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1
Parthasarathi, T., K. Vanitha, S. Mohandass, Eli Vered, and V. Meenakshi. "Variation in rice root traits assessed by phenotyping under drip irrigation." F1000Research 6 (February 10, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9938.1.
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Background: Roots are the key elements in water saving rice cultivation. So, the response of rice roots are to be phenotyped under varied drip irrigation treatments. Methods: This study describes an investigation on rice root phenotyping under drip irrigation treatments in split-split plot design. Two lateral spacing levels (0.8 and 1.2m), two depths of irrigation (5-10 and 15-20 cm) by solar powered and well operated irrigation were tested using TNRH 180, JKRH 3333 and ADT(R)45 rice genotypes during the summer season (2013 & 2014) in Coimbatore, India. Conventional aerobic irrigation was considered as control. Results and Discussion: An increased root length, root density (length and weight), root Adinosine Tri Phosphotase enzyme activity, root volume and filled grain percentage were favored in aerobic rice under the conditions of 0.8m lateral distance with 5-10cm depth of sub surface drip irrigation (SDI). Improved root characteristics were observed in JKRH 3333 rice hybrid, and root density and thickness favored the filled grains and yield increment in rice by drip irrigation. The 0.8m lateral distance laid out at 5-10cm depth SDI proliferated more roots at subsurface soil layer with significant yield increment in rice.
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Barbagli, T., W. Voogt, W. L. Chen, G. J. Arteaga, and B. Li. "Reducing sodium accumulation in the root environment of tomato in a closed-loop cultivation system using a split root system." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1317 (August 2021): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2021.1317.34.
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Parthasarathi, T., K. Vanitha, S. Mohandass, Eli Vered, and V. Meenakshi. "Variation in rice root traits assessed by phenotyping under drip irrigation." F1000Research 6 (June 28, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9938.2.
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Background: Roots are the key elements in water saving rice cultivation. So, the response of rice roots are to be phenotyped under varied drip irrigation treatments. Methods: This study describes an investigation on rice root phenotyping under drip irrigation treatments in split-split plot design. Two lateral spacing levels (0.8 and 1.2m), laid at two depths of sub surface irrigation (5-10 and 15-20 cm) by solar powered and well operated irrigation were tested using TNRH 180, JKRH 3333 and ADT(R)45 rice genotypes during the summer season (2013 & 2014) in Coimbatore, India. Conventional aerobic irrigation was considered as control. Results and Discussion: An increased root length, root density (length and weight), root Adinosine Tri Phosphotase enzyme activity, root volume and filled grain percentage were favored in aerobic rice under the conditions of 0.8m lateral distance with 5-10cm depth of sub surface drip irrigation (SDI). Improved root characteristics were observed in JKRH 3333 rice hybrid, and root density and thickness favored the filled grains and yield increment in rice by drip irrigation. The 0.8m lateral distance laid out at 5-10cm depth SDI with solar system proliferated more roots at subsurface soil layer with significant yield increment in rice.
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Wong, PTW, PM Dowling, LA Tesoriero, and HI Nicol. "Influence of preseason weed management and in-crop treatments on two successive wheat crops. 2. Take-all severity and incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (1993): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930173.
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The effects of cultivation and herbicide use to control weeds in wheat on wheat growth, the severity of take-all, and the incidence of rhizoctonia root rot were studied for 2 seasons. Preseason treatments were no weed control, paraquat (0.20 kg a.i./ha), glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha or 4 applications of 0.72 kg a.i./ha), and heavy grazing. In-crop treatments were cultivation plus trifluralin, direct drilling plus chlorsulfuron, and direct drilling alone. At the site, take-all was the main disease while rhizoctonia root rot was relatively minor. Glyphosate applied 4 times at 0.72 kg a.i./ha over the previous spring and summer led to greater wheat dry matter (DM) production, significantly (P<0.05) less severe take-all, and a lower incidence of rhizoctonia root rot in the first year than the other preseason treatments. Spraytopping with glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha) or paraquat (0.20 kg a.i./ha) and heavy grazing reduced take-all severity but not the incidence of rhizoctonia root rot. Conventional cultivation resulted in more wheat DM, significantly less severe take-all, and a lower incidence of rhizoctonia root rot than direct drilling. Grain yields reflected the trends of the DM production despite severe yield loss due to head frosting. Plots were split for cultivation and direct drilling in the second year. The highest wheat DM and grain yields were in the cultivated treatments but the effects of cultivation on take-all did not carry over from the first year. In both years, take-all was most severe in the control treatment and least severe in the treatment with the high rate of glyphosate (P<0.05). In the second wheat crop, however, take-all severity was similar in the 2 glyphosate, paraquat, and grazed treatments. The effect of a weed-free fallow obtained by use of a high rate of glyphosate was nullified in the second wheat crop because of a high carryover of volunteer wheat seedlings during the intervening wet summer. There was also a greater incidence of rhizoctonia root rot in the control than in the other treatments, and cultivation again reduced disease incidence compared with direct drilling.
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Moreira, Wendel Kaian Oliveira, Fábio Daibes Borrajo, Samara Ketely Almeida de Souza, Geane Guedes Cardoso, Ana Laura da Silva Luz, Raimundo Thiago Lima da Silva, Alisson Daroda Cassiano, Rian Antonio dos Reis Ribeiro, Leane Castro de Souza, and Candido Ferreira de Olivera Neto. "Methods of Soil Management and Depths of Sowing in Corn Cultivation." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p299.
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Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most cultivated grains in the world. It provides widely used products such as food, feed, raw materials for industry and ethanol, mainly due to the quantity and nature of its reserves accumulated in the grains. The objective of this research was to evaluate different depths of sowing and the use of different initial methods of soil preparation for growing corn. A randomized-complete blocks design was applied in a split plot with subsoiling, tillage, rotary hoe, ploughing, manual weeding and three sowing depths. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) of stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), root fresh mass (RFM), root dry mass (RDM), aerial dry mass (ADM), aerial fresh mass (AFM), while number of leaves (NL) showed no differences statistically. Regarding to stem diameter, the methods with subsoiling, ploughing and rotating hoe showed the best results. In relation to plant height, the treatments of subsoiling, tillage, ploughing and rotating hoe had the best performances. The use of the subsoiling method showed the best results between the characteristics of the plant and corn yield. The corn yield presented better yields with the subsoiled and rotary hoe preparation.
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Azevedo, Alcinei M., Valter C. Andrade Júnior, Daniel JS Viana, Ahmed YAM Elsayed, Carlos E. Pedrosa, Irã P. Neiva, and José Altair Figueiredo. "Influence of harvest time and cultivation sites on the productivity and quality of sweet potato." Horticultura Brasileira 32, no. 1 (2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362014000100004.
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Sweet potato is one of the most cultivated tuberous roots in tropical and subtropical regions permitting several ways of use. Despite its potential use, sweet potato has been little studied. We evaluated the performance of sweet potato roots, forage productivity and its silage at different harvesting times and cultivation environments and we identified the most superior clones under different soil and climatic conditions. Six sweet potato clones (BD-38, BD-45, BD-25, BD-31TO, BD-15 and BD-08) belonging to germplasm bank of UFVJM in addition to two standard cultivars Brazlândia Rosada and Princesa were grown in two cultivation sites (JK campus and Forquilha farm). The trial was conducted in split plots in randomized block design with three harvest times (120, 150 and 180 days after planting). The mean root weight obtained from Forquilha farm was on average 30.2% higher than those obtained from JK campus. Regardless the site, harvesting at 150 days after planting was the optimal time for maximizing root production. The irregularity of root shape increased when the harvesting date was postpone, probably due to greater exposure to environmental factors. Crude protein, fibers, ash and starch, were not affected by local x cultivar interaction except for starch content that depended on the clone and site interaction.
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HAYASHI, Hiroyuki, Kyoko TOYOFUKU, Takiko TAGUCHI, and Atsushi OGAWA. "Cultivation Methods for Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with High Soluble Solids Content Using the Vertically Split Root System." Environmental Control in Biology 52, no. 3 (2014): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2525/ecb.52.123.
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Svoboda, Zdenek, Jaroslav Záhora, and Helena Dvořáčková. "Effects of Biochar Application on Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Roots Under Long‑Term Drought Conditions." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 5 (2017): 1615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765051615.
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The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of applying biochar and activated carbon on winter wheat affected by drought in model laboratory conditions. Cultivation tests of the soil‑microorganisms‑plant (winter wheat) system were focused on understanding the interactions between microbial soil communities and experimental plants in response to specific cultivation measures, in combination with the modelled effect of drought. The containers were formed as a split‑root rhizotron. In this container experiment, the root system of one and the same plant was divided into two separate compartments where into one half, biochar or activated carbon has been added. The other half without additives was a control. Plants favoured the formation of the root system in the treated part of the container under both drought and irrigation modes. In drought mode there was lower production of CO2, lower overall length and surface of the roots of winter wheat compared to variants in irrigation mode. The application of biochar and activated carbon, therefore, supported the colonization of roots by mycorrhiza in general. The Scientific merit of this paper was to investigate the possibility of mitigating the effects of a long‑term drought on winter wheat through the application of biochar or the application of activated carbon.
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Abouzaytonh, Ahmed Mohamed. "Effect of Planting Dates on three varieties of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under the conditions of sandy soil in the Kufra region – Libya." Journal of Misurata University for Agricultural Sciences, no. 01 (October 6, 2019): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36602/jmuas.2019.v01.01.21.
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A field experiment was carried out at the research station at Kufra production project in Kufra, located in the south-east of Libya, between latitude 12 - 24 ° north and longitude - 17 ° - 23 ° south, With the aim of knowing the impact of three agricultural dates (Mid-October, November, December) for three varieties (Nina-Gala-Engl. V) on yield and some of its components and the sugar content under the environmental conditions of Kufra, In the implementation of the experiment, a split - plot design was implemented with three replicates, The following characteristics were studied: Root weight - root diameter (cm) - fresh weight of root / plant - fresh weight / plant - root productivity and total fresh vegetables / ha , Sugar theoretical productivity T /h in the roots . Results showed that there was no significant difference between the cultivars for all the studied traits. The date of planting showed significant effect on all the studied traits. In general, it can be concluded that sugar beet cultivation can be successful under the environmental conditions of Kufra Mid-October.
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Baghersorkhgoli, Baghersorkhgoli. "Effect of Planting on Yield of Three Sugar Beet Cultivars Suitable for Autumn Cultivation." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2682.
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This research was carried out to obtain the most suitable planting arrangement for three imported cultivars suitable for autumn 1- Azoba-2-Veuk-3-Levanta in a field experiment in Kherf city of Jahrom in split plot as a randomized complete block design with three replications in 1394. Treatments The interval between rows in three levels (45.55, 60 cm) was spaced on rows in three levels (15, 20, 25) and cultivars in three levels (Azoba, Vico, Levante) that were cultivating with seed sowing. Results of the pattern The data and their interactions are significant at a probability level of 1%. The highest root yield belongs to Azaba cultivar, with the arrangement of the distance between the rows of 55 cm and the distance between the rows of 20 cm and the lowest yield of the Vico cultivar with the arrangement of the distance between the rows of 60 cm and the distance of 25 cm.
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Mota, Leandro Henrique de Souza, Silvana de Paula Quintão Scalon, Daiane Mugnol Dresch, Lourenço Quintão Scalon, and César José da Silva. "Gas exchange and antioxidant activity accessions of Jatropha curcas L. under aluminium (Al) stress." March 2020, no. 14(03):2020 (March 20, 2020): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.03.p2205.
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The aluminium at toxic levels causes biochemical and physiological damage that inhibits plant growth and limits productivity. Root growth, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and enzyme activity of four accessions of Jatropha curcas were evaluated under cultivation conditions with different levels of aluminium. The experimental design was completely randomized with a split-split-plot design, in which the plots included four levels of aluminium in the soil (0.0, 8.2, 16.5, and 24.0 mmolc dm-3), the split-plot were the four accessions of J. curcas seeds (P1 = Dourados, MS; P2 = Montes Claros, MG; P3 = Alta Floresta, MT; P4 = Petrolina, PE), and split-split-plot in all four times of evaluation (25, 50, 75, and 100 days after emergence - DAE) with four replications. At 100 DAE were evaluated the curve of transient chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) and enzyme activity, the treatments were arranged in split-plot, being four levels of aluminium in the soil and the four accesses of J. curcas. Six readings for the OJIP curve and three repetitions for enzymatic analysis were conducted. The characteristics of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence indicated that doses above 8.2 accentuated aluminium stress on plants from all accessions. The reduced efficiency of carboxylation of Rubisco and the results of the OJIP test indicated that photochemical efficiency of all varieties was decreased. The activity of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase was higher in the presence of aluminium for the accessions P3-Alta Floresta and P4-Petrolina. Our results indicate the greater tolerance of these accesses to aluminium stress conditions.
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Kasihta Jaya, Karla, Benyamin Lakitan, and Siti Masreah Bernas. "Tiller Size and Water Table Effects in Celery Growth on Floating Cultivation System." Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33230/jlso.9.2.2020.499.
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Jaya KK, Lakitan B, Bernas SM. 2020. Tiller size and water table effects in celery growth on floating cultivation system. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(2): 184-191.Riparian wetland is highly available and potential suboptimal lands for an alternative solution in extending agricultural activity, but several constrains need to be resolved. The objective of this study was to improve the diversification of vegetables for increasing riparian wetland with utilizing floating cultivation system. This study was conducted From November until December 2019 in Jakabaring (104°46’4” E; 3°01’35” S) Palembang. The design of experiments used in this study was arranged in split plot-completely randomized design with 2 factors (main plot and sub-plot). Main plot was the height of water table, namely: R1 (1 cm upper raft surface), R5 (5 cm upper raft surface), and R10 (10 cm upper raft surface). Sub-plot was the size of celery tiller, i.e., B1 (big size) and B2 (small size). Each combination treatment consisted of five replication. Results showed that there was no any significant effect on water table and tiller size combination treatments in all observed variables, such as: plant height, leaf area, number of petioles, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of shoot and roots. But, root length was significant different in water table treatment. Therefore, cultivated celery using floating culture system from tiller of parent plants can be an alternative to increase agriculture activity by shortening the planting period to increase vegetable diversification in riparian wetland.
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Namyslov, Jiří, Zuzana Bauriedlová, Jana Janoušková, Aleš Soukup, and Edita Tylová. "Exodermis and Endodermis Respond to Nutrient Deficiency in Nutrient-Specific and Localized Manner." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020201.
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The exodermis is a common apoplastic barrier of the outer root cortex, with high environmentally-driven plasticity and a protective function. This study focused on the trade-off between the protective advantages provided by the exodermis and its disadvantageous reduction of cortical membrane surface area accessible by apoplastic route, thus limiting nutrient acquisition from the rhizosphere. We analysed the effect of nutrient deficiency (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, K, Fe) on exodermal and endodermal differentiation in maize. To differentiate systemic and localized effects, nutrient deficiencies were applied in three different approaches: to the root system as a whole, locally to discrete parts, or on one side of a single root. Our study showed that the establishment of the exodermis was enhanced in low–N and low–P plants, but delayed in low-K plants. The split-root cultivation proved that the effect is non-systemic, but locally coordinated for individual roots. Within a single root, localized deficiencies didn’t result in an evenly differentiated exodermis, in contrast to other stress factors. The maturation of the endodermis responded in a similar way. In conclusion, N, P, and K deficiencies strongly modulated exodermal differentiation. The response was nutrient specific and integrated local signals of current nutrient availability from the rhizosphere.
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Devkota, KP, DN Yadav, NK Chaudhary, DR Dangol, and KB Basnet. "Influence of Spring Season Crop Residue on Productivity of Rice-Wheat Cropping System." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 27 (May 1, 2006): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v27i0.695.
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A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cultivation and plant residue incorporation of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper], mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and maize+blackgram on response of rice to two levels (0 and 90 kg ha-1) of nitrogen and their residual effects on nitrogen management of subsequent wheat crop. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block design in spring, Split Plot design in rainy, and Split-Split plot design in winter seasons of 2000 at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Results showed that cultivation and incorporation of different spring season crop’s (legume and cereal) residue into the soil did not significantly affect rice yield. Such trend was also observed on wheat grain yield when spring season crops were followed by rice in a sequential cropping system. Significantly higher (p<0.001) rice equivalent yield (6.56 t ha-1) and net profit (Rs. 46489 ha-1) were obtained under mungbean-rice sequence. Similarly, significantly higher (p<0.001) wheat equivalent yield (8.74 t ha-1) and net profit (Rs. 44811 ha-1) were obtained under mungbean-rice-wheat sequence. Significantly higher yield of rice was obtained under 90 kg N ha-1 compared to control and had significant residual effect of N on wheat grain yield. Nitrogen topdressed at crown root initiation (CRI) and panicle initiation (PI) stages did not influence significantly on the grain yield of wheat. Therefore, for the long term sustainability of rice-wheat cropping system, inclusion of mungbean in the spring (fallow) season could be considered promising practice.
Key words: Rice-wheat cropping system, sustainability, residue incorporation, nitrogen
J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:53-58 (2006)
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Monteiro Filho, Antonio F., Márcia R. Q. A. Azevedo, Carlos A. V. de Azevedo, Josely D. Fernandes, Carisa R. da Silva, and Yuri dos S. Silva. "Growth of hydroponic lettuce with optimized mineral and organomineral nutrient solutions." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 3 (March 2017): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n3p191-196.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of crisp lettuce in hydroponic cultivation, following the nutrient film technique (NFT), using optimized mineral and organomineral nutrient solutions. The experiment was set in 8 x 3 factorial scheme, with treatments distributed in randomized blocks and split plots, with three replicates. The plots corresponded to eight nutrient solutions, of which four were mineral solutions with chemical composition suggested by Bernardes, Furlani, Castellane & Araújo and Ueda, and four were organomineral solutions, suggested by this research with chemical composition similar to those of the previously mentioned mineral solutions. The subplots corresponded to three varieties of crisp lettuce: Thaís, Vanda and Verônica. At 25 days after transplanting, the following parameters were evaluated: stem and crown diameter, root length, leaf area and number of leaves. For stem and crown diameters and number of leaves, the mineral solutions promoted the highest means. The mineral solution of Furlani and the organomineral solutions, except the modified solution of Castellane & Araújo, promoted the greatest root lengths. The smallest leaf area was obtained in the organomineral solution of Ueda. The cultivar Verônica had the highest root length and stem diameter.
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Cavalcante, Fábio, Geocleber Gomes de Sousa, Márcio Henrique da Costa Freire, Elizeu Matos da Cruz Filho, Rute Maria Rocha Ribeiro, and Kelly Nascimento Leite. "Radish production under different shading screens and mulching." Comunicata Scientiae 11 (July 13, 2020): e3401. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v11i0.3401.
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Shading Screens and mulching may provide a favorable environment for radish growing in regions of adverse climates. This work aimed to evaluate the radish productivity under the influence of different shading screens associated with the presence and absence of mulch in two different years. The experiment was carried out in two different seasons (2017 dry season and 2018 rainy season), in the vegetable garden of Liberdade campus, at the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (Unilab), municipality of Redenção-CE. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a split-plot arrangement, with four repetitions, in which the plots consisted of growing with and without mulching and in the subplots, five shading screens: 50% Black Shading Screen (50% BSS), 50% Red Shading Screen (50% RSS), 30% White Shading Screen (30% WSS), 70% Black Shading Screen (70% BSS) ), and full sunlight (FS). The red shading screens 50% and white 30%, in addition to cultivation under full sunlight, provide higher performance in terms of the number of leaves, tuberous root diameter, tuberous root matter, and the radish crop productivity, regardless of the evaluated period. The applied mulch does not influence the productivity of the rabante, influencing only the gain of dry mass of the aerial part, soluble solids and length of the tuberous root.
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Chotimah, Hastin Ernawati Nur Chusnul, Gusti Irya Ichriani, Wahyu Widyawati, Moh Anwar, Exwan Prasetyo, and Ardianor Ardianor. "The Cultivation of Melon on Swamp Floating Bed in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management 8, no. 2 (July 25, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwem.v8i2.244.
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<p>Cultivating of melon particularly in Central Kalimantan has been widely undertaken by farmers, however, the yields have not been able to meet the melon needs of Central Kalimantan's community. One of the breakthroughs in overcoming the problem is by growing melons on swamp floating beds, namely ambul technology. Ambul is growing media from decomposed floating aquatic plants, constructed with bamboo or wooden as a frame, that is let floating on waters. The ambul based on the consideration that the community lacks access to land for most of the year, which reduces opportunities for growing crops. The research design used was Split Plot Design with three kinds of aquatic plants as the main factor namely <em>Eichornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Eleocharis palustris</em>, and two melon varieties as subplot factors specifically Action 434 and Amanta. The results showed that the Amanta variety grown on <em>S. molesta</em> media produced the highest value of crop length on 1, 2, 3 weeks after planting (WAP). <em>S. molesta</em> was the best planting media for enhancing flowering by 11.43 days after planting (DAP) and weight of fruit (3.18 kg per plant. The variety of Amanta also had the highest value of root dry weight of 1.33 g per plant and fruit weight of 2.08 kg per plant.</p>
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PRESOTTO, RAFAEL ANTÔNIO, GHILHERME ZOLLI ALVES, ELISAMARA CALDEIRA DO NASCIMENTO, GLAUCIO DA CRUZ GENUNCIO, and EVERALDO ZONTA. "EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF CASTOR BEANS GROWN UNDER SALINITY CONDITIONS (VARIETIES BRS ENERGIA, MPA 34 AND MPB 01)." Revista Caatinga 29, no. 4 (December 2016): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n404rc.
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ABSTRACT Studies have shown that some plant species exhibit satisfactory production levels when grown under high salinity levels, whereas others exhibit decreased production due to sodium sensitivity even at low sodium concentrations. The castor bean is moderately sensitive to salinity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the early growth of three castor bean varieties (BRS Energia, MPA 34 and MPB 01) grown in nutrient solution with increasing sodium concentrations (control, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mmol L-1). A completely randomized split-plot experimental design was used, with a 5x3 factorial scheme and three replicates per treatment. Salinity resulted in decreased dry weight of all castor bean varieties grown for 31 days under hydroponic conditions. The dry weight accumulation was less affected at the root than at the shoot level. Nevertheless, the shoot dry weight decreased with the increasing salinity. MPA 34 exhibited higher early growth than the remaining tested varieties. Salinity affected the early development of the tested castor bean varieties, and this effect was more pronounced at the shoot than at the root. Variety MPA 34 is promising for cultivation under moderate salinity levels.
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YOUNIS, Abdulla Fathi, Tariq Hama KARIM, and Hussain Thahir TAHIR. "Impact of Tillage Systems Equipped with Row Cleaners on Some Selected Soil Physical Properties under Wheat Cropping." Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46592/turkager.2021.v02i01.005.
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Availability of improved tillage and herbicides during the last decades has enhanced the acceptance of conservation tillage. The main constrain to this type of tillage, particularly, zero tillage is high level of crop residue, which reduces seeding quality, soil temperature, etc. Accordingly, a study was initiated by equipping row cleaners with no-till system under wheat cultivation. For this purpose, a field experiment was laid in a split-split plot design with three types of row cleaners, three sub-treatments of travelling speed, and two sub- sub treatments of tillage depth. The results indicated that the soil temperature was highly affected by percent of residue left. Measurement of penetration resistance indicated that hard pan was not a potential limiting factor for the crop root development. The soil water was increased by 8.83%, 15.33% and 12.54% under no-till without row cleaner (M1), no-till with narrow row cleaner (M2) and no-till with wide row cleaner (M3) respectively compared to that under conventional tillage (CT). The percentage of soil loss reduction under M1, M2 and M3 were 53.11%, 59.62% and 50.51% compared to that under CT. The water losses were also reduced by 46.19%, 48.65% and 46.86% under these treatments as compared with CT.
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Siregar, Adha Fatmah, Ibrahim Adamy Sipahutar, Husnain Husnain, Heri Wibowo, Kuniaki Sato, Toshiyuki Wakatsuki, and Tsugiyuki Masunaga. "Influence of Water Management and Silica Application on Rice Growth and Productivity in Central Java, Indonesia." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 12 (November 6, 2016): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n12p86.
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Rice cultivation in our study site at Central Java, Indonesia, is constrained by water scarcity and blast disease problems. A field experiment was thus conducted to evaluate the effect of water management and silicon (Si) application (with 500 kg ha-1 of silica gel) on improving rice growth and productivity and blast disease infection in Jakenan, Central Java. Split plot in randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. The results showed that two water saving methods, intermittent (IT) and aerobic rice (AR) increased rice yield compared to conventional flooding water management. Further, IT showed better root growth and hence lodging resistance and decreased blast disease infection. IT had higher yield potential compared to AR although the yield of IT and AR were not statistically different. Si application gave significant effect on reducing leaf and neck blast infection and also increased stomata density (p < 0.01) in all water treatments. Si application did not result in increased yield but exhibited potential towards improving rice plant growth and production. Since Si fertilizer was never used in rice cultivation in Indonesia, the study reveals that IT combine with Si application was a suitable management for rice production in dry season in water limited Central Java region.
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Iriarte, F., J. Fry, and N. Tisserat. "017 Evaluating Best Management Practices for Spring Dead Spot Suppression in Bermudagrass." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 390F—391. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.390f.
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Bermudagrass turf quality is commonly reduced in the transition zone by Ophiosphaerella herpotricha, a root-infecting fungus that causes spring dead spot (SDS). Fungicides applied in autumn typically result in poor to moderate disease suppression. Earlier research has indicated that some cultural practices, including core aerification or fertilization with soil acidifying nitrogen fertilizers, may suppress SDS. Our objective was to evaluate several treatment combinations for reducing disease severity. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design, with whole plots being aerification + verticutting, or no cultivation. Subplots within whole plots consisted of a factorial arrangement of azoxystrobin (one September application of at 0.6 kg·ha-1), trinexapac-ethyl (three summer applications at 6.1 kg·ha-1), and ammonium sulfate (three summer applications with N at 49 kg·ha-1). After 1 year of treatment, spring turf quality was improved in all treatments that included trinexapac-ethyl. Diseased area was reduced from 34% to 21% in plots receiving azoxystrobin + trinexapac-ethyl.
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Irmawati, Irmawati, Imam Wibisono, and Erise Anggraini. "Pengaruh pemberian fosfor di pembibitan terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman padi pada rendaman cekaman." Jurnal Agro 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/6611.
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Cekaman rendaman merupakan salah satu masalah utama yang dihadapi dalam kegiatan budidaya padi di lahan rawa lebak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian fosfor sebelum tanaman terendam yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman padi terhadap cekaman rendaman. Penelitian disusun menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terbagi (Split Plot) dengan varietas padi sebagai petak utama dan waktu pemberian fosfor sebagai anak petak yang masing-masing diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Varietas padi yang digunakan yaitu IR 42, Inpari 30, dan Ciherang. Waktu pemberian fosfor terdiri dari kontrol (P0), pemberian fosfor 3 hari sebelum perendaman (P1), 7 hari sebelum perendaman (P2), dan 14 hari sebelum perendaman (P3). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ciherang merupakan varietas yang paling terhambat pertumbuhannya akibat cekaman rendaman. Selain itu, perlakuan P2 (aplikasi fosfor pada 7 hari sebelum perendaman) menunjukkan hasil terbaik dibandingkan perlakuan lain yang secara signifikan ditunjukkan pada peubah luas daun, berat kering akar dan total berat kering tanaman pada 6 minggu setelah tanam atau 14 hari setelah perendaman. Data yang dihasilkan diharapkan mampu menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam perbaikan teknis budidaya padi di lahan rawa lebak. One of the major constraints of rice cultivation in the non-tidal swamp area is submergence stress, which is considered could be managed by phosphorus application before submergence in order to increase rice tolerance towards submergence stress condition. Split plot design was used in this research with three replicates. Rice cultivars served as the main plot consisted of IR42, Inpari 30, and Ciherang. While for the sub-plot was phosphorus application consisted of P0 = control, P1 = phosphorus application 3 days before submergence, P2 = phosphorus application 7 days before submergence, and P3 = phosphorus application 14 days before submergence. Results showed that Ciherang was the most affected cultivar due to submergence stress. Furthermore, P2had better performance compared to other P treatments as significantly showed in leaf area, dry root weight, and total dry weight at 6 weeks after sowing or 14 days after submergence. The resulted data hopefully can be used as a consideration for swamp rice cultivation improvement effort.
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Świerczyński, Sławomir, Marcin Kolasiński, Magdalena Urbaniak, Aleksander Stachowiak, and Magdalena Rybus-Zając. "Influence of rootstock and grafting method on the grafts success and growth of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) ‘Karl Fuchs’ Plants." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 5 (October 28, 2019): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.5.6.
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Experimental studies were conducted in 2015–2017 in the Department of Dendrology, Pomology and Nursery of Poznan University of Life Sciences. The aim of the research was to study the usefulness of three rootstocks: Larix decidua, Pinus armandii, Cedrus deodara and two grafting methods: side grafting and split grafting for propagation purposes of Cedrus deodara ‘Karl Fuchs’. In addition, it was evaluated how the rootstock and the age of cultivar shoots influenced the level of chloroplast pigments in the needles. A higher percentage of grafts success was obtained on Pinus armandii and Cedrus deodara using the side grafting method. Grafted scions of ‘Karl Fuchs’ produced the greatest number of lateral buds and the longest lateral increments of growth on Cedrus deodara root stock. Side grafting significantly improved the percentage of plants that restarted their growth in the second year of cultivation. The largest number of buds on two-year-old shoots were counted on plants grafted on Cedrus deodara using split grafting method. The rootstocks used in this experiment had a slight effect on the content of chloroplast pigments in the needles. Plants grafted on Pinus armandii had the highest level of chlorophyll B, and those grafted on Larix decidua – chlorophyll A/B ratio. The content of chloroplast pigments in the needles depended on the age of shoots. The highest level of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and carotenoids was observed when needles were collected from the last year’s growth.
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Naraghi, Laleh, Asghar Heydari, Hassan Askari, Reza Pourrahim, and Rasoul Marzban. "Biological control of Polymyxa betae, fungal vector of rhizomania disease of sugar beets in greenhouse conditions." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0018.
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Abstract: Rhizomania is one of the most important diseases of sugar beet around the world – including in Iran. The disease causes a severe decrease in sugar yield and is a limiting factor in sugar beet cultivation. Control of the disease is very difficult due to the long-term survival of its fungal vector (Polymyxa betae) in the soil. In this study, we investigated the effects of antagonistic fungal isolates on the population of the resting structure (cystosorus) of P. betae, under greenhouse conditions. Antagonistic fungi, including Trichoderma harzianum and Talaromyces flavus, were isolated from soil samples collected from sugar beet infested fields in the Semnan Province of Iran. In the next step, their inocula were prepared through reproduction on rice bran. For evaluation of the efficacy of antagonists in greenhouse conditions, a split plot trial was conducted and performed. The main factor was three different methods of application of T. flavus as the soil treatment, seed treatment, and a combination of both methods. The sub-factor was the use of different fungal isolates. To determine the cystosorus population of the fungal vector, seedling roots in all treatments were stained with lactic acid and fuchsine (lactofushine), 60 days after sowing. The number of cystosorus in one gram of root was counted using a light microscope and hemocytometer. At the end of the study, average root weight in different treatments was also measured to select and introduce the best treatments in regard to their effects on root weight. According to the results, the number of cystosorus in 1 g of root was different in various treatments and those treatments containing TF-Su-M-1, TF-Su-M-2, TH-Su-M-1, and TH-Su-M-2 used as a soil application method were more effective in the reduction of the cystosorus population and root weight increase. Among the above-mentioned treatments, maximum reduction of cystosori population and the increase in root weight were observed in TH-Su-M-1 and TF-Su-M-2 through the soil application method.
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Parkash, Ved, and Sukhbir Singh. "Potential of Biochar Application to Mitigate Salinity Stress in Eggplant." HortScience 55, no. 12 (December 2020): 1946–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15398-20.
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Salinity stress is among the major abiotic stresses prevailing in arid and semiarid areas such as the southern high plains of the United States. In these areas, both declining quality of groundwater and cultivation practices have resulted in increased accumulation of salts in the root zone. The occurrence of excessive salts in the root zone is detrimental for plant growth and economic yield. Recently, biochar has received a great consideration as a soil amendment to mitigate the detrimental impacts of salinity stress. However, the effectiveness of biochar to mitigate the salinity stress depends on the feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature and time, soil type and properties, and plant species. Therefore, a pot experiment in a greenhouse was conducted to 1) examine the effects of salinity stress on physiology, shoot and root growth, and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), and 2) evaluate the potential of hardwood biochar and softwood biochar to mitigate the damaging effects of salinity stress on eggplant. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with three salinity levels of irrigation water [S0 (control, 0.04 dS·m−1), S1 (2 dS·m−1), and S2 (4 dS·m−1)] as main-plot factor and three biochar treatments [B0 (control, non-biochar), Bh (hardwood biochar), and Bs (softwood biochar)] as subplot factor with four replications. Results showed that stomatal conductance (gS) and photosynthesis rate decreased significantly, while leaf temperature and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with increase in irrigation water salinity levels. Root growth (root length density and root surface area density), shoot growth (plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area), and yield of eggplant declined with increase in levels of salinity stress. Biochar application helped to enhance gS and photosynthesis rate, and to decrease leaf temperature and electrolyte leakage in leaf tissues of plants. This resulted in better root growth, shoot growth, and fruit yield of eggplant in treatments amended with biochar than non-biochar (control) treatment. There was no significant difference in the effect of two types of biochars (hardwood and softwood biochar) on physiology, root growth, shoot growth, and yield of eggplant. Therefore, it can be concluded that softwood and hardwood biochars could be used to minimize the detrimental impacts of salinity stress in eggplant.
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Kadir, Muhammad, Kaimuddin Kaimuddin, Yunus Musa, Muh Farid Badaruddin, and Amin Nur. "Evaluation of drought-tolerance in some tropical wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) at different osmotic-stress level." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 5, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.46435.
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Abiotic factors, such as temperature and drought, are the main factors limiting the cultivation under the tropical condition. Two-stage experiments were conducted to examine the drought-tolerant potential of some wheat genotypes against the osmotic stress under the tropical condition at the Laboratory and Greenhouse of Hasanuddin University and Indonesian Cereal Research Institute. The experiments were arranged in a randomized block design with the split-plot pattern and respectively provided with four and three replications. The main plot was potential osmotic stress (0, -0. 33 , and -0.67 MPa) and the sub-plot was selected wheat genotypes (17 genotypes). The results indicates that based on the germination percentage, shoot/root ratio, proline content, stomatal behavior, and relative water content, the wheat lines of O/HP-78-A22-3-7, WBLL*2KURUKU, O/HP-6-A8-2-10, and O/HP-22-A27-1-10 are identified to have better drought-tolerance than the others genotypes based on the analysis of responses to parameters observed. The positively adaptive response of some tropical wheat genotypes to drought stress may be used as a potential donor for further development of drought-tolerant wheat varieties under the tropical climate in Indonesia.
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Gholami, Barat, and Mahdi Faravani. "The possibility of crop cultivation and utilization of edible gum from herb (Dorema ammoniacum D. Don) in dryland farming." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 60, no. 3 (2015): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1503369g.
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Gum ammoniacum (Dorema ammoniacum D. Don) is one of the most important food, industrial and medicinal plants of Iran which is mainly distributed in semi-arid and desert areas. It is endangered due to superfluous and unsustainable harvesting methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of crop cultivation in terms of dryland farming and the best operation method for collecting gum resin. For this purpose, the effects of different scarification methods (traditional, concave and staircase) and cut-off frequencies (5, 10 and 13 times) on gum yield of the five-year-old plants were studied at Toroq farm in Mashhad. The treatments were studied under a split plot structure in time experiment which was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The rate of the root gum production and the rate of plant survival in the years after the withdrawal were measured, and finally the data were analyzed. Results showed no significant differences among cutting methods at p<0.05. The yield of gum was affected by times of harvesting and the highest yield was observed (p<0.01) in 13 cut-off times with 31.67 g/plant. The lowest gum yields were seen in 5 cut-off times with 5.84 g/plant. The traditional cutting method destroyed crown buds and caused the death of the plant (p<0.01). Reasonable gum yields and plant regeneration rates were obtained with the use of stairs method which is an easy method to be applied by the farmers or beneficiaries.
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GIONGO, VANDERLISE, ALESSANDRA MONTEIRO SALVIANO, MÔNICA DA SILVA SANTANA, NIVALDO DUARTE COSTA, and JONY EISHI YURI. "SOIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE MELON CROPPING IN THE SUBMEDIAN OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO VALLEY." Revista Caatinga 29, no. 3 (September 2016): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n303rc.
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ABSTRACT Changes in soils management systems, including the application of green manure, are able to increase crop productivity. The aim of this study was to propose a soil management system with the use of green manure to improve the nutritional status and melon productivity in the submedian of the São Francisco Valley. The experiment was installed in Typic Plinthustalf and conducted in split plot. There were two soil tillage systems, tillage (T) and no tillage (NT), and three types of green manure (two vegetal cocktails: VC1 - 75% legumes (L) + 25% non-legumes (NL); VC2- 25% L+ 75% NL and spontaneous vegetation (SV)). The experimental design was a randomised block with four replications. Fourteen species of legumes, grasses and oilseeds were used for the composition of the plant cocktails. We evaluated production of the dry shoot and root biomass and carbon and nutrient accumulation by green manures and melon plant. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the treatment means were compared by Tukey´s test (P<0.05). Shoot biomass production and carbon and nutrient accumulation were higher in plant mixtures compared to spontaneous vegetation. The root system of the plant cocktails added larger quantities of biomass and nutrients to the soil to a depth of 0.60 m when compared to the spontaneous vegetation. The cultivation of plant cocktails with soil tillage, regardless of their composition, is a viable alternative for adding biomass and nutrients to the soil in melon crops in semi-arid conditions, providing productivity increases.
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Ria, Rofiqoh Purnama, Benyamin Lakitan, and Zaidan P. Negara. "Effects of Water Table, Population Density and Transplanting Time on Vegetative Growth of Black Sticky Rice at Floating Seedbed Method." Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33230/jlso.9.2.2020.482.
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Ria RP, Lakitan B, Negara ZP. 2020. Effects of water table, seedling density and transplanting time on vegetative growth of black sticky rice at floating seedbed. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(2): 167-174.Study on black sticky rice cultivation in South Sumatera is seldom carry out. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water table and population density on the growth of rice during seedling preparation at floating seedbed; furthermore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of transplanting time on vegetative growth of black sticky rice. The research was started in May 2018 in Palembang. Black sticky variety used in this research was Toraja variety. The raft used is made from 1,5 l plastic bottles which are arranged to reach 2x1 meters in size. This study was conducted by two stages. The first stage was for water table and population density treatments laid on split plot design. The second stage was for transplanting time utilizing completely randomized factorial design. Statistically, results showed water table and population density significantly influensced root length of black sticky rice and transplanting time 14 DAS haad an effect on the leaf length , leaf width and leaf area.
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Zhou, Jiachao, Xiaofen Chai, Lin Zhang, Timothy S. George, Fei Wang, and Gu Feng. "Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Cocolonizing on a Single Plant Root System Recruit Distinct Microbiomes." mSystems 5, no. 6 (December 15, 2020): e00929-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00929-20.
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ABSTRACTPlant roots are usually colonized by various arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, which vary in morphological, physiological, and genetic traits. This colonization constitutes the mycorrhizal nutrient uptake pathway (MP) and supplements the pathway through roots. Simultaneously, the extraradical hyphae of each AM fungus is associated with a community of bacteria. However, whether the community structure and function of the microbiome on the extraradical hyphae differ between AM fungal species remains unknown. In order to understand the community structure and the predicted functions of the microbiome associated with different AM fungal species, a split-root compartmented rhizobox cultivation system, which allowed us to inoculate two AM fungal species separately in two root compartments, was used. We inoculated two separate AM fungal species combinations, (i) Funneliformis mosseae and Gigaspora margarita and (ii) Rhizophagus intraradices and G. margarita, on a single root system of cotton. The hyphal exudate-fed, active microbiome was measured by combining 13C-DNA stable isotope probing with MiSeq sequencing. We found that different AM fungal species, which were simultaneously colonizing a single root system, hosted active microbiomes that were distinct from one another. Moreover, the predicted potential functions of the different microbiomes were distinct. We conclude that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal component of the system is responsible for the recruitment of distinct microbiomes in the hyphosphere. The potential significance of the predicted functions of the microbial ecosystem services is discussed.IMPORTANCE Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form tight symbiotic relationships with the majority of terrestrial plants and play critical roles in plant P acquisition, adding a further dimension of complexity. The plant-AM fungus-bacterium system is considered a continuum, with the bacteria colonizing not only the plant roots, but also the associated mycorrhizal hyphal network, known as the hyphosphere microbiome. Plant roots are usually colonized by different AM fungal species which form an independent phosphorus uptake pathway from the root pathway, i.e., the mycorrhizal pathway. The community structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome of different AM species are completely unknown. In this novel study, we found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cocolonizing on single plant roots recruit their own specific microbiomes, which should be considered in evaluating plant microbiome form and function. Our findings demonstrate the importance of understanding trophic interactions in order to gain insight into the plant-AM fungus-bacterium symbiosis.
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Bakrie, Muchlis Muhammad, Iswandi Anas, Sugiyanta Sugiyanta, and Komaruddin Idris. "APLIKASI PUPUK ANORGANIK DAN ORGANIK HAYATI PADA BUDIDAYA PADI SRI (System of Rice Intensification)." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2010): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.12.2.25-32.
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<p>Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers mainly NPK causes soil degradation, environment pollution, decreases production, and reduces soil biological activity. System of rice intensification is one method of rice cultivation. SRI main principles are seed transplanting at young age (7-11 days old), transplanting use single seedling methode, seedlings at wide plant spacing ≥ 25x25 cm, intermittent irrigation and field conditions are not flooded, and reduction of chemical fertilizers and application of organic fertilizer. This research was conducted at Situgede Village, West Bogor District, Bogor. The research design was split plot randomized complete block design with three blocks. Two rice cultivation system as the main plot and five combinations of fertilizer application as sub plot. In the main plot consisted of two rice cultivation which is conventional and SRI while the subplot consisted of five combinations of fertilizer application is no fertilition, 100% inorganic fertilizers (Urea = 250 kg ha-1, SP-36 = 75 kg ha-1 and KCl = 50 kg ha-1), 75% inorganic fertilizers (Urea = 187 kg ha-1, SP-36 = 56.8 kg ha-1 and KCl = 37.5 kg ha-1) + 200 kg of bio-organicfertilizer, 50% inorganic fertilizers (Urea = 125 kg ha-1, SP-36 = 37.5 kg ha-1 and KCl = 25 kg ha-1) + 200 kg of bio-organicfertilizer and 50% inorganic fertilizers (Urea = 125 kg ha-1, SP-36 = 37.5 kg ha-1 and KCl = 25 kg ha-1). The results showed that SRI method produced maximum number of tillers higher that of 25.8 tillers/hill or an increase of 64.33% compared with conventional methods. Wet and dry shoot weight of wet and dry weight of root is greater in successive SRI method of 13.3%, 19.1%, 1.40% and 41.8% compared with the conventional method. The number of productive tillers, grain number/panicle, 1000 grains weight, root wet weight and dry grain at SRI method was higher than those in conventional method respectively 58.6%, 37.0%, 2.50%, 25.1% and 32.6%. The uptake of N and P in the SRI method higher at 72.0% and 100% compared to conventional method. Application 50% inorganic fertilizer + 200 kg bio-organic fertilizer, producing more fresh weight biomass, plant dry weight, wet weight and dry weight, number of productive tillers, 1000 grain weight respectively 13.9%, 42.0%, 49.8%, 74.0%, 10.7% and 2.48% compared with the dosage recommendations dose or 100% inorganic fertilizer. N, P and K uptake at 50% inorganic fertilizer + 200 kg of bio-organic fertilizer treatment higher (55.6%, 66.7% and 46.2%) than the full recommendation dose of inorganic fertilizer. Bio-organic fertilizer can be used as substitute of NPK fertilizer.<br />Keywords : Bio-organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, System of Rice Intensification (SRI)</p>
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Caruso, C., C. Maucieri, A. Barco, A. C. Barbera, and M. Borin. "Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and digestate fertilisation on triticale biomass production using fungicide-coated seeds." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 57, no. 1 (September 7, 2018): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2018-0005.
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AbstractCrop fertilisation management using organic wastes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation can play a crucial role in the sustainability of agroecosystems. However, in conventional agricultural systems, agrochemicals like fungicides could reduce the positive effect of AMF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic (biomass production) and environmental (soil CO2 emission) effects of AMF inoculation and digestate spreading on triticale cultivation using commercial seeds coated with fungicide. The field experiment was conducted in 2014–2015 at the University of Padua’s experimental farm (Italy), adopting a split-plot design, where the main plot factor was AMF inoculation (inoculated vs. uninoculated) and the subplot factor was fertilisation treatment (no fertilisation (NF), digestate liquid fraction (DL), digestate solid fraction (DS), mineral fertilisation (MF)). Low AMF root colonization was observed, likely due to the effect of fungicide; the only significant effect of AMF inoculation was a lower shoot density. Dry biomass production was significantly higher in the MF treatment (21.8 ± 1.04 Mg/ha) and lower in the NF treatment (14.5 ± 0.73 Mg/ha) compared to DS and DL treatments, which were not significantly different with an average yield of 17.2 ± 2.10 Mg/ha. During the cropping season, soil CO2 emissions were not significantly affected by either AMF inoculation or fertilisation treatment. The median value of soil CO2 emissions was 447.3 mg/m2 per hour.
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Mahata, K. R., H. S. Sen, S. K. Pradhan, and L. N. Mandal. "No-tillage and dry ploughing compared with puddling for wet-season rice on an alluvial sandy clay–loam in eastern India." Journal of Agricultural Science 114, no. 1 (January 1990): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600071021.
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SUMMARYNo-tillage and dry ploughing were compared with puddling under identical cultivation conditions for their effect on growth and yield of wet-season rice. The experiment was conducted on an alluvial sandy clay–loam soil over 5 years (1978–82) at Cuttack, India. In the preceding dry season, each plot was split into two halves for growing dry-season crops, with and without tillage. Growth of rice seedlings without applying N to the seed bed was faster and more vigorous after puddling, as shown by greater shoot and root weight per hill and a higher shoot:root ratio, and remained so until maturity. This was reflected in earlier flowering and maturity, followed by greater grain and straw yields. These results are attributed to the ability of the roots to obtain more N from the puddled soil.Under high water table conditions, extractable and soluble N in the root zone were not much influenced by tillage treatments. Grain and straw yields after no-tillage were similar to those produced by dry ploughing but smaller than those produced by puddling, although the differences were not significant in some years.Soil strength measured at the end of the rice-growing season in 1980 and 1981 was significantly greater after continuous no-tillage. The decreasing trend in grain and straw yield and number of panicle-bearing tillers/m2 from 1980 onwards after continuous no-tillage, was associated with increasing soil strength. The results suggest that, where percolation losses of water and nutrients are small, puddling, which is capital intensive and detrimental to soil structure, could be replaced by notillage accompanied by suitable N and weed management. However, continuous no-tillage is not recommended for a soil with a lower clay content because the soil will gradually harden with time.
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Berzsenyi, Z., and Q. L. Dang. "Use of various functions to analyse the fertiliser responses of maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids in long-term experiments." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.54.2006.1.1.
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The effect of various fertiliser treatments on the yield of maize hybrids was studied on the basis of 26 years of data obtained in a long-term bifactorial split-plot experiment set up in 1967. The seven treatments (NPK ratio 2:1:1) applied were as follows (rates per hectare): 1. Control (no fertiliser), 2. 100 kg NPK, 3. 200 kg NPK, 4. 300 kg NPK, 5. 400 kg NPK, 6. 600 kg NPK, 7. 800 kg NPK. The maize was grown with the conventional cultivation techniques in continuous cropping. The results of analyses carried out with three different methods (analysis of variance, cumulative yield analysis and regression analysis) all indicated that under the given conditions the yield of maize hybrids was highest at an NPK fertiliser rate of 200-400 kg ha -1 . The effect of fertilisation on the maize yield was significant in 21 of the 26 years. Combined analysis of variance for the years showed that the year effect (quantity of rainfall) had the greatest effect on the maize yield, but although the year effect had a fundamental effect on the yield level it did not influence the fertiliser response pattern. The fertiliser responses of the maize hybrids were described by fitting four types of functions (quadratic, square root, inverse exponential, linear-plateau) to the yield data. It was found that when selecting the best function a consideration of the regression deviations (measured yield - calculated yield) was just as important as the coefficient of determination (R 2 ). In 12 of the 26 years the fitting of the quadratic function was not significant and overestimated the fertilisation optimum. The fertiliser response curve generally has a broad maximum which is far better described by the square root function than by the quadratic. If the fertiliser response pattern includes a depressive phase, a square root function should definitely be used in place of the quadratic function. If the maximum of the response surface forms a plateau (as opposed to a maximum point) a linear-plateau function or an inverse exponential function can be recommended. In the present work the linear-plateau function gave the best results.
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Leoni, Loconsole, Cristiano, and Lucia. "Comparison between Chemical Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management: Yield, Quality, N, and P Contents in Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. Cultivars." Agronomy 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040202.
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To assess the effects of a new integrated nutrient management protocol on yield and cut stem quality, root morphology, N accumulation, nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE), and P content in tissue, a biennial (2011 and 2012) chrysanthemum cut flower cultivation was carried out. In both years, two nutrition management (CNM: conventional NM and INM: integrated NM) treatments and two Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura cultivar (“White CV1” and “Yellow CV2”) treatments were compared. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three replicates. CNM was fertilized using a recommended dose fertilization of mineral NPK; INM treatment was fertilized using a half dose (50%) of CNM plus a combined usage of N organic fertilizer, seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum), and microrganism consortium (Glomus sp. and Bacillus sp.). Yield at harvest (+19%), number of leaves (+33%), leaf area (+46%), number of flower heads (+27%), and total aboveground dry weight (+40%) were significantly increased by the INM application compared to the control. In terms of the root system, the increase was evident in terms of length (+174%), volume (+167%), projected area (+166%), and surface area (+165%), tips (+175%), forks (+285%), and crossings (+464%). The greatest N accumulation, in both years, was registered by INM treatment at harvest: +94% in 2011 and +55% in 2012. Differences in the NM were evident in the NUE, which was highest in CNM (on average 162) compared to INM (on average 142). In both years the P content in above-ground chrysanthemum tissues was in the order of head > leaves > stems, which was maintained in both INM and CNM treatments. A higher yield (138 stems m−2) was obtained in “CV2 Yellow” compared to “CV1 White” (120 stems m−2). Based on our findings, applying INM to chrysanthemum improves yield, cut flower quality, and plant nutrient uptake, in an agro–environmentally sustainable way. A basic economic analysis on fertilizers, cost gross production, and takings difference obtained, was carried out.
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Okasha, Salah A., and Mohamed H. Mubarak. "Evaluation of Some Sugar Beet Genotypes Under Drought Stress Based on Selection Indices." Journal of Agronomy Research 1, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-18-2083.
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This study was conducted to determine drought tolerant indices of some sugar beet genotypes under water stress and non-stress conditions. Nine sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) genotypes were tested in a Split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design in three replications under three levels of water stress 100%, 75% and 50% from plant requirements at the experimental farm Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt during 2015/ 2016 and 2016 / 2017 seasons. Twelve drought tolerance indices were used in this study, stress sensitivity index (SSI), stress tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean (GMP), harmonic mean (HM),yield stability index (YSI), yield index (YI), stress tolerance index (STI), sensitivity drought index (SDI), relative drought index (RDI), drought response index (DI) and stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI). GMP, MP and STI were more informative towards classification of better or superior genotypes with respect to tolerant and sensitive groups. The results showed that the genotypes with high STI, GMP and MP values were suitable for cultivation under drought stress and non-stress environments. Both Yp and Ys of root yield in the control-50% analysis had significantly positive correlated (P value<0.05) with MP, GMP, YI, HM and DI, This indicates that these indices were more effective in identifying high yielding genotypes under drought stress as well as non-stress conditions.Principal components analysis showed that the first two components in the control-50% analysis, genotype Bts 1237 and Temar were identified as the most stable high yielding genotypes in both environments
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Jiang, Chaoqiang, Xuexiang Ren, Huoyan Wang, Dianjun Lu, Chaolong Zu, and Shiji Wang. "Optimal Nitrogen Application Rates of One-Time Root Zone Fertilization and the Effect of Reducing Nitrogen Application on Summer Maize." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 25, 2019): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102979.
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Improvement in fertilization methods, including the optimal matching of nutrient supply and root nutrient absorption by applying nitrogen (N) in the root zone of crop, is necessary to improve N use efficiency (NUE), maintain high stable yield cultivation of maize, and contribute toward future environmental protection. The current practice of split surface broadcasting (SSB) of N is labor-intensive and the surface broadcasting causes a large amount of N to leach into the environment, yet it does not substantially increase maize yield. Root zone fertilization (RZF) has been identified as an efficient way to solve such problems. However, information on the appropriate amount of N fertilizer under RZF for summer maize remains limited. Therefore, in this study, a two-year consecutive field experiment was conducted during 2015–2016 in Anhui province, China, to investigate the effect of N rate and application method on grain yield, nutrient uptake, and NUE of summer maize. The method chosen is not only important to increase grain yield but also critical for reducing N rate and potential loss in the maize cropping system. The experiment comprised six N rates (90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 360 kg N hm−2) and two N application methods in both 2015 and 2016. The two N application methods included SSB and one-time RZF. Results showed that grain yield of summer maize increased first and then decreased with the increase of N rate; however, when the N rate increased to 270 kg hm−2, the grain yield increased slowly or even decreased. Compared with SSB, RZF increased grain yield by 4%, and the effect of N on grain yield was mainly related to the number of kernels per ear and 1000-seed weight. One-time RZF increased N apparent recovery efficiency by 18% (7.2 percentage points) compared with SSB and also improved the N agronomic efficiency, N physiological efficiency, and N partial factor productivity. In the comprehensive consideration of yield target, NUE, and soil N balance, the optimal N rate for summer maize in the vertisol soil of Anhui province was 180–225 kg hm−2 for one-time RZF, which reduced N fertilizer by 14% compared with the SSB. Overall, one-time RZF has great potential for green and sustainable agriculture, and thus fertilization machines are worthy of development and application in maize cropping systems.
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Boetel, M. A., and B. W. Fuller. "Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Treatments and Carry-Over Control of European Corn Borers in South Dakota, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.212.
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Abstract A secondary benefit of corn rootworm insecticide treatments could be the residual control of European corn borer (ECB) larvae. Our study was repeated at sites near Aurora, Cavour, Delmont, and Garretson, South Dakota to assess the efficacy and secondary ECB control provided by 3 insecticides (Furadan, 60720A, & Regent). Treatment plots consisted of single 15.2 m long rows which were spaced 96.5 cm apart. The study was arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates at each site. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted Kinze 4-row com planter. Metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter before applications. Banded (B) insecticide treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath over the open seed furrow in front of furrow-closing wheels (T-band), and were incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow (F) treatments were placed directly between double-disk furrow openers and into the open seed furrow. Cultivation-time liquids were applied using a CO2-powered backpack canister sprayer system equipped with a single nozzle (Teejet 8003 flat fan) hand-held boom. The system was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa. To evaluate rootworm damage 5 roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for corn rootworm larval feeding damage, and rated in accordance with the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. For assessment of ECB control, 10 com stalks were randomly chosen from each plot. Plants were split vertically and examined for corn borer tunneling damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were analyzed along with root injury data using SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure and means were compared by DMRT.
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Kadam, Dinesh. "Novel expansion techniques for skin grafts." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 49, no. 01 (January 2016): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.182253.
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ABSTRACTThe quest for skin expansion is not restricted to cover a large area alone, but to produce acceptable uniform surfaces, robust engraftment to withstand mechanical shear and infection, with a minimal donor morbidity. Ease of the technique, shorter healing period and reproducible results are essential parameters to adopt novel techniques. Significant advances seen in four fronts of autologous grafting are: (1) Dermal–epidermal graft expansion techniques, (2) epidermal graft harvests technique, (3) melanocyte-rich basal cell therapy for vitiligo and (4) robust and faster autologous cell cultures. Meek's original concept that the sum of perimeter of smaller grafts is larger than the harvested graft, and smaller the graft size, the greater is the potential for regeneration is witnessed in newer modification. Further, as graft size becomes smaller or minced, these micrografts can survive on the wound bed exudate irrespective of their dermal orientation. Expansion produced by 4 mm × 4 mm sized Meek micrografts is 10-folds, similarly 0.8 mm × 0.8 mm size micrografts produce 100-fold expansion, which becomes 700-fold with pixel grafts of 0.3 mm × 0.3 mm size. Fractional skin harvest is another new technique with 700 μ size full thickness graft. These provide instant autologous non-cultured graft to cover extensive areas with similar quality of engraftment surface as split skin grafts. Newer tools for epidermal blister graft harvest quickly, with uniform size to produce 7-fold expansions with reproducible results. In addition, donor area heals faster with minimal scar. Melanocyte-rich cell suspension is utilised in vitiligo surgery tapping the potential of hair root melanocytes. Further advances in the cell culture to reduce the cultivation time and provide stronger epidermal sheets with dermal carrier are seen in trials.
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Sery, Drolet Jean-Marc, Bouadou Bonsson, Rachel Gnogbo, Nadré Gbedie, Yaya Ouattara, Hyacinthe Legnate, and Zagbahi Jules Keli. "Influence du génotype et du nombre de feuilles sur la croissance en pépinière des boutures du colatier (Cola nitida [Vent.] Schott et Endlicher.)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13, no. 7 (February 12, 2020): 3144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.14.
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Malgré son importance socioéconomique, la production ivoirienne de noix de cola est confrontée à plusieurs difficultés. Le manque de techniques culturales éprouvées constitue une des contraintes pour la domestication et la culture du colatier. Il est donc nécessaire de mettre au point des techniques adaptées à l’espèce cultivée. L’objectif de cette étude est d’optimiser la méthode de bouturage sous tunnel du colatier (Cola nitida), face aux inconvénients de la multiplication générative. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé est un Split-Splot avec deux facteurs : le génotype avec cinq modalités (5 génotypes) et le nombre de feuilles avec cinq (05) modalités (1, 2, 3, 4 et 5 feuilles diminuées de moitié). Nous avons le génotype en grande parcelle et le nombre de feuilles en petite parcelle. L’aptitude des génotypes au bouturage a été évaluée à six mois à travers le taux de survie et la mesure des paramètres de croissance et de développement. Le génotype L18A1D9 a montré la meilleure aptitude au bouturage avec un taux de survie de 41,7%. Les boutures avec 4 feuilles diminuées de moitié ont eu le meilleur taux de survie (41,7%), un bon enracinement des boutures vivantes (88,9%), une biomasse totale fraîche (4,2 g) et totale sèche (1,7 g) élevée. Le succès du bouturage sous tunnel du colatier est tributaire du génotype et du nombre de feuilles. Le nombre de feuilles recommandé par bouture est de quatre (4) pour le bouturage du colatier sous tunnel.Mot clés : Bouturage, nombre de feuilles, Cola nitida, génotype. Englsih Title: Influence of genotype and number of leaves on the growth in nurseries of cola cuttings (Cola nitida [Wind.] Schott and Endlicher.)Despite its socio-economic importance, kola nut production faces several challenges. Domestication and cultivation of kola requires the adoption of propagation techniques adapted to the crop species. The objective of this study is to optimize kola (Cola nitida) vegetative propagation by cutting under tunnel. The experimental design used was a split-splot with two factors: genotype with five modalities (5 genotypes,) and leave number with five (05) modalities (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 leaves cut in half). The ability of genotype to cutting propagation was assessed by measuring growth parameters. The survival rate of the cuttings was evaluated at six months. Root growth, number of new leaves, height gain and biomass were subsequently measured. Genotype L18A1D9 has the best ability for vegetative propagation by cuttings with a survival rate of 41.7%. To optimize vegetative propagation by cuttings under tunnel, 4 leaves cut in half by cuttings must be used for acceptable success rate (41.7%), good rooting (88.9%), a high total fresh biomass (4.2 g) and total biomass (1.7g). The success of kola vegetative propagation depends of genotype and the leave number per cutting. The number of leaves per cuttings recommended per cuttings is four (4) for kola vegetative propagation.Keywords: Cuttings, number of leaves, Cola nitida, genotype.
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Câmara, Tassiano Maxwell Marinho, and Rodolfo Godoy. "DESEMPENHO DE GUANDU ASSOCIADO À SUBSOLAGEM QUANTO À PRODUÇÃO DE FITOMASSA E DESCOMPACTAÇÃO DE SOLO." Nativa 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i4.6574.
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O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produção de fitomassa aérea e de raízes de genótipos de guandu cultivados com e sem subsolagem e o efeito dessas práticas na descompactação de um latossolo amarelo distrocoeso típico de Tabuleiro Costeiro em Alagoas. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelo tipo de preparo de solo (com ou sem subsolagem), as subparcelas compostas de diferentes cultivares de guandu (Fava Larga, BRS Mandarim e linhagens g5-94 e g8-95) e pousio, e as subsubparcelas por diferentes profundidades do perfil de solo (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm). Os resultados constataram que as raízes das plantas de cobertura concentraram-se nos primeiros 20 cm de solo. A subsolagem não influenciou a produção de biomassa aérea, mas a produção de raízes foi, em média, menor com a subsolagem. Decorridos oito meses do plantio não foram observados efeitos significativos da subsolagem e do cultivo do guandu, isolados ou em associação, quanto à resistência do solo à penetração. Dentre os genótipos avaliados, BRS Mandarim e Fava Larga apresentam maior potencial para uso como planta de cobertura nas condições locais.Palavras-chave: adubação verde; compactação do solo; leguminosas; penetrômetro de impacto. PIGEON PEA’S PERFORMANCE ASSOCIATED TO SUBSOILING FOR PHYTOMASS PRODUCTION AND SOIL DECOMPRESSION ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to evaluate the aereal and roots phytomass production of pigeon pea genotypes of farmed with and without subsoiling and the effect of these practices on the decompression of a yellow dystrophic latosol typical of the Coastal Tableland in Alagoas. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design in a split plots scheme with three replications. The plots was constituted by the type of preparation soil (with and without subsoiling), the subplots was composed by different pigeon pea cultivars (Fava Larga, BRS Mandarim and lineages g5-94 and g8-95) and fallow, and sub-subplots by soil profile depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm). The results showed that the roots of the cover plants were concentrated in the first 20 cm of soil. Subsoiling did not influence aerial biomass production, but root production was, on average, smaller with subsoiling. After eight months of planting, no significant effects on soil resistance to penetration were observed with subsoiling and pigeon cultivation, isolated or in association. Among the evaluated genotypes, BRS Mandarim and Fava Larga present better potential for use as a cover crop under local conditions.Keywords: green manure; soil compaction; leguminous plant; impact penetrometer.
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Blodgett, J. T., W. J. Swart, and S. vdM Louw. "First Report of Fusarium sambucinum, F. oxysporum, and F. subglutinans Associated with Stem Decay of Amaranthus hybridus in South Africa." Plant Disease 82, no. 9 (September 1998): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.1062b.
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Amaranthus hybridus (common name: amaranth) is a fast-growing crop with nutritious leaves and seeds that is cultivated in semi-arid regions throughout the world. In South Africa, cultivation of this crop as a leafy vegetable is increasing. In autumn 1997, extensive tissue discoloration and decay were observed in branches, stems, and root collars of mature A. hybridus in Bloemfontein, Free State Province. Symptoms included discolored phloem, xylem, and pith, black cankers, and weakened stems prone to wind breakage. Examination of these tissues revealed larval galleries of the pigweed weevil (Hypolixus haerens), the main insect pest of A. hybridus in South Africa (1). Six-month-old A. hybridus stems were split and small samples of discolored tissue adjacent to the larval galleries of each stem and the associated larvae were placed aseptically on corn-meal agar containing streptomycin and incubated for 4 to 7 days. The seven fungi most frequently isolated from discolored stem tissues (n = 166) were Fusarium subglutinans (46%), a Phomopsis sp. (11%), Alternaria alternata (10%), F. oxysporum (9%), F. solani (5%), a Phoma sp. (5%), and F. sambucinum (4%). The nine fungi most frequently isolated from larvae (n = 90) were F. subglutinans (46%), F. solani (8%), F. equiseti (8%), F. oxysporum (7%), A. alternata (6%), a Phomopsis sp. (4%), F. proliferatum (3%), F. sambucinum (2%), and a Phoma sp. (2%). Stems of greenhouse-grown A. hybridus were inoculated with the seven most common species isolated from the discolored stem tissues. One isolate of each species was used. Inoculations involved wounding stems by removing approximately 36 mm2 of the epidermis 5 cm above the soil, placing a colonized water agar plug on the wound, and wrapping Parafilm around the stems at the wound site. Wounded and nonwounded (untreated) controls were also included. A noncolonized water agar plug was applied to wounded controls but not to nonwounded controls. Ten plants per isolate and 10 wounded and nonwounded control plants were used in each of two separate trials (180 total plants). Treatments were assigned randomly. Four weeks after inoculation, canker lengths were measured and stem sections were surface disinfected and transferred to water agar plates. The presence of the fungi was confirmed after 20 days. Only F. sambucinum, F. oxysporum, and F. subglutinans caused cankers with frequencies of 100, 100, and 65% (n = 20), and mean lesion lengths of 30, 26, and 10 mm, respectively. Lesions were never observed on either of the controls. Discoloration and cankers were similar to that observed in the field. F. sambucinum, F. oxysporum, and F. subglutinans were recovered from 65, 50, and 60% of the tissues, respectively, and none of the Fusarium spp. were recovered from the control treatments (n = 20 for all). In artificial inoculations, these species can act as pathogens independent of the pigweed weevil and are likely the cause of the discoloration, decay, and cankers observed in branches, stems, and root collars of mature A. hybridus. However, there are no prior reports of a Fusarium sp. causing disease on A. hybridus, and H. haerens larvae were observed in all symptomatic stems in the field. Further studies are needed to determine the potential for significant disease loss associated with this insect-fungal association and the potential role of these fungi in further weakening Amaranthus stems that are colonized by H. haerens. Reference: (1) S. vdM. Louw et al. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 3:93, 1995.
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RUSMIN, DEVI, SUKARMAN SUKARMAN, and MELATI MELATI. "PENGARUH BATANG ATAS DAN BAWAH TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENYAMBUNGAN JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale L.)." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v12n1.2006.32-37.
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ABSTRAK<br />Rata-rata produksi jambu mete Indonesia masih rendah (350 kg<br />gelondong/ha/tahun), dibandingkan dengan India dan Brazil (800 – 1000<br />kg gelondong/ha/tahun). Hal itu antara lain disebabkan oleh teknik<br />budidaya yang masih tradisional, rendahnya mutu bibit, dan kurang ter-<br />sedianya pohon induk sebagai sumber benih. Berdasarkan permasalahan<br />tersebut, telah dilakukan percobaan penyambungan 1 varietas dan 3 nomor<br />harapan jambu mete. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendapatkan bibit hasil<br />sambungan bermutu tinggi, sebagai dasar pendirian kebun benih jambu<br />mete. Percobaan dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Muktiharjo, Jawa Tengah,<br />bulan Januari - Desember tahun 2001. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan<br />petak terbagi (RPT) dengan 3 ulangan. Petak utama adalah 4 jenis batang<br />atas yaitu: Gunung Gangsir 1, Gunung Gangsir 2, Muktiharjo 1 dan<br />Muktiharjo 2. Anak petak adalah empat jenis batang bawah yaitu: Gunung<br />Gangsir 1, Gunung Gangsir 2, Muktiharjo 1 dan Muktiharjo 2. Parameter<br />yang diamati adalah keberhasilan penyambungan pada fase pembibitan,<br />data pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, diameter<br />kanopi, jumlah cabang primer, sekunder dan tersier). Hasil percobaan<br />menunjukkan bahwa penyambungan batang bawah Muktiharjo 1 dengan<br />batang atas Muktiharjo 1 dan Muktiharjo 2, menghasilkan persentase<br />keberhasilan penyambungan tertinggi (50%). Penyambungan dengan<br />Gunung Gangsir 1 sebagai batang bawah dan Muktiharjo 1 dan<br />Muktiharjo 2 sebagai batang atas, keberhasilan penyambungannya paling<br />rendah (38,89%). Tidak ada interaksi antara batang atas dan batang<br />bawah terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman. Batang atas berpengaruh nyata<br />terhadap jumlah daun, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman,<br />diameter batang, dan lebar kanopi. Penyambungan Gunung Gangsir 1 dan<br />Muktiharjo 2 sebagai batang atas, menghasilkan pertumbuhan tanaman<br />yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan batang atas Gunung Gangsir 2 dan<br />Muktiharjo 1. Penyambungan Gunung Gangsir 1, Gunung Gangsir 2, dan<br />Muktiharjo 1 sebagai batang bawah menghasilkan diameter batang dan<br />tinggi tanaman lebih baik dibandingkan Muktiharjo 2. Setelah tanaman<br />mencapai umur 3 tahun, batang atas tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertum-<br />buhan tanaman, sedangkan batang bawah memberikan pengaruh terhadap<br />pertumbuhan tanaman. Pertumbuhan tanaman terbaik diperoleh pada<br />tanaman dengan batang bawah Gunung Gangsir 1.<br />Kata kunci : Jambu mete, Anacardium occidentale L., klon, penyam-<br />bungan, batang bawah, batang atas, pertumbuhan, Jawa<br />Tengah<br />ABSTRACT<br />Effect of scion and root stock on successful grafting of<br />cashew plant<br />Cashew nut production of Indonesia is lower (350 kg/ha/year)<br />compared to India and Brazil (800 and 1000 kg/ha/year). There are many<br />factors causing low production of cashew in Indonesia such as low<br />cultivation technology, poor quality of seedlings and insufficient of mother<br />plants. The purpose of the research was to find out good quality seedlings<br />from grafting as a basic to establish cashew mother plants gardens. The<br />experiment was conducted in Muktiharjo Experimental Garden, Central<br />Java, in 2001. The experiment was arranged in split-plot design with 3<br />replications. The main plot was 4 kinds of scions namely Gunung Gangsir<br />1, Gunung Gangsir 2, Muktiharjo1 and Muktiharjo 2. The sub plot was 4<br />kinds of root stocks the same as the scions. Variables observed were<br />successful grafting at nursery phase and plant growth such as height of<br />plants, diameter of trunk, diameter of canopy, and number of primer,<br />secondary and tertiary branches. The results of experiment showed that<br />grafting by using clone Muktiharjo 1 as root stock, and Muktiharjo 1 and<br />Muktiharjo 2 as scions produced the highest percentage of successful<br />grafting (50%). Grafting by using Gunung Gangsir 1 as root stock and,<br />Muktiharjo 1 and Muktiharjo 2 as scions produced the lowest percentage<br />of successful grafting (38.89%). There were no significant interactions<br />between root stock and scion on the growth of cashew plant. Scion had<br />significant effect on the number of leaves, but, it did not have significant<br />effect on the plant height, diameters of trunk and diameters of canopy.<br />Grafting by using Gunung Gangsir 1 and Muktiharjo 2 as scions produced<br />better plant growth compared to those of Gunung Gangsir 2 and<br />Muktiharjo 1 as scions. Grafting by using Gunung Gangsir 1, Gunung<br />Gangsir 2 and Muktiharjo 1 as root stocks produced diameter of trunk and<br />height of plants better than that of Muktiharjo 2 as rootstock. At 3 years<br />old after planting, scions did not significantly affect the plant growth<br />neither did their interaction. While rootstock significantly affected the<br />growth of cashew plant. As a rootstock, Gunung Gangsir 1, produced the<br />best cashew plant growth compared to other clones.<br />Key words: Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L, clones, grafting,<br />rootstock, scion, growth, Central Java
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Steffens, D., B. W. Hütsch, T. Eschholz, T. Lošák, and S. Schubert. "Water logging may inhibit plant growth primarily by nutrient deficiency rather than nutrient toxicity." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 12 (November 20, 2011): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3630-pse.
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The aim of our experiments was to investigate whether nutrient deficiency or toxicity is the cause for growth inhibition of wheat and barley in waterlogged soils. Experiments using two soils (top and subsoil) differing largely in various characteristics revealed a growth inhibition of wheat and barley in the case of subsoil due to water logging, without Fe or Mn toxicity. Water culture experiments with anaerobic (N<sub>2</sub>) and aerobic aeration confirmed that oxygen deficiency did not induce nutrient toxicity (Fe, Mn) but caused sub-optimum nutrient supply (N, P, K, Mn, Cu, Zn) of wheat and barley plants. In a split-root water culture experiment with barley, cultivating half of the root system in varying combinations of aerobic/anaerobic and with/without K supply, it was shown that sufficient K uptake occurred only when K and oxygen were applied in the same root compartment. We suggest that due to O<sub>2</sub> deficiency in the root medium, synthesis of ATP may be inhibited leading thus to a decrease in nutrient uptake. Nutrient deficiency rather than toxicity appears to be the major cause for the poor plant growth in waterlogged soils.
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Degani, Ofir, Asaf Gordani, Paz Becher, and Shlomit Dor. "Crop Cycle and Tillage Role in the Outbreak of Late Wilt Disease of Maize Caused by Magnaporthiopsis maydis." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090706.
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The destructive maize late wilt disease (LWD) has heavy economic implications in highly infected areas such as Israel, Egypt, and Spain. The disease outbreaks occur near the harvest, leading to total yield loss in severe cases. Crop rotation has long been known as an effective means to reduce plant diseases. Indeed, agricultural soil conservation practices that can promote beneficial soil and root fungi have become increasingly important. Such methods may have a bioprotective effect against Magnaporthiopsis maydis, the LWD causal agent. In this two-year study, we tested the role of crop rotation of maize with either wheat or clover and the influence of minimum tillage in restricting LWD. In the first experiment, wheat and clover were grown in pots with LWD infected soil in a greenhouse over a full winter growth period. These cultivations were harvested in the spring, and each pot’s group was split into two subgroups that underwent different land processing practices. The pots were sown with LWD-sensitive maize cultivar and tested over a whole growth period against control soils without crop rotation or soil with commercial mycorrhizal preparation. The maize crop rotation with wheat without tillage achieved prominent higher growth indices than the control and the clover crop cycle. Statistically significant improvement was measured in the non-tillage wheat soil pots in sprout height 22 days after sowing, in the healthy plants at the season’s end (day 77), and in shoot and cob wet weight (compared to the control). This growth promotion was accompanied by a 5.8-fold decrease in pathogen DNA in the plant stems. The tillage in the wheat-maize growth sequence resulted in similar results with improved shoot wet-weight throughout the season. In contrast, when maize was grown after clover, the tillage reduced this parameter. The addition of commercial mycorrhizal preparation to the soil resulted in higher growth measures than the control but was less efficient than the wheat crop cycle. These results were supported by a subsequent similar experiment that relied on soil taken from commercial wheat or clover fields. Here too, the wheat-maize growth cycle (without permanent effect for the tillage) achieved the best results and improved the plants’ growth parameters and immunity against LWD and lowered pathogen levels. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that wheat and perhaps other crops yet to be inspected, together with the adjusted tillage system, may provide plants with better defense against the LWD pathogen.
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Thiagarajan, M., and E. Somasundaram. "Evaluation of Bio Complementary Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth of Rice in Rice Blackgram cropping Sequence." Journal of AgriSearch 6, no. 02 (May 26, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v6i02.15755.
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Field experiments were conducted to develop the suitable organic farming package for rice-blackgram crop sequence. Treatments consisting green manure @6.25 t ha-1+split application of vermicompost @ 4t ha-1 in four equal splits (basal, AT,PIand F) + Panchagavya @ 3% as foliar spray twice (AT and PI) recorded significantly high number of tillers and highest plant height, dry matter production, root length, root volume and root dry weight over rest of the treatments. The recommended practice also recorded relatively, more number of tillers,leaves hill-1, higher plant height, dry matter production, root length, root volume and root dry weight which is on par with the aforesaid treatment.Therefore the application of green manure @6.25 t ha-1+split application of vermicompost @ 4t ha-1 in four equal splits (basal, AT, PI and F) + Panchagavya @ 3% as foliar spray twice (AT and PI) can be recommended for adoption in organic cultivation of rice- black gram crop sequence grown organically.
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Koyu, Bai, Rajkumar Josmee Singh, L. Devarani, Ram Singh, and L. Hemochandra. "Construction of Knowledge Test on Large Cardamom Cultivation Practices in Arunachal Pradesh." Advances in Research, March 7, 2019, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/air/2019/v18i330091.
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The knowledge test was developed to measure the knowledge of large cardamom growers. All 32 items were primarily fabricated on the basis of indorsing rational rather than root memorization and discriminate the sound knowledgeable large cardamom growers from the ailing knowledgeable ones.The scores from selected respondents were subjected to item analysis, consisting of item difficulty index and item discrimination index.In the final selection, the scale consisted of 17 items with ranging from 30-80 and discrimination index ranging from 0.30 to 0.55. The reliability of knowledge test being developed was tested by using Split-Half method and it was found to be 0.704.
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Wang, Jinfeng, Zhuangzhuang Wang, Fengxu Gu, Huan Liu, Guozhang Kang, Wei Feng, Yonghua Wang, and Tiancai Guo. "Tillage and irrigation increase wheat root systems at deep soil layer and grain yields in lime concretion black soil." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (March 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85588-6.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn lime concretion black soil, a two-factor (tillage and irrigation) split block experiment from 2015 to 2017 was conducted to identify whether their combination is suitable for the improvement of winter wheat yield and water use efficiency. The main treatments were subsoiling (SS) and rotary tillage (RT), with secondary treatments of three irrigation regimes: no irrigation during the whole growth period (W0), irrigation at jointing stage (W1), and irrigation at both jointing and anthesis stages (W2). In combination with a soil column experiment, the contribution of the root system in different soil layers to yield was clarified. The results indicated that both tillage and irrigation significantly influenced the spatiotemporal distributions of the root systems and yield components, while tillage produced the strongest effect. Compared with RT, SS significantly promoted the root penetration and delayed root senescence in deep soil layers. With increasing soil depth, each root configuration parameter (dry root weight density, DRWD; root length density, RLD; root surface area per unit area, RSA; root volume per unit area, RV) gradually decreased, and the peak appearance times of each root parameter in RT and three parameters (RLD, RSA and RV) in SS were postponed from heading to anthesis and from anthesis to filling stage, respectively. The average post-peak attenuation values at soil layers from 60 to 100 cm in W1 were less than those in W0 and W2. SSW1 generated the highest grain yields, with an average increase of 31.88% compared with the yield in RTW0. Root systems at three soil layers (0–40 cm, 40–80 cm and below 80 cm) differentially contributed to grain yields with 78.32%, 12.09% and 9.59%, respectively. The growth peak of the deep root system in SSW1 was postponed to the filling stage, and the post-peak attenuation declining rates were also slowed. Therefore, SSW1 is an effective cultivation method improving grain yields and water use efficiency in lime concretion black soil.
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Kakade, S. U., J. P. Deshmukh, N. D. Parlawar, and V. V. Goud. "Response of Split Application of Nutrients through Fertigation in Pigeonpea." LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Of (December 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/lr-4410.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Among the different production factors, irrigation and nutrient management are of immense importance in Pigeon pea cultivation. Drip irrigation can be considered as an efficient irrigation system to maintain optimum moisture content in the root zone. Split application of fertilizers at appropriate stages of crop growth ensure a regular flow of both water and nutrients resulting in increased growth rate and higher yield. Fertigation proposed as a means to increase efficient use of water and fertilizer to increase yield and sustained irrigated agriculture. The current study aims to study the efficacy of split application of N, P and K on growth, water and nutrient use efficiency, productivity and profitability of Pigeon pea.Methods: The field experiment was conducted at Department of Agronomy Farm, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during three consecutive kharif season of 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with four replications and eight treatments with an objective to study the efficacy of split application of nutrients on growth, water and nutrient use efficiency, productivity and profitability of Pigeon pea. Result: The results revealed that, all the growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield of Pigeon pea were substantially enhanced by drip fertigation levels at 125:100:100 per cent recommended NPK than lower fertigation levels (75 and 100%) and over conventional soil application of recommended dose of NPK kg ha-1. Drip fertigation at 125:100:100 per cent recommended dose of NPK ha-1 recorded higher pigeon-pea pooled grain yield of 4053 kg ha-1. The maximum GMR (Rs.226807 ha-1), NMR (Rs.176604 ha-1), B:C ratio (4.52) and highest economic efficiency of Rs.883 day-1 ha-1.
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Ramos, Martha Cristina Pereira, José Carlos Moraes Rufini, Adriano Gonçalves De Campos, Matheus Pena Campos, Mayara Neves Santos Guedes, and Janaina Canaan Rezende De Souza. "Growth and macronutrient absorption in ‘Sabará’ jabuticaba genotypes cultivated in nutrient solution." Bioscience Journal 36, no. 4 (March 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v36n4a2020-47819.
Full textAbstract:
The knowledge about growth and nutrient accumulation can help improve fertilizer efficiency in the production of jabuticaba seedlings, which is still carried out in an empirical way. This study aimed at determining the growth and macronutrient uptake in ‘Sabará’ jabuticaba genotypes grown in nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in split plots, with four replications. In the main plots three jabuticaba genotypes (J001, J005 and J012) were cultivated in nutrient solution and six evaluation periods (at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days) in the sub-plots were evaluated. Plant height, root length, stem diameter, leaf area index and dry matter (root, stem and leaves) in each period were evaluated. The accumulation of macronutrients in different plant organs was determined, as well as the accumulation of nutrients as a function of time adjusted to the linear model. The results showed that the cultivation in nutrient solution was efficient in the production of Sabará jabuticabeira seedlings. There was no difference in macronutrient growth and absorption among jabuticaba genotypes grown in nutrient solution. ‘Sabará’ jabuticaba plants accumulated (in mg plant-1) 559 of N, 45 of P, 443 of K, 363 of Ca, 59 of Mg and 82 of S. The distribution of macronutrient accumulations in jabuticaba showed the following order: leaves > stem > roots.