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Journal articles on the topic 'SPIRODELA POLYRHIZA'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 16 January 2024

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1

Tran, Ngoc Bao Tram, Thi Nhung Tran, and Thi Nhu Phuong Hoang. "Morphological variation, chromosome number, and DNA barcoding of Giant Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) in Vietnam." Can Tho University Journal of Science 14, CBA (October 27, 2022): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jen.2022.029.

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Our present study is the first systematic survey on duckweed biodiversity in Vietnam. More than 100 samples of Spirodela, Lemna, and Wolffia were collected throughout Vietnam and maintained under laboratory conditions. In this report, the morphological variation, chromosome number, and DNA barcoding on Spirodela samples were investigated. S. polyrhiza and S. intermedia are the only two species of Spirodela genus - the most ancient genus among the five duckweed genera. The obtained DNA sequences of atpF- atpH and psbK – psbI regions showed that all 29 Spirodela samples collected from different regions along Vietnam are S. polyrhiza. Specific SNPs of individual S. polyrhiza clones were identified in the psbK-psbI region. The differences in genome size (163 – 170 Mbp), frond size (0.80 – 1.25 cm2), frond shape (oval/circular symmetry/asymmetry), stomata (20.57 – 24.00 µm in length and 10.00 – 21.30 µm in width) and root number (4.75 – 6.69 roots) among six representatives S. polyrhiza clones were recorded. The chromosome number of these clones was uniformly 2n=40.

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2

Hoang, Phuong T. N., Jean-Marie Rouillard, Jiří Macas, Ivona Kubalová, Veit Schubert, and Ingo Schubert. "Limitation of current probe design for oligo-cross-FISH, exemplified by chromosome evolution studies in duckweeds." Chromosoma 130, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00412-020-00749-2.

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AbstractDuckweeds represent a small, free-floating aquatic family (Lemnaceae) of the monocot order Alismatales with the fastest growth rate among flowering plants. They comprise five genera (Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia) varying in genome size and chromosome number. Spirodela polyrhiza had the first sequenced duckweed genome. Cytogenetic maps are available for both species of the genus Spirodela (S. polyrhiza and S. intermedia). However, elucidation of chromosome homeology and evolutionary chromosome rearrangements by cross-FISH using Spirodela BAC probes to species of other duckweed genera has not been successful so far. We investigated the potential of chromosome-specific oligo-FISH probes to address these topics. We designed oligo-FISH probes specific for one S. intermedia and one S. polyrhiza chromosome (Fig. 1a). Our results show that these oligo-probes cross-hybridize with the homeologous regions of the other congeneric species, but are not suitable to uncover chromosomal homeology across duckweeds genera. This is most likely due to too low sequence similarity between the investigated genera and/or too low probe density on the target genomes. Finally, we suggest genus-specific design of oligo-probes to elucidate chromosome evolution across duckweed genera.

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3

Alekseeva, S. I., and Zh M. Okhlopkova. "Opportunities for Biotesting of the Water Environment for Heavy Metal Pollution Using a Plant Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-5-52-57.

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The methods of biotesting of the aquatic environment based on the representative of the duckweed family (lat. Lemnaceae) greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid) were considered. A review is presented on the use of greater duckweed as a model object in biological testing, in partic-ular, when exposed to heavy metals salts. When cultivated Spirodela polyrhiza with the addition of heavy metals salts, a change in the growth and development of plants in the experienced line of plants was revealed, as well as a decrease in the content of chlorophyll a and b.

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4

Strzałek, Małgorzata, and Lech Kufel. "Light intensity drives different growth strategies in two duckweed species: Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden." PeerJ 9 (December 20, 2021): e12698. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12698.

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Duckweed species Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza are clonal plants with vegetative organs reduced to a frond and a root in L. minor or a frond and several roots in S. polyrhiza. They reproduce vegetatively by relatively rapid multiplication of their fronds. The habit of S. polyrhiza (large fronds with up to 21 roots) makes it a strong competitor among representatives of the family Lemnaceae, probably due to different resource-use strategies compared to small duckweed. In our study, light was the resource that affected the plants before and during the laboratory experiment. We sampled the plants from natural habitats differing in light conditions (open and shady) and grew them for 16 days in a thermostatic growth room at 22 °C under a 16:8 photoperiod and three light intensities (125, 236, 459 µmol photons m–2 s–1) to investigate the trade-off between frond enlargement and multiplication. Both species from the open habitat had higher growth rates based on the frond numbers and on surface area of fronds compared to plants from the shady habitat. They adopted different species-specific strategies in response to the experimental light conditions. The species size affected the growth rates in L. minor and S. polyrhiza. Spirodela polyrhiza grew slower than L. minor, but both species grew fastest at medium light intensity (236 µmol m–2 s–1). Lemna minor maintained the growth rates at high light intensity, while S. polyrhiza slowed down. Spirodela polyrhiza responded to deteriorating light conditions by increasing its frond surface area, thus optimising light capture. Lemna minor from the shady habitat enhanced light harvest by increasing chlorophyll a concentration, but did not invest more in frond enlargement than L. minor from the open habitat. Under shady conditions, S. polyrhiza is likely to achieve an advantage over L. minor due to the larger frond size of the former. Our findings suggest the existence of a trade-off between size and number in duckweed.

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5

Wang, Y. "Callus induction and frond regeneration in Spirodela polyrhiza." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 52, No. 3 (September 23, 2016): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/134/2015-cjgpb.

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6

Said, D. S., T. Chrismadha, N. Mayasari, T. Widiyanto, and A. Ramandita. "Nutritional Content and Growth Ability of Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza on Various Culture Media." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1062, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1062/1/012009.

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Abstract Giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) is one species of duckweed, distributed cosmopolitanly in stagnant freshwater. The duckweed has several potential uses such as for animal and fish feeds. However, its biological information in Indonesia is rare. A research was conducted in June to July 2019 to explore its nutritional content and growth ability. The growth ability experiment was done with two replications at The Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Institute of Sciences laboratory. The indoor experiments used 3 types of culture media, namely P (mixture of Urea, NPK, and Gandasil); Q (water waste from catfish cultivation), and R (hydroponic fertilizer). Spirodela polyrhiza has a protein content of 24.10%; fat 1.74%; ash 1.78%, crude fiber 14.47%, and nitrogen-free extract of 57.89%. There were 15 types of amino acids observed in the biomass, made of as much as 13.1% w/w. The highest growth was obtained in R culture media with a specific growth rate (SGR): 8.54–16.53 % and productivity of 15.62–51.32 g/day/m2. Outdoor trials using the R media have a SGR value of 10.17–11.16% and productivity of 54.82–84.1 g/day/m2. Spirodela polyrhiza can be developed and have the potential to be used as an alternative natural feed source for aquaculture or another purpose. Further research is needed.

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7

Lizieri, Claudineia, Rosane Aguiar, and Kacilda Naomi Kuki. "Manganese accumulation and its effects on three tropical aquatic macrophytes: Azolla caroliniana, Salvinia mínima and Spirodela polyrhiza." Rodriguésia 62, no. 4 (December 2011): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-78602011000400016.

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Abstract The phytoremediation technique, which consists of using plants to remove ions, has been increasingly chosen over past decades due to its low-cost technology to mitigate contaminated areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the aquatic macrophytes, Azolla caroliniana Willd, Salvinia minima Baker and Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden, to accumulate manganese (Mn), an element which, at high concentrations, may be toxic to human populations. The three species accumulated Mn in their tissues and the absorption was independent of the metal concentration in the solution. Spirodela polyrhiza accumulated Mn at higher concentrations of the ion (17.062 mg g-1 MS), followed by S. minima (4.283 mg g-1 MS) and A. caroliniana (1.341 mg g-1 MS). Manganese excess reduced total chlorophyll content in all three species. Carotenoid content was reduced in A. caroliniana (27.02 %) and S. polyrhiza (25.34 %). Growth was only significantly reduced (21.34%) in S. polyrhiza. The species A. caroliniana and S. minima were able to tolerate excess Mn, but were inefficient regarding the accumulation of high concentrations of the metal. High accumulated Mn content in the tissues of S. polyrhiza suggests that the species is able to accumulate this element. Therefore, it has potential for use in phytoremediation and provides a new resource for exploring the Mn accumulation mechanism.

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8

Ng, Yin Sim, and Derek Juinn Chieh Chan. "The enhancement of treatment capacity and the performance of phytoremediation system by fed batch and periodic harvesting." RSC Advances 11, no. 11 (2021): 6049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08088h.

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9

AHAMMED, TAMSEL, SHAHRIAR ISLAM, MD RUHUL AMIN, MD MOSTAFA KAMAL, and MD OMAR FARUQUE. "EFFECT OF SPIRODELA POLYRHIZA ON PHYSIO-CHEMICAL CHANGES IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER." Pollution Research 42, no. 04 (2023): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/pr.2023.v42i04.002.

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The biodiversity has experienced a significant increase in heavy metal contamination, which has a direct impact on aquatic environments. Industrial wastewater, municipal waste, burning fossil fuels, mining, and pesticides are the main sources of pollution. Due to its ability to produce a significant amount of biomass and its high level of stress tolerance, Spirodela polyrhiza (S. polyrhiza) is known as a phytoremediation aquatic plant. Because of their rapid development, simplicity in harvesting, and potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater S. polyrhiza could be an important tool for the treatment of industrial wastewater. This research analyzes how incorporating S. polyrhiza into industrial effluent can improve its physiochemical characteristics, like pH, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Chlorides, total hardness, sulphates, total dissolved solids (TDS), Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Ca. In this experiment industrial wastewater was treated using S. polyrhiza for 45 days on the basis of the depth of water (6", 12", and 18"). From the experimental study after D45 color changed brownish to light brownish. After D45 Chlorides level (mg/l) decreased 295.50±17.73 to 251.20±16.007. The initial COD value (mg/l) of the wastewater was 252.330±6.78 and after 45 days of treatment, the value reduced to 93.87±1. The total hardness (mg/ l) of the wastewater was reduced from 1862.8±43.9 to 1223.9±50.93 after treatment. On the other hand TDS value (mg/l) increased from 583.6±3.9 to 815.3±15.7 after the treatment. After 45 days of treatment with S. polyrhiza the copper level (mg/l) was reduced from 0.170±0.020 to 0.098±0.032. Similarly, the levels (mg/l) of Pb, Fe, Zn, and Ni were reduced from 0.222±0.029 to 0.061±0.035, 10.306±1.429 to 0.596±0.110, 0.168±0.055 to 0.084±0.023 and 0.150±0.029 to 0.078±0.018 respectively. The findings indicate that S. polyrhiza might with stand heavy metals and could be a feasible option for the phytoremediation of physiochemical contaminants and heavy metals derived from industrial wastewater

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10

Islam, Shriful, Fuad Bin Nasir, Muhammad Azizul Hoq, and Gulam Md. Munna. "Chromium Removal from Water Using Spirodela polyrhiza." Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajaps.2017.145.150.

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11

CHOI, Hye-Seon, and You-Seon SA. "Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Protease from Spirodela polyrhiza." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 65, no. 4 (January 2001): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.65.781.

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12

Li, Gaojie, Yan Chen, Xuyao Zhao, Jingjing Yang, Xiaoyu Wang, Xiaozhe Li, Shiqi Hu, and Hongwei Hou. "Genome-Wide Analysis of the Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) Family in Aquatic Plants and Their Roles in the ABA-Induced Turion Formation of Spirodela polyrhiza." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 10485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810485.

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Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) are plant-specific transcription factors that play essential roles in regulating plant growth and stress response. The GRF gene families have been described in several terrestrial plants, but a comprehensive analysis of these genes in diverse aquatic species has not been reported yet. In this study, we identified 130 GRF genes in 13 aquatic plants, including floating plants (Azolla filiculoides, Wolffia australiana, Lemna minuta, Spirodela intermedia, and Spirodela polyrhiza), floating-leaved plants (Nymphaea colorata and Euryale ferox), submersed plants (Zostera marina, Ceratophyllum demersum, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, and Utricularia gibba), an emergent plant (Nelumbo nucifera), and an amphibious plant (Cladopus chinensis). The gene structures, motifs, and cis-acting regulatory elements of these genes were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis divided these GRFs into five clusters, and ABRE cis-elements were highly enriched in the promoter region of the GRFs in floating plants. We found that abscisic acid (ABA) is efficient at inducing the turion of Spirodela polyrhiza (giant duckweed), accompanied by the fluctuated expression of SpGRF genes in their fronds. Our results provide information about the GRF gene family in aquatic species and lay the foundation for future studies on the functions of these genes.

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13

Upadhyay, Rakesh K., Marvin Edelman, and Autar K. Mattoo. "Identification, Phylogeny, and Comparative Expression of the Lipoxygenase Gene Family of the Aquatic Duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza, during Growth and in Response to Methyl Jasmonate and Salt." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 9527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249527.

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Lipoxygenases (LOXs) (EC 1.13.11.12) catalyze the oxygenation of fatty acids and produce oxylipins, including the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Little information is available about the LOX gene family in aquatic plants. We identified a novel LOX gene family comprising nine LOX genes in the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza (greater duckweed). The reduced anatomy of S. polyrhiza did not lead to a reduction in LOX family genes. The 13-LOX subfamily, with seven genes, predominates, while the 9-LOX subfamily is reduced to two genes, an opposite trend from known LOX families of other plant species. As the 13-LOX subfamily is associated with the synthesis of JA/MeJA, its predominance in the Spirodela genome raises the possibility of a higher requirement for the hormone in the aquatic plant. JA-/MeJA-based feedback regulation during culture aging as well as the induction of LOX gene family members within 6 h of salt exposure are demonstrated.

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14

BREARLEY, Charles A., and David E. HANKE. "Inositol phosphates in the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L." Biochemical Journal 314, no. 1 (February 15, 1996): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3140215.

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We have undertaken an analysis of the inositol phosphates of Spirodela polyrhiza at a developmental stage when massive accumulation of InsP6 indicates that a large net synthesis is occurring. We have identified Ins3P, Ins(1,4)P2, Ins(3,4)P2 and possibly Ins(4,6)P2, Ins(3,4,6)P3, Ins(3,4,5,6)P4, Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5, D- and/or L-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 and InsP6 and revealed the likely presence of a second InsP3 with chromatographic properties similar to Ins(1,4,5)P3. The higher inositol phosphates identified show no obvious direct link to pathways of metabolism of second messengers purported to operate in higher plants, nor do they resemble the immediate products of plant phytase action on InsP6.

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15

Jerzykiewicz, Jolanta, Małgorzata Konieczna, Grażyna Kłobus, and Józef Buczek. "Nitrate reductase inactivator from Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden." Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 21, no. 4 (December 1999): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-999-0017-9.

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16

Huang, Mingxing, Xiaoyu Ma, Yanshan Zhong, Qinxia Hu, Minghui Fu, and Yali Han. "Callus induction and plant regeneration of Spirodela polyrhiza." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 135, no. 3 (September 12, 2018): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1477-7.

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17

Wang, Wenqin, Randall A. Kerstetter, and Todd P. Michael. "Evolution of Genome Size in Duckweeds (Lemnaceae)." Journal of Botany 2011 (July 28, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/570319.

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To extensively estimate the DNA content and to provide a basic reference for duckweed genome sequence research, the nuclear DNA content for 115 different accessions of 23 duckweed species was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) stained with propidium iodide as DNA stain. The 1C-value of DNA content in duckweed family varied nearly thirteen-fold, ranging from 150 megabases (Mbp) in Spirodela polyrhiza to 1,881 Mbp in Wolffia arrhiza. There is a continuous increase of DNA content in Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella, and Wolffia that parallels a morphological reduction in size. There is a significant intraspecific variation in the genus Lemna. However, no such variation was found in other studied species with multiple accessions of genera Spirodela, Landoltia, Wolffiella, and Wolffia.

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18

Kerstetter, Jae, Andrea Reid, Joshua Armstrong, Taylor Zallek, Trapper Hobble, and Martin Turcotte. "Characterization of microsatellite markers for the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor tested on samples from Europe and the United States of America." Genetic Resources 4, no. 7 (May 5, 2023): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46265/genresj.alfv3636.

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Microsatellite primers are a valuable tool to use for both observational and experimental studies in numerous taxa. Here, we develop 18 and 16 microsatellite markers for the widespread duckweeds Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza, respectively. Only four primers were not polymorphic when tested on samples from Europe and Western Pennsylvania, USA.

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19

Pakdee, Orathai, Shomo Tshering, Prayad Pokethitiyook, and Metha Meetam. "Examination of the Metallothionein Gene Family in Greater Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010125.

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Duckweeds are aquatic plants that proliferate rapidly in a wide range of freshwaters, and they are regarded as a potential source of sustainable biomass for various applications and the cost-effective bioremediation of heavy metal pollutants. To understand the cellular and molecular basis that underlies the high metal tolerance and accumulation capacity of duckweeds, we examined the forms and transcript profiles of the metallothionein (MT) gene family in the model duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza, whose genome has been completely sequenced. Four S. polyrhiza MT-like genes were identified and annotated as SpMT2a, SpMT2b, SpMT3, and SpMT4. All except SpMT2b showed high sequence homology including the conserved cysteine residues with the previously described MTs from flowering plants. The S. polyrhiza genome appears to lack the root-specific Type 1 MT. The transcripts of SpMT2a, SpMT2b, and SpMT3 could be detected in the vegetative whole-plant tissues. The transcript abundance of SpMT2a was upregulated several-fold in response to cadmium stress, and the heterologous expression of SpMT2a conferred copper and cadmium tolerance to the metal-sensitive ∆cup1 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on these results, we proposed that SpMT2a may play an important role in the metal detoxification mechanism of duckweed.

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20

Schiller, Andréia Da Paz, Daniel Schwantes, Affonso Celso Gonçalves Jr., Jéssica Manfrin, Marcelo Ângelo Campagnolo, Thaisa Dullius, Thaisa Dullius, Valdemir Aleixo, Alfredo Richart, and Eduardo Souza Tejada. "SPIRODELA POLYRHIZA NA FITORREMEDIAÇÃO E PÓS-TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTE DOMÉSTICO." Revista de Estudos Ambientais 19, no. 2 (May 25, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7867/1983-1501.2017v19n2p17-30.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do pós-tratamento de efluente doméstico por meio do cultivo da macrófita aquática Spirodela polyrhiza. O volume de 250 L de efluente previamente tratado foi colocado em um reator de polietileno com 1,05 m de diâmetro no qual as macrófitas permaneceram pelo período de 42 dias. Determinou-se os teores de Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd e Pb no efluente e nos tecidos da macrófita a cada 7 dias. Observou-se remoções máximas de 4, 20 e 47% para K, Ca e Mg respectivamente. Micronutrientes não foram detectados no efluente, entretanto observou-se a diluição dos teores iniciais desses elementos nos tecidos da própria planta durante o experimento. As concentrações de Fe, Pb e Cd oscilaram no efluente durante o tempo de detenção hidráulica, possivelmente em função da senescência de algumas plantas que devolvem ao meio aquoso os elementos anteriormente absorvidos. No geral a Spirodela polyrhiza se demonstrou eficiente no pós-tratamento do efluente doméstico utilizado, pois as plantas absorveram altos níveis de nutrientes. No entanto, no Brasil estudos com essa espécie aquática são escassos, por isso, mais estudos com essa macrófita, são necessários.

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Wang, Wenqin, Yongrui Wu, and Joachim Messing. "The Mitochondrial Genome of an Aquatic Plant, Spirodela polyrhiza." PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (October 4, 2012): e46747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046747.

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22

Kim, Dong Hee, Tae Soon Park, and Se Gie Kim. "Whitening and anti-wrinkle effect of Spirodela polyrhiza extracts." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 62, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2019.054.

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23

Ho, Eddie K. H., Magdalena Bartkowska, Stephen I. Wright, and Aneil F. Agrawal. "Population genomics of the facultatively asexual duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza." New Phytologist 224, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 1361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.16056.

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24

Toyama, Tadashi, Kazuhiro Mori, Yasuhiro Tanaka, Michihiko Ike, and Masaaki Morikawa. "Growth Promotion of Giant Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza (Lemnaceae) by Ensifer sp. SP4 Through Enhancement of Nitrogen Metabolism and Photosynthesis." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 35, no. 1 (January 2022): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-21-0157-r.

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Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are representative producers in fresh aquatic ecosystems and also yield sustainable biomass for animal feeds, human foods, and biofuels, and contribute toward effective wastewater treatment; thus, enhancing duckweed productivity is a critical challenge. Plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can improve the productivity of terrestrial plants; however, duckweed–PGPB interactions remain unclear and no previous study has investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying duckweed–PGPB interaction. Herein, a PGPB, Ensifer sp. strain SP4, was newly isolated from giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), and the interactions between S. polyrhiza and SP4 were investigated through physiological, biochemical, and metabolomic analyses. In S. polyrhiza and SP4 coculture, SP4 increased the nitrogen (N), chlorophyll, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) contents and the photosynthesis rate of S. polyrhiza by 2.5-, 2.5-, 2.7-, and 2.4-fold, respectively. Elevated photosynthesis increased the relative growth rate and biomass productivity of S. polyrhiza by 1.5- and 2.7-fold, respectively. Strain SP4 significantly altered the metabolomic profile of S. polyrhiza, especially its amino acid profile. N stable isotope analysis revealed that organic N compounds were transferred from SP4 to S. polyrhiza. These N compounds, particularly glutamic acid, possibly triggered the increase in photosynthetic and growth activities. Accordingly, we propose a new model for the molecular mechanism underlying S. polyrhiza growth promotion by its associated bacteria Ensifer sp. SP4, which occurs through enhanced N compound metabolism and photosynthesis. Our findings show that Ensifer sp. SP4 is a promising PGPB for increasing biomass yield, wastewater purification activity, and CO2 capture of S. polyrhiza. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

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25

BREARLEY, Charles A., and David E. HANKE. "Metabolic evidence for the order of addition of individual phosphate esters in the myo-inositol moiety of inositol hexakisphosphate in the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L." Biochemical Journal 314, no. 1 (February 15, 1996): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3140227.

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The aquatic monocotyledonous plant Spirodela polyrhiza was labelled with [32P]Pi for short periods under non-equilibrium conditions. An InsP6 fraction was obtained and dissected by using enantiospecific (enzymic) and non-enantiospecific (chemical) means to determine the relative labelling of individual phosphate substituents on the inositol ring of InsP6. Phosphates in positions D-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 and -6 contained approx. 21%, 32–39%, 9–10%, 14–16%, 19–23% and 16–18% of the label respectively. We conclude from the foregoing, together with identities [described in the preceding paper, Brearley and Hanke (1996) Biochem. J. 314, 215–225] of inositol phosphates found in this plant at a developmental stage associated with massive accumulation of InsP6, that synthesis of InsP6 from myo-inositol proceeds according to the sequence Ins3P → Ins(3,4)P2 → Ins(3,4,6)P3 → Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 → Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 → Ins P6 in Spirodela polyrhiza. These results represent the first description of the synthetic sequence to InsP6 in the plant kingdom and the only comprehensive description of endogenous inositol phosphates in any plant tissue. The sequence described differs from that reported in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum.

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Kishchenko, Olena, Anton Stepanenko, Tatsiana Straub, Yuzhen Zhou, Benjamin Neuhäuser, and Nikolai Borisjuk. "Ammonium Uptake, Mediated by Ammonium Transporters, Mitigates Manganese Toxicity in Duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza." Plants 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010208.

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Nitrogen is an essential nutrient that affects all aspects of the growth, development and metabolic responses of plants. Here we investigated the influence of the two major sources of inorganic nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium, on the toxicity caused by excess of Mn in great duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza. The revealed alleviating effect of ammonium on Mn-mediated toxicity, was complemented by detailed molecular, biochemical and evolutionary characterization of the species ammonium transporters (AMTs). Four genes encoding AMTs in S. polyrhiza, were classified as SpAMT1;1, SpAMT1;2, SpAMT1;3 and SpAMT2. Functional testing of the expressed proteins in yeast and Xenopus oocytes clearly demonstrated activity of SpAMT1;1 and SpAMT1;3 in transporting ammonium. Transcripts of all SpAMT genes were detected in duckweed fronds grown in cultivation medium, containing a physiological or 50-fold elevated concentration of Mn at the background of nitrogen or a mixture of nitrate and ammonium. Each gene demonstrated an individual expression pattern, revealed by RT-qPCR. Revealing the mitigating effect of ammonium uptake on manganese toxicity in aquatic duckweed S. polyrhiza, the study presents a comprehensive analysis of the transporters involved in the uptake of ammonium, shedding a new light on the interactions between the mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity and the regulation of the plant nitrogen metabolism.

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Капитонова, О. А. "Материалы к биологии и экологии рясковых (Lemnaceae) Сибири." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 1, no. 18 (June 19, 2019): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2019024.

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В настоящее время на территории Сибири известно произрастание пяти видов семейства Lemnaceae, из которых к широко распространенным относятся Lemna trisulca, L. turionifera, Spirodela polyrhiza. В связи свыделением континентального вида L. turionifera необходимо пересмотреть данные о распространении в регионеL. minor. Распространение Lemna gibba в регионе пока ограничено Западной Сибирью, где этот вид представляетадвентивное включение во флоре. Отмечено, что все виды рясковых цветут и плодоносят на территории Сибири.

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Jung, Jin-Soun, and Hyun-Joo Jang. "Dyeing Properties and Functionality of Cotton Dyed with Extract from Spirodela polyrhiza and Mixture Extracts from Spirodela polyrhiza and Salvia plebeia R. Br." Fashion & Textile Research Journal 18, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5805/sfti.2016.18.6.869.

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Jin, Yu, Qian Zhang, Li-Min Zhang, Ning-Fei Lei, Jin-Song Chen, Wei Xue, and Fei-Hai Yu. "Distinct responses of frond and root to increasing nutrient availability in a floating clonal plant." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): e0258253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258253.

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Current knowledge on responses of aquatic clonal plants to resource availability is largely based on studies manipulating limited resource levels, which may have failed to capture the “big picture” for aquatic clonal plants in response to resource availability. In a greenhouse experiment, we grew the floating clonal plant Spirodela polyrhiza under ten nutrient levels (i.e., 1/64×, 1/32×, 1/16×, 1/8×, 1/4×, 1/2×, 1×, 2×, 4× and 8×full-strength Hoagland solution) and examined their responses in terms of clonal growth, morphology and biomass allocations. The responses of total biomass and number of ramets to nutrient availability were unimodal. A similar pattern was found for frond mass, frond length and frond width, even though area per frond and specific frond area fluctuated greatly in response to nutrient availability. In contrast, the responses of root mass and root length to nutrient availability were U-shaped. Moreover, S. polyrhiza invested more to roots under lower nutrient concentrations. These results suggest that nutrient availability may have distinct influences on roots and fronds of the aquatic clonal plant S. polyrhiza, resulting in a great influence on the whole S. polyrhiza population.

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Lee, Hojun, Jonas De Saeger, Sunwoo Bae, Mirae Kim, Stephen Depuydt, Philippe M. Heynderickx, Di Wu, Taejun Han, and Jihae Park. "Giant Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) Root Growth as a Simple and Sensitive Indicator of Copper and Chromium Contamination." Toxics 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2023): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090788.

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Aquatic environment are often contaminated with heavy metals from various industrial sources. However, physicochemical techniques for pollutant detection are limited, thus prompting the need for additional bioassays. We investigated the use of greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) as a bioindicator of metal pollution. We exposed S. polyrhiza to four pollutants (namely, silver, cadmium, copper, and chromium) and assessed metal toxicity by measuring its frond area and the length of its regrown roots. The plant displayed significant differences in both frond size and root growth in response to the four metals. Silver was the most toxic (EC50 = 23 µg L−1) while copper the least (EC50 = 365–607 µg L−1). Direct comparisons of metal sensitivity and the reliability of the two endpoint assays showed that root growth was more sensitive (lower in terms of 50% effective concentration) to chromium, cadmium, and copper, and was more reliable (lower in terms of coefficient of variation) than those for frond area. Compared to conventional Lemna-based tests, the S. polyrhiza test is easier to perform (requiring only one 24-well plate, 3 mL of medium and a 72-h exposure). Moreover, it does not require livestock cultivation/maintenance, making it more suitable for repeated measurements. Measurements of S. polyrhiza root length may be suitable for assessment when copper and chromium in municipal and industrial wastewater exceed the environmentally permissible levels.

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Thu, Pham Thi Ly, Pham Thi Huong, Vu Van Tien, Le Huy Ham, and Tran Dang Khanh. "Regeneration and Transformation of Gene Encoding the Hemagglutinin Antigen of the H5N1 Virus in Frond of Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.)." Journal of Agricultural Studies 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v3i1.6867.

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H5N1 (Avian influenza virus) has caused economic loss and remained a serious human health risk in many countries, including Vietnam. Plant-derived vaccines have offered the advantages over tradition subunit vaccine with low-cost production potential. Duckweed (Sprirodela polyrhiza L.) has found a valuable target plant for various application. In this study, we have attempted to re-generate and transform the gene encoding the hemagglutinin antigen of H5N1 virus in frond of S. polyrhiza, a widely great duckweed grown in Vietnam. The results have shown that the culture medium for S. polyrhiza duckweed is Hutner medium with reduced mineral concentration ½ (H/2) supplemented with 10g/l sucrose at pH 6. This medium showed appropriate for the best growth and development of duckweed. Results of PCR analysis of S. polyrhiza lines from 14 transformation experiments that has obtained 4 duckweed lines carrying HA1 gene. This prelinary results will be provide the basis for transgenic research in the dukweed species and be useful for further generate the producing enable vaccine via the transgenic plants

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Chen, Yan, Xuyao Zhao, Gaojie Li, Sunjeet Kumar, Zuoliang Sun, Yixian Li, Wenjun Guo, Jingjing Yang, and Hongwei Hou. "Genome-Wide Identification of the Nramp Gene Family in Spirodela polyrhiza and Expression Analysis under Cadmium Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126414.

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Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (Nramps) are specific metal transporters in plants with different functions among various species. The evolutionary and functional information of the Nramp gene family in Spirodela polyrhiza has not been previously reported in detail. To identify the Nramp genes in S. polyrhiza, we performed genome-wide identification, characterization, classification, and cis-elements analysis among 22 species with 138 amino acid sequences. We also conducted chromosomal localization and analyzed the synteny relationship, promoter, subcellular localization, and expression patterns in S. polyrhiza. β-Glucuronidase staining indicated that SpNramp1 and SpNramp3 mainly accumulated in the root and joint between mother and daughter frond. Moreover, SpNramp1 was also widely displayed in the frond. SpNramp2 was intensively distributed in the root and frond. Quantitative real-time PCR results proved that the SpNramp gene expression level was influenced by Cd stress, especially in response to Fe or Mn deficiency. The study provides detailed information on the SpNramp gene family and their distribution and expression, laying a beneficial foundation for functional research.

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A Al-balawna, Zohuir, Mohammad Rushdi, Othman Saleh, and Mohammad Enamat. "Removal Techniques of Nitrate from Water by Duckweeds (Spirodela polyrhiza)." Acta Scientific Agriculture 4, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asag.2020.04.removal-techniques-of-nitrate-from-water-by-duckweeds-spirodela-polyrhiza.

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Al Balawna, Zohuir, Ala Al Khateeb, Othman Saleh, Mohammad Al Hadeedi, and Mohammad Enemat. "Remove (Boron) from Irrigation Water by Using Duckweeds (Spirodela polyrhiza)." Acta Scientific Agriculture 3, no. 12 (November 15, 2019): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asag.2019.03.0723.

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Min, Jin-Gi, Doo-Seog Lee, Jeong-Heum Park, Moon-Soo Heo, Tae-Jin Kim, Kil-Bo Shim, and Young-Je Cho. "Characterization and Purification of Anti-Complement Polysaccharide from Spirodela polyrhiza." Preventive Nutrition and Food Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jfn.2004.9.1.021.

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Dölger, Korbinian, Uday K. Tirlapur, and Klaus-J. Appenroth. "Phytochrome-regulated Starch Degradation in Germinating Turions of Spirodela polyrhiza." Photochemistry and Photobiology 66, no. 1 (July 1997): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03148.x.

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37

G. Yu, H. Liu, K. Venkateshan, S. Yan, J. Cheng, X. S. Sun, and D. Wang. "Functional, Physiochemical, and Rheological Properties of Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) Protein." Transactions of the ASABE 54, no. 2 (2011): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.36459.

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APPENROTH, K. J., W. HERTEL, and H. AUGSTEN. "Phytochrome Control of Turion Formation in Spirodela polyrhiza L. Schleiden." Annals of Botany 66, no. 2 (August 1990): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088011.

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39

Kumar, V., and S. S. Sharma. "Nutrient Deficiency-dependent Anthocyanin Development in Spirodela Polyrhiza L. Schleid." Biologia plantarum 42, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1002600122387.

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Hu, Changwei, Yimeng Liu, Xiuling Li, and Mei Li. "Biochemical Responses of Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 64, no. 4 (December 28, 2012): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9859-z.

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Pandey, Sanjula, R. K. Asthana, Arvind M. Kayastha, Neetu Singh, and S. P. Srngh. "Metal Uptake and Thiol Production in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) SP20." Journal of Plant Physiology 154, no. 5-6 (May 1999): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(99)80238-7.

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Kim, InSun. "Cellular Features of the Fronds and Turions in Spirodela polyrhiza." Applied Microscopy 43, no. 4 (December 30, 2013): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9729/am.2013.43.4.140.

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Lee, Hye Ji, Mi Hye Kim, You Yeon Choi, Eun Hye Kim, Jongki Hong, Kyuseok Kim, and Woong Mo Yang. "Improvement of atopic dermatitis with topical application of Spirodela polyrhiza." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 180 (March 2016): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.010.

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Zhang, Xin, Ying Hu, Yunxia Liu, and Baodong Chen. "Arsenic uptake, accumulation and phytofiltration by duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L.)." Journal of Environmental Sciences 23, no. 4 (April 2011): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60454-8.

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Kim, Kukhwa, Daniel Lee, Han-Young Kim, Soyeon Kim, Ji-Hyo Lyu, Sujung Park, Young-Chul Park, and Hyungwoo Kim. "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) SCHLEID. Extract on Contact Dermatitis in Mice—Its Active Compounds and Molecular Targets." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17 (August 26, 2023): 13271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713271.

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Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) SCHLEID. has been used to treat epidemic fever, dysuria, and various skin ailments, such as measles eruptions, eczema, and pruritus, in China, Japan, and Korea. In this study, the active compounds in S. polyrhiza and their target genes were identified by network-based analysis. Moreover, the study evaluated the effects of a 70% ethanolic extract of S. polyrhiza (EESP) on skin lesions, histopathological changes, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in mice with contact dermatitis (CD) induced by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB), and examined the inhibitory effects of EESP on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. In our results, 14 active compounds and 29 CD-related target genes were identified. Among them, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were identified as hub genes, and luteolin and apigenin showed a strong binding affinity with TNF (<−8 kcal/mol) and IL-6 (<−6 kcal/mol). Our in vivo studies showed that topical EESP ameliorated DNFB-induced skin lesions and histopathological abnormalities, and reduced the levels of TNF-α, interferon (IFN)-ɣ, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in inflamed tissues. In conclusion, our findings suggest the potential for dermatological applications of S. polyrhiza and suggest that its anti-dermatitis action is related to the inhibition of TNF and IL-6 by luteolin and luteolin glycosides.

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Brearley, C. A., and D. E. Hanke. "3- and 4-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols in the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza L." Biochemical Journal 283, no. 1 (April 1, 1992): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2830255.

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Labelling of Spirodela polyrhiza L. plants with [3H]inositol and [32P]Pi yielded a series of phosphoinositides which were identified as PtdIns, PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2. In addition, systematic degradation of a phospholipid extract identified PtdIns3P. Analysis of the distribution of 32P label between the monoester and diester phosphate groups of PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P revealed differences in the labelling of the monoester phosphate, suggesting that the two PtdInsP species are not synthesized or metabolized in a co-ordinate manner.

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An, Dong, Yong Zhou, Changsheng Li, Qiao Xiao, Tao Wang, Yating Zhang, Yongrui Wu, et al. "Plant evolution and environmental adaptation unveiled by long-read whole-genome sequencing of Spirodela." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 38 (September 4, 2019): 18893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910401116.

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Aquatic plants have to adapt to the environments distinct from where land plants grow. A critical aspect of adaptation is the dynamics of sequence repeats, not resolved in older sequencing platforms due to incomplete and fragmented genome assemblies from short reads. Therefore, we used PacBio long-read sequencing of the Spirodela polyrhiza genome, reaching a 44-fold increase of contiguity with an N50 (a median of contig lengths) of 831 kb and filling 95.4% of gaps left from the previous version. Reconstruction of repeat regions indicates that sequentially nested long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotranspositions occur early in monocot evolution, featured with both prokaryote-like gene-rich regions and eukaryotic repeat islands. Protein-coding genes are reduced to 18,708 gene models supported by 492,435 high-quality full-length PacBio complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences. Different from land plants, the primitive architecture of Spirodela’s adventitious roots and lack of lateral roots and root hairs are consistent with dispensable functions of nutrient absorption. Disease-resistant genes encoding antimicrobial peptides and dirigent proteins are expanded by tandem duplications. Remarkably, disease-resistant genes are not only amplified, but also highly expressed, consistent with low levels of 24-nucleotide (nt) small interfering RNA (siRNA) that silence the immune system of land plants, thereby protecting Spirodela against a wide spectrum of pathogens and pests. The long-read sequence information not only sheds light on plant evolution and adaptation to the environment, but also facilitates applications in bioenergy and phytoremediation.

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Fahmi, Ilmam Zul, Nugroho Susetya Putra, Siwi Indarti, and Satoru Sato. "Preference of the Waterlily Aphid, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Four Hostplants." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 25, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.62855.

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Waterlily aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae is one of the aphids that have many hosts, including Azolla filiculoides, Limnobium laevigatum, Monochoria vaginalis and Spirodela polyrhiza. The aim of this study was to study the effect of host shift and confirm the results of previous studies on the effect of nitrogen and carbon factors among A. filiculoides, L. laevigatum, M. vaginalis and S. polyrhiza on the level of aphid preference and number of offspring. Analysis of the nitrogen and carbon content of plants was also carried out to confirm the preference and number of offspring produced by aphids. The study began with maintaining aphids on the four tested hosts, up to the 4th generation. Twenty five individuals were randomly selected from each host, then released on the inner wall of the plastic container (14 x 7.5 x 15 cm3) which was filled with four hosts arranged side by side. Observations were made every 24 hours up to 97 hours starting from the first hour after treatment. Observations after 97 hours showed that waterlily aphids imago preferred L. laevigatum the most (49.28%), then on M. vaginalis (20.43%), S. polyrhiza (16.33%), and A. filiculoides (1.75%). Meanwhile, the number of offspring produced by each group of aphids that selected on four hosts were: 46.65 individuals on L. laevigatum, 37.8 individuals on M. vaginalis, 19 individuals on S. polyrhiza, and 0.6 individuals on A. filiculoides. The analysis showed that the highest nitrogen content was found in M. vaginalis (4.16%), followed by S. polyrhiza (3.71%), L. laevigatum (2.33%), and A. filiculoides (2.08%).

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Sharma, Ritika, and Rajinder Kaur. "Elucidating physiological and biochemical alterations in giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L. Schleiden) under diethyl phthalate stress: insights into antioxidant defence system." PeerJ 8 (January 9, 2020): e8267. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8267.

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Background The emollient properties of phthalates have led to their extensive production and intense use in plastic products. Owing to their weak covalent bonding with the plastic polymers, phthalates enter into the environment during their manufacturing, processing, disposal, consequently found their way directly into water sources, soil, and sediments. Methods The present study envisaged the toxic effects of diethyl phthalate (DEP) on physiological and biochemical attributes of Spirodela polyrhiza, when exposed to various concentrations of DEP (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) for short term exposure period of seven days. Results Plants of S. polyrhiza accumulated significant amount of DEP (112 mg kg−1 fw) when exposed to various concentrations of DEP for seven days. Results depicted that DEP toxicity significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected growth parameters and pigments in treated S. polyrhiza as compared to control. Further, high doses of DEP (400 ppm) caused significant decrement in carbohydrate (86%), protein (76%) and elevation in MDA content (42%). Meanwhile, DEP altered the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, GPX and GR) along with the induction of enhanced levels of proline, electrolyte leakage and phenolic content. Scanning electron microscopic and confocal studies also confirmed oxidative stress in plants under DEP stress. Conclusions Present findings will help understand the accumulation, tolerance, and detoxification mechanisms of DEP by S. polyrhiza to counteract the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), along with the evaluation of environmental threat for aquatic plants in aquatic ecosystems.

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Chen, Yan, Gaojie Li, Jingjing Yang, Xuyao Zhao, Zuoliang Sun, and Hongwei Hou. "Role of Nramp transporter genes of Spirodela polyrhiza in cadmium accumulation." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 227 (December 2021): 112907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112907.

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