Journal articles on the topic 'Split languages'
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1
Kheir, Afifa Eve. "Passing the Test of Split: Israbic-A New Mixed Language." Journal of Language Contact 15, no. 1 (November 4, 2022): 110–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-15010003.
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Abstract Israbic is a language variety that is spoken by a majority of the Druze community in Israel and is characterised by a mixture of Israeli Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic. Longitudinal data of Palestinian Arabic/Israeli Hebrew code-switching from the Israeli Druze community collected in 2000, 2017 and 2018 indicate that Israbic went through a gradual process of language mixing. The process started with code-switching, was followed by a composite matrix language formation and ultimately resulted in a mixed language. Some linguists (see Backus, 2003; Bakker, 2003) claim that mixed languages cannot arise out of code-switching. Conversely, others (see Auer, 1999; Myers-Scotton, 2003) have proposed theoretical models to mixed languages as outcomes of code-switching, and some (see McConvell, 2008; McConvel and Meakins, 2005; Meakins, 2012; O’Shannessy, 2012) have provided empirical evidence under which mixed languages arise out of code-switching. This research sought to gather further empirical evidence showing that Israbic is another mixed language that arose out of code-switching. This study also wished to emphasise the uniqueness of Israbic, which is a mixture of closely related languages. Such mixtures are scarce in the literature (Auer, 2014). An examination of Israbic in relation to Auer’s and Myers-Scotton’s models and general definitions in the literature and comparisons of Israbic with other widely accepted mixed languages reveals that Israbic is an excellent example of a mixed language. However, such models and definitions are based on existing languages that have been subject to discussion in the literature. Of these languages, the majority arose from contact between languages from different language families, whereas this study is concerned with investigating a mixed language from the same language family. Thus, this raises the question as to whether such concepts have the same validity for closely related languages.
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Shay, Erin, and Zygmunt Frajzyngier. "Language-Internal versus Contact-Induced Change: The Split Coding of Person and Number: A Stefan Elders Question." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 274–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525336.
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AbstractThe aim of this study is to contribute to the methodology for determining whether a given characteristic of a language is a product of language contact or of language-internal grammaticalization. We have taken as a test problem a formal structure that is relatively rare across languages but that occurs in a few geographically proximate languages belonging to different families. The presence of a typologically rare phenomenon in neighboring but unrelated languages raises the question of whether the structure may be a product of cross-linguistic contact.The structures that we examine involve the split coding of person and number of the subject, in which a pronoun preceding the verb codes person only. Plurality of the subject is coded by a suffix to the verb, usually the same suffix for all persons. In some languages the split coding of person and number operates for all persons, while in others the split coding is limited to some persons only. This structure has been observed in several languages spoken in a small area of Northern Cameroon. Three of these languages, Gidar, Giziga, and Mofu-Gudur, belong to the Central branch of the Chadic family, while two other languages, Mundang and Tupuri, belong to the Adamawa branch of the Niger-Congo family. Outside of this geographical area, this structure has been observed in Egyptian, some Cushitic languages, and in some languages of North America.Since every linguistic phenomenon must have been grammaticalized in some language at some point, we must consider first whether there are language-internal prerequisites for such grammaticalization. For each language of the study, we show that the split coding of person and number may represent a product of language-internal development. The presence of the phenomenon in a language that does not have language-internal prerequisites can then be safely considered to be a product of language contact.
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McConvell, Patrick. "Mixed Languages as Outcomes of Code-Switching: Recent Examples from Australia and Their Implications." Journal of Language Contact 2, no. 1 (2008): 187–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792525327.
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AbstractThere has been much debate about whether mixed languages arise from code-switching. This paper presents one clear example of this kind of genesis, Gurindji Kriol, and other probable examples, from recent language contact in Australia between traditional Australian languages and English-based pidgins/creoles. In particular the paper focuses on what has been called the Verbal-Nominal split in the genesis of these languages, which is parallel to other cases elswhete in the world, such as Michif. Here the Verbal-Nominal split is reanalysed as a split between INFL (Tense-Aspect-Mood) dominated elements and the rest of the clause. There are two classes of such INFL mixed languages with contrasting characteristics: those in which the new language takes over the INFL elements and the nominal morphology is still drawn from the old language, like Gurindji Kriol; and those in which the verb and its morphology is retained from the old language but other elements are drawn from the new language. This is explained in terms of the 'arrested turnover' hypothesis of Myers-Scotton. The original 'centre of gravity' hypothesis of McConvell related the two kinds of mixed language outcomes to the grammatical type of the old language: whether it was 'dependent-marking' or 'headmarking'. In this paper this hypothesis is modified by seeing the important causal factor in the second type as incorporation of INFL and pronouns in the verb in head-marking and polysynthetic languages. Finally some other examples of mixed languages of the INFL-split type are mentioned, and a research program outlined aiming to detect where this kind of language-mixing forms part of the history of other languages by looking at the current pattern of composition of elements from different language sources.
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de Filippo, Cesare, Koen Bostoen, Mark Stoneking, and Brigitte Pakendorf. "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1741 (May 23, 2012): 3256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0318.
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The expansion of Bantu languages represents one of the most momentous events in the history of Africa. While it is well accepted that Bantu languages spread from their homeland (Cameroon/Nigeria) approximately 5000 years ago (ya), there is no consensus about the timing and geographical routes underlying this expansion. Two main models of Bantu expansion have been suggested: The ‘early-split’ model claims that the most recent ancestor of Eastern languages expanded north of the rainforest towards the Great Lakes region approximately 4000 ya, while the ‘late-split’ model proposes that Eastern languages diversified from Western languages south of the rainforest approximately 2000 ya. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the language dispersal was coupled with the movement of people, raising the question of language shift versus demic diffusion. We use a novel approach taking into account both the spatial and temporal predictions of the two models and formally test these predictions with linguistic and genetic data. Our results show evidence for a demic diffusion in the genetic data, which is confirmed by the correlations between genetic and linguistic distances. While there is little support for the early-split model, the late-split model shows a relatively good fit to the data. Our analyses demonstrate that subsequent contact among languages/populations strongly affected the signal of the initial migration via isolation by distance.
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Lightfoot, David. "The ecology of languages." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 23, spe (2007): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502007000300004.
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This paper discusses the life-cycle of languages: languages die, new languages are born, and languages undergo radical changes in form and structure. This paper considers three changes in the history of English: loss of split genitives, introduction of new inflectional categories, and loss of verb movement. The proposal is that these changes are the result of children's reanalysis during language acquisition, based on the interaction between primary linguistic data and universal grammar. These processes of I-language reanalysis lead to the gradual emergence of new E-languages.
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Hu, Suhua. "The split word orders APV and PAV of Nuosu Yi." Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 36–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20011.hu.
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Abstract Nuosu Yi is a Tibeto-Burman (henceforth TB) language lacking sufficient core case markers. Depending on the telicity and aspectuality of the predicates, its basic word order splits into APV and rigid PAV. To be specific, the atelic and/or imperfective predicates are APV, while the telic predicates indicated by the resultativity or perfect aspect are PAV. This paper describes the semantics and syntax of the syntactic PAV and APV of Nuosu Yi thoroughly; and compares them to other TB languages in terms of role marking strategies. I propose that the conditions of split word order in Nuosu Yi are on a par with those of the split ergativity encoded by the morphological marking in Tibetan and some other TB languages; namely, the rigid PAV corresponds to the ergative alignment, and the rigid APV corresponds to the accusative alignment. The study will deepen Nuosu Yi’s morpho-syntax study and show the word order diversity to the studies of linguistic typology. Additionally, the study sheds light on the possibility of extending the definition of ergativity and its potential counterpart.
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Bowern, Claire. "Two Missing Pieces in a Nyulnyulan Jigsaw Puzzle." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.528.
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Nyulnyulan is a fairly closeknit language family of northwestern Australia. It has been suggested that the family may be an old dialect continuum. While most classifications have recognized two branches, the languages in the middle were all but unattested. It has therefore proven difficult to judge whether the two branches are a result of a tree?like split, or a consequence of missing data. I show from previously missing data that Nyulnyulan is not a dialect chain; there is a clear split even when considering data from the middle languages. This is further evidence that Australian languages are not outside the methods of traditional historical linguistics.
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Yan, Qiqi. "Classifying regular languages by a split game." Theoretical Computer Science 374, no. 1-3 (April 2007): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2006.12.041.
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Kahnemuyipour, Arsalan, and Mansour Shabani. "Split noun phrase topicalization in Eshkevarat Gilaki." Linguistic Review 35, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 625–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2018-2003.
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AbstractSplit noun phrase topicalizationhas been the subject of intense studies across languages in the syntactic literature of the last few decades. One of the key questions raised for these constructions is whether they involve syntactic movement or base-generation. This paper explores this phenomenon in two understudied Iranian languages, Gilaki (Northwestern Iranian, Caspien) and Persian. In particular, we explore splits in two contexts, possessive constructions and numeral constructions. We develop diagnostics for distinguishing the two derivational possibilities, movement or base-generation, for the cases under investigation. We show that while Gilaki uses both derivational possibilities, movement in possessor split and base-generation in numeral split, Persian only allows for the latter with very similar behavior. We argue that possessor split occurs when the whole possessum DP/DemP moves out of its base position in a small clause. Numeral split occurs when the NP is replaced by a null nominal element, which is associated with an overt or pragmatic antecedent. We end the paper with a discussion of why an operation, movement or base-generation, is available for one construction but not the other.
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Gierut, Judith A. "Sound change: A phonemic split in a misarticulating child." Applied Psycholinguistics 7, no. 1 (March 1986): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400007189.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to report a clinically induced phonemic split (i.e., the restructuring of allophones as distinct phonemes) by presenting longitudinal data from a functionally misarticulating child. For this child, three qualitatively and quantitatively distinct stages were observed relative to the acquisition of the phonemic split: 1. complementary distribution (allophones of the same phoneme); 2. position-specific free variation (intermediate to a phonemic split); and 3. phonemic distinction for some, but not all morphemes (phonemic split).The results of this clinical case study, documenting the nature and development of a phonemic split, have implications for related phenomena in normal language acquisition, second-language learning, and sound change in primary languages.
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TUNCAY, ÇAĞLAR. "MODEL OF WORLD: HER CITIES, LANGUAGES AND COUNTRIES." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 03 (March 2008): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108012261.
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The time evolution of Earth with her cities, languages and countries is considered in terms of the multiplicative noise1 and the fragmentation processes, where the related families, size distributions, lifetimes, bilinguals, etc. are studied. Earlier we treated the cities and the languages differently (and as connected; languages split since cities split, etc.). Hence, two distributions are obtained in the same computation at the same time. The same approach is followed here and Pareto–Zipf law for the distribution of the cities, log-normal for the languages, decreasing exponential for the city families (countries) in the rank order over population, and power law -2 for the language families over the number of languages in rank order are obtained theoretically in this combination for the first time (up to our knowledge) in the literature; all of which are in good agreement with the present empirical data.
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Poudel, Tikaram. "The Semantics of the Ergative in Nepali." Gipan 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gipan.v3i2.48900.
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The semantics of the ergative in Nepali, a modern Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, Bhutan and in some states of India, differs from other New Indo-Aryan languages of the region. In the Western and Central New Indo-Aryan languages (e.g., Hindi-Urdu, Panjabi, etc.), aspectual split determines the ergative system (Beames 1872-79, Kellogg 1893, Hook 1992, Dixon 1994, Peterson 1998, Bynon 2005, Butt 2006). In these languages such as Hindi-Urdu, the (agentive) subject in the perfective transitive clauses gets ergative marking and the verb agrees with the object. However, Nepali defies these prevalent trends of ergative marking of New Indo-Aryan languages. In several contexts, the Nepali ergative is typologically unexpected, for example, arguments of participialized clauses or nominalizations. Unlike its sister languages, in some contexts, the subjects of transitive clauses in non-past tenses get ergative marking whereas, in some other contexts, they are marked with nominative case. This split ergative system in non-past tenses can be explained in terms of semantic notions of individual-level and stage-level predications.
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Mohammadirad, Masoud. "Predicative possession across Western Iranian languages." Folia Linguistica 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 497–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2020-2038.
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Abstract This paper offers a first systematic investigation of predicative possessive constructions across Western Iranian languages. The notion of possession is conceived as a prototypical domain. It is shown that investigated languages are classified into two major areally distributed groups with respect to predicative possessive constructions: (i) “be”-verb languages, (ii) “have”-verb languages. “Have”-possessives, which originated from “action schema”, are argued to have superseded the archaic “be”-possessives, which trigger a non-canonical marking of the possessor argument. However, “have”-verb languages have preserved relics of the older “be”-possessive in some neighbouring domains to possession. In addition, two languages exhibit possession split and are in transition from “be”-possession to “have”-possession: these languages demonstrate the effect of alienability/inalienability in such a split.
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Verkerk, Annemarie. "Detecting non-tree-like signal using multiple tree topologies." Journal of Historical Linguistics 9, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 9–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17009.ver.
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Abstract Recent applications of phylogenetic methods to historical linguistics have been criticized for assuming a tree structure in which ancestral languages differentiate and split up into daughter languages, while language evolution is inherently non-tree-like (François 2014; Blench 2015: 32–33). This article attempts to contribute to this debate by discussing the use of the multiple topologies method (Pagel & Meade 2006a) implemented in BayesPhylogenies (Pagel & Meade 2004). This method is applied to lexical datasets from four different language families: Austronesian (Gray, Drummond & Greenhill 2009), Sinitic (Ben Hamed & Wang 2006), Indo-European (Bouckaert et al. 2012), and Japonic (Lee & Hasegawa 2011). Evidence for multiple topologies is found in all families except, surprisingly, Austronesian. It is suggested that reticulation may arise from a number of processes, including dialect chain break-up, borrowing (both shortly after language splits and later on), incomplete lineage sorting, and characteristics of lexical datasets. It is shown that the multiple topologies method is a useful tool to study the dynamics of language evolution.
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Stolova, Natalya I. "Italian split intransitivity and image schemas." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 5 (November 29, 2007): 77–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.5.05sto.
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This paper explores the choice between the auxiliaries BE and HAVE with Italian intransitive verbs. Most attempts to account for split intransitivity in Italian, as well as in other Romance languages, can be roughly grouped into two categories: the syntactic perspective and the semantic view. In this article I propose that instead of attempting to identify one single parameter responsible for the choice between BE and HAVE, the Romanists should, as our colleagues in other language families have already done, consider the auxiliary selection in terms of a combination of motivations related to the speakers’ conceptualization of the event and to their access to the relevant image schema. This proposition prompts us to reassess the conclusions previously reached by researchers working with aphasic subjects. In addition, it fosters integration between cognitive linguistics and neuroscience by providing a solution to the so-called “Granularity Mismatch Problem.”
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Kibrik, Andrej A. "A Program for the Preservation and Revitalization of the Languages of Russia." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-2-507-527.
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This article presents the Program for the Preservation and Revitalization of the Languages of Russia proposed by the Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences (the Program). The Program is based on knowledge accumulated in linguistics in domains such as linguistic diversity, language endangerment, and language preservation methods. According to a recent assessment, there are 150 to 160 languages of Russia. This number of languages, even though quite high, is manageable for a national language preservation Program. Languages are rapidly becoming extinct worldwide, and Russia is no exception to this trend. The following terms are used to categorize languages according to risk of extinction: safe languages, endangered languages, severely endangered languages, and nearly extinct languages. There are several important humanitarian and scientific reasons for engaging in language preservation. The central idea of the Program is to boost intergenerational language transmission wherever feasible. Various approaches to different language situations are envisaged, including enlightenment campaigns, language nests, and language documentation. Three necessary conditions for language revitalization include engaging local activists, administrative and financial support, and the scientific validity of the methodology. The Programs 12-year roadmap is split into three stages. There are a number of favorable factors making the Program feasible, as well as a number of potential obstacles. We have a historic opportunity to preserve languages spoken in Russia, and this is an opportunity that must be used.
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Bubenik, Vit. "An Interpretation of Split Ergativity in Indo-Iranian Languages." Diachronica 6, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 181–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.6.2.03bub.
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SUMMARY This paper investigates three problems related to the phenomenon of split ergativity in several Indo-Iranian languages. (1) In ergative tenses Pashto and Kashmiri belong to the canonical ergative-absolutive type — irrespective of the definiteness of the nominal P(atient) — while Sindhî and LahndS pattern erga-tively only if P is indefinite. (2) In the case of pronominal arguments the rare antiabsolutive encodes the transitive Subject in ergative tenses and O in non-ergative tenses; the superabsolutive encodes the intransitive S, O in ergative tenses and the transitive S in non-ergative tenses. The Sindhf and Lahnda systems are based on the antiabsolutive without any traces of the superabsolutive. In Section (3) some historical evidence for the antiabsolutive patterning of pronominal clitics in both Middle Indie and Middle Iranian is presented. However, only in Middle Iranian there are some instances of the incipient superabsolutive which are evaluated as an ancestor of the contemporary Pashto superabsolutive (cf. zeyem "I am" and ze=ye vulid=em "he saw me" where the marker of the ergative O = em is a recategorized clitic form of the copula; originally I=his seen=am). RÉSUMÉ Cet article étudie trois problèmes liés au phénomène de l'ergativité partielle en plusieurs langues indo-iraniennes. (1) Aux temps ergatifs, le pachto et le cachemiri appartiennent au type canonique ergatif-absolutif— sans tenir compte de la nature définie-indéfinie du P(atient) nominal — tandis que le sindhi et lahnda appartiennent à ce type-ci seulement en cas du P indéfini. (2) En pachto et en cachemiri, pour les arguments pronominaux le type rare anti-absolutif-hyper-absolutif s'avère en quelques personnes du verbe (deux Ps sont a distinguer, à savoir, l'O(bjet) du predicat transitif aux temps ergatifs, pas aux temps non-ergatifs. L'anti-absolutif encode le S(ujet) transitif aux temps ergatifs et l'O aux temps non-ergatifs; le hyper-absolutif encode le S intransitif, l'O aux temps ergatifs et le S transitif aux temps non-ergatifs. Les systèmes du sindhi et du lahnda sont basés sur l'anti-absolutif sans aucune trace du hyper-absolutif. Dans (3) l'évidence historique pour le comportement antiabsolutif des clitiques pronominaux en moyen indien et iranien est présentée. En moyen iranien uniquement, il y a quelques exemples du hyper-absolutif naissant. Ceux-ci sont considérés comme le devancier du hyper-absolutif en pachto contemporain (cf. ze yem "je suis" et ze-ye vúlid-em "il m'a vu" où le suffixe de l'O ergatif -dm est la forme clitique de la copule récate-gorisée; originellement je=son vu=suis). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Aufsatz werden drei Probleme untersucht, die sich auf das Phänomen der gespaltenen Ergativität in einzelnen indo-iranischen Sprachen beziehen. (1) In den ergativen Tempora — ungeachtet der Bestimmtheit des nominalen P(atienten) — gehören Puschtu und Kaschmiri zum kanonischen ergativ-absolutivischen Typus, während Sindhf und Lahnda nur dann, wenn P unbestimmt ist, zu diesem Typus gehören. (2) Im Falle der pronominalen Argumente ergibt sich der seltene antiabsolutiv-superabsolutivische Typus in verschiedenen Personen in Puschtu und Kaschmiri (zwei verschiedene Ps werden unterschieden: das O(bjekt) der transitiven Prädikate in ergativen im Gegensatz zu nicht-ergativen Tempora). Der Antiabsolutiv grammatikalisiert das transitive S(ubjekt) in ergativen und das O in nicht-ergativen Tempora; der Superabsolutiv grammatikalisiert das intransitive S, O in ergativen und das transitive S in nicht-ergativen Tempora. Die Système des Sindhf und Lahnda beruhen auf dem Antiabsolutiv ohne etwaige Spuren des Superabsolutivs auf-zuweisen. In (3) wird der historische Nachweis fur das antiabsolutivische Ver-halten der pronominalen Enklitika im Mittelindischen und Mitteliranischen geführt. Nur das Mitteliranische bietet ein paar Beispiele des in der Ent-wicklung befindlichen Superabsolutivs an, die hier als Vorfahr des Superabsolutivs im heutigen Puschtu beurteilt werden (vgl. ze yem "Ich bin" und ze-ye vúlid-em "er sah mich", wo das Merkmal des ergativen O =am eine rekate-gorisierte klitische Form der Kopula ist; ursprunglich: Ich=sein gesehe-ner=bin).
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Sychev, Roman V. "Morphosyntactic features of progressive in the K’iche’an languages of the Mayan family." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 594–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0176.
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Abstract The article deals with the morphosyntactic features of the aspectual category of progressive in K’iche’an languages. The analysis is carried out using methods of intragenetic typology. It is proposed to clarify Vinogradov’s classification of progressive in the Mayan languages in relation to the K’iche’an group. Three types of K’iche’an progressive as well as three strategies for the distribution of ergative–absolutive markers in the progressive are proposed. The boundary between the uniclausal and biclausal analyses of complex aspect constructions in Mayan languages is proposed. The application to K’iche’an languages Robert Dixon’s generalization for aspectually based split ergativity is also described. Three strategies of verb argument marking in the progressive constructions are determined. It was found out that all aspectually conditioned splits in the ergative–absolutive strategy of argument marking in K’iche’an languages are observed in progressive (or historically progressive) constructions.
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Yang, Cathryn, James N. Stanford, and Zhengyu Yang. "A sociotonetic study of Lalo tone split in progress." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 1, no. 1 (May 18, 2015): 52–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.1.1.03yan.
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Since Labov’s early work (e.g., 1963, 1966), sociolinguists have frequently examined change in progress on the segmental level, but much less is known about tone change in progress. The present study finds evidence of a tone split in progress in Lalo, a Tibeto-Burman language of China. While many of the world’s tone languages show historical evidence of tone splits, to our knowledge this is the first time that a tone split has been observed while it is occurring, making it possible to closely examine phonological, social, and perceptual factors. In this sociotonetic study of Lalo, 2,938 tone tokens were extracted from recordings of 38 speakers and analyzed in terms of age, sex, and educational level. Multifactorial analyses show that the temporal extent of voiced stops’ depression of Tone 1 F0 is increasing in apparent time, especially among women, while VOT of voiced stops is decreasing as educational levels improve, giving speakers more contact with Mandarin Chinese. The same 38 speakers were also given a perceptual identification task in which F0 was systematically adjusted. Mixed-effects modeling showed that listeners used multiple acoustic cues (consonant voicing, F0 onset, and F0 shape) to identify the voiced initial. These findings suggest that Lalo is undergoing a tone split that follows Beddor’s (2009) coarticulatory path to sound change.
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Jakobsen, Per. "Syllable structure." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864135j.
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In traditional structuralist understanding, language is a system of signs i.e. an inseparable unity of content and expression. According to glossematic linguistic theory, the dichotomy of form and substance in the content has its parallel in the expression. The present paper shows that in one language certain consonant clusters within the syllable are allowed, in other languages they are not. The phonotactic structure, i.e. the rules of forming syllables decide the forming of new words and identify the language at the same time. This fundamental syllable structure shows that it is scientifically untenable to maintain that the Serbo-Croatian language has split up in several new languages. .
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Foley, William. "Semantic parameters and the unaccusative split in the Austronesian language family." Studies in Language 29, no. 2 (August 2, 2005): 385–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.29.2.05fol.
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A fundamental issue facing all models of grammar is the mapping problem: how to link the semantic arguments defined by the lexical verb in a clause to their formal realizations in morphosyntax. This paper investigates this problem across a range of intransitive verb types, often grouped into unergative and unaccusative classes. It demonstrates that the criteria which determine this split vary across the Austronesian languages investigated, but that a strict hierarchy, putatively universal, of semantic parameters will predict exactly where the various splits can be drawn.
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DEAL, AMY ROSE. "Person-based split ergativity in Nez Perce is syntactic." Journal of Linguistics 52, no. 3 (June 11, 2015): 533–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000031.
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Nez Perce is one among many ergative languages that consistently use nominative case, rather than ergative, for 1st and 2nd person transitive subjects. Two major lines of analysis have been proposed for the synchronic grammar of this type of ergative split. Morphological analyses approach the phenomenon as a case of syncretism between ergative and nominative in 1st and 2nd person; all transitive subjects are assigned an identical syntax. Syntactic analyses posit a featural or structural distinction between 3rd person subjects and 1st and 2nd person subjects, or the clauses containing them. On the basis of modification and coordination patterns, I argue that person-based split ergativity in Nez Perce requires a syntactic analysis. Comparison of the Nez Perce data with recent findings by Legate (2014) reveals variation among languages showing person-based split ergativity: some languages require a morphological analysis, and some (like Nez Perce) require a syntactic analysis. A treatment of the syntactic type of person-based split ergativity is proposed, making use of person-sensitive phrase structure as introduced by Bianchi (2006) and Merchant (2006).
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Haspelmath, Martin. "Role-reference associations and the explanation of argument coding splits." Linguistics 59, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 123–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0252.
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Abstract Argument coding splits such as differential (= split) object marking and split ergative marking have long been known to be universal tendencies, but the generalizations have not been formulated in their full generality before. In particular, ditransitive constructions have rarely been taken into account, and scenario splits have often been treated separately. Here I argue that all these patterns can be understood in terms of the usual association of role rank (highly ranked A and R, low-ranked P and T) and referential prominence (locuphoric person, animacy, definiteness, etc.). At the most general level, the role-reference association universal says that deviations from usual associations of role rank and referential prominence tend to be coded by longer grammatical forms. In other words, A and R tend to be referentially prominent in language use, while P and T are less prominent, and when less usual associations need to be expressed, languages often require special coding by means of additional flags (case-markers and adpositions) or additional verbal voice coding (e.g., inverse or passive markers). I argue that role-reference associations are an instance of the even more general pattern of form-frequency correspondences, and that the resulting coding asymmetries can all be explained by frequency-based predictability and coding efficiency.
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Broadwell, George Aaron, and Jack Martin. "The Clitic/Agreement Split: Asymmetries in Choctaw Person Marking." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 19, no. 2 (June 25, 1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v19i2.1556.
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Bardagil-Mas, Bernat, and Charlotte Lindenbergh. "Realigning alignment." Linguistics in the Netherlands 35 (December 3, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00001.bar.
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Abstract We analyse case marking in the Jê language family (Brazilian Amazonia) with the new completeness alignment typology proposed by Lindenbergh & Zwart (2017). In contrast with classical alignment typology, the completeness typology first determines whether all grammatical functions participate in a grammatical process (e.g. case marking) and only then determines how these grammatical functions are aligned, adding nine incomplete alignment types to the five types of classical alignment typology. Nine of the ten Jê languages are classified as split-ergative, while Panará is seen as fully ergative, making it a typologically odd language within the family. We show that applying the completeness typology to Jê languages more accurately describes the true variation in case marking patterns across the Jê language family.
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Uktamova, Khilolaxon. "FARHANG -AS A GRAMMATICAL WORK OF THE PERSIAN-DARI LANGUAGE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 5, no. 3 (May 30, 2020): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-5-18.
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Farsi-ye Dari is a medieval name for modern Persian, Tajik and Dari. Over time, with the change of ruling dynasties and the collapse of states into independent states, the language split into three languages. It is well known that the first sources of Persian-Darius grammar, which are the roots of modern Persian, Tajik and Dari, are the farhangs.
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Zakharyin, Boris. "Indo-Aryan ergativity and its analogues in languages of Central and Western Eurasia." Lingua Posnaniensis 57, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/linpo-2015-0012.
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Abstract Boris Zakharyin. Indo-Aryan ergativity and its analogues in languages of Central and Western Eurasia. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp. 63-75 Ergativity, being a typologically significant feature, serves as basis for a bunch of genetically and structurally different languages of Eurasia. The paper suggests the bird’s eye view of its manifestation in the selected samples of Indo-Iranian, Tibeto-Burman, Caucasian and Euskara (the Basque language of Spain). The provided analysis allows to assume that split ergativity displayed by certain Indo-Iranian languages is of the same (participial) origin and partially may have also been influenced by contact-factors. Consistent ergativity characterizing the majority of the Caucasian languages and Euskara is a phenomenon of semo-syntactic nature realizing itself on all the grammatical levels.
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Taft, Marcus, Carlos J. Álvarez, and Manuel Carreiras. "Cross-language differences in the use of internal orthographic structure when reading polysyllabic words." Mental Lexicon 2, no. 1 (May 11, 2007): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.2.1.04taf.
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The way in which adult readers process the internal orthographic structure of words was examined in two languages that differ in their syllabic structure, English and Spanish. Readers of both languages were presented with polysyllabic words split according to either their pronounced syllable (e.g., cac tus) or their maximized initial unit corresponding to their Basic Orthographic Syllabic Structure (BOSS, e.g., cact us). In agreement with other recent research, it was found that speed of lexical decision to syllabically split words was faster than to BOSS split words for poorer English speakers, while better English speakers were more oriented toward the BOSS. The Spanish data suggested an overall syllable bias regardless of reading ability, though less so for better readers. The contrast between the English and Spanish results is explained in terms of phonological considerations being more important for Spanish readers.
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GIEL, KARINA. "ŚRODKOWODALMATYŃSKIE KONTAKTY JĘZYKOWE W PSICH PRZYPOWIASTKACH MILJENKA SMOJE. ZAPOŻYCZENIA LEKSYKALNE W GWARZE MIEJSKIEJ SPLITU." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 77/1 (June 15, 2020): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2020.77.4.
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This article has been written following a thesis in which I analyse borrowings from foreign languages in the urban dialect of Split, with references to Pasje novelete by Miljenko Smoje. To this end, I have conducted a lexical and etymological survey on the vocabulary excerpted from the book and I have delved into linguistic statistics. Consequently, I have documented the number and frequency of words borrowed from foreign languages. I also present a detailed calculation of the relationships between the borrowings and juxtaposed with the native vocabulary. In addition, I present a historical outline of the contacts between Croatian and other languages. I describe their intensity and the recent situation as reflected in the lexical area of the Croatian language. Finally, I make several comments on the semantic characteristics of loan words.
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Sams, Christopher D. "Unaccusativity and Perfect Auxiliary Selection in Romance: Theory and an Observational Study in Second Language Acquisition." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i4.17445.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the properties associated with unaccusativity and the selection of auxiliary verbs (AUX) in the perfect tenses of the modern Romance languages. The modern languages that have a split-AUX system (such as Italian and French) operate under a principle in which some intransitive verbs select the equivalent of to be as their AUX in the compound past tenses, and others select the equivalent of to have. In research I have conducted over the past decade in the Italian language classroom, Bentley and Eythórsson’s auxiliary selection hierarchy (ASH) is best suited to explain how L2 Italian learners acquire the ability to make the appropriate surface AUX selection.
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Sun, Jackson T. S., and Qianzi Tian. "Verb Agreement in Gexi Horpa." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 7, no. 2 (January 24, 2013): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-90000120.
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The Rgyalrongic languages (Qiangic branch, Sino-Tibetan family) are prime examples of a split verb agreement system grounded in the pragmatic salience of speech act participants. However, the Horpa language in this group presents a hybrid system involving a more intricate interplay of functional and syntactic factors, despite having less elaborate morphological material than some related languages. Many fundamental issues of Horpa verb agreement remain to be adequately explored, despite preliminary descriptions in the literature. This paper provides a new study of verb agreement in the Gexi variety of Horpa based on first-hand fieldwork data. Compared with Shangzhai Horpa of Rangtang County, Gexi displays many points of difference in its agreement system, including reduplication as a number-marking device, and functionally differentiated special and general sets of person-marking suffixes, the former restricted to transitive singular actants. Gexi verb agreement is undergoing typological transition from pragmatics-driven split agreement to syntax-driven subject agreement, as part of a global morpho-syntactic shift from a head-marking to a dependent-marking grammatical type. The conversion, possibly catalyzed by contact influences from Tibetan, is still ongoing with traces of the original system preserved in the form of alternating patterns. The phenomena under analysis constitute an intermediate stage in the evolution of Qiangic verbal agreement typology between the conservative Rgyalrong, Lavrung, and Shangzhai Horpa split-agreement type and the innovative subject-agreement type observed in Qiang and Prinmi.
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Sportiche, Dominique. "French Relative Qui." Linguistic Inquiry 42, no. 1 (January 2011): 83–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00029.
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Starting from Kayne's (1976) motivation for the existence of the French que/qui rule based on the complementizer system of French relative clauses, I show that French in fact has a double paradigm of wh-elements, a weak one and a strong one, much like what is found in the (strong/weak) pronominal system. Although only French is discussed here in any detail, such a split seems to have much wider relevance, in other Romance languages, in some Germanic and Scandinavian languages, and beyond (Wolof). This split in turn shows that the que/qui rule (and its cognates) should be looked at differently—in particular, that they should be uncoupled from constraints on subject extraction.
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Gillon, Carrie, and Solveiga Armoskaite. "The illusion of the NP/DP divide." Linguistic Variation 15, no. 1 (September 21, 2015): 69–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.15.1.03gil.
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In this paper, we present syntactic and semantic arguments that, in at least one articleless language (Lithuanian), bare nouns are able to project either NP or DP structures (cf. Franks & Pereltsvaig 2004; Ajíbóyè 2006; Pereltsveig 2006). We show that, in some syntactic contexts, Lithuanian bare nouns are only able to receive definite interpretations; in one context, they are only interpreted indefinitely. We then tie these interpretations to the presence or absence of D. Further, we highlight problems with the view that there is a categorical difference between articleless (NP) and articleful (DP) languages (Bošković 2010; Despić 2011), by testing Bošković’s and Despić’s generalizations about NP vs. DP languages on Lithuanian. In both cases, Lithuanian ends up behaving somewhat like an NP language, and somewhat like a DP language. Lithuanian is therefore a counterexample to the NP/DP split posited by Bošković, and must receive a different analysis.
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Ino, La. "The Reconstruction of Protolanguage Muna and Kambowa." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture 2, no. 3 (September 25, 2016): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v2i3.265.
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This article is the result of research that talks about language Muna and language Kambowa in the study of historical linguistics. This article has been shown in an international seminar in Padang with the theme of Language and civilization. But the text only contains a quantitative approach three languages: the language Muna, language Kambowa, and language Busoa. The article will be devoted to the qualitative approach and reconstruction of proto-phonemes and proto words in two languages, the muna language, and the kambowa language. This is done in order to find appropriate and accurate reconstruction. Data sought a more complete by adding data derived from previous writings. Muna language is the language used by the people in the district Muna and Kambowa language is the language used by the people in the north Buton regency. The two districts in the province of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research is done in the hope that the status of these two languages can be clearer. This is due to that during this time there is some presumption that both of these is the same language that sets it apart is the dialect. Using the approach synchronic comparative and diachronic comparative and with lexicostatistics method for quantitative data found that the percentage of both languages is 52%. based on the results of the analysis can be found that the Proto-Austronesian language reflected in muna and kambowa as proto-language Muna Kambowa as a proof unifying group is apacope, syncope, Metathesis, Split.
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Catasso, Nicholas. "How large is the left periphery of Present-Day German? A unifying approach to multiply-filled-prefield configurations." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 760–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0177.
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Abstract In this article, it is proposed that different types of apparent “non-V2” arrangements in Present-Day German matrix clauses which are generally treated independently are similar in nature and derivable by means of a limited number of syntactic operations that do not challenge or put into question the classical account of German as a structural V2 language. The analysis reveals that an adequate formalization of all possible left-peripheral word orders must rest upon three basic assumptions: (i) V2 in Modern German main clauses can be neither movement to the head position whose specifier hosts a moved or base-generated XP nor (necessarily) movement to Force°, but can be generalized to raising of the Vfin to Fin°; (ii) German has a Split CP which is fundamentally similar, mutatis mutandis, to that of Romance languages; (iii) this language is subject to the bottleneck effect, which states that all movement into the CP passes through [Spec,FinP]. The theoretical approach pursued here attempts to account for left dislocation and other (frame-setting and non-frame-setting) topicalization phenomena by assuming that in German (differently from other Split-CP languages), XPs base-generated in the middle field move to their surface position by cyclical movement within the left periphery. This allows us to avoid ad hoc explanations, as well as violations of the bottleneck effect.
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Deibel, Isabel. "Adpositions in Media Lengua: Quichua or Spanish? – Evidence of a Lexical-Functional Split." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 404–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01202006.
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After decades of debate in linguistic theory, the lexical/functional status of adpositions is still controversial. Lexicon-Grammar mixed languages such as Media Lengua, spoken in Northern Ecuador, are excellent testing cases for such grammatical categories: This mixed language displays a conservative Quichua morphosyntactic frame while approximately 90% of its lexical roots are relexified from Spanish. Thus, due to the lexical-functional split Media Lengua displays, whether adpositions in this language are realized in Quichua or Spanish can speak to their status as a lexical/functional category. This study reports data from recent field research, conducted with speakers trilingual in Media Lengua, Quichua and Spanish who participated in two tasks (video description and translation). The results show a split between lexical and functional adpositions in Media Lengua, manifested in the dual-language realization of complex (multimorphemic) items: The lexical part of these complex items is relexified from Spanish while the functional part is retained in Quichua – even when participants are structurally primed. This suggests that Media Lengua across communities systematically follows Quichua morphosyntactic rules.
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Dardanila, Dardanila. "Leksikostatistik Bahasa Karo dan Bahasa Gayo." Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA) 1, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v1i1.161.
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Kertas kerja ini merupakan laporan hasil penelitian mengenai leksikostatistik bahasa Karo dan bahasa Gayo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode komparatif dengan teknik leksikostatistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan secara kuantitatif diperlihatkan bahwa relasi kekerabatan yang erat dipertalikan pada persentase kognat sebesar 43,5% tingkat kekerabatan antara bahasa Karo dengan bahasa Gayo. Perhitungan waktu pisah bahasa Karo dan bahasa Gayo adalah 1,926 ribuan tahun yang lalu. Atau, dengan kata lain, perhitungan waktu pisah bahasa Karo dan bahasa Gayo dapat dinyatakan satu bahasa tunggal sekitar 1,926 ribuan tahun yang lalu
This paper was a report on the results of research on the lexicostatistics in Karo and Gayo languages. The research method used in this study was a comparative method with the lexicostatistic technique. The results of this study quantitatively showed that kinship relations were closely attributed to the percentage of cognition of 43.5% the level of kinship between the Karo languages and Gayo languages. Separate calculations of the Karo and Gayo languages were 1,926 thousand years ago. In other words, the split-time calculation of Karo and Gayo languages could be expressed as a single language around 1,926 thousand years ago.
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Gabor, Mateusz, Wojciech Wieczorek, and Olgierd Unold. "Split-Based Algorithm for Weighted Context-Free Grammar Induction." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031030.
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The split-based method in a weighted context-free grammar (WCFG) induction was formalised and verified on a comprehensive set of context-free languages. WCFG is learned using a novel grammatical inference method. The proposed method learns WCFG from both positive and negative samples, whereas the weights of rules are estimated using a novel Inside–Outside Contrastive Estimation algorithm. The results showed that our approach outperforms in terms of F1 scores of other state-of-the-art methods.
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Kipchatova, Alla Vasilyevna. "The problem of formation of modern polyling-cultural personality in the conditions of globalization and migration." Personality & Society 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46502/issn.2712-8024/2020.2.5.
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In the period of post-Soviet states the problem of multi-linguistics and the formation of multilingualism become more urgent. Realization of synergetic poly-aspect approach to the study of the mega-conceptual phenomenon of poly-linguistic-cultural linguistic identity in the context of globalization and migration reveals the characteristics and patterns of evolution in this complex humanitarian and social constructs of modern scientific knowledge from the point of interaction and mutual influence of different-structural languages folklore, national literatures and arts. In addition, it allows you to define the ways, forms and methods of implementation of their communicative potential. Modern electronic-information society raises the question of the choice of language of communication and thinking language. Entropy processes inevitably entail the phenomenon of interference, intervention (capture the scope of the language), attrictsion (deterioration of language) that accompany polylinguism process, influencing the process of learning new languages and the preservation of the native language. Modern society is involved in the world of digital technology and communications; it remains split in the social, ideological, cultural and national relations.
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Tennis, Joseph T. "Collocative Integrity and Our Many Varied Subjects: What the Metric of Alignment between Classification Scheme and Indexer Tells Us About Langridge’s Theory of Indexing." NASKO 4, no. 1 (October 31, 2013): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/nasko.v4i1.14660.
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<p>As the universe of knowledge and subjects change over time, indexing languages like classification schemes, accommodate that change by restructuring. Restructuring indexing languages affects indexer and cataloguer work. Subjects may split or lump together. They may disappear only to reappear later. And new subjects may emerge that were assumed to be already present, but not clearly articulated (Miksa, 1998). In this context we have the complex relationship between the indexing language, the text being described, and the already described collection (Tennis, 2007). It is possible to imagine indexers placing a document into an outdated class, because it is the one they have already used for their collection. However, doing this erases the semantics in the present indexing language. Given this range of choice in the context of indexing language change, the question arises, what does this look like in practice? How often does this occur? Further, what does this phenomenon tell us about subjects in indexing languages? Does the practice we observe in the reaction to indexing language change provide us evidence of conceptual models of subjects and subject creation? If it is incomplete, but gets us close, what evidence do we still require?</p>
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TUNCAY, Ç. "PHYSICS OF RANDOMNESS AND REGULARITIES FOR CITIES, LANGUAGES, AND THEIR LIFETIMES AND FAMILY TREES." International Journal of Modern Physics C 18, no. 10 (October 2007): 1641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183107011625.
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Time evolution of the cities and languages is considered in terms of multiplicative noise1 and fragmentation2 processes; where power law (Pareto-Zipf law)3 and slightly asymmetric log-normal (Gauss)4 distribution result for the size distribution of the cities and for that of the languages, respectively. The cities and the languages are treated differently (and as connected; for example, the languages split in terms of splitting the cities, etc.) and thus two distributions are obtained in the same computation at the same time. Evolutions of lifetimes and families for the cities and the languages are also studied. We suggest that the regularities may be evolving out of randomness, in terms of the relevant processes.
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Mchombo, Sam. "Linear order constraints on split NPs in Chichewa." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43 (January 1, 2006): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.43.2006.289.
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This paper focuses on restrictions on the ordering of internal constituents of noun phrases in Chichewa, especially when those constituents are discontinuous. The motivation for discontinuity of the NP constituents will be given, together with discussion of constructions that can be subsumed under this rubric but that do not really involve discontinuity in the canonical sense. These are constructions where a topic NP in a left periphery position is either linked anaphorically with a modifier "remnant" or semantically with its hyponym in post-verbal position. According to Guthrie's classification of Bantu languages, Chichewa is placed in zone N unit N31. It is regarded as a dialect of Nyanja, classified as belonging to unit N30 (Guthrie 1967-71).
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S., Storozhuk. "Socio-cultural and political sources of ethnocultural split in Ukraine." HUMANITARIAN STUDIOS: PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY 12, no. 4 (December 2021): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/hspedagog2021.04.124.
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The article examines the socio-cultural and political sources of the modern ethnocultural division of Ukraine and shows that the historically formed cultural division of Ukrainian society due to geographical and political factors was significantly leveled in the Soviet assimilation policy, but was not completely overcome due to slight industrialization of Ukrainian villages and west. As a result, the Ukrainian population was divided into several separate strips, which contributed to the deepening of the cultural divide with other, industrially developed, but de-ethnicized Ukrainian regions. The lack of ethnic unity of Ukrainians and the active position of national minorities in regions with a large number of ethnically related groups, in the absence of a balanced national policy, have become the main causes of ethnocultural division in Ukraine. Overcoming the latter is possible in the process of gradual introduction of general civilizational principles of civil society and the formation of economic, social and spiritual conditions for the development of both the individual and the community. Only when the permanent economic crisis is overcome and science, education and culture broadcast by the national language are raised to the level of state values, without marginalizing the nation-building significance of the languages of interethnic communication, Ukrainian society will become a nation.
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Junker, Marie-Odile. "Debunking the I above YOU illusion." LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 11, no. 1 (April 26, 2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/liames.v0i11.1495.
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There is a long tradition in placing I above YOU in linguistics and grammar. In our Western grammatical terminology, I is the “first person”. In the universal scale of agentivity, or “universal person hierarchy”, I is placed before YOU. The goal of this paper is to examine the proof for ordering I and YOU in such a fashion. The universal character of local person marking in human languages, and existing proposals concerning the person hierarchy are reviewed. The kind of grammatical phenomena governed by the so-called “universal hierarchy”: split ergativity, inverse systems, and pronominal marking, are discussed. First, we show that there are languages whose grammatical phenomena are governed by the other order, with YOU above I. Looking for the possibility that two person hierarchies share room within world languages, we then turn to the facts that support placing I above YOU, and demonstrate that this proof is non-existent. The egocentric perspective belongs to linguistics, and to certain habits of a Western school of thought, not to natural languages. The data examined here also shows that there are no languages where split ergativity or the inverse system would operate from a hierarchy placing 3rd persons above 2nd or 1st , thus confirming a 2, 1>3 hierarchy. As far as a hierarchy between singular persons or Speech Acts participants is concerned, the one for which there is clear evidence is the one where YOU outranks I: 2>I.
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Singh, Gundeep, Sahil Sharma, Vijay Kumar, Manjit Kaur, Mohammed Baz, and Mehedi Masud. "Spoken Language Identification Using Deep Learning." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (September 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5123671.
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The process of detecting language from an audio clip by an unknown speaker, regardless of gender, manner of speaking, and distinct age speaker, is defined as spoken language identification (SLID). The considerable task is to recognize the features that can distinguish between languages clearly and efficiently. The model uses audio files and converts those files into spectrogram images. It applies the convolutional neural network (CNN) to bring out main attributes or features to detect output easily. The main objective is to detect languages out of English, French, Spanish, and German, Estonian, Tamil, Mandarin, Turkish, Chinese, Arabic, Hindi, Indonesian, Portuguese, Japanese, Latin, Dutch, Portuguese, Pushto, Romanian, Korean, Russian, Swedish, Tamil, Thai, and Urdu. An experiment was conducted on different audio files using the Kaggle dataset named spoken language identification. These audio files are comprised of utterances, each of them spanning over a fixed duration of 10 seconds. The whole dataset is split into training and test sets. Preparatory results give an overall accuracy of 98%. Extensive and accurate testing show an overall accuracy of 88%.
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Carpio, María Belén, Raúl Eduardo González, and Marcela Mendoza. "Grammatical replication: First-person non-singular verbal indexes in Eastern Toba, Western Toba (Guaicuruan) and Tapiete (Tupi-Guaraní)." Lenguaje 49, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lenguaje.v49i1.9134.
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In this paper we suggest that linguistic features can show traces of the frequency and intensity of social interactions between indigenous peoples. We focus on peoples of the alluvial fan of the Pilcomayo River (South American Chaco), and analyze first-person non-singular verbal encoding in their languages. The corpus is composed of (a) data obtained during fieldwork, (b) descriptive grammars, and (c) published reports by missionaries, army officers, and European travelers. Combining environmental and ethnohistorical information, we propose that the first-person non-singular subject verbal indexes split visible in Eastern Toba of the Lower Pilcomayo River, Western Toba from the Upper-Middle Pilcomayo River (Guaicuruan), and Tapiete of the Upper Pilcomayo River area (Tupi-Guaraní) could be an outcome of language-internal resources used by the speakers of these languages to replicate the Matacoan (Maká, Nivaclé, and Wichí) external model.
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Mathangwane, Joyce T., and E. Kweku Osam. "Grammatical relations in Ikalanga." Studies in African Linguistics 35, no. 2 (June 15, 2006): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v35i2.107308.
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Although facts about grammatical relations in many Bantu languages have been established since the early 1970s, there are still languages in this family which have not benefited from such studies. One of these is Ikalanga, spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe. This paper examines the core grammatical relations of Ikalanga, exploring its typological status in terms of double object constructions. In prototypical ditransitive constructions, the Recipient NP has all of the properties of Direct Object, whereas the Theme NP has only some of those features. The conclusion is that Ikalanga is an intermediate language if object symmetricity is scalar. However, it is shown that in marked applicative constructions where the Benefactive is non-human and the Theme is human, there is reason to argue for 'split direct-objecthood', reflecting the impact of animacy in the assignment of direct objecthood.
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Breton, Roland J. L. "M. Ishtiaq, Language shifts among the scheduled tribes in India: A geographical study. (MLBD Series in Linguistics.) Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, Pp. xii, 183. Rs 450. $32.00." Language in Society 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501422056.
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This book, by a geographer, is a rather complete study of the linguistic behavior of an important population group, the so-called Scheduled Tribes of India, numbering 68 million people in 1991, and more than 90 million today, i.e. as much as the population of Germany – but a population split into distinct units, spread in various patches of territory all over India, where they speak more than 60 indigenous languages. Spatially and culturally divided, they have also long been socially marginalized, and despite many official schemes of development, they are still undergoing a very important process of deculturation. The most noticeable manifestation of this process – the language shift that is the subject of this book – had, at the period of the author's fieldwork, already affected nearly 60% of this population and is leading to the gradual disappearance of local languages in many places.
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DIXON, RYAN, ÖMER EĞECIOĞLU, and TIMOTHY SHERWOOD. "ANALYSIS OF BIT-SPLIT LANGUAGES FOR PACKET SCANNING AND EXPERIMENTS WITH WILDCARD MATCHING." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 20, no. 04 (August 2009): 597–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054109006760.
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Monitoring traffic payloads to detect the occurrence of suspicious patterns has proven to be a useful and necessary tool for network security. Bit-splitting breaks the problem of monitoring payloads to detect such patterns into several parallel components, each of which searches for a particular bit pattern. We analyze bit-splitting as applied to Aho-Corasick style string matching and present a formal treatment of bit-slicing to prove correctness and to provide bounds on the NFA to DFA conversion of the Aho-Corasick type machine used for bit-splitting. The problem can be viewed as the recovery of a special class of regular languages over product alphabets from a collection of homomorphic images. Furthermore, in an attempt to extend the flexibility and applicability of the original bit-splitting algorithm, we explore the expressiveness and limitations of bit-slicing with respect to wildcard matching applications.
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Stymne, Sara, Nicola Cancedda, and Lars Ahrenberg. "Generation of Compound Words in Statistical Machine Translation into Compounding Languages." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 4 (December 2013): 1067–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00162.
Full textAbstract:
In this article we investigate statistical machine translation (SMT) into Germanic languages, with a focus on compound processing. Our main goal is to enable the generation of novel compounds that have not been seen in the training data. We adopt a split-merge strategy, where compounds are split before training the SMT system, and merged after the translation step. This approach reduces sparsity in the training data, but runs the risk of placing translations of compound parts in non-consecutive positions. It also requires a postprocessing step of compound merging, where compounds are reconstructed in the translation output. We present a method for increasing the chances that components that should be merged are translated into contiguous positions and in the right order and show that it can lead to improvements both by direct inspection and in terms of standard translation evaluation metrics. We also propose several new methods for compound merging, based on heuristics and machine learning, which outperform previously suggested algorithms. These methods can produce novel compounds and a translation with at least the same overall quality as the baseline. For all subtasks we show that it is useful to include part-of-speech based information in the translation process, in order to handle compounds.