Academic literature on the topic 'Spitz (Rock group)'

Abstract The origin of magmas that formed the Bushveld Complex remains highly debated in spite of many decades of intense research. Previous geochemical–petrological studies have shown a strong mantle derivation resulting ultimately in highly economic ore bodies of platinum group elements and chromium. However, geochemistry also points to the contribution of a significant crustal component, which may have been derived singly or in combination from a number of different sources. These include subcontinental lithospheric mantle that was enriched prior to Bushveld magma formation, possibly by subduction, assimilation of lower and upper crust during magma ascent, and contamination during magma chamber accretion within sedimentary rocks of the enclosing Transvaal Supergroup. In this study, the contributions of these various reservoirs will be evaluated by employing Hf isotopic data of well-characterized zircon grains in mafic, felsic and metasedimentary rocks, together with Zr–Hf bulk-rock compositions. The results reveal that magmatic zircon grains in mafic cumulate rocks from the floor to the roof of the c. 9 km thick Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) show essentially the same variations in εHf2·055 Ga from −7·5 to −10·2 as those of metamorphic zircon grains and overgrowths in the immediate surrounding quartzite and metapelitic rocks, as well as in granitic melt batches, granophyres, and the upper Rooiberg volcanics. The same values are also obtained by estimating the average Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircon grains in many quartzite and metapelitic rocks from the surrounding Magaliesberg (εHf2·055 Ga = −6·2 to −10·8, six samples, maximum deposition age at 2080 Ma) and Houtenbeck formations (εHf2·055 Ga = −7·1 to −8·9, three samples, maximum deposition age at 2070 Ma), and by a six-point isochron of a garnet-schist from the Silverton Formation (εHft = −6·6 ± 0·7; age = 2059·4 ± 2·7 Ma). Zircon morphologies, zoning patterns, Hf isotopic data and petrological constraints furthermore reveal that metamorphic zircon was precipitated from aqueous fluids and/or felsic melts at temperatures between 550 and 900 °C, and that the Hf isotopic composition became homogenized during fluid transport in the contact aureole. However, results of numerical modelling indicate that fluid infiltration had only a minor effect on the Zr–Hf budget and Hf isotopic composition of the RLS, and that these parameters were mainly controlled by the mixing of melts derived from three major sources: (1) the asthenospheric mantle (>20 %); (2) enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle (<80 %); (3) assimilation of significant amounts of crust (up to 40 %). The modelling furthermore suggests that assimilation of lower Kaapvaal Craton crust was minor (<15 %) during B1 (high-Mg andesite) magma formation, but up to 40 % during B3 (tholeiite) magma formation. The minor variation in εHft of zircon throughout the entire stratigraphy of the RLS resulted from the interplay of three dominant contributing factors: (1) intrusion of hot (>1200 °C) mantle-derived magmas with relatively low Zr–Hf concentrations having a similar εHf2·055 Ga of −8·5 ± 1·9 to that of upper crust rocks surrounding the RLS; (2) significant assimilation of volcanic and metasedimentary rocks with high Zr–Hf concentration; (3) mingling, mixing and/or diffusive exchange of Zr and Hf between crust and mantle-derived melts and aqueous fluids prior to late-magmatic crystallization of zircon at temperatures between 700 and 900 °C. This study shows that the combination of Zr–Hf bulk-rock data with Hf isotopic data of well-characterized zircon grains provides a powerful tool to quantify various mantle and crustal reservoirs of mafic layered intrusions, and allows new insights into magma chamber and related contact metamorphic processes.

Systematic geological cross-sections along traverses of Manali-Leh Highway, Satluj River section, Spiti River section and Pin and Parahio River sections have been sketched in course of expeditional work. An attempt has been made to illustrate the real ground picture visible in the field, keeping as far as possible in mind the vertical and horizontal scales and directional orientation. The extrapolation has been avoided. The profile along the Manali-Leh Highway presents the picture of tectonic contact between central crystalline unit of Vaikrita and thick sedimentary sequence of Phanerozoic with Haimanta Group at the base. Unique features of inverted Mesozoic synform and younger granitic intrusion along the deep fracture have been illustrated. Along the profile of Satluj Valley the Rampur antiform with Precambrian volcanics is succeeded by Vaikrita crystalline of high grade metamorphism ending up with tectonic contact with Tethyan sediments at Khab, sense of movement and intrusive granitic rock-types suggest the nature of visible thrust contact. The profiles along Spiti, Pin and Parahio rivers are very illustrative to confirm the missing carboniferous zone - the conjectural flexure of Hercynian orogenic phase. Profuse disharmonic folding with Triassic horizon and thrust structures with limited displacements within the formations have also been noticed. Structural profiles indubitably confirm the tectonic contacts on either side of the Tethyan sedimentary sequence. Low amplitude thrusting and recumbent folds are sometimes indicative of vivid tectonic phenomenon within the thick pile of deformed Tethyan sequence.

The Piquiri Syenite Massif, southernmost Brazil, is part of the post-collisional magmatism related to the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano-Pan-African Orogenic Cycle. The massif is about 12 km in diameter and is composed of syenites, granites, monzonitic rocks and lamprophyres. Diopside-phlogopite, diopside-biotite-augite-calcic-amphibole, are the main ferro-magnesian paragenesis in the syenitic rocks. Syenitic and granitic rocks are co-magmatic and related to an ultrapotassic, silica-saturated magmatism. Their trace element patterns indicate a probable mantle source modified by previous, subduction-related metasomatism. The ultrapotassic granites of this massif were produced by fractional crystallization of syenitic magmas, and may be considered as a particular group of hypersolvus and subsolvus A-type granites. Based upon textural, structural and geochemical data most of the syenitic rocks, particularly the fine-grained types, are considered as crystallized liquids, in spite of the abundance of cumulatic layers, schlieren, and compositional banding. Most of the studied samples are metaluminous, with K2O/Na2O ratios higher than 2. The ultrapotassic syenitic and lamprophyric rocks in the Piquiri massif are interpreted to have been produced from enriched mantle sources, OIB-type, like most of the post-collisional shoshonitic, sodic alkaline and high-K tholeiitic magmatism in southernmost Brazil. The source of the ultrapotassic and lamprophyric magmas is probably the same veined mantle, with abundant phlogopite + apatite + amphibole that reflects a previous subduction-related metasomatism.

Over 70 years ago, Theodor W. Adorno and Hanns Eisler philosophized about functional music in their programmatic script Composing for the Films. In spite of all the social criticism that the authors practiced with relish, it was already about the essential—the determination of a meaningful coexistence of synergetically connected art events. With the spread of video games, the question arises again and again: how to combine action and sound without falling prey to Mickey Mousing effect? As one of the youngest branches of music studies, ludomusicology describes a number of musical application scenarios, systematized according to effects and techniques. Their principles are comprehensible—under normal circumstances. With the Karmaflow—The Rock Opera Videogame, however, a project was started that leads to a new configuration between the media: in this game you play, in a manner of speaking, with or against the music itself. Because of its design, Karmaflow deserves to be considered on its own. Additionally, outside the subgroup of “music-based games”, heavy metal music is an exception among video games. The present essay illustrates the specific concept of the game which indeed can be placed in a range between video games and rock operas. The insights gained through (self-) observation are compared with the results of an exploratory survey. The survey was aimed at revealing the influence of sound on the gaming experience. The majority of respondents confirmed the connection between music and gameplay and the effect of musical characterization on some specific decisions. Test subjects, who, due to their preferences, belonged to the target group of game developers, judged differently than the other experiment participants.

A hydropower plant is usually the major electricity supplier in the region, the failure of underground powerhouse in an earthquake may cause not only the damage to itself, but also secondary disasters to the region in a way of an electricity outage. Seismic stability of these underground complexes is required to be seriously addressed. The underground cavern complex of the Baihetan hydropower plant in Yunnan Province, China, is currently the world's largest underground rock cavern group under construction. Aseismic issues of the underground cavern complex are discussed in this paper. On the basis of this research, seismic variables of the Baihetan project are firstly determined for Design Basis Earthquake and Safety Evaluation Earthquake. The artificial seismic motions for the dynamic analyses are simulated. Two alternative scheme of layout plans of the underground cavern complex are studied, with full 3-D elasto-plastic dynamic response analyses based on the parameters given by the cyclic dynamic loading tests with medium strain rate. The seismic response of seismic displacement and failure zones of each scheme are studied, respectively. A performance verification of the supporting measures during earthquake is also discussed. The results indicate that in spite a wider powerhouse cavern, the scheme "A" which involves a gallery-shaped surge chamber is more stabilized during an earthquake than the scheme "B" whom with barrel-shaped surge chambers. The underground cavern complex with scheme "B" is relatively stable under Design Basis Earthquake and Safety Evaluation Earthquake, despite a minor damage of the surrounding rock. And the implementation of the proposed support system may further guaranteed a safe state of the underground cavern complex in earthquake events.

Land use and land cover change has immense impact on the global environment and ecosystem. Geospatial technologies are very important for monitoring these changes. This research aims to find out the land use land cover dynamics and drivers of Ambung VDC, Tehrathum district. The Landsat images of the year 1990 and 2013 were used for quantifying the changes. Household survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion, training samples collection and direct field observations were carried out to gather socio-economic and bio-physical data. Supervised classification was performed to prepare land cover maps. Change on land use was calculated by using post classification change detection. During 1990–2013, forest cover was found to have increased by 6.6%, agriculture decreased by 5.9% and others (barren, settlement, grass, rock and water bodies) decreased by 0.7%. The VDC was found to have severe problem of rapid drying of water resources in spite of the increase in forest cover, and so research should be carried out to find out the reason and solve the problem before it is too late.Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 26, No. 1, Page:90-96, 2016

Cockroach (Blattodea, Blaberoidea) fauna of the Maltese Islands. Hitherto seven species of cockroaches were known from the Maltese Archipelago (Schembri 1980): four of them are synanthropic species introduced by man: Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana and Supella longipalpa; the remaining three are indigenous species: Ectobius kraussianus, Loboptera decipiens and Polyphaga aegyptiaca. The earlier reports almost exclusively concern the largest island Malta; only one report (L. decipiens) applies to the islet Comino. Faunistic part. By recent collectings of the authors (mainly A.S.) including also the smaller islands Gozo, Comino and some rock islets (Cominotto, Filfla, Fungus Rock, Large Blue Lagoon Rock, Pigean Rock) the known distribution of the species could be largely widened; two further obviously indigenous species were found, both new to science and presumably endemic to Malta: Ectobius melitensis, sp. nov. (Ectobiidae, Ectobiinae) and Heterogamisca jeffreyana, sp. nov. (Corydiidae, Corydiinae). E. kraussianus presumably has to be eliminated from the list of Maltese cockroaches; the older report most likely concerns a misidentified E. melitensis. During the last years the number of introduced species was strongly increased (1) by escapees of species cultivated for the nourishment of amphibia and reptilia, as are Blaptica dubia, Gromphadorhina sp., Nauphoeta cinerea, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Shelfordella lateralis and Symploce pallens, and (2) by species presumably imported with gardening materials: Pycnoscelus surinamensis and Phoetalia pallida. The mentioned species have repeatedly been found in human buildings and adjacent gardens of a number of settlements, mostly in the surroundings of the capital Valetta. They seem to be well established there; part of them has even been observed in the wild. The newly introduced species are in spite of their successful establishment and reproduction in Malta not considered as a danger for the indigenous species: The great differences in the requirements between the two groups most likely exclude competition between them. Three species, Ectobius vittiventris, Henschoutedenis flexivitta, and Periplaneta australasiae, have only occasionally been found and can, therefore, scarcely be considered as members of the Maltese fauna; the latter also applies to species of the genus Panchlora which were repeatedly observed on fruit markets at freshly imported bananas, but never found outside, neither in the Maltese banana plantations. Taxonomic part. The new species are described and compared with their closest relatives, colouration and characteristic structures are shown in several figures. Ectobius melitensis belongs to the kraussianus-species group of Ectobius known from Sicily and surrounding islands (Ustica, Aeolian Islands, Ponza), but with one species also reaching Albania; the nearest relatives of Heterogamisca jeffreyana are occurring on the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia).

Summary This study investigates between-gender differences in trunk rotational power produced at various loads in athletes of gymnastic and dance sports. A group of 24 female and 15 male competitive aerobic and acrobatic gymnasts, ballroom and rock & roll dancers completed two trials of standing trunk rotations at each side with a barbell of different weights (increasing from 1 kg by ~5 kg up to max. of 20 kg) placed on their shoulders. The power produced during trunk rotations was evaluated using the FiTRO Torso Premium. Results showed significantly higher mean power in the acceleration phase of trunk rotations in male than female athletes at loads of 10.5 kg (206.8 ± 22.0 W and 165.4 ± 17.8 W respectively, p = 0.033), 15.5 kg (231.8 ± 27.5 W and 155.6 ± 24.4 W respectively, p = 0.001) and 20 kg (196.9 ± 25.3 W and 111.4 ± 20.9 W respectively, p = 0.001). Similar significant between-gender differences for angular velocity at weights ≥10.5 kg were observed. Alternatively, power and force were greater at lower velocities in male than female athletes. However, some females were able to produce slightly greater power and force at higher velocities in spite of their lower values at lower velocities when compared to males. This may be ascribed to both the genetic predispositions and the specificity of their acrobatic and dance elements including trunk rotations at various velocities under different load conditions.

Over the past several years, two former bandmates in the 1960s rock group, The Turtles, have initiated several lawsuits against the popular music streaming services, Pandora and Sirius XM, arguing that the band owns common law copyrights in the sound recordings of its songs, and that these state-level copyrights grant the band an exclusive public performance right in its sound recordings. If accepted, this argument has the potential to significantly distort federal copyright policy because states would not be constrained by any of the balancing features of the Copyright Act, including Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) safe harbors for Internet Service Providers (ISPs), statutory licenses under 17 USC § 114, or even the limitations, such as fair use, in §§ 107 through 122. In spite of how detrimental state-by-state copyright policymaking could be to Congress’s policy choices embodied in the Copyright Act, federal courts have not applied any form of preemption that would prevent states from legislating at will in this area, because § 301(c) appears to contain a disavowal of preemption for any state law dealing with pre-1972 sound recordings. This note advances an interpretation of § 114(a) that would expressly preempt state-level public performance rights in pre-1972 sound recordings as well as an interpretation of §301(c) that would greatly narrow the scope of the disavowal of preemption, allowing federal courts to strike down state laws that severely distort federal copyright policy.

In the High Himalayan Crystalline Series of Northwest India, numerous peraluminous granites intruded the metasediments of the late Proterozoic to early late Cambrian Haimanta Group. Nd and Sr isotope systematics confirm that they were derived from heterogeneous crustal sources. New geochronological data from two plutons range in age from late Precambrian to early Ordovician: single zircon U–Pb dating yielded an age of 553 ± 2 (2σ) Ma for the Kaplas granite, whereas mineral Sm–Nd isotope systematics define a crystallization age of 496 ± 14 (2σ) Ma for the tholeiitic mafic rocks in the Mandi pluton, where evidence of magma mingling documents a close association between mafic and granitic melts. The end of this period of magmatic activity coincides with the depositional gap below the Ordovician transgression, caused by surface uplift and erosion, that is an important feature in the stratigraphy of the Northwest Himalaya. In Spiti, the transgression of the Ordovician basal conglomerates on a normal fault indicates pre-Ordovician extensional faulting. Therefore, the early Palaeozoic magmatic activities in the Northwest Himalaya could be correlated with a late extensional stage of the long-lasting Pan-African orogenic cycle which ended with the formation of the Gondwana supercontinent.

Abstract Strontium has been considered among the present group of elements (Chapter 10) because, in spite of its close chemical similarity to barium (a commonly abundant component of exhalative ores) and its substantially greater incidence than barium as a trace element in volcanic rocks, it is virtually absent from exhalative ore deposits. Barium (and calcium) are abundant components of many orebodies of the volcanic regime. It seemed, therefore, that the conspicuous absence of the closely related alkaline-earth element strontium might well provide a clue to the identity of some important fractionating process - and hence an indication of mechanisms of derivation and transport of the materials of ores overall.