭonov i poleĭ: Metodicheskie rekomendat͡s︡ii. Moskva: IMGRĖ, 1990.

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McKinney, E. A. Pegmatite investigations in field sheet 26 with particular reference to spodumene and kaolin bearing pegmatites. Accra, Ghana: Minerals Commission/GTZ Publication Project, 1991.

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Ramachandran, Vasuki. Luminescence spectra of lead tungstate, spodumene and topaz crystals. 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spodumene"

1

Fankhänel, Beate, Ekaterina Schmid, and Michael Stelter. "Influence of Reactive Filter Materials on Casting’s Quality in Aluminum Casting." In Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration, 215–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_9.

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AbstractThis chapter presents the most important results of investigations on reactive filter materials for the purification of aluminum melts. Reactive filter materials were developed with the aim to remove impurities dissolved in the melt, such as hydrogen from liquid aluminum, by means of specific chemical interactions between the molten metal and the filter material. Selected ceramic foam filters, consisting of carbon-free and carbon-bonded ceramics, were used in their uncoated state as well as treated with various coatings. Numerous fundamental studies were carried out to evaluate the applicability of the new filter materials: sessile-drop-experiments, immersion and filtration tests, the metallographic evaluation of the used filters and the metal samples retrieved from these experiments. Interfacial reactions and the purity of the treated melts were determined with the help of these experiments, following microstructural analyses to obtain indications for the filtration properties and the potential chemical reactions between the filter material and the melt. As a result, it was possible to determine that spodumene, LiAl(Si2O6), positively influences the hydrogen porosity of aluminum castings when applied as a reactive filter material. Filtration alone already helps to prevent areas of increased macroporosity by calming the melt flow, but filter materials containing spodumene further affect microporosity in the castings in positive ways.
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Hu, An Min, Kai Ming Liang, Feng Zhou, Fei Peng, and Guoliang Wang. "Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Spodumene-Diopside Glass Ceramics." In High-Performance Ceramics III, 1639–42. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-959-8.1639.

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Del Rose, Tyler, Yuting Li, Long Qi, and Ihor Z. Hlova. "Mechanochemical Extraction of Lithium from α-Spodumene at Low Temperatures." In Rare Metal Technology 2024, 141–49. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50236-1_15.

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Cook, Brian Kawenski, Massoud Aghamirian, Hao Li, Nima Nabiri, Jim Nottingham, Jarrett Quinn, Chris Gunning, Charlotte E. Gibson, and Patrick Brindle. "Production of Spodumene Concentrate from the North Carolina Piedmont Lithium Project." In Proceedings of the 61st Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2022, 979–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17425-4_107.

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Dessemond, Colin, Francis Lajoie-Leroux, Gervais Soucy, Nicolas Laroche, and Jean-François Magnan. "Revisiting the Traditional Process of Spodumene Conversion and Impact on Lithium Extraction." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 2281–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_191.

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Pan, Ji Yong, and Jiang Hong Gong. "Improving the Strength of Al2TiO5 by Adding Spodumene." In High-Performance Ceramics III, 1185–86. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-959-8.1185.

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Lu, Huimin, and Neale R. Neelameggham. "A New Method for Producing Hydrogen, Lithium Metal, and High-Purity Silicon from Spodumene Ore." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1123–31. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22524-6_104.

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Ouattara, Drissa, Stephanie Somot, Fariborz Faraji, and Hassine Bouafif. "Application of High-Voltage Electric Pulse Fragmentation for Liberating Lithium Spodumene from Pegmatite Hard Rocks." In Proceedings of the 62nd Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2023, 517–24. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38141-6_71.

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Gomes, Carlos Leal, and Pedro Amorim. "Components of Lithium Depletion from Starting Spodumene—Petalite Assemblages in Subsolidus Evolution of Portuguese Pegmatites." In Advances in Geoengineering, Geotechnologies, and Geoenvironment for Earth Systems and Sustainable Georesources Management, 103–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25986-9_17.

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"spodumene." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1287. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_196196.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spodumene"

1

Korolkova, I. V., K. P. Zhilin, and A. A. Kondrasenko. "Lithium extraction from spodumene concentrate by hydrothermal leaching." In XVI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "METALLURGY OF NON-FERROUS, RARE AND NOBLE METALS" named after corresponding member of the RAS Gennady Leonidovich PASHKOVA. Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/sfu.mnfrpm.2023.222-228.

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Since «green energy» trends become priority active development of lithium batteries is stimulated. This and other areas of lithium application justify its high demand in the world. Hardrock pegmatites (spodumene,lepidolite, petalite etc.), salar brines and underground waters are the main sources of lithium. Russian Federation holds one of the leading places having considerable lithium reserves. However, over 70 % of the reserves are associated with mineral resources. Among these resources spodumene LiAl[Si2O6] is the most abundant lithium mineral.
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Oitseva, T., M. Mizernaya, O. Kuzmina, A. Bissatova, and N. Zimanovskaya. "ZONED RARE-METAL MINERALIZATION IN THE CENTRAL KALBA AREA (EAST KAZAKHSTAN)." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s01.008.

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Currently the resources of rare metals, especially Ta, Nb, Be, and Li used in high-tech industries, are of great demand in Kazakhstan and worldwide. Main Ta, Nb, Be, Li, Sn, and W deposits in the Great Altai territory are hosted by Permian granitic belts that formed during the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic orogeny, in a postcollisional setting. The largest metallogenic structure of the Kalba-Narym granitoid belt accommodates many genetically different deposits and occurrences. Pegmatitic rare-metal deposits have vertically and laterally zoned distribution patterns, with mineralization mostly localized in the tectonically active Central Kalba ore district. The richest spodumene and pollucite pegmatites are located in the upper parts of the ore zone. The mineralization types make up the following sequence: barren oligoclase-microcline pegmatites followed by microcline-quartz-muscovite (Nb, Be), microcline-albite (Ta, Sn, Be), albite (Ta, Nb, Be, Sn), albite-spodumene greisen (Li, Ta, Be, Sn), and cleavelandite-lepidolite-pollucite-spodumene (Ta, Li, Cs, Sn) zones. The zoned patterns of rare-metal mineralization have to be taken into account in further studies.
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Chandrasekaran, Sujithra, Ahmed El-Ghannam, James A. Monroe, and Chengying Xu. "Thermo-Mechanical Properties of SiC-Mineral Binder Composites for Space Applications." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95056.

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Abstract Due to its excellent stiffness, thermal stability and low density, silicon carbide (SiC) is an excellent candidate for fabrication of lightweight substrates for space mirrors in telescopes and satellites. However, the strong Si-C covalent bond induces high thermal stability and mechanical strength which makes it difficult to manufacture dense SiC. Other ceramic mirror materials such as Cordierite (CO720) by Kyocera® and Spodumene (ZERODUR®) by Schott® are characterized by their light weight, near zero thermal expansion coefficient and excellent thermal properties. However, mirrors made of cordierite or spodumene have relatively low stiffness and unsatisfactory thermal conductivity. We hypothesize that composites made of SiC-Cordierite and SiC-Spodumene can serve as better mirror substrates characterized by high stiffness, high thermal conductivity and improved thermomechanical stability. The present study reports on the synthesis and characterization of SiC-Cordierite (SiC-Cord) and SiC-Spodumene (SiC-Spod) using powder metallurgy method. The densification and thermomechanical stability of the SiC-mineral composites are enhanced by a novel in situ mineralization mechanism at the interface between the SiC and mineral binders between 800 °C and 1200 °C. The densities of SiC-Cord and SiC-Spod composites were 2.74 g/cc and 2.61 g/cc, respectively, while the thermal conductivities were 6.737 W/m. K and 3.281 W/m. K, respectively. Polishing the SiC-Cord with SiC grit numbers 400–1200 and diamond/silica slurry resulted in a mirror surface with an average roughness of 2.32 nm on SiC particles. The nano indentation stiffness of the polished SiC-Cordierite composite measured 239.9 ± 20.6 GPa. The stiffness of the SiC-Cord composite is superior to that of pure cordierite (140 GPa) or Zerodur (80 GPa). The average Vickers hardness of SiC-Cordierite was 8.12 ± 4.5 GPa which was superior to that of Zerodur (6.08 GPa) and comparable to that of pure cordierite (8–8.5 GPa). The composite samples demonstrated high thermal shock resistance as indicated by their comparable compressive strength and dimensional stability before and after quenching from 1200 °C to room temperature in water. Taken altogether, the superior thermomechanical properties of SiC-Cordierite and SiC-Spodumene suggest their suitability for mirrors in space-based telescopes.
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Walker, G., A. El Jaer, R. Sherlock, Thomas J. Glynn, M. Czaja, and Zbigniew Mazurak. "Luminescence spectroscopy of Cr3+and Mn2+in spodumene crystals." In Tunable Solid State Lasers, edited by Wieslaw Strek, Edward Lukowiak, and Barbara Nissen-Sobocinska. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.293447.

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Maliachova, Katerina, Nikolaos Doukas, Danai Tsakiri, Michail Samouhos, Lefkothea Sakellariou, Iliana Douni, Maria Taxiarchou, and Ioannis Paspaliaris. "Li Extraction from a-Spodumene Concentrate via Carbonizing Calcination." In RawMat 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023015062.

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Brennan, Clara, Mona-Liza Sirbescu, James Student, and Stephan Hlohowskyj. "Preliminary insights into spodumene trace element composition and speciation." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.8090.

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Oskierski, Hans, J. Chischi, T. Ncube, M. F. Alhadad, A. Abdullah, G. Senanayake, and B. Z. Dlugogorski. "STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE SUSTAINABILITY OF LITHIUM EXTRACTION FROM SPODUMENE." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-383830.

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Chischi, Johannes, Hans Christoph Oskierski, Mahmoud Fathy Alhadad, Bernhard Schulz, Gamini Senanayake, and Bogdan Zygmund Dlugogorski. "The Influence of Natural Alteration on the Quality of Spodumene Ores." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.421.

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Felch, Myles, David P. West, and Alexander U. Falster. "A NEW SPODUMENE-BEARING LCT PEGMATITE OCCURRENCE IN MID-COASTAL MAINE." In 51st Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016ne-271906.

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Brennan, Clara, Mona-Liza Sirbescu, and Stephan Hlohowskyj. "Catching the right angle: Orientation effects on spodumene Fe micro-XANES." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.13231.

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Reports on the topic "Spodumene"

1

Andrews, P. R. A. Lithium minerals - spodumene, amblygonite, lepidolite and petalite. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328640.

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McClenaghan, M. B., D. M. Brushett, C. E. Beckett-Brown, R. C. Paulen, J. M. Rice, A. Haji Egeh, and A. Nissen. Indicator mineral studies at the Brazil Lake LCT Pegmatites, southwest Nova Scotia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331686.

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Indicator mineral research is currently being undertaken in partnership with the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables at the Brazil Lake lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites in southwest Nova Scotia as part of the Geological Survey of Canada's Targeted Geoscience Initiative(TGI) program. The pegmatites, discovered in 1960, are well known from previous detailed bedrock mapping and surficial studies, and are informally named based on their relative geographic positions as the South and North pegmatites. The South pegmatite naturally outcrops, and both pegmatites are surrounded by spodumene-rich boulders on the surface of the thin-till covered (&amp;lt;4 m) drumlinized glacial landscape. For these reasons, the pegmatites are excellent sites to test indicator mineral exploration methods for Li and associated critical elements (e.g. Ce, Ta). Five pegmatite samples were collected for detailed study and analysis of potential indicator minerals. Close to the pegmatite and up to 13 km down ice (south-southeast), 87 bulk (10-14 kg), till sediment samples were collected for indicator mineral analysis. A total of 105 till samples were collected around the pegmatite and across the region for matrix geochemistry. A preliminary list of indicator minerals includes mid-density (e.g., spodumene, tourmaline, blue apatite) and high-density mineral species (e.g., columbite-tantalite, cassiterite) and this list is expected to expand as the detailed studies progress. Trenches dug in the Fall 2022 to collect till samples on the proximal down ice (south) sides of both pegmatites revealed abundant spodumene pebbles and small cobbles in the till, indicating that the local till should display strong indicator mineral and matrix geochemical signatures derived from the pegmatites.
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