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Journal articles on the topic 'Spleen'
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1
Ashwini, N. S., Vinay Kulkarni, and K. V. Venkateshu. "Anatomical Variations of Spleen in South Indian Population." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.58739/jcbs/v12i3.7.
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Background: Spleen is the large lymphoid organ that is situated in the left hypochondriac region and is usually wedge shaped. It has two ends, two surfaces and three margins. Superior margin of the spleen possesses characteristic notches. Normally spleen is not palpable. It develops in dorsal mesogastrium during the 5th week of fetal life from a mass of mesenchymal cells. Objectives: The present study explains the morphology of spleen 1.To determine the length of spleen 2.To determine the breadth of spleen 3.To determine the thickness of spleen 4.To determine the variations in notches & shape of spleen 5.To compare the morphometric measurements with previous studies Results: In our study, the length, breadth and thickness of spleen was 9.19 cm, 6.61 cm and 3.25 cm respectively. The length of spleen ranged between 5-8cm in 35% of spleens, 8.1-10cm in 35%, 10.1-12cm in 24%and >12.1cm in 6% of spleens studied. Majority of the length of spleens ranged between 5-8cm and 8.1-10cm. The breadth ranged between 3.5-5.5cm in 25% of spleens, 5.6-7.5cm in 45%, 7.6-9.5cm in 20% and 9.6-11.5cm in 10% of spleens studied. The maximum range of breadth of spleen was 5.6-7.5cm in our study. The thickness of spleen ranged between 1-4cm in 82% of spleens, 4.1-6cm in 10% of spleens and 6.1-8cm in 8% of spleen maximum being 1-4cm. 5 fissures and 6 lobules in one of the spleens were observed. These fissures were from the superior border. A deep fissure on the diaphragmatic surface was also observed. The shape of spleen was wedge shaped in 34 % of the spleens being the maximum and next was oval shaped spleens and heart shaped spleens and crescent shaped spleens were the least found in 1% only. The weight of the spleen ranged between 40-500gms, heaviest being 461.1 gms in one of the spleen and least being 47.8gms. Conclusion: The detailed knowledge on variations of spleen is important in clinical practice to avoid and prevent any complications and to obtain a good operative, as well as diagnostic intervention. Keywords: Splenic notches, Polysplenia, Wandering spleen
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selvi, A. Thamarai, Precila Infant Vincy. V, and T. L. Anbumani. "Morphological Study of Splenic Notches and Fissures." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 3.2 (August 5, 2021): 8064–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.145.
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Introduction: Spleen is the largest and secondary lymphoid organ in humans. It has two ends: Anterior and Posterior end. Two surfaces: Visceral and Diaphragmatic surfaces. Three borders: Superior, Inferior and Intermediate. Spleen begins to develop during the 5th week of intra-uterine life from a mass of mesenchymal cells, originating in the dorsal mesogastrium as a localized thickening of coelomic epithelium. The spleen is lobulated in foetus but the lobules normally disappear before birth. The imperfect fusion of splenic masses during embryonic life results in an accessory spleen. The spleen plays a vital role in regard to blood storage, formation of lymphocyte and defense against foreign particles. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in 50 formalin fixed spleen from the Department of Anatomy, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurantakam Taluk, Chengalpet Dt, Tamilnadu, India. Results: Out of 50 spleens, Wedge shape is seen in 33 spleens, Triangular shape is observed in 5 spleens, tetrahedral in 7 spleens, oval shape in 3 spleens, and dome-shaped in 2 spleen. The splenic notches were observed in the superior border in 44 spleens (88%) and notch seen in the inferior border in 4 spleens (8%) and the absence of a notch in both the superior and inferior border noted in 2 spleens (4%). The number of notches on the superior border is from 1 to 4 and the number of notches on the inferior border is 1. Fissures noted in 8 spleens (16%). In 5 specimens fissures extended to reach the visceral surface. Conclusion: The presence of abnormal fissures and lobes of the spleen might confuse the radiologists. Abnormal lobulation might cause misinterpretation as mass originating from the kidney. It is essential for surgeons and radiologists to be aware of the splenic variations. KEY WORDS: splenic surfaces, shapes, notches, fissures.
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Khaleel N, Abinet GM, Angadi A V, Muralidhar P S, Shabiya M, and Shaik Hussain Saheb. "A Cadaveric Study on Morphometric Features of Spleen and Splenomegaly with Accessory Spleen in Hilum." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 4 (December 5, 2021): 8181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.182.
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Background: Anatomical knowledge regarding the external morphology of the spleen is essential for surgical intervention and radiological diagnosis. Splenomegaly is defined as pathologic enlargement of the spleen measured by size or weight. A normal spleen has a craniocaudal length of no more than 12 cm and weighs less than 200 g. It is surrounded by a thin capsule. The spleen is usually not palpable unless it is enlarged; therefore, a palpable spleen is almost always abnormal. At times the spleen may be difficult to palpate, but dullness to percussion during inspiration in the area of the lower left intercostal space in the left anterior axillary line suggests splenic enlargement. Massive splenomegaly, weight >1000 g usually occurs in lymphoma, myeloproliferative disorders, visceral leishmaniasis, and malaria. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in different medical institutions, to find morphometric features, spenomegaly in cadaver during routine anatomy dissection as part of curriculum, 100 cadavers were observed to find out splenomegaly. Results: Out of 100 spleens studied, 81 cases wedge shaped spleen was the most common, followed by 12 tetrahedral shaped spleens and 7 oval shaped spleens. Average weight of the spleen was 175g. Average length of the spleen was 11.64cm, Average breadth of the spleen was 7.3cm and average thickness of spleen was 3.6cm. Out of 100 cadavers observed only one cadaver observed with massive splenomegaly with one accessory spleen in hilum. The spleen weight was 875gm, length was 18.15 cm, width was 8.65cm, thickness was 5.75cm and extended upto 7 rib and it is easily palpable below the rib cage from lumbar aspect. The cadaver was male and age around 55 years. Conclusion: The morphometric knowledge of spleen will helpful for surgeons and for understanding deceases related spleen. The knowledge of splenomegaly is important in finding splenic disorders and accessory spleen information helpful in understanding embryonic development of spleen. KEY WORDS: Splenomegaly, Spleen, Hilum of Spleen, Accessory spleen.
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Musleh, Anas Hamed, Atyaf Mohammed Ali, and Mahdi Salih Shalal. "Anatomical and Histological Study of Neonatal Human Spleen." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.4.nq22094.
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The spleen is the human body's largest lymphoid organ. The appearance of the spleen is inflated by a variety of conditions, such as cell abnormalities that lodge within the spleen or storage function disorders. As a result, the spleen's size can be used as a predictor of illness severity. Place and period of study: From July 2019 to May 2020, all of these samples were taken from autopsied bodies in the mortuary room of Kirkuk forensic medicine and the institute of forensic medicine in Baghdad, with legal authority. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Materials: The current study used 20 autopsy neonate human spleens ranging in age from 1 to 28 days that were collected from available dead undergoing post-mortem examination, were studied macroscopic and microscopic after staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Results: The number of notches in this study ranged from zero to five, however the top score of the specimens had one or two notches. The accessory spleen, on the other hand, was not found in the area the spleen's hilum. From the first day forward, the characteristic lymphoid follicle or white pulp could be recognized. During this time, nucleated red blood cells were observed. Purpose of study: Because no data on the standard dimensions of the normal spleen exists in the Iraqi population, the findings of this study may reveal differences in spleen morphology and provide valuable data for parameter standardization, It will be useful for correct clinical diagnosis and treatment of disease by physicians, surgeons, radiologists, and anatomists.
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Shilpakala L B. "A study of splenic notches in human cadavers and its clinical implications." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 10, no. 4 (January 15, 2024): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.051.
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: Spleen is the largest and secondary lymphoid organ with high vascularity which has important role in immunological and haematological functions of human body. Spleen developes from mesoderm and in the initial stages of development, different lobules are formed, which fuses later. The lobulated structure of spleen disappears, but is indicated by the presence of notches in superior border in adults. The aim of study was to find morphological variations of spleen with respect to its number of notches in borders and anomalous fissure on its surfaces.: The study was done on 40 formalin fixed cadaveric spleens from the department of Anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, and Karnataka. Out of 40 spleens studied, the various shapes such as wedge shaped, tetrahedral, oval and triangular were found. The number of spleen showing notches in superior border was 28(70%) and in the inferior border it was 3(7.5%). Absence of Splenic notches was observed in 5(12.5%) and 2(5%) spleens had notches in both borders. The anomalous fissure was found in 2(5%) spleen on its diaphragmatic surface.: The knowledge of variations in morphology of spleen are essential for physician, surgeon, radiologists and forensic surgeon to differentiate from the splenic pathology and splenic injury. Morphological variations of spleen and its clinical importance need to be discussed at dissection tables during routine anatomy dissection hours.
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Shah, A., A. K. Singh, and Richa Niranjan. "Sculpting life: Studying the intricacies of human fetal spleen morphology during development." Journal of Anatomical Sciences 31, no. 2 (December 4, 2023): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46351/jas.v31i2pp141-149.
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Introduction: The spleen, a crucial lymphoid organ, plays a significant role in blood cell production and regulation. Emerging from mesodermal cells in the dorsal mesogastrium during the fourth embryonic week, the spleen is located in the left upper quadrant alongside the tenth rib. This study investigates morphological variations in human fetal spleens, serving as blood filters and storage sites for iron, erythrocytes, and platelets. This study aimed to assess morphological measurements of human fetal spleen development. Materials and Methods: Sixty formalin-preserved fetuses (33 male, 27 female) of varying gestational ages were examined over a three-year period (2020-2023) at the Anatomy Department, Govt. Medical College Srinagar Garhwal, ensuring adherence to ethical guidelines. Gross characteristics such as position, shape, relations, notches & fissures, and ligaments were assessed and statistically analyzed. Results: All fetal spleens were located in the left hypochondrium, with 50% exhibiting a wedge shape. The stomach consistently associated with the spleen, while no relationship was observed between the kidney, left colic flexure, and spleen in early fetal stages. The liver exhibited connections with the fetal spleen. Notches were most prevalent along the superior border, followed by the inferior border and lateral pole, with 27 spleens showing fissures. Conclusions: Studying prenatal spleen development aids in understanding organ pathologies, thereby enhancing diagnostic and preventive techniques. Keywords: Fetal Spleen, Wedge Shape, Notches, Fissures
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Chen, Haoxiang, Feiyao Wang, Xingyue Wu, Songchen Yuan, Huili Dong, Chenyang Zhou, Siliang Feng, Zhanqin Zhao, and Lifang Si. "Chronic Heat Stress Induces Oxidative Stress and Induces Inflammatory Injury in Broiler Spleen via TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Broilers." Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2024): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070293.
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The spleen is the largest peripheral immune organ of the organism, accounting for 25% of the total lymphoid tissue of the body. During HS, the spleen is damaged due to the elevated environment, which seriously affects life performance and broilers’ health. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of chronic HS damage to broiler spleen tissues. The broilers were typically raised until they reached 21 days of age, after which they were arbitrarily allocated into two groups: an HS group and a cntrol group. The HS group was subjected to a temperature of 35 °C for 10 h each day, starting at 21 days of age. At 35 and 42 days of age, spleen and serum samples were obtained from the broilers. The results showed that after HS, a significant decrease in productive performance was observed at 42 days of age (p < 0.01), and the spleen index, and bursa index were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). T-AOC of the organism was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), GSH-PX, SOD, and CAT antioxidant factors were significantly decreased (p < 0.01), and MDA was significantly elevated (p < 0.01). HS also led to a significant increase in cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-γ and a significant decrease in IL-4 in the spleen. The histopathologic results showed that the spleen’s red-white medulla was poorly demarcated. The cells were sparsely arranged after HS. After HS, the expression of TLRs, MYD88, and NF-κB genes increased significantly. The expression of HSP70 increased significantly, suggesting that HS may induces an inflammatory response in broiler spleens through this signaling pathway, which may cause pathological damage to broiler spleens, leading to a decrease in immune function and progressively aggravating HS-induced damage with the prolongation of HS.
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Sarda, Swapnilkumar L. "Study on variations in hilar and segmental branching pattern of splenic artery." Medpulse International Journal of Anatomy 18, no. 2 (2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/10011821.
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Background: Introduction of laparoscopic surgical methods requires exact knowledge of the topography of the spleen and its surrounding. Further advances in splenic conservative surgery are dependent on better knowledge of vascular anatomy of the spleen. Hence segmental arteries of spleen are of great surgical importance and their early identification in splenic trauma will lead to enhanced splenic conservation. Materials and methods: Present study carried out on 50 human spleen by dissection, silicon injection and radiological methods. We found different types of variations in hilar and segmental branching pattern of splenic artery. Observations and Results: in present study splenic artery divided in two primary branches in 86% and in three primary branches in14% of the spleens. superior polar branches were found in 44% while inferior polar branches were in 52% of the spleens. Two segmental branches found in 24%, three segmental found in 50%, four segmental in 18% and five segmental in 8% of the specimens. Intersegmental anastomosis found in 2% of spleens. Discussion: These segmental resection of spleen and further advances in splenic conservation are dependant on better understanding of vascular anatomy of the spleen.
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Sokolov, Yuri Y., Sergey V. Stonogin, Alexander V. Dziadchik, Sergey A. Korovin, and Olga V. Korenkova. "The asynchronous torsion of the main and accessory wandering spleens in an infant." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery 27, no. 6 (December 26, 2023): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ps663.
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BACKGROUND: To diagnose the torsion of the wandering spleen in infants is a challenging task. Torsion of the wandering spleen in such population is an extremely rare case. Among children under one year of age, the wandering spleen is more common in boys (2.5:1). A total of 26 cases of torsion of an accessory spleen were described in the literature. Asymptomatic course of the disease before the first episode of spleen torsion occurs in 70% cases. No case of asynchronous torsion of the main and accessory wandering spleens are described in the literature.
CLINICAL CASE DESCRIPTION: This article describes a very rare clinical case of asynchronous torsion of the main and accessory wandering spleens in an infant. In the described case, basic clinical manifestations of the spleen torsion in an 8-month-old girl were typical for acute enteric infection. The child had laparoscopic splenectomy.
CONCLUSION: The present article describes challenges associated with the diagnostics of this pathology, important role of spiral computed tomography, efficacy of diagnostic laparoscopy and relaparoscopy as well as the efficacy of laparoscopic spleen resection in case of spleen necrosis in an infant.
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Amine Fares, Mohamed, Tarek Khenenou, Djallal Eddine Rahmoun, Derradji Harek, Houari Hemida, and Rabah Mayouf. "Development and Maturation of the Dromedary Spleen: Anatomical and Histological Analysis During the First Three Years of Life." Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 18, no. 02 (April 1, 2024): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijvm.18.2.1005371.
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Background: The dromedary spleen plays a crucial role in the immune system and maintaining homeostasis. However, there is limited research on the developmental changes in the spleen during the first few years of a dromedary’s life. Objectives: The objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate the developmental changes in the dromedary spleen during the crucial first three years of life. This aim was achieved through a multi-faceted approach involving macroscopic examination, which entailed measuring the absolute and relative mass of the spleen and morphometric analysis. Additionally, histological and histomorphometric analyses were employed to study the cellular composition of the spleen at different ages. Methods: Five groups of dromedaries were examined in Southeastern Algeria. Their spleens were analyzed using both gross anatomy and histological examination. The cellular composition of their spleens was studied on histological slides of different ages, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: The results showed that the spleen’s size, weight, and volume significantly increased as the animals grew. The splenic mass of the animal of the first group showed an average absolute mass of 251±14.19 g, whereas in the fourth group, they showed an average mass of 318±23.91 g. Also, the length, width, and thickness showed average values of 43.78±1.95 cm, 19.44±1.52 cm, and 1.88±0.16 cm, respectively, at 8 months. However, they showed average values of 49.6±1.86 cm, 24.32±1.69 cm, and 3.18±0.34 cm, respectively, at the age of 3 years. The cellular composition of the spleen changed over time, with a higher percentage of lymphoid tissue at 8 months, more red pulp at 1 year, and a higher percentage of white pulp at 2 years. Finally, the spleen had a mature mixture of red and white pulp and fully developed immune function by 3 years. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the development and maturation of the dromedary spleen. The findings have important implications for understanding the health and well-being of these animals. The results could potentially contribute to the development of better strategies for the management and care of dromedaries.
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Groisman, Gabriel M. "Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast Metastatic to the Spleen and Accessory Spleen: Report of a Case." Case Reports in Pathology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5160180.
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Despite the fact that accessory spleen (also known as supernumerary spleen, splenunculus, or splenule) can be found in 10–30% of patients undergoing autopsies, metastatic disease occurring in this organ has been barely reported. A case of lobular breast carcinoma metastatic to the spleen and accessory spleen found incidentally at therapeutic splenectomy for severe anemia and thrombocytopenia is described. On microscopic examination both organs revealed severe fibrocongestive changes and extramedullary hematopoiesis with no obvious carcinomatous involvement. Cytokeratin 7, estrogen receptors, and GATA3 immunohistochemistry disclosed the presence of numerous metastatic breast carcinoma cells infiltrating the splenic parenchyma. This case demonstrates that metastatic carcinoma can be encountered, although rarely, in accessory spleens and that cytokeratin stain should be performed in sections of spleens and/or accessory spleens excised from cancer patients in which the presence of malignant epithelial cells is not recognized on routine sections.
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Arumugam, Sangeetha, and Nandha K. Subbiah. "A Cadaveric Study of Splenic Fissures and Bilobed Spleen." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 20, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): e346-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.04.011.
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Objectives: Anatomical knowledge regarding the external morphology of the spleen is essential for surgical intervention and radiological diagnosis. A characteristic feature of the spleen is the presence of splenic notches at the superior border; however, such notches rarely extend deep enough to be considered fissures or to separate the spleen into multiple lobes. To date, there are very few cadaveric reports of splenic fissures. This study aimed to examine the anatomy and morphological structure of spleens collected from cadavers in order to identify the prevalence and clinical significance of splenic notches, fissures and lobation. Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Katuri Medical College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 50 spleens were collected from cadavers over a period of seven years from 2012–2019 and examined to determine the presence of splenic notches or fissures. Results: Of the 50 spleens, 40% had notches at the superior border, 10% had notches at the inferior border and 50% had no notches at either border. Fissures were present in five spleens (10%); of these, three showed incomplete fissures and the remaining two had complete fissures that divided the spleen into two lobes. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide valuable information regarding the anatomy and prevalence of splenic fissures and bilobed spleens. A bilobed spleen is a rare congenital malformation which should be considered distinct from other known splenic anomalies. The presence of splenic fissures in bilobed spleens can serve as a guide for surgeons during conservatory splenectomy procedures.
Keywords: Anatomic Variation; Spleen; Anatomy and Histology; Abnormalities; Congenital Abnormalities; Splenectomy; India.
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Barrier, Alain, François Lacaine, Patrice Callard, and Michel Huguier. "Lymphangiomatosis of the spleen and 2 accessory spleens." Surgery 131, no. 1 (January 2002): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/msy.2002.112964.
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Ali, Qasim, Sen Ma, Boshuai Liu, Jiakuan Niu, Mengqi Liu, Ahsan Mustafa, Defeng Li, et al. "Supplementing Ryegrass Ameliorates Commercial Diet-Induced Gut Microbial Dysbiosis-Associated Spleen Dysfunctions by Gut–Microbiota–Spleen Axis." Nutrients 16, no. 5 (March 5, 2024): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16050747.
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The type and composition of food strongly affect the variation and enrichment of the gut microbiota. The gut–microbiota–spleen axis has been developed, incorporating the spleen’s function and maturation. However, how short-chain fatty-acid-producing gut microbiota can be considered to recover spleen function, particularly in spleens damaged by changed gut microbiota, is unknown in geese. Therefore, the gut microbial composition of the caecal chyme of geese was assessed by 16S rRNA microbial genes, and a Tax4Fun analysis identified the enrichment of KEGG orthologues involved in lipopolysaccharide production. The concentrations of LPS, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant/oxidant enzymes, and immunoglobulins were measured from serum samples and spleen tissues using ELISA kits. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was employed to detect the Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1–Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Keap1-Nrf2), B cell and T cell targeting markers, and anti-inflammatory/inflammatory cytokines from the spleen tissues of geese. The SCFAs were determined from the caecal chyme of geese by using gas chromatography. In this study, ryegrass-enriched gut microbiota such as Eggerthellaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, and Lachnospiraceae attenuated commercial diet-induced gut microbial alterations and spleen dysfunctions in geese. Ryegrass significantly improved the SCFAs (acetic, butyric, propionic, isovaleric, and valeric acids), AMPK pathway-activated Nrf2 redox signaling cascades, B cells (B220, CD19, and IgD), and T cells (CD3, CD4, CD8, and IL-2, with an exception of IL-17 and TGF-β) to activate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in geese. In conclusion, ryegrass-improved reprogramming of the gut microbiota restored the spleen functions by attenuating LPS-induced oxidative stress and systemic inflammation through the gut–microbiota–spleen axis in geese.
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Ignjatovic, D., Bojan Stimec, Nada Kostic, and Miroslav Milicevic. "Surgical anatomy of the spleen with particular review on its segmentation." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 49, no. 3 (2002): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0203011i.
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The authors have analyzed several aspects of the surgical anatomy of spleen, commencing with historical data, topography, peritoneal ligaments, variations in shape, embryology and accessory spleens and venous system of the spleen. The mode of splenic artery branching, variations of polar arteries, and intra- and extraparenchymatous arterial anastomoses were thoroughly analyzed. It was shown that the spleen in most cases consists of five vascular territories (segments) clearly demarcated from each other, stressing the practical significance of splenic anatomy in segmental dearterialization of the spleen.
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Gujar, Subhash M., Sunil G. Oza, and Jaidevsingh Shekhawat. "A Cadaveric Study of Human Spleen and its Clinical Significance." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 06, no. 01 (January 2017): 035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700728.
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Abstract Background & Aim: Spleen is an important lymphatic organ that is connected to the blood vascular system. It is important component of the reticulo-endothelial system. The aim of study was to find out the morphological variations in spleen & compare it with previous studies. Material and Methods: The present study was done on 66 human adult spleens belonging to both sexes. Various morphological features of spleen like length, breadth, width and weight were measured. Shape, borders, poles and surfaces of spleen were observed. Results: The weight of spleens was between 30 Gms to 390 Gms, with an average of 139.5 Gms. 40.91% of the spleens were wedge shaped followed by tetrahedral (27.27%), triangular (18.18%), oval (9.1%) and irregular (4.55%). The length of the spleens varied between 5.10 cm to 14.8 cm with average of 9.41 cms. Their breadths were between 4.3 cms to 11 cms with average of 6.4 cms and width was between 2 cms to 5.5 cms with an average of 3.3 cms. In most of the cases, splenic notches were present on the superior border (50%) followed by on both borders (21.21%). Ten spleens had no notches on either of its borders. Conclusions: The findings of this study are useful for physicians, surgeons, radiologists and anatomists.
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Kataranovski, Milena, Ivana Mirkov, Lidija Zolotarevski, Aleksandra Popov, Sandra Belij, Jelena Stosic, and D. Kataranovski. "Basic indices of spleen immune activity in natural populations of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus berkenhout, 1769) in Serbia." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 4 (2009): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0904723k.
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Basic parameters of spleen immune activity (spleen weight, histomorphology of splenic compartments, and mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferative capacity in vitro) were evaluated in adult individuals of wild Norway rats from urban habitats and compared to the same data obtained in laboratory rat strains. A wider range of relative spleen mass and differential histomorphological characteristics, together with differences in the level and pattern of responsiveness of splenocytes to exogenous stimulation, were noted in spleens of wild Norway rats. Evidence of both enhanced and low-level immune-relevant spleen activity in wild rats demonstrates the complexity of changes in spleen immune activity in rats from natural populations.
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Buffet, Pierre A., Geneviève Milon, Valentine Brousse, Jean-Michel Correas, Bertrand Dousset, Anne Couvelard, Reza Kianmanesh, et al. "Ex vivo perfusion of human spleens maintains clearing and processing functions." Blood 107, no. 9 (May 1, 2006): 3745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-10-4094.
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The spleen plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several potentially severe diseases such as inherited red cell membrane disorders, hemolytic anemias, and malaria. Research on these diseases is hampered by ethical constraints that limit human spleen tissue explorations. We identified a surgical situation—left splenopancreatectomy for benign pancreas tumors—allowing spleen retrieval at no risk for patients. Ex vivo perfusion of retrieved intact spleens for 4 to 6 hours maintained a preserved parenchymal structure, vascular flow, and metabolic activity. Function preservation was assessed by testing the ability of isolated-perfused spleens to retain Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes preexposed to the antimalarial drug artesunate (Art-iRBCs). More than 95% of Art-iRBCs were cleared from the perfusate in 2 hours. At each transit through isolated-perfused spleens, parasite remnants were removed from 0.2% to 0.23% of Art-iRBCs, a proportion consistent with the 0.02% to 1% pitting rate previously established in artesunate-treated patients. Histologic analysis showed that more than 90% of Art-iRBCs were retained and processed in the red pulp, providing the first direct evidence of a zone-dependent parasite clearance by the human spleen. Human-specific physiologic or pathophysiologic mechanisms involving clearing or processing functions of the spleen can now be experimentally explored in a human tissue context.
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Clatworthy, Menna R., Paul A. Lyons, and Kenneth G. C. Smith. "The nervous spleen: The nervous spleen." Immunology & Cell Biology 86, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.icb.7100150.
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Fonseca, Christiane. "Spleen et Idéal – Idéal et Spleen." Cahiers jungiens de psychanalyse 147, no. 1 (2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cjung.147.0108.
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Tüdös, Zbyněk, Paulína Szász, Lucia Veverková, František Hruška, Igor Hartmann, Jozef Škarda, and Rohit Philip Thomas. "Spleno-adrenal fusion mimicking an adrenal metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma: A case report and embryological background." Open Medicine 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2021-0201.
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Abstract Foci of splenic tissue separated from the spleen can occur as a congenital anomaly. Isolated nodules of splenic tissue are called accessory spleens or spleniculli. However, nodules of splenic tissue can merge with other organs during embryonic development, in which case we speak of spleno-visceral fusions: most often, they merge with the tail of the pancreas (thus forming spleno-pancreatic fusion or an intrapancreatic accessory spleen), with the reproductive gland (i.e., spleno-gonadal fusion), or with the kidney (i.e., spleno-renal fusion). Our case report describes the fusion of heterotopic splenic tissue with the right adrenal gland, which was misinterpreted as a metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spleno-adrenal fusion. Spleno-visceral fusions usually represent asymptomatic conditions; their main clinical significance lies in the confusion they cause and its misinterpretation as tumors of other organs. We believe that the cause of retroperitoneal spleno-visceral fusions is the anomalous migration of splenic cells along the dorsal mesentery to the urogenital ridge, together with primitive germ cells, at the end of the fifth week and during the sixth week of embryonic age. This theory explains the possible origin of spleno-visceral fusions, their different frequency of occurrence, and the predominance of findings on the left side.
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Tüdös, Zbyněk, Paulína Szász, Lucia Veverková, František Hruška, Igor Hartmann, Jozef Škarda, and Rohit Philip Thomas. "Spleno-adrenal fusion mimicking an adrenal metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma: A case report and embryological background." Open Medicine 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2021-0201.
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AbstractFoci of splenic tissue separated from the spleen can occur as a congenital anomaly. Isolated nodules of splenic tissue are called accessory spleens or spleniculli. However, nodules of splenic tissue can merge with other organs during embryonic development, in which case we speak of spleno-visceral fusions: most often, they merge with the tail of the pancreas (thus forming spleno-pancreatic fusion or an intrapancreatic accessory spleen), with the reproductive gland (i.e., spleno-gonadal fusion), or with the kidney (i.e., spleno-renal fusion). Our case report describes the fusion of heterotopic splenic tissue with the right adrenal gland, which was misinterpreted as a metastasis of a renal cell carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spleno-adrenal fusion. Spleno-visceral fusions usually represent asymptomatic conditions; their main clinical significance lies in the confusion they cause and its misinterpretation as tumors of other organs. We believe that the cause of retroperitoneal spleno-visceral fusions is the anomalous migration of splenic cells along the dorsal mesentery to the urogenital ridge, together with primitive germ cells, at the end of the fifth week and during the sixth week of embryonic age. This theory explains the possible origin of spleno-visceral fusions, their different frequency of occurrence, and the predominance of findings on the left side.
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Nazem, M. N., S. M. Sajjadian, R. Kheirandish, and M. A. Shamshirgaran. "Accessory spleen in a dog: Macroscopic and microscopic findings." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 24, no. 2 (2021): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2019-0031.
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Accessory spleens are one or more areas of normal ectopic splenic tissue of variable size supplied by the branches of the splenic artery. A 7 year-old mixed breed male dog was fixed for use as a model in anatomy hall. During the abdominal dissection, the gross examination showed a 6.3×3.1×1 cm mass that was situated on the caudodorsal border of the spleen. Its appearance and firm consistency were similar to those of spleen. There was no connection between the spleen and this mass. It was supplied by accessory splenic artery. Microscopic examination of the mass revealed some structures similar to spleen.
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Susok, Laura, Dominik Reinert, Carsten Lukas, Eggert Stockfleth, and Thilo Gambichler. "Volume increase of spleen in melanoma patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade." Immunotherapy 13, no. 11 (August 2021): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2021-0022.
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Aim: To find out whether treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) results in volume increase of the spleen. Patient & methods: We studied 49 stage III and IV melanoma patients with an indication for ICIs. Computer tomographic-assisted volumetry of spleens was performed. Results: After 3 months, median spleen volume was significantly increased when compared with the baseline volume. At 3 months, the increase of spleen volume was significantly associated with the use of ipilimumab and ipilimumab plus nivolumab. There was no significant association between spleen volume increase and clinical parameters. Conclusion: The median spleen volume of patients with cutaneous melanoma increases during the first months of ICI treatment, which was particularly attributable to the use of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-CTLA-4/anti-PD-1 regimens.
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Wang, Xiaoli, Sool Yeon Cho, Daniel Chen, John Roboz, and Ronald Hoffman. "An Altered Microenvironment Within The Spleens Of Patients With Myelofibrosis Affects CD34+ Cell Trafficking." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2848.2848.
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Abstract We have demonstrated that the homing of peripheral blood (PB) myelofibrosis (MF) CD34+ cells to the marrow but not the spleen is altered (Wang X, et al. Cancer Res. 2009;69:7612-8). The defective homing to the marrow was further found to be associated with both the down-regulation of CXCR4 expression by PB MF CD34+ cells (Wang X, et al. Cancer Res. 2009;69:7612-8) and the proteolytic degradation of CXCL12 in the plasma of MF patients (Cho SY, et al. Cancer Res. 2010;70:3402-10). However, the mechanism underlying the preferential homing, retention and engraftment of the MF HSCs/HPCs to extramedullary sites has not been clarified. Cancer stem cell behavior is thought to be determined by both intrinsic properties and by regulatory signals provided by the microenvironment. The effect of alterations within the splenic microenvironment on the trafficking of MF-stem cells (MF-SC) was, therefore, investigated. The homing of spleen and PB MF CD34+ cells to the marrow and spleens of sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice was first evaluated. Following the infusion of paired spleen or PB MF CD34+ cells (n=5) or normal G-CSF mobilized PB CD34+ cells (mPB: n=6, 5×105/mouse), reduced numbers of spleen MF CD34+ cells were detected in the marrows of these mice as compared with mPB CD34+ cells (No. of CD34+ Cells/106 BMCs: PB MF:74±6; mPB: 196±32; P=0.007). However, the number of spleen MF CD34+ cells that homed to the marrow of recipient mice were even lower than PB MF CD34+ cells (No. of CD34+ Cells/106 BMCs: spleen MF: 74±6; PB MF: 102±13; P=0.08). By contrast, similar numbers of spleen MF, PB MF and mPB CD34+ cells were detected in the spleens of these mice. These findings suggest that both spleen MF and PB MF CD34+ cells preferentially migrate towards spleen rather than to the marrow. To determine if the expression of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules could account for the homing and location of MF CD34+ cells to the spleen, the expression of CXCR4, CD47, CD44 and CD49d by spleen and PB MF CD34+ cells was evaluated and was shown to be similar. These findings suggest that the greater number of MF-SCs that were observed in the spleen as compared to PB of MF patients (Wang X, et al. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:3888-99) is not due to aberrant expression of adhesion molecules or chemokine receptors by MF-SCs and that microenvironmental conditions within the MF spleen might be responsible for MF-SC and progenitor cell homing, retention and engraftment. Unlike intact CXCL12, truncated forms of CXCL12 either lack the ability to act as a chemo-attractant for CD34+ cells or act as an antagonist to the action of CXCL12. The intact and truncated forms (loss of 2 aa, 3 aa, 4 aa, and 5 aa, aa = amino acid) of CXCL12 in paired spleen and PB MF plasma (n=5) were quantified using mass spectrometry. The concentration of intact CXCL12 in spleen MF plasma was 39.6 ±13.9ng/ml, which was higher than that detected in PB MF plasma (5.5 ± 2.6ng/ml, P=0.08). However, the concentrations of the 4 truncated forms of CXC12 were comparable in spleen and PB MF plasma. The concentrations of CXCL12 were further normalized based on the albumin level of the corresponding plasma to exclude the influence of different methods used to prepare these two sources of plasmas. The normalized concentration of intact CXCL12 in spleen MF plasma was significantly higher than that of PB MF plasma (P=0.03), while the normalized concentrations of the 4 truncated forms of CXCR4 were found again similar in both spleen and PB MF plasma. However, comparable levels of serine proteases, including active MMP-9 and NE, each of which are responsible for the degradation of a number of marrow matrix proteins such as CXCL12, were detected in spleen and PB MF plasma, suggesting that the splenic microenvironment acted to blunt their proteolytic actions. The migratory behavior of spleen MF CD34+ cells towards spleen and PB MF plasma was also determined in vitro using transwell plates. A greater number of spleen MF CD34+ cells from each individual patient migrated towards spleen plasma than PB plasma. Moreover, the percentage of JAK2V617F+ colonies cloned from patient CD34+ cells (JAK2V617F allele burden: 90%) that had migrated towards spleen plasma was similar to that observed with PB plasma. These findings suggest that the MF spleen is characterized by increased levels of intact CXCL12 which contributes to the preferential homing of spleen MF CD34+ cells to the spleen and the retention of such cells within the spleens of MF patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Dang, Bhumica, Pradeep Bokariya, Yogesh Vashist, Sanjay Gupta, and Jyoti Rohilla. "Sexual Dimorphism of Adult Human Spleen in Haryana State of North India." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 15, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ifjmp.0974.3383.15122.11.
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introduction: Spleen is an important lymphoid organ of human body in the upper left part of the abdomen. Spleen performs various functions as it produces immune response against blood-borne antigens and acts as the graveyard of defective and aged erythrocytes. It exhibits sexual dimorphism. The present study is conducted to evaluate sexual dimorphism in morphometry of spleen (spleen weight, length, width, thickness and surface area) in the Haryana region. Region-wise assessment of spleen size gives a broad perspective of spleen sizes and also helps in understanding the ranges in morphometry of spleen with respect to gender. The study proves helpful in context of providing spleen size for spleen transplantation. materials and methods: After taking permission from Institute Ethics Committee, 30 male and 30 female adult human spleens in the age group of 16-70 years belonging to the Haryana region of North India were included in the study. The study was conducted in the Anatomy department along with collaboration from the Forensic department at Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. The data thus obtained was recorded and analysed using suitable software. results: Statistical significance in dimorphism of splenic weight, length and splenic total surface area in males and females. The results of the present study would be useful for anthropologists, and forensic medicine experts to identify a spleen.
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Gonçalves, Thiago Barbosa, Vitor Nagai Yamaki, Daniel Haber Feijó, Luis Eduardo Almeida de Souza, Edvaldo Silveira, Marcus Vinicius Henriques Brito, and Andy Petroianu. "Effects of splenic allograft in lipid profile of non-splenectomized rats: the immune and metabolic role of the "double spleen"." Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 41, no. 2 (April 2014): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69912014000200009.
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OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role of the spleen and splenic allograft in lipid control and evaluate its effect on the lipid profile of rats.METHOD: 32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: control group (1), total splenectomy group (2), splenectomy and implantation of allograft group (3) and double spleen group (4). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: A and B, based on the death of the animals after 30 or 120 days of monitoring. The procedures in groups 2, 3 and 4 were made simultaneously, and splenectomized animals, groups 2 and 3 were donors, respectively, for the animals of groups 3 and 4. In group 4 the spleen was preserved and the animals received implants from the spleens of rats from group 3. The regeneration of splenic tissue was evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic analyzes of the grafts and own spleens, as well as with measurements of VLDL, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides.RESULTS: after 120 days, Group 4 showed levels of total cholesterol and LDL lower than the other groups. Group 1 had higher levels of lipids.CONCLUSION: The technique of double spleen was effective in the control of lipid metabolism, corroborating the function of the spleen as a reserve of lipids.
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Krasemann, Susanne, Melanie Neumann, Beata Szalay, Carol Stocking, and Markus Glatzel. "Protease-sensitive prion species in neoplastic spleens of prion-infected mice with uncoupling of PrPSc and prion infectivity." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.045922-0.
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Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders. An important step in disease pathophysiology is the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) to disease-associated misfolded conformers (PrPSc). These misfolded PrP variants are a common component of prion infectivity and are detectable in diseased brain and lymphoreticular organs such as spleen. In the latter, PrPSc is thought to replicate mainly in follicular dendritic cells within spleen follicles. Although the presence of PrPSc is a hallmark for prion disease and serves as a main diagnostic criterion, in certain instances the amount of PrPSc does not correlate well with neurotoxicity or prion infectivity. Therefore, it has been proposed that prions might be a mixture of different conformers and aggregates with differing properties. This study investigated the impact of disruption of spleen architecture by neoplasia on the abundance of different PrP species in spleens of prion-infected mice. Although follicular integrity was completely disturbed, titres of prion infectivity in neoplastic spleens were not significantly altered, yet no protease-resistant PrPSc was detectable. Instead, unique protease-sensitive prion species could be detected in neoplastic spleens. These results indicate the dissociation of PrPSc and prion infectivity and showed the presence of non-PrPSc PrP species in spleen with divergent biochemical properties that become apparent after tissue architecture disruption.
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Purdy, Graeme M., Marina A. James, Jordan L. Rees, Peter Ondrus, Jamie L. Keess, Trevor A. Day, and Craig D. Steinback. "Spleen reactivity during incremental ascent to altitude." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00753.2018.
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The spleen contains a reservoir of red blood cells that are mobilized into circulation when under physiological stress. Despite the spleen having an established role in compensation to acute hypoxia, no previous work has assessed the role of the spleen during ascent to high altitude. Twelve participants completed 2 min of handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction at 1,045, 3,440, and 4,240 m. In a subset of eight participants, an infusion of phenylephrine hydrochloride was administered at a dosage of 30 µg/l of predicted blood volume at each altitude. The spleen was imaged by ultrasound via a 2- to 5.5-MHz curvilinear probe. Spleen volume was calculated by the prolate ellipsoid formula. Finger capillary blood samples were taken to measure hematocrit. Spleen images and hematocrit were taken both before and at the end of both handgrip and phenylephrine infusion. No changes in resting spleen volume were observed between altitudes. At low altitude, the spleen contracted in response to handgrip [272.8 ml (SD 102.3) vs. 249.6 ml (SD 105.7), P = 0.009], leading to an increase in hematocrit (42.6% (SD 3.3) vs. 44.3% (SD 3.3), P = 0.023] but did not contract or increase hematocrit at the high-altitude locations. Infusion of phenylephrine led to spleen contraction at all altitudes, but only lead to an increase in hematocrit at low altitude. These data reveal that the human spleen may not contribute to acclimatization to chronic hypoxia, contrary to its response to acute sympathoexcitation. These results are explained by alterations in spleen reactivity to increased sympathetic activation at altitude. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, despite the known role of the human spleen in increasing oxygen delivery to tissues during acute hypoxia scenarios, the spleen does not mobilize red blood cells during ascent to high altitude. Furthermore, the spleen’s response to acute stressors at altitude depends on the nature of the stressor; the spleen’s sensitivity to neurotransmitter is maintained, while its reflex response to stress is dampened.
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Songfeng, Zhao, Zhang Xiao, Zhang Xiaojian, Shi Xiuqin, Yu Zujiang, and Kan Quancheng. "Heparin inhibits burn-induced spleen cell apoptosis by suppressing interleukin-1 expression." Chinese Medical Journal 127, no. 13 (July 5, 2014): 2463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130520.
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Background Epidermal burn injury may trigger significant apoptosis of the spleen cells, which might be caused by a burn-induced systemic inflammatory reaction. Heparin has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is centrally important among pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that heparin might inhibit burn-induced apoptosis in the spleen via suppression of the IL-1 pathway. Methods Burn injury was performed on IL-1 R+/+ ( IL-1 receptor wild-type mouse) and IL-1 R-/- (IL-1 receptor knockout mouse) mice, and they were then treated with heparin, saline or IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-Ra. Apoptosis, IL-1á and IL-1β expression were assessed in the spleens and serum. Survival curve analysis was further applied to elucidate the mechanism of heparin’s protective properties. Results Burn induced significant apoptosis (sham: 3.6%±2.1% vs. burn: 28.8%±5.9%; P <0.001) and remarkable expression o IL-1á and IL-1β in the mouse spleens and serum. Heparin reduced the burn-induced apoptosis in the spleens (heparin treated: 8.6%±3.4%, P <0.005), which could be blocked by IL-1Ra. Heparin markedly decreased both IL-1α and IL-1β expression in the spleens and serum of burned mice. IL-1 R-/- mice demonstrated considerably less apoptosis in the spleens and had a higher survival rate after burns. Heparin did not significantly decrease apoptosis in the spleen and the mortality rate in IL-1 R-/- mice after burns. Conclusion Heparin inhibits burn-induced apoptosis of the spleen cells by suppressing IL-1 expression in mice.
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Baimai, Sani, Panicha Chaiwichayanant, Sirinush Sricharoenvej, and Chayanit Manoonpol. "Spleen anatomic variations in the context of morphology." European Journal of Anatomy 28, no. 2 (March 2024): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52083/ixww6102.
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The immune and hematopoietic systems in the human body depend on the spleen. The understanding of anatomical and morphological variations of the spleen and its arterial vascular segments (AVS) is crucial for performing whole or partial splenectomy in the treatment of splenomegaly and splenic rupture. The aim of this study was to compare the anatomical differences in the spleen and its AVS in Thai cadavers of both sexes. This cadaveric study was performed on 77 cadaveric spleens (males = 38 and females = 39) from the Gross Anatomy Laboratory at the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. The average morphological measures of the observed spleens were 9.11±1.40 cm in length, 6.57±1.46 cm in width, 3.11±0.67 cm in thickness in male cadavers, and 8.77±1.87 cm in length, 5.91±1.35 cm in width, and 2.90±0.78 cm in thickness in female cadavers. The variations in spleen form were 7.79% oval, 16.88% tetrahedral, 28.57% triangular, and 46.75% wedge. The mean splenic hilum length was 5.14±1.10 cm in males and 5.12±1.22 cm in females. The mean lobar branch to hilum distance was 2.26±0.98 cm in males and 2.29±1.05 cm in females. Females were more likely than males to have two lobar arteries. Three lobar arteries, however, were more prevalent in males. The occurrence of accessory spleens was 2.63% for males and 7.50% for females. According to the data, there were significant differences in the number of lobar arteries and spleen size between male and female Thai cadavers.
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Hakim, F. T., and G. M. Shearer. "Abrogation of hybrid resistance to bone marrow engraftment by graft-vs-host-induced immune deficiency." Journal of Immunology 137, no. 10 (November 15, 1986): 3109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.137.10.3109.
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Abstract Lethally irradiated F1 mice, heterozygous at the hematopoietic histocompatibility locus Hh-1, which is linked with H-2Db, reject bone marrow grafts from H-2b parents. This hybrid resistance (HR) is reduced by prior injection of H-2b parental spleen cells. Because injection of parental spleen cells produces a profound suppression of F1 immune functions, we investigated whether parental-induced abrogation of HR was due to graft-vs-host-induced immune deficiency (GVHID). HR was assessed by quantifying engraftment of H-2b bone marrow in F1 mice with the use of splenic [125I]IUdR uptake; GVHID, by the ability of F1 spleen cells to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. We observed a correlation in the time course and spleen cell dose dependence between loss of HR and GVHID. Both GVHID and loss of HR were dependent on injection of parental T cells; nude or T-depleted spleen cells were ineffective. The injection of B10 recombinant congenic spleens into (B10 X B10.A)F1 mice, before grafting with B10 marrow, demonstrated that only those disparities in major histocompatibility antigens that generated GVH would result in loss of HR. Thus, spleens from (B10 X B10.A(2R]F1 mice (Class I disparity only) did not induce GVHID or affect HR, whereas (B10 X B10.A(5R))F1 spleens (Class I and II disparity) abrogated CTL generation and HR completely. GVHID produced by a class II only disparity, as in (B10 X B10.A(5R))F1 spleens injected into (B6bm12 X B10.A(5R))F1 mice, was also sufficient to markedly reduce HR to B10 bone marrow. This evidence that GVHID can modulate hematopoietic graft rejection may be relevant to the mechanisms of natural resistance to marrow grafts in man.
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Somasundaram, SK, L. Massey, D. Gooch, J. Reed, and D. Menzies. "Laparoscopic splenectomy is emerging ‘gold standard’ treatment even for massive spleens." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 97, no. 5 (July 2015): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588414x14055925060479.
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Introduction Since its first description by Delaitre and Maignien in 1991, laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) has evolved as treatment of choice for mild-to-moderately-enlarged spleens and for benign haematological disorders. LS is a challenge if massive spleens or malignant conditions necessitate treatment, but we report our method and its feasibility in this study. Methods We undertook a retrospective study of prospectively collected data of all elective splenectomies carried out in our firm of upper gastrointestinal surgeons from June 2003 to June 2012. Only patients opting for elective LS were included in this study. Results From June 2003 to June 2012, elective splenectomy was carried out in 80 patients. Sixty-seven patients underwent LS and 13 underwent open splenectomy (OS). In the LS group, there were 38 males and 29 females. Age ranged from 6 years to 82 years. Spleen size in the LS group ranged from ≤11cm to 27.6cm. Twelve patients had a spleen size of >20cm. Weight ranged from 35g to 2,400g. Eighteen patients had a spleen weight of 600–1,600g and eight had a spleen weight >1,600g. Operating times were available for 56 patients. Mean operating time for massive spleens was 129.73 min. There was no conversion to OS. There were no major complications. Conclusions With improved laparoscopic expertise and advancing technology, LS is safe and feasible even for massive spleens and splenic malignancies. It is the emerging ‘gold standard’ for all elective splenectomies and has very few contraindications.
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Sefc, Ludek, Ko-Tung Chang, Viktor Sykora, and Emanuel Necas. "Mobilization with Cyclophosphamide Shifts Hematopoiesis From the Bone Marrow to the Spleen In Mouse." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1590.1590.
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Abstract Abstract 1590 Introduction: Spleen is an active hematopoietic tissue in adult mice. Spleen niches supporting hematopoiesis were not extensively studied yet. Spleen does not contain osteoblastic niches which are considered to be essential for long-term hematopoiesis, and splenic hematopoiesis is assumed to originate mainly from progenitors with short-term repopulating ability. Normal spleen is primarily a lymphoid organ but it also contributes to myelopoiesis by containing approximately 5% of total body multipotent progenitors CFU-S. We have studied the effect of mobilization with cyclophosphamide on trafficking of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) from the bone marrow to the spleen, and dependence of normal splenic hematopoiesis on continual supply of HSPC from the bone marrow. Method: Murine congenic model C57Bl/6 Ly5.1/Ly5.2, and C57Bl/6 GFP, was used in the experiments. Kinetics of HSPC in the bone marrow and the spleen after a sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (135 mg/kg) was measured by clonal assays (CFU-GM and CFU-S – progenitors) and by competitive repopulation assay (short- and long-term repopulating cells, STRC and LTRC). Parabiotic pairs were established from control and cyclophosphamide-treated partners in order to demonstrate HSPC exchange between hematopoietic organs. Selective irradiation of either spleen with bone marrow shielded, or irradiation of bone marrow with spleen shielded, was used to measure significance of HSPC migration from the spleen to the bone marrow during hematopoietic regeneration. Selected cytokine expression in the bone marrow and in the spleen was determined by real-time PCR. Result: Bone marrow HSPC rapidly but transiently regenerated from cyclophosphamide damage. Secondary decrease in HSPC between 5 and 7 days after cyclophosphamide in the bone marrow was accompanied with significant reduction of SDF-1 mRNA expression, mobilization of HSPC into peripheral blood and their rapid accumulation in the spleen. Spleen thus transiently became the main hematopoietic organ in the mouse by containing 69% of total body CFU-S, and also contained significantly more LTRC compared to the femur (Fig). Surprisingly, there was no increase in SDF-1 mRNA expression during homing of HSPC in the spleen. Spleens of parabiotic partners were rapidly colonized by partner cells including HSPC within two weeks. Bone marrow also contained small but significant amount of partner HSPC one and 2 weeks after parabiosis establishment. In pairs made from control and cyclophosphamide treated mice, mobilized HSPC preferentially engrafted in both own and partner spleens. Spleen cellularity and progenitor content was not affected by selective spleen irradiation and was restored from shielded bone marrow 6 days after irradiation. Expansion of extramedullary splenic hematopoiesis after cyclophosphamide occurred even when HSPC were destroyed in the spleen 1 day after cyclophosphamide, i.e. the spleen expansion was dependent on the bone marrow. Irradiation of bone marrow with spleen shielded led to abruption of splenic hematopoiesis in both control and cyclophosphamide treated mice. Conclusion: There is a quantitatively significant trafficking of HSPC by means of the circulation in mice. The splenic hematopoiesis appears to be almost fully dependent on a continuous supply of HSPC from the bone marrow. This trafficking of HSPC can be enhanced by hematopoietic cell mobilization. In mice, damage caused by cyclophosphamide results in a transient, however quantitatively remarkable relocation of HSPC, including LTRC, from the bone marrow to the spleen. This accumulation of HSPC in spleen is not accompanied with increased expression of SDF-1 mRNA. HSPC circulating in peripheral blood also significantly colonize the bone marrow and actively participate in its hematopoiesis. Support: Projects LC06044 and MSM 0021620806 of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Bowerson, Michyla, Christine O. Menias, Kristen Lee, Kathryn J. Fowler, Antonio Luna, Motoyo Yano, Kuma Sandrasegaran, and Khaled Elsayes. "Hot spleen: hypervascular lesions of the spleen." Abdominal Imaging 40, no. 7 (September 18, 2015): 2796–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00261-015-0523-8.
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Zamokas, Gintaras, Aidas Grigonis, Lina Babickaitė, Vita Riškevičienė, Kristina Lasienė, and Nomeda Juodžiukynienė. "Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) and other pathological conditions in canine spleens." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 12 (2016): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5598.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate pathological conditions in canine spleens. The spleens of 105 dogs were examined histopathologically. The age of dogs ranged from 2 months (n = 6) to 21 years (n = 99). There were 78 male and 27 female animals. Macroscopically, 93 spleens were enlarged. During histophatological examination, different pathological conditions were found (extramedullary hemopoiesis (EMH), lymphoma, inflammation, amyloidosis, diffuse and follicular white pulp hyperplasia, red pulp hyperplasia, hematomas). Although it is a rare condition, EHM was found in the spleens of 72 dogs (68.6 percent), and further investigations are needed together with bone marrow examination. We observed that splenomegaly, especially as a focal spleen enlargement, is common in dogs, but often missdiagnosed as malignant spleen tumor.
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Araújo MD, PhD, Nordeval Cavalcante, Margarida Maria Camões Orlando MD, PhD, Moises Bonifácio Das Neves MD, Raphael Sancho Sisley De Souza MS, and Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda MD, PhD. "Evaluation of Spleen Function in Renal Transplant Patients and Controls by Liver-Spleen Scanning Using Qualitative and Quantitative Methods." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 7, no. 03 (March 21, 2022): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol07-i03/1373.
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare renal transplant recipients healthy controls, in order to find scintigraphic signs of hyposplenism or hypersplenism by using qualitative and quantitative liver-spleen scan parameters. Material and Methods: Scanning parameters were evaluated in 88 renal transplant recipients and 59 controls after administration of 5-mCi of 99mTc-stannous colloid. Spleen uptake was characterized as normal, low, or high in comparison to the liver and bone marrow pattern uptake was described as normal or high. The images were drawn over the liver and spleen for counting scintillations and measuring the area. Spleen/liver ratio from controls was correlated with qualitative spleen uptake of renal transplant recipients. Immunosuppressive regimens consisted of combinations of azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil and rapamycin, tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Results: renal transplant recipients took up more radiocolloid and had larger livers and spleens than controls. Cases of lower (hyposplenism) and higher (hypersplenism) uptake in the spleen were more frequent in renal transplant recipients than in controls. There was a good correlation between spleen uptake of renal transplant recipients and spleen/liver ratio of controls. Discussion: renal transplant recipients liver and spleen took up more radiocolloid consistent with their enlarged state, likely due to activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system, probably by repeated exposure to infection. Low and high splenic uptake were found in renal transplant recipients, these findings are consistent with diagnosis of hyposplenism and hypersplenism respectively. Quantitative methods validated visual assessment.
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Rodrigues, Fábio Gontijo, Andy Petroianu, Simone Odília Fernandes Diniz, Valbert Nascimento Cardoso, and Eduardo Vilhena de Parreira. "Scintigraphic study of the splenic circulation in rats." Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 41, no. 5 (October 2014): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-69912014005009.
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Objective: To evaluate the splenic parenchymal blood distribution through scintigraphic study.Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5). Group 1 (spleen - 30 minutes) and Group 2 (spleen - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy with direction of blood flow to the spleen by ligature of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation and splanchnic vessels, keeping blood flow only in the splenic artery; Group 3 (spleen and stomach - 30 minutes) and Group 4 (spleen and stomach - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy with direction of blood flow to the spleen and stomach by ligature of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation and splanchnic vessels, maintaining the flow through the splenic, gastric and splenogastric vessels; Group 5 (control - 30 minutes) and Group 6 (control - 90 minutes) underwent laparotomy and ligation of the aorta near the iliac bifurcation, keeping the flow to the abdominal organs. After arterial ligation, the animals received an injection of 0.2 ml of sodium pertechnetate in the aorta. Scintigraphic images were taken and the animals had their spleens removed for radioactivity counting with an automatic counter device.Results: There was no difference in the amounts of radiation from the spleen between groups, indicating retention of the radioisotope by the spleen, even after the period of 90 minutes.Conclusion: The blood flow through the spleen is not continuous. The blood diffuses through the splenic parenchyma and its venous drainage is slow, not following a predictable sequence.
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Peng, Rui, Yuliang Liu, Zhigang Cai, Fujun Shen, Jiasong Chen, Rong Hou, and Fangdong Zou. "Characterization and Analysis of Whole Transcriptome of Giant Panda Spleens: Implying Critical Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Immunity." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 46, no. 3 (2018): 1065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488837.
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Background/Aims: Giant pandas, an endangered species, are a powerful symbol of species conservation. Giant pandas may suffer from a variety of diseases. Owing to their highly specialized diet of bamboo, giant pandas are thought to have a relatively weak ability to resist diseases. The spleen is the largest organ in the lymphatic system. However, there is little known about giant panda spleen at a molecular level. Thus, clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of spleen could help us further understand the immune system of the giant panda as well as its conservation. Methods: The two giant panda spleens were from two male individuals, one newborn and one an adult, in a non-pathological condition. The whole transcriptomes of mRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, and circRNA in the two spleens were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform. EBseq and IDEG6 were used to observe the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these two spleens. Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses were used to annotate the function of DEGs. Furthermore, networks between non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes were constructed to investigate the relationship between non-coding RNAs and immune-associated genes. Results: By comparative analysis of the whole transcriptomes of these two spleens, we found that one of the major roles of lncRNAs could be involved in the regulation of immune responses of giant panda spleens. In addition, our results also revealed that microRNAs and circRNAs may have evolved to regulate a large set of biological processes of giant panda spleens, and circRNAs may function as miRNA sponges. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of lncRNAs and circRNAs in giant panda, which could be a useful resource for further giant panda research. Our study reveals the potential functional roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in giant panda spleen.
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Matic, Slavko, Djordje Knezevic, Igor Ignjatovic, Nikola Grubor, Vladimir Dugalic, Marjan Micev, and Srbislav Knezevic. "Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for intrapancreatic accessory spleen: Case report." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 143, no. 3-4 (2015): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1504195m.
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Introduction. Accessory spleens can be found in up to 10% of the population, and their intrapancreatic occurrence is considered uncommon. When present, the intrapancreatic accessory spleen is usually found in the tail of the pancreas in about 1.7% of adult individuals. The infrequent presence of the accessory spleen in the pancreatic tissue could lead to inappropriate diagnosis and hence therapeutic approach, as they are commonly presented as a hypervascular node in the tail of the pancreas on abdominal CT and MRI, mimicking a well differentiated tumor of the pancreas or non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Case Outline. We present a 70-year-old female in whom a preoperative evaluation finding was highly suggestive of a non-functioning neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreatic tail. We performed spleen preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, and histopathological examination revealed the intrapancreatic accessory spleen. Conclusion. Although infrequent, the presence of the intrapancreatic accessory spleen must be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic tail tumors.
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Zhang, Qian, Xuejing Sun, Taozhi Wang, Bing Chen, Yufei Huang, Hong Chen, and Qiusheng Chen. "The Postembryonic Development of the Immunological Barrier in the Chicken Spleens." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (May 5, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6279360.
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The avian immune system improves with the development of the lymphoid organs. The chickens’ spleen serves as the largest peripheral lymphoid organ, but little immunological research has been conducted on that spleen during postembryonic development. We investigated the blood-spleen barrier (BSB) by developing morphological architecture, resistance to the corpuscular antigen, immunocyte distribution, gene expression levels of TLR2/4 and cytokines in the spleens of hatched chickens of differing ages. Results demonstrated that the resistance of exogenous carbon particles of the BSB improved with the morphological and structural development of the chicken spleens. The cuboidal endothelial cells which lined the sheathed capillaries were gradually visible, and the discontinuous basement membrane was thickened during postembryonic development. There was an increased number of T and B cells and antigen-presenting cells in the chicken spleen between hatching and adulthood. The mRNA expression levels of TLR2/4, IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were higher two weeks after hatching, but these decreased and remain stable between 21 and 60 days. As the age increased, the BSB developed structurally and functionally. Our findings provide a better understanding of splenic immune function and the pathogenesis of avian immunology in infectious diseases.
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Colovic, Radoje. "Tehnika splenektomije." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 49, no. 3 (2002): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0203045c.
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Splenectomy has been performed in trauma in a number of benign lesions of the spleen and in a certain haematological diseases. When performed for trauma a luxation technique of splenectomy is applied since it allows quick haemostasis. When performed in other indications, the spleen is usually enlarged. In those patients "splenectomy in situ" is recommended. That means, first, division of the short gastric vessels and gastrosplenic ligament, second, ligation of the splenic artery and finally division of the hilar vessels after which the spleen may be simply removed. Details of operative technique, management of accessory spleens and prevention of operative complications are described.
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Huston, D. P., G. Tavana, R. R. Rich, and S. E. Gressens. "Regulation of primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses generated during mixed leukocyte culture with H-2d identical Qa-1-disparate cells." Journal of Immunology 137, no. 6 (September 15, 1986): 1776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.137.6.1776.
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Abstract Cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) responses are not usually generated during primary mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) with H-2 identical cells. Thus NZB mice are unusual in that their spleen cells do mount CTL responses during primary MLC with H-2d identical stimulator cells; the predominant target antigen for these NZB responses is Qa-1b. Considering the numerous immunoregulatory defects in NZB mice, we postulated that these NZB anti-Qa-1 primary CTL responses were due to an abnormality in T suppressor cell activity. Cellular interactions capable of suppressing NZB anti-Qa-1 primary CTL responses were investigated by using one-way and two-way MLC with spleen cells from NZB mice and other H-2d strains. Although H-2d identical one-way MLC with the use of NZB responders resulted in substantial CTL responses, only minimal CTL responses were detected from two-way MLC with the use of NZB spleen cells plus nonirradiated spleen cells from other H-2d mice. Thus the presence of non-NZB spleen cells in the two-way H-2d identical MLC prevented the generation of NZB CTL. Noncytotoxic mechanisms were implicated in the suppression of the NZB CTL responses during two-way MLC, because only minimal CTL activity was generated when NZB spleen cells were cultured with semiallogeneic, H-2d identical (e.g., NZB X BALB) F1 spleen cells. The observed suppression could be abrogated with as little as 100 rad gamma-irradiation to the non-NZB spleen cells. The phenotype of these highly radiosensitive spleen cells was Thy-1+, Lyt-1+, Lyt-2-, L3T4+. The functional presence of these cells in the spleens of semiallogeneic, H-2d identical F1 mice indicated that their deficiency in NZB mice was a recessive trait. These data suggest that NZB mice lack an L3T4+ cell present in the spleens of normal mice that is capable of suppressing primary anti-Qa-1 CTL responses. This model system should facilitate additional investigations of the cellular interactions and immunoregulatory mechanisms responsible for controlling primary CTL responses against non-H-2K/D class I alloantigens. The model may also provide insight into the immunoregulatory defects of autoimmune NZB mice.
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Hildebrand, P., U. J. Roblick, E. Schlöricke, R. Czymek, H. P. Bruch, and C. Bürk. "The role of organ preservation in the surgical therapy of traumatic spleen injury." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 58, no. 4 (2011): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci1104021h.
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Background: New findings on immunological und haematological functions of the spleen, the postoperative risks following splenectomy, as well as improved surgical techniques resulted in an increased interest in organ preservative surgery after traumatic spleen injury in recent years. Material and Methods: The data of all patients who un-derwent surgery for traumatic spleen injuries between 1995 - 2009 were recorded prospectively and analyzed concerning type of operation, intra-and postoperative complications and the postoperative course. Results: A total of 214 patients with splenic trauma underwent surgery. The spleen could be preserved in 80 patients (37,4 %, group 1), using thermocoagulation, suture, glue sealant, splenorhaphy and partial spleen resection or combined techniques. 4 of those patients (5 %) required a revision operation, in which two spleens co-uld be salvaged by application of glue sealant. Eight of the patients of group 1 could be treated laparoscopically (10 %). Conclusion: Under consideration of the surgical segment anatomy of the spleen and the surgical techniques presented, organ preservation is possible with high success rates, even in patients with severe splenic damage. In stable patients with minor splenic injury, laparoscopic or conservative treatment can be considered. Splenectomy should be reserved for patients with complete shattering of the spleen or instable patients.
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Paulo, Danilo Nagib Salomão, Isabel Cristina Andreatta Lemos Paulo, Mitre Kalil, Paulo Merçon Vargas, Alcino Lázaro da Silva, João Florêncio de Abreu Baptista, and Alvino Jorge Guerra. "Subtotal splenectomy preserving the lower pole in rats: technical, morphological and functional aspects." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 21, no. 5 (October 2006): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502006000500009.
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PURPOSE: To assess the possibility of preserving the lower pole of the spleen, supplied by the inferior lobar vessels and segmental vessels, or by vessels of the gastrosplenic ligament, in subtotal splenectomy; to study the viability and function of the lower pole of the spleen. METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were used in this study. Said animals weighed 273-390 g ( 355.2 ± 30.5 g ), and were randomly distributed into three groups. Group 1 comprised ten animals which were submitted to exploratory laparotomy with spleen manipulation (sham operation). Group 2 comprised 16 animals which were submitted to total splenectomy. Group 3 comprised ten animals which were submitted to subtotal splenectomy, preserving the lower pole of the spleen. Blood was collected from all animals before and 90 days after surgery to measure the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. The animals were sacrificed 90 days after surgery. Spleens and remaining spleens were removed for macroscopic and microscopic examination. RESULTS: Surgery was performed with no complications in all groups. Six animals died in group 2. Spleens of groups 1 and 2, and lower poles of group 3 were macroscopically viable. Apparent white pulp hyperplasia was observed in group 1. In group 3, slight inflammation and capsular fibrosis were observed at the incision site, as well as diffuse hemosiderosis in the red pulp. Average mass of remaining spleen was 35.84% ± 4.31%. No significant difference was observed between preoperative and late postoperative lipid levels in groups 1 and 3 (p > 0.05). Late postoperative lipid levels significantly increased in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of the lower pole of the spleen (supplied by gastrosplenic vessels or inferior lobar vessels and segmental vessels) was possible with subtotal splenectomy. The lower pole was macroscopically and microscopically viable in all cases. Subtotal splenectomy preserving the lower pole prevented changes in lipid levels, which were observed in rats submitted to total splenectomy. Plasma lipid levels in rats submitted to subtotal splenectomy were similar to those observed in sham operated rats.
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Cabanac, Arnaud, Lars P. Folkow, and Arnoldus Schytte Blix. "Volume capacity and contraction control of the seal spleen." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 1989–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.6.1989.
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Cabanac, Arnaud, Lars P. Folkow, and Arnoldus Schytte Blix.Volume capacity and contraction control of the seal spleen. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1989–1994, 1997.—Volume changes in the spleens of hooded seals ( Cystophora cristata) and harp seals ( Phoca groenlandica) were measured plethysmographically in vitro in response to epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoprenaline, phentolamine, and acetylcholine. Dilated spleens contracted forcefully within 1–3 min of α-adrenoceptor activation with 1.0–5.0 μg epinephrine/kg body mass, whereas stimulation of β-adrenoceptors and cholinergic receptors had little effect. The mass of dilated hooded seal spleens corresponded to 2–4% ( n = 7) of body mass, with volume (V; ml) relating to body mass (M; kg) as follows: V = 12.0M + 910 ( r 2 = 0.96, n = 4). Thus the spleen of a 250-kg hooded seal maximally expels 3.9 liters, or 13%, of its estimated total blood volume. Average hematocrit in splenic venous outflow from dilated spleens was 90 ± 3% ( n = 3) in hooded seals and 85% ( n = 2) in harp seals. From these data we have estimated that the aerobic diving limit of a 250-kg hooded seal increases only 105 s, at the most, if complete emptying of the spleen occurs during diving, while the corresponding estimate for a 112-kg harp seal is 80 s.
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Lazow, Stefanie P., and Ketan R. Sheth. "Unmasking the Intrapancreatic Accessory Spleen." World Journal of Surgery and Surgical Research 5, no. 1 (August 16, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.25107/2637-4625-v5-id1400.
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Despite the availability of various diagnostic studies including CT, MRI, nuclear medicine images, and endoscopic ultrasound, the differentiation of Intrapancreatic Accessory Spleen (IPAS) from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor remains challenging. We present the case of a 40-year-old male with an incidentally found intrapancreatic lesion with indeterminate imaging diagnosis. A CT demonstrated accessory spleens at the splenic hilum. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed. Pathology resulted with benign IPAS. Despite indeterminate imaging, a high suspicion for IPAS should be maintained in patients with other accessory spleens.
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S. Ghaji, Mustafa, Yasmeen J. Mohammed, Thaer R. Mhalhal, Yasmeen J. Mohammed, and Thaer R. Mhalhal. "Comparative Histomorphological Study of Spleen in Goat, Sheep, Cow and Buffalo." Sumer 1 8, CSS 1 (August 15, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.01.90.
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Immunity in some animals, such as goats, stands for unique properties by which they withstand unpleasant environments. Spleen influences animals' immunity through its hematopoietic and immunological roles. Because of that, we emphasized the average morphological and histological properties of the Goat, Sheep, Cow and Buffalo spleen. We randomly collected three spleens for every species from healthy slaughtered Goats, Sheep, Cows and Buffalo. All the animals were adult and weighed about 71, 80, 400 and 500 grams, respectively. Histological cutting was followed according to the paraffin method; then, the samples were ready for microscopic exam. The structure results revealed that the spleen of animals is supported externally by a thick fibromuscular connective tissue capsule, which vascularizes by subcapsular sinus. Stromal trabeculae emerge from the capsule, entering the splenic parenchyma. The parenchyma of animals' spleen differentiates into white pulp, which organizes into the periarterial lymphatic sheath along with lymph nodules, red pulp ropes in splenic sinuses among splenic cords, and marginal zone in which macrophage occupies excellent importance. This study concluded that the amount of smooth muscle in the spleen septa in goats was more than in the rest of the experimental animals. Keywords: Histomorphology; Spleen; Goat; Sheep; Cow; Buffalo
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Jaji, Alhaji Zubair, Adamu Saleh Saidu, Mohammed Bakari Mahre, Mbaya Pindar Yawulda, Ibrahim Alhaji Girgiri, Piyush Tomar, and Faruk Da’u. "Morphology, Morphometry and Histogenesis of the Prenatal Dromedary (Camelus Dromedarius) Spleen." Macedonian Veterinary Review 42, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/macvetrev-2019-0018.
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Abstract Prenatal gross morphologic, morphometric and histologic developmental features of the dromedary spleen were studied. The dromedary gestation period (13 months) was categorized into four (1-4) phases and ten developing spleens per growth phase were sampled. Splenic topographical anatomy was noted before being eviscerated from each foetus. Morphologic and morphometric features of the eviscerated spleens were immediately documented and 2 – 4 mm thick samples were collected for histological analysis. The developing spleen was dark brown in colour, semilunar shaped and significantly increased (p<0.05) in size and weight across the four phases of prenatal development. The full-term dromedary spleen was observed to have unique histological features. Its capsule had an inner smooth muscle and an outer predominant connective tissue layer. The pumping of stored blood from the muscular capsule and trabeculae was proportionate to the body’s requirement. The splenic venous return was characterized by blood flow from the red pulp (venous sinusoids) to the peritrabecular sinuses, subcapsular sinuses and finally to the splenic veins. The dromedary has a sinusal type of spleen and has both open and closed types of circulation. The presence of closed circulation and absence of marginal sinus could be the reason for dromedary main health problems of blood parasites; Trypanosoma evansi. It was concluded that most of the salient features of the postnatal spleen were already evident in the first growth phase and became developed by the second phase. Other growth phases were mainly characterized by increase in sizes.
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Nagel, Bert H. P., Helen Williams, Louise Stewart, Joanne Paul, and Oliver Stümper. "Splenic state in surviving patients with visceral heterotaxy." Cardiology in the Young 15, no. 5 (September 16, 2005): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951105211320.
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Aim: To identify patients with visceral heterotaxy who are at risk from fulminant sepsis. Methods: We studied 38 patients, 37 having undergone abdominal ultrasound, all 38 having examination of blood films to establish presence of Howell-Jolly bodies, and all 38 documented to have had pneumococcal vaccination and prophylaxis with penicillin. We checked whether the parents were aware of the splenic state of their child, and when possible, we compared current results of blood films with those obtained postnatally. Results: Two of the 17 patients with multiple spleens, all 11 without a detectable spleen, and 1 of 9 patients with a normal spleen, showed Howell-Jolly bodies in their blood films. In 5 of 23 patients with serial blood films, Howell-Jolly bodies had not been seen postnatally, but could now be detected in current blood films. Of these patients, 2 had multiple spleens, 1 did not have a spleen, and 1 had a solitary spleen of normal size. In the other patient, ultrasound could not be performed. Only one of these patients was receiving penicillin prophylactically, and had received pneumococcal vaccination. Of the 15 patients in whom Howell-Jolly bodies were present in the blood, only 8 parents knew about the potential risk for infection. Another 7 parents were sure that their child was taking penicillin regularly, and had received pneumococcal vaccination. Conclusions: Howell-Jolly bodies can be found in the blood of patients with visceral heterotaxy independent of the anatomical state of the spleen. As Howell-Jolly bodies can be encountered in the blood of such patients with increasing age, those with multiple and solitary spleens should be monitored regularly to identify those at risk. Parental knowledge of the splenic state, and compliance for prophylaxis using penicillin, and pneumococcal vaccination, were unsatisfactory in our cohort.