Relevant bibliographies by topics / Split-walking

Academic literature on the topic 'Split-walking'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Split-walking"

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Helm, Erin E., and Darcy S. Reisman. "The Split-Belt Walking Paradigm." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 26, no. 4 (November 2015): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2015.06.010.

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Zijlstra, W., and V. Dietz. "Split-belt walking in healthy adults." Journal of Biomechanics 27, no. 6 (January 1994): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)91197-5.

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Long, Andrew W., James M. Finley, and Amy J. Bastian. "A marching-walking hybrid induces step length adaptation and transfers to natural walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 10 (June 2015): 3905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00779.2014.

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Walking is highly adaptable to new demands and environments. We have previously studied adaptation of locomotor patterns via a split-belt treadmill, where subjects learn to walk with one foot moving faster than the other. Subjects learn to adapt their walking pattern by changing the location (spatial) and time (temporal) of foot placement. Here we asked whether we can induce adaptation of a specific walking pattern when one limb does not “walk” but instead marches in place (i.e., marching-walking hybrid). The marching leg's movement is limited during the stance phase, and thus certain sensory signals important for walking may be reduced. We hypothesized that this would produce a spatial-temporal strategy different from that of normal split-belt adaptation. Healthy subjects performed two experiments to determine whether they could adapt their spatial-temporal pattern of step lengths during the marching-walking hybrid and whether the learning transfers to over ground walking. Results showed that the hybrid group did adapt their step lengths, but the time course of adaptation and deadaption was slower than that for the split-belt group. We also observed that the hybrid group utilized a mostly spatial strategy whereas the split-belt group utilized both spatial and temporal strategies. Surprisingly, we found no significant difference between the hybrid and split-belt groups in over ground transfer. Moreover, the hybrid group retained more of the learned pattern when they returned to the treadmill. These findings suggest that physical rehabilitation with this marching-walking paradigm on conventional treadmills may produce changes in symmetry comparable to what is observed during split-belt training.
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Wei, Jiang, Zou De hua, Ma Shuangbao, Ye Gaocheng, and Chen Wei. "Dynamic walking characteristics and control of four-wheel mobile robot on ultra-high voltage multi-split transmission line." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 44, no. 6 (October 27, 2021): 1309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01423312211043001.

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High-voltage lines are an important channel for power transmission, and multi-split transmission lines are the main strength of power transmission. Compared with double-wheel single-wire maintenance robots, ultra-high-voltage multi-split transmission lines and four-wheel mobile robots have a wider application range and greater demand. The maintenance of multi-split transmission lines relies on the stable walking and control of four-wheel mobile robots on heterogeneous multi-split transmission lines. However, uncertain disturbance factors such as wind load in the complex field environment cause vibration of double-split and quad-split lines. The slight change in the line spacing causes the line contact to the edge of the robot’s walking wheel, which increases the friction during the robot’s walking. It also directly hinder the movement of the robot on the multi-split transmission line, thus restricting the completion of the robot’s maintenance operation. Based on the analysis, this paper establishes a mathematical model of the external force disturbance influence on the spacing of the double-split lines. At the same time, the robot walking mechanics characteristics model under the change of the line space has been established. Three different forms of the robot walking online have been obtained through abstraction processing. A method of side friction identification based on fuzzy control has been proposed, through the online monitoring of the friction between line and edge of the walking wheel, the robot walking wheel motor walking force can be intelligently controlled in real time, and effectively avoids the “wheel-line” jam phenomenon under the external uncertain factors in the field environment. Finally, the feasibility and engineering practicability of the method have been verified through MATLAB/ADAMS simulation and field operation experiments. Therefore, the automation and intelligence level of the operation and the transmission system maintenance management has been improved.
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Vasudevan, Erin V. L., and Amy J. Bastian. "Split-Belt Treadmill Adaptation Shows Different Functional Networks for Fast and Slow Human Walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 1 (January 2010): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00501.2009.

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New walking patterns can be learned over short time scales (i.e., adapted in minutes) using a split-belt treadmill that controls the speed of each leg independently. This leads to storage of a modified motor pattern that is expressed as an aftereffect in regular walking conditions and must be de-adapted to return to normal. Here we asked whether the nervous system adapts a general walking pattern that is used across many speeds or a specific pattern affecting only the two speeds experienced during split-belt training. In experiment 1, we tested three groups of healthy adult subjects walking at different split-belt speed combinations and then assessed aftereffects at a range of speeds. We found that aftereffects were largest at the slower speed that was used in split-belt training in all three groups, and it decayed gradually for all other speeds. Thus adaptation appeared to be more strongly linked to the slow walking speed. This result suggests a separation in the functional networks used for fast and slow walking. We tested this in experiment 2 by adapting walking to split belts and then determining how much fast regular walking washed out the slow aftereffect and vice versa. We found that 23–38% of the aftereffect remained regardless of which speed was washed out first. This demonstrates that there is only partial overlap in the functional networks coordinating different walking speeds. Taken together, our results suggest that there are some neural networks for controlling locomotion that are recruited specifically for fast versus slow walking in humans, similar to recent findings in other vertebrates.
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Stubbs, Peter W., and Sabata Gervasio. "Motor adaptation following split-belt treadmill walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 1225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01197.2011.

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Malone L, Vasudevan E, and Bastian A ( J Neurosci 31: 15136–15143, 2011) investigated the effects of different training paradigms on the day-by-day retention of learned motor patterns. In this Neuro Forum, a description and assessment of the methods used will be presented. The interpretation of the findings will be extended and the possible implications will be discussed. Finally, alternative explanations of the possible regions involved in motor pattern relearning will be provided.
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Musselman, Kristin E., Susan K. Patrick, Erin V. L. Vasudevan, Amy J. Bastian, and Jaynie F. Yang. "Unique characteristics of motor adaptation during walking in young children." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 5 (May 2011): 2195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01002.2010.

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Children show precocious ability in the learning of languages; is this the case with motor learning? We used split-belt walking to probe motor adaptation (a form of motor learning) in children. Data from 27 children (ages 8–36 mo) were compared with those from 10 adults. Children walked with the treadmill belts at the same speed (tied belt), followed by walking with the belts moving at different speeds (split belt) for 8–10 min, followed again by tied-belt walking (postsplit). Initial asymmetries in temporal coordination (i.e., double support time) induced by split-belt walking were slowly reduced, with most children showing an aftereffect (i.e., asymmetry in the opposite direction to the initial) in the early postsplit period, indicative of learning. In contrast, asymmetries in spatial coordination (i.e., center of oscillation) persisted during split-belt walking and no aftereffect was seen. Step length, a measure of both spatial and temporal coordination, showed intermediate effects. The time course of learning in double support and step length was slower in children than in adults. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between the size of the initial asymmetry during early split-belt walking (called error) and the aftereffect for step length. Hence, children may have more difficulty learning when the errors are large. The findings further suggest that the mechanisms controlling temporal and spatial adaptation are different and mature at different times.
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Kim, Daekyoo, Phillip C. Desrochers, Cara L. Lewis, and Simone V. Gill. "Effects of Obesity on Adaptation Transfer from Treadmill to Over-Ground Walking." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052108.

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Discerning whether individuals with obesity transfer walking adaptation from treadmill to over-ground walking is critical to advancing our understanding of walking adaptation and its usefulness in rehabilitating obese populations. We examined whether the aftereffects following split-belt treadmill adaptation transferred to over-ground walking in adults with normal-weight body mass index (BMI) and obese BMI. Nineteen young adults with obesity and 19 age-matched adults with normal weight walked on flat ground at their preferred speed before and after walking on a treadmill with tied belts (preferred speed) and with the split-belt at their preferred speed and at a speed 50% slower than their preferred speed. The adaptation and aftereffects in step length and double-limb support time symmetry were calculated. We found that the amount of temporal adaptation was similar for adults with obesity and with normal weight (p > 0.05). However, adults with obesity showed greater asymmetry for double-limb support time following split-belt treadmill walking compared to adults with normal weight (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the transfer of asymmetry for double-limb support time from the treadmill to over-ground walking was less in adults with obesity than in adults with normal weight (p < 0.05). The transfer of adapted gait following split-belt treadmill walking provides insight into how atypical walking patterns in individuals with obesity could be remediated using long-term gait training.
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Reisman, Darcy S., Robert Wityk, Kenneth Silver, and Amy J. Bastian. "Split-Belt Treadmill Adaptation Transfers to Overground Walking in Persons Poststroke." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 23, no. 7 (March 23, 2009): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968309332880.

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Background and Objective. Following stroke, subjects retain the ability to adapt interlimb symmetry on the split-belt treadmill. Critical to advancing our understanding of locomotor adaptation and its usefulness in rehabilitation is discerning whether adaptive effects observed on a treadmill transfer to walking over ground. We examined whether aftereffects following split-belt treadmill adaptation transfer to overground walking in healthy persons and those poststroke. Methods. Eleven poststroke and 11 age-matched and gender-matched healthy subjects walked over ground before and after walking on a split-belt treadmill. Adaptation and aftereffects in step length and double support time were calculated. Results. Both groups demonstrated partial transfer of the aftereffects observed on the treadmill ( P < .001) to overground walking ( P < .05), but the transfer was more robust in the subjects poststroke ( P < .05). The subjects with baseline asymmetry after stroke improved in asymmetry of step length and double limb support ( P = .06). Conclusions. The partial transfer of aftereffects to overground walking suggests that some shared neural circuits that control locomotion for different environmental contexts are adapted during split-belt treadmill walking. The larger adaptation transfer from the treadmill to overground walking in the stroke survivors may be due to difficulty adjusting their walking pattern to changing environmental demands. Such difficulties with context switching have been considered detrimental to function poststroke. However, we propose that the persistence of improved symmetry when changing context to overground walking could be used to advantage in poststroke rehabilitation.
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Sato, Sumire, and Julia T. Choi. "Increased intramuscular coherence is associated with temporal gait symmetry during split-belt locomotor adaptation." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1097–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00865.2018.

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When walking on a split-belt treadmill where one belt moves faster than the other, the nervous system consistently attempts to maintain symmetry between legs, quantified as deviation from double support time or step length symmetry. It is known that the cerebellum plays a critical role in locomotor adaptation. Less is known about the role of corticospinal drive in maintaining this type of proprioceptive-driven locomotor adaptation. The objective of this study was to examine the functional role of oscillatory drive in relation to changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters during split-belt walking adaptation. Eighteen healthy participants adapted and deadapted on a split-belt treadmill; 13 out of 18 participants repeated the paradigm two more times to examine the effects of reexposure. Coherence analysis was used to quantify the coupling between electromyography (EMG) from the proximal (TAprox) and distal tibialis anterior (TAdist) muscle during the swing phase of walking. EMG-EMG coherence was examined within the alpha (8–15 Hz), beta (15–30 Hz), and gamma (30–45 Hz) frequencies. Our results showed that 1) beta- and gamma-band coherence (markers of corticospinal drive) increased during early split-belt walking compared with baseline walking in the slow leg, 2) beta-band coherence decreased from early to late split-belt adaptation in the fast leg, 3) alpha-, beta-, and gamma-band coherence decreased from first to third split-belt exposure in the fast leg, and 4) there was a relationship between higher beta coherence in the slow leg TA and smaller double support asymmetry. Our results suggest that corticospinal drive may play a functional role in the temporal control of split-belt walking adaptation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine the functional role of intramuscular coherence in relation to changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters during split-belt walking adaptation. We found that the corticospinal drive measured by intramuscular coherence in tibialis anterior changes with adaptation and that the corticospinal drive is related to temporal but not spatial parameters. This study may give insight as to the specific role of the motor cortex during gait.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Split-walking"

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Marques, Bruno Miguel. "Influence of vestibular and visual stimulation on split-belt walking /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000282946.

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Altman, Allison R. "A kinematic comparison of split-belt and single-belt treadmill walking and the effects of accommodation." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 36 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885462191&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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CATINO, LUIGI. "COMBINED STUDY OF SEGMENTAL MOTIONS AND THE MOTION OF THE BODY CENTER OF MASS DURING WALKING: NORMATIVE DATA AND APPLICATIONS TO FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT IN REHABILITATION MEDICINE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/820051.

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In the present Thesis, walking was analyzed at various velocities in healthy participants, adults and children, on a split-belt treadmill mounted on 3D force sensors. Each belt can rotate at a different velocity, thus inducing artificial claudication. Conventional kinematic (optoelectronic) and surface EMG recordings from several lower limbs muscles were conducted. This experimental setting allowed to investigate both the motion of the body system as a whole (represented by its centre of mass, CoM) and the power provided by lower limb muscles (mostly, the plantar flexors). Various branches of an experimental campaign demonstrated that: a) a lateral shrinking of the CoM path is demonstrated with increasing age in children from 5 to 13 years. The lateral CoM oscillation/velocity function looks like a promising index of neural maturation. b) In adults, the 3D trajectory of the CoM implies a sharp U-turn (radius of curvature as small as 2 mm) at the beginning of the left-to-right (or vice-versa) oscillation, implying demanding muscular coordination. This curvature looks like a promising index of balance during walking. c) The claudication induced by “split” walking causes temporal asymmetries (“escape limp”) analogous to those found in pathologic claudication (shorter stance time, on the faster belt) but opposite spatial and dynamic asymmetries (longer posterior step and higher pantar flexors’ power, on the faster belt). d) The average velocity of the CoM on split-belt treadmills is different from the mean velocity between the belts. This velocity depends on the time spent by the point of application of the resulting ground reaction force on either belt. This implies that errors were made in the Literature, comparing split walking with tied walking at the mean velocity between the two belts. e) A representative unilaterally paretic patient has been analyzed to give an idea of the feasibility and the potential usefulness of the combined segmental and CoM analysis on split-belt treadmills. Overall, the series of experiments paves the way to a more soundly based analysis of pathologic gaits.
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Toney, Megan. "Adaptation of locomotor control in able and impaired human walking." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54003.

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Extensive research has documented the stereotypical kinematic and kinetic patterns in healthy human walking, but we have a limited understanding of the neuromechanical control principles that contribute to their execution. Furthermore, the strategies used to adapt human walking to morphological or environmental constraints are poorly understood. After a traumatic injury, like amputation, regaining independent mobility is a primary goal of rehabilitation. Without a clear understanding of the neuromechanical principles governing locomotion, monitoring and quantitatively improving gait rehabilitation outcomes is challenging. The purpose of this doctoral work was to identify controlled variables in able and impaired human walking and to compare the control strategies used to adapt to a novel walking environment both with and without amputation. I apply an uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis to test whether likely goal variables of human walking are selectively stabilized through step-to-step variability structure. I found that both able-bodied subjects and subjects with an amputation maintain consistent whole body dynamics and leg power production by exploiting inherent motor abundance. Consistent leg power production is accomplished primarily through step-to-step leg force corrections that are driven by variable timing of ankle torque production. Covariance between ankle and knee torques enable robust motor control in able-bodied individuals, but this stabilizing mechanism is absent in individuals with a transtibial amputation. This coordinated joint torque control also appears to assist able-bodied short-term adaptation, invoked by split-belt treadmill walking. However, loss of ankle motor control and distal sensory feedback due to amputation appears to limit reactive, feedback driven adaptation patterns in subjects with an amputation. Ultimately, this work highlights the role of intact distal sensorimotor function in locomotor control and adaptation. The major findings I present have substantial implications for gait rehabilitation and prosthetic design.
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Books on the topic "Split-walking"

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Parker, Philip M. The World Market for Hoopwood; Wood Split Poles, Piles, Pickets, and Stakes; Rough Wooden Sticks for Walking Sticks and Tool Handles; and Chipwood and Similar Strips: A 2007 Global Trade Perspective. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Split-walking"

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Dragišić, Petar. "Walking a Tightrope: Tito’s Regional Ambitions and the Cominform Resolution." In The Tito-Stalin Split 70 Years After, 33–43. Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu - FF Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/9789531758031.03.

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Leopold, Estella B. "Winter." In Stories From the Leopold Shack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190463229.003.0007.

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Winter at the Shack was always a great time, and some weekends it was a big challenge just to get in. After a good snowfall we would park near Mr. Lewis’s farmhouse and ski in the mile and a half, carrying our grub. We have a picture I especially love of Mother skiing through the woods, wearing her denim skirt and winter coat. What a great sport she was! And she would holler “Whoopeee!” while sliding down a short terrace in the woods. We were proud of her. Skis were not much in those days—just two waxed boards with a leather strap. But they were better than walking, and fun too. Passing through the snowy winter landscape was always, in Dad’s words, a “search for scats, tracks, feathers, dens, roostings, rubbings, dustings, diggings, feedings, fightings, or preyings collectively known to woodsmen as ‘reading sign.’ ” We could often see many of these signs on the snow. I can remember skiing through the woods with Nina one morning after a heavy snowfall and seeing little “bursts,” places where a partridge or two had spent the night in a snowbank and then burst out in the morning to feed. If one wonders how our songbirds survive a cold snowy winter, the answers are revealed on a fresh snow surface: the prairie plants hold their seed pods up away from the snow, and the songbirds land on these dark stalks and remove the seeds. Their dear little tracks show where they were picking up seeds. A way to make a living in winter. For our wood-gathering efforts, our tools were the two-man saw, a double-bit ax with an extra-long handle, two regular axes, a heavy sledgehammer, and two iron wedges. Some of the logs we cut in the woods, though of fireplace length, were too big to carry, so we would split them right there before loading them on the sled. Our favorite place for the cutting operation was west of the Shack, down the slough and bearing south at what we called the “branch slough” and “the fallen bee tree.” Our dog (then Flicky) was always running along with us.
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"general and the taxiarchs came with some of the other soldiers; it was these who prevented us from suffering some irreparable injury, or indeed inflicting it in response to the drunken violence of these people. [6] Now that the matter had gone so far, when we returned here, as one would expect, there was anger and hostility between us. But good heavens, I did not think it necessary to sue them or to make an issue of any of the events; no, I simply decided for the future to be careful and avoid them and to have no dealings with people of that sort. First of all, I wish to provide the depositions relating to the statements I have made, and then to show you the treatment I have received from Konon himself; then you will realize that the very man who should have criticized the original offences has himself taken the lead in committing far more serious crimes. Depositions [7] These are the events I chose to ignore. Not long afterwards I was walking in the agora one evening, as was my habit, together with Phanostratos of Kephisia, one of my contemporaries, when this man’s son Ktesias came up, drunk, in the vicinity of the Leokorion, near Pythodoros’ premises. On catching sight of us he shouted out, and after talking to himself as a drunk would, so that one could not catch what he was saying, he went off up to Melite. It turns out they were drinking there (as we learned later) at Pamphilos the fuller’s place, Konon here, a man named Diotimos, Archebiades, Spintharos son of Euboulos, Theogenes son of Andromenes, and many others. All these Ktesias roused up and set off to the agora. [8] As it happened, we were returning from the shrine of Persephone and were once more walking roughly opposite the Leokorion, when we encountered them. When we closed with them, one of them (someone unknown to me) fell upon Phanostratos and held him down, while Konon here, his son and the son of Andromenes attacked me and to begin with stripped me and then tripped me up and knocked me down into the mud; and they reduced me to such a state, by jumping on me and outrageously assaulting me, that they split my lip and closed up my eyes. They left me in such a poor condition that I could neither stand up nor speak. And as I lay there I heard them saying many dreadful things. [9] Much of it is abusive and I should hesitate to repeat." In Trials from Classical Athens, 94. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203130476-19.

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"them severely. [17] By now they were in the vicinity of Lampon’s house, when I came upon them, walking along on my own. I thought it would be appalling and disgraceful of me to stand by while the youth was assaulted in so lawless and violent a manner; so I took hold of him. When asked why they were subjecting him to such unlawful treatment, my opponents refused to answer but let go of the young man and began to hit me. [18] A fight ensued, Council, in which the boy was pelting them and fighting for his life and these people were pelting us and still beating him drunkenly, while I was defending myself and the passers-by were all of them assisting us as the victims, and in this confusion we all had our heads split open. [19] As for all the others who joined Simon in his drunken violence, as soon as they saw me after this, they asked me to forgive them, as the ones who behaved intolerably and not the victims. And from that day to this, though four years have elapsed nobody has ever brought any complaint against me. [20] But as for this man Simon, the cause of all the trouble, for most of the time he kept his peace through fear for himself; but when he saw me lose some private suits arising from a challenge to exchange property, he began to despise me and with the impudence you see embroiled me in a trial of such a serious nature. To prove the truth of my story, I shall present you with those who were there as witnesses. Witnesses [21] You have heard what happened both from me and from the witnesses. I could wish, Council, that Simon’s attitude was the same as mine, so that you could hear the truth from both of us and decide with ease where justice lies. But since he has no respect for the oaths he swore, I shall try to correct the lies he has told you. [22] He had the audacity to state that he made an agreement with Theodotos and gave him three hundred drachmas, and that I schemed to detach the boy from him. But what he should have done, if this was the truth, was to summon the largest number of witnesses he could and deal with the matter legally. [23] But this man self-evidently never did anything of the sort, but assaulted and struck both of us, he came on a drunken visit, he broke down the doors and went by night into the quarters of free women. You should consider this conduct the firmest indication that he is lying." In Trials from Classical Athens, 86. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203130476-11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Split-walking"

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Fujiki, Soichiro, Shinya Aoi, Dai Yanagihara, Tetsuro Funato, Yota Sato, Kei Senda, and Kazuo Tsuchiya. "Investigation of adaptive split-belt treadmill walking by the hindlimbs of rats." In 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319944.

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Kannape, Oliver A., and Hugh M. Herr. "Split-belt adaptation and gait symmetry in transtibial amputees walking with a hybrid EMG controlled ankle-foot prosthesis." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7591964.

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Karbowski, Grace, Emily F. Smith, Andrey Yu Zhuravlev, Mark Webster, and Sara B. Pruss. "DEAD CLADE WALKING: SMALL ARCHAEOCYATHAN REEF MOUNDS IN THE LOWER CAMBRIAN (UPPER STAGE 4) MULE SPRING LIMESTONE, SPLIT MOUNTAIN, NEVADA." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-379051.

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Handzic, Ismet, and Kyle B. Reed. "Comparison of the passive dynamics of walking on ground, tied-belt and split-belt treadmills, and via the Gait Enhancing Mobile Shoe (GEMS)." In 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2013.6650509.

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Martin, Peter J., and John L. Hall. "Diffraction of atoms from a two-frequency standing wave." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.fr5.

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We investigate the diffraction of a three-level atom from a "walking" light wave composed of counterpropagating traveling waves of different frequencies. The coupling of the two nondegenerate internal ground states by means of an off-resonant Raman transition resonantly couples the initial external momentum state to only one other momentum state. This happens even in the Raman-Nath regime, where the interaction time is short enough that momentum transfer is not constrained by phase-matching conditions. The final momentum state depends on the initial internal state of the atom and the relative directions of the two traveling waves. By using multiple diffraction regions, this process can be used to coherently split a beam of atoms into two beams that are widely separated in momentum space. This type of beam splitter would be useful in the building an atom interferometer.
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Hirata, Keisuke, Hiroki Hanawa, Taku Miyazawa, Keisuke Kubota, Moeka Sonoo, Tsutomu Fujino, Takanori Kokubun, and Naohiko Kanemura. "Verification of the adaptive parameters of the relative positions of the leading leg and the whole body at foot contact during split-belt treadmill walking." In 2019 58th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan (SICE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/sice.2019.8859875.

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Stubbs, Kimberly J., Brendon C. Allen, and Warren E. Dixon. "Teleoperated Motorized Functional Electric Stimulation Actuated Rehabilitative Cycling." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3131.

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Abstract Many people are affected by a wide range of neuromuscular disorders, many of which can be improved through the use of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) rehabilitative cycling. Recent improvements in nonlinear, Lyapunov-based FES muscle control with motor assistance in unstimulated regions of the cycle-crank rotation have led to a reduction in muscle fatigue, allowing rehabilitation time to be extended. Studies in rehabilitation have shown that the addition of coordinated movement between the upper limbs and lower limbs can have a positive effect on neural plasticity leading to faster restoration of walking in those who have some neurological disorders. In this paper, to implement coordinated motion during rehabilitation, a strongly coupled bilateral telerobotic system is developed between a hand-cycle system driven by the participant’s volitional efforts and a split-crank leg-cycle system driven by the switched application of FES with motor assistance. A variable operator is applied to the leg-cycle’s motor input during the FES stimulation regions to provide assistance as required. Lyapunov-based analysis methods are used on the combined leg and hand-cycle system to prove global exponential stability. Analysis further proves that all switched system inputs are bounded, thus the states of the telerobotic master (i.e., hand-cycle system) are bounded, therefore, the telerobotic system is stable.
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