Journal articles on the topic 'Spirituality History 20th century'
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1
Zarzycki, Stanisław T. "Teologia i duchowość: o przezwyciężenie podziału." Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe 2020(41), no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21852/sem.2020.3.02.
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This article synthetically deals with the relationship between theology and Christian spirituality. In the history of this relationship three periods are distinguished: 1. Original unity covering biblical times, patristics and medieval monastic theology; 2. Separation at the end of scholasticism (13th century), when theology, under the influence of philosophy, became too rationalistic, abstract and detached from life and as such persisted until the 20th century; 3. Reconciliation and gradual restoration and strengthening of unity and cooperation between theology and spirituality (theology of spirituality), starting from biblical and theological renewal before the Second Vatican Council until today. The full realization of this unity takes place in the lives of the Saints.
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Knox, Oliver. "THE RELIGION OF NO RELIGION: JUNG’S PSYCHOLOGY IN THE HISTORY OF ZEN BUDDHISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY." Phanês Journal For Jung History, no. 4 (December 4, 2021): 51–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32724/phanes.2021.knox.
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In the 1930s, Zen Buddhism was hardly known outside Japan. By the 1960s, it had become by far the most popular form of Buddhism in Europe and the United States. Its popularity was born from the general belief that Zen responded to the psychological and religious needs of the individual without incurring the criticisms customarily levelled against religion. Zen was imagined as a practical spirituality that accepted all religions and religious symbols as expressions of a universal psychological truth. Zen was not itself a religion, but a ‘super-religion’ that had understood the inner mechanics of the psyche’s natural religion-making function. Three authors in particular, namely D. T. Suzuki, Friedrich Spiegelberg and Alan Watts, were pivotal in the formation of this narrative. Using Jung’s psychological model as their conceptual basis, they promoted a vision of Zen Buddhism that laid the foundations for the ‘Zen Boom’ of the 1950s and 60s. This article will examine the pivotal role played by Jung’s psychology in the formation of this narrative. KEYWORDS Zen Buddhism, D. T. Suzuki, Alan Watts, Friedrich Spiegelberg, The Religion of no Religion.
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Baroni, Francesco. "Tra esoterismo, New Age e mistica cristiana: le dottrine del « Cerchio Firenze 77 »." Aries 11, no. 2 (2011): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156798911x581225.
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AbstractOne of the most interesting features of the 20th-century esoteric revival in Italy is the rise of a lively spiritualist culture. Many spiritualist groups, while still paying attention to physical phenomena (levitation, apports, etc.), produced a rich doctrinal literature of increasingly sophisticated content. The 'Cerchio Firenze 77' is certainly the most famous among these groups. It emerged around the Florentine medium Roberto Setti (1930–1984) and was active throughout the 1950s, the 1960s and the 1970s. The doctrines exposed by the 'Masters' to the participants in the séances show a complex interweaving of esoteric themes, mystical ideas and scientific concepts that made the works of 'Cerchio' highly successful, and comparable to the great classics of 20th-century channeling, such as Jane Roberts's 'Seth books'.
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Nychkalo, Nelly. "Systemic character of Polish-Ukrainian scientific cooperation." International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5896.
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The article highlights the main directions of creative cooperation of scientists and educators of the Republic of Poland and Ukraine. Certain directions are analyzed, the dynamism of this process, its expansion and deepening caused by a combination of factors are characterized. The leading among them is the human factor, which determines humanization, spirituality, internal motivation in the “man-man” system. Particular attention is paid to the understanding of the role of the scientist’s personality, his state vision and influence on this process. A vivid example of such a scholar is Franciszek Szlosek, Doctor Habilitated, Professor, Director of the Institute of Pedagogy of The Maria Grzegorzewska University in Warsaw, Foreign Member of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Head of the Scientific Society “Poland-Ukraine”. His name, ideas, concrete and fruitful activity, aimed at developing international cooperation, became part of the history of Ukrainian pedagogical science and education at the end of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century.
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Bremer, Józef, and Jacek Poznański. "Philosophy and Psychology in the Service of the Catholic Faith: Paweł Siwek, SJ and His Legacy." Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 76, no. 4 (January 31, 2021): 1297–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2020_76_4_1297.
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Fr. Paweł Siwek, SJ may be considered the only Polish Jesuit philosopher of the 20th century to have achieved worldwide recognition. This article surveys his work from a broad perspective reflecting philosophy, psychology and theology as pursued in Catholic circles in the 19th and 20th centuries. We review his achievements, while also offering an interpretation. We put forward the thesis that he found his own way of practising neo-Thomism in the spirit of Pope Leo XIII’s Aeterni Patris. To substantiate our claims, we first briefly sketch his biography, providing a synthetic overview of the relevant contexts for his philosophical oeuvre. We then identify his four main areas of interest: namely, the history of philosophy (combined with his translation activities), systematic philosophy (especially his work on the soul-body problem and Baruch Spinoza), the scientific psychology of religion and spirituality, and Christian apologetics in the face of world religions and spiritual movements. In our conclusion, we discuss the main traits of his intellectual work, along with its impact.
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Ivanova Karina Andriivna, Khirina Anna Oleksandrivna, and Balabay Yana Volodymyrivna. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF MYKOLA SUMTZOV IN THE STUDY OF ALEXANDR PUSHKIN LEGACY (BASED ON KHARKIV MATERIALS)." World Science 3, no. 5(57) (May 31, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/31052020/7084.
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The article is devoted to the one of the most outstanding scientists of Kharkiv University of the late 19th – early 20th centuries – professor of The History and Philology Faculty of Kharkiv University Mykola Sumtzov. The authors paid attention to the contribution of Mykola Sumtzov in the study of Alexandr Pushkin poetry and his activities to memorialize of poet’s personality in the city of Kharkiv. Mykola Sumtzov’s study of the most famous poetry of Pushkin are analyzed in the article. Sumtzov reviewed and analyzed Pushkin poems in detail, searched for analogues and parallels with the works of other authors. He took interest in creative conditions of the poet, in his special style and in his rich spirituality. Mykola Sumtzov as the most devoted admirer made great efforts to commemorate Alexander Pushkin in Kharkiv. He understood an outstanding importance of Pushkin’s poetry in the development of culture. Sumtzov wrote that in the conditions of early 20th century Russian Empire reality only free culture would promote the development of flourishing Ukrainian culture.
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Abdurahman, Dudung. "Diversity of Tarekat Communities and Social Changes in Indonesian History." Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 1, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v1i1.1217.
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Islam as a religious system is generally based on three principal teachings called as aqidah (theology), syari'ah (law), and tasawwuf (Sufism, moral and spiritual). Each thought and the Islamic expertise have also established Muslim communities that demonstrate the diversity of social and religious history in various regions on the spread of Islam. In the history of the spread of Islam in Indonesia, particularly the Sufis always showed a significant role in each period of social change. Therefore, further discussion of this paper will be based on the development of tarekat communities. The historical facts in this study are presented gradually based on the unique cases in each period. The tarekat communities in Nusantara in the early period of Islam, which is the 13th century until the 17th century, have established the religious system patterned on the diversity of doctrine, thought, and tradition that is acculturative with various cultures of the local society in Nusantara. Then they developed during the Dutch colonial period in the 18th century and the 19th century. Besides contributing in the Islam religious founding, they also contributed in the patriotism struggle and even protested in the form of rebellion towards the Dutch colonial. The Sufis from various tarekat streams displayed antagonistic of political acts towards the Colonial government policies. It was developed at the beginning of the 20th century, which is the period of nationalism and of Islamic reform movements. The social force of tarekat people became an indicator of the religion revival that was very influencing towards the nationalism movement in Indonesia. The last one, it has been developing on the independence day of Indonesia, which is called the contemporary period, until today. The tarekat people have built a community system variously based on the principle of beliefs and various ritual activities. The tarekat people always develop, modify, and actualize the tasawwuf teachings and the tarekat practice, mainly in order to complete the spirituality and morality improvement of the society. The tarekat people’s contributions are very helpful for the society in general in order to fulfill the mental necessity. Their religiosity is also strategic enough to be used as a control media for the moral life of the nation.
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Sharahina, Olha. "Cordocentrism and Natural Philosophy of Hryhorii Skovoroda in the Poetry of “Silent Poets”." Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal, no. 9 (December 29, 2022): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/kmhj270846.2022-9.212-221.
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The article has examined the influence of cordocentrism and natural philosophy of Hryhorii Skovoroda on the formation of worldviews and aesthetic program of “silent poets.” The motive and figurative constants of “silent poets,” the specifics of the creation of their poetic universe through the conceptual system of cordocentric and natural philosophical codes are clarified. It is proved, that in the poetry of Iryna Zhylenko, Svitlana Yovenko, Anatolii Kychynskyi, Volodymyr Pidpalyi, Liudmyla Skyrda, Leonid Talalai, Pavlo Movchan, Dmytro Cherednychenko the image of the heart became a symbol, which emphasized the spirituality of human, formed by the humanistic attitude to the world. The dominant place in the poetic creativity of “silent poetry” was occupied by the sensual imperative: love, love for relatives, and the native land. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the natural world endowed the lyrical hero of “silent poets” with mental harmony and freedom of choice, conditioned by moral foundations and beliefs, independent of the political situation of the second half of the 20th century.
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Chomczyk, Anna. "Redefinicja „indiańskości” przez ruch Nowej Ery." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 38 (February 18, 2022): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2011.013.
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Redefinition of Indianness by the New Age MovementThe term New Age movement defines a heterogeneous, non-religious Western spiritual movement that emerged in the second part of the 20th century. It combines Euro-American spiritual heritage, widely understood Eastern philosophy, numerous native traditions, infusing this hybrid with elements of psychology, healthy lifestyle, as well as quantum physics. Because New Age spirituality is practiced occasionally at commercially held workshops, those kinds of seminars have soon become a lucrative business for educators and coordinators involved.The objective of the article is to follow the general history of New Age in the context of Native Americans, provide its characteristics, and investigate the “Native American” threads within the New Age movement both in the United States and in Poland. The author focuses on the ethical aspects of commercial exploitation of Native American heritage, examines Native Americans’ stand on misappropriation of their spiritual legacy for commercial purposes, as well as actions they take in order to restrict this practice.
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Soloviy, R. "Socio-political and confessional preconditions of the birth of the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church in Western Ukraine (20-30 years of the twentieth century)." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 13 (March 14, 2000): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2000.13.1059.
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In the history of religious organizations of Western Ukraine in the 20-30th years of the XX century. The activity of such an early protestant denominational formation as the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church occupies a prominent position. Among UCRC researchers there are several approaches to the preconditions for the birth of the Ukrainian Calvinistic movement in Western Ukraine. In particular, O. Dombrovsky, studying the historical preconditions for the formation of the UREC in Western Ukraine, expressed the view that the formation of the Calvinist cell should be considered in the broad context of the Ukrainian national revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new assessment of the religious factor in public life proposed by the Ukrainian radical activists ( M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, M. Pavlik), and significant socio-political, national-cultural and spiritual shifts caused by the events of the First World War. Other researchers of Ukrainian Calvinism, who based their analysis on the confessional-polemical approach (I.Vlasovsky, M.Stepanovich), interpreted Protestantism in Ukraine as a product of Western cultural and religious influences, alien to Ukrainian spirituality and culture.
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Khloponina, Olga Olegovna. "Female imagery in mass culture at the beginning of the 20th century and its representation in literature, media, posters, and cinema." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 12 (November 12, 2021): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2112-03.
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The turn of the 19th – 20th centuries is considered to be the beginning of the formation of the phenomenon that will be called "mass culture". The general crisis, population migration, the collapse of the aristocracy and common attitudes and values of Orthodoxy led to a radical change in social institutions, social strata and customary classes. Industrialization led to a reduction in working hours, manual labor began to be replaced by machine labor; therefore, a clear boundary arose between the two spheres of life of the urban working mass, i.e. work and leisure. In a traditional society, free time was spent with family, professional community, or neighbors - one way or another, in a team. In the divided and variegated mass of the city, people found themselves on their own. The leisure of the atomized mass subjects demanded satisfaction of the need to rest, to escape from the stupefying, "alienated", monotonous labor. The response to this need is the entertainment industry of mass culture, whose values are in the form of a commodity. There is a huge, massive demand for products and services that meet the needs of leisure: books, magazines, records, films. The article shows that mass culture at the average level consolidates the popular stereotypes of female images in the mass consciousness in accordance with their functional purpose. Positive female images of mothers (traditional type) and sisters of mercy (high incarnation of the fatal type) dominate in social advertising appealing to universal values and spirituality. Commercial advertisements that appeal to seduction and recognition represent an idealized femme fatale. The art of cinematography addresses deeply rooted motives of fall and rise, physical desecration and moral cleansing (the dominant type of the fatal heroine). The material of the article can be useful in the preparation of courses on the history of Russian culture and history of art.
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Scridon, Alin Cristian. "The Religious life of Romanians in 18th-20th century Hungary, reflected in the works of researchers in the Hungarian space." Journal of Education Culture and Society 11, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2020.2.422.428.
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Aim. We tend to believe that the religious life of Romanians in the diaspora – living in the proximity of the Romanian borders (we do not take into account the groups that left towards Spain, Italy, Germany, and so on at the beginning of the third millennium) - is a taboo subject. The Orthodox (Romanian) clerical elite focused less on the assiduous study of the religious life of their Romanian brothers outside the borders; in this case, in Hungary. Therefore, we have the scientific duty—but more importantly, the moral duty—to bring to light the truths that are either not known or are known in a distorted form. The road of Voniga (Giula-Giroc) that we followed during the PhD research period was a blessing from the point of view of a scientific void/niche.
Methods. In our study, we have applied two “simple” components: the archive and the specialised bibliography.
Results. The archive was largely preserved only by Elena Csobai and Emilia Martin. The respectable ladies professionally structured the archive (Romanian Orthodox Church in Hungary) and saved hundreds of research sources from the depth of history.
Conclusion. As Moisa noted (2011), the puzzling ethnographic, linguistic, cultural, and historical bulk material is without a doubt focused on the Church. The church is inextricably linked to the lives of Romanians in Hungary. Going through the tens of thousands from the mentioned fields, even superficially, there is an undeniable truth: the spirituality is present, more or less, in the writings of most of the select researchers who have worked in the scientific field for the past three decades.
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Yatchenko, Volodymyr. "Metaphysical Aspects of Russian Social Consciousness in Russian Philosophy and Publicity of the beginning of the 20th Century." Ukrainian Studies, no. 4(85) (January 15, 2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(85).2022.267321.
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The article notes that for an in-depth analysis of the worldview and socio-political exhortations of the "Russian world" ideology carriers, it is insufficient to identify only the natural and historical prerequisites for the formation of these exhortations. It is necessary to reveal the deep metaphysical foundations of the Russian ethnic group spirituality. The fact these foundations have transformed into one of the essential elements of the "Russian world" aggressive spiritual substance, increase the relevance of this problem in modern conditions. The author of the article offers an overview of understanding of this problem by the representatives of Russian journalism and philosophy of the beginning of the 20th century, Maxim Gorkiy and Nikolai Berdyaev. The article notes that M. Gorky in his essay "On the Russian Peasantry" criticizes the illusory views of Russian writers of the middle and the second half of the 19th century on the nature of the Russian peasantry (and at the same time the Russian ethnic group in general, because Russian society was mostly peasant) as a wise seeker of truth and justice, a person with a broad and generous soul, a carrier of world humanistic values. The specificity of the development of Russian history, the geographical living conditions formed, in Gorky's opinion, the traits of cruelty, aggressiveness, and contempt for the human personality that define the behavior of the Russian peasant. These features, imprinted on the deep supra-individual level of the Russian peasant, are invariant with respect to the class and political affiliation of their bearers. They can be eradicated only through radical social transformations and long educational processes. The article pays special attention to N. Berdyaev's views on the metaphysical roots of historical and spiritual manifestations of the Russian soul. Under this review, he analyzes the existential ideas of Russians about the value of human life, about their attitude to God, to the ideas about good and evil, as well as their attitude to the state and other peoples. Berdyaev considered the main source of aggressiveness, irrationality and unpredictability of Russian deeds to be the underdevelopment of the personal principle in the spiritual and social life of Russian society. He considers the consequences of such underdevelopment in the history of the social structure of Russian society, in the religious practices of Russians. The conviction of Russians in the divine origin and universality of their values gives them confidence that Russia must become the liberator of the nations.The author of the article expresses the opinion that the value orientations of Russians rooted at the metaphysical level regarding the messianic character of their actions in relation to other peoples, confidence in their chosenness do not provide grounds to hope for changes in these orientations as a result of a change in political, spiritual leaders or political power.
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Pozorski, Kamil. "Oliwetanie w Lądzie nad Wartą 1919-1921." Polonia Maior Orientalis 7 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.20.005.15491.
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Zarys dziejów zakonu oliwetanów, jego początki, misja i rozwój na przestrzeni minionych 700 lat, a także jego duchowość, stanowią pierwszą część artykułu. W drugiej części skupiono się na XX-wiecznej ekspansji oliwetanów, w tym na utworzeniu opactwa w Tanzenberg (dzisiejsza Austria), z którego to grupa polskich mnichów wyruszyła na wyzwolone ziemie II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, aby utworzyć tutaj nowy klasztor, w pocysterskich ruinach opactwa w Lądzie nad Wartą. Krótki okres obecności oliwetanów w Lądzie, 1919-1921, dopełnia jedynie dziejowego bogactwa i różnorodności tradycji, także tych zakonnych, charakteryzujących to szczególne miejsce na mapie Wielkopolski i historii życia zakonnego w naszej Ojczyźnie. The Oliwetans in Ląd on the Warta river (1919-1921) The outline of the history of the Oliwetans, its origin, mission and development over the past 700 years, as well as its spirituality, constitute the first part of the article. The second part focuses on the 20th century expansion of the Olivetans, including the establishment of the abbey in Tanzenberg (today’s Austria), from which a group of Polish monks went to the liberated lands of the Second Polish Republic to create a new monastery here, in the Cistercian ruins of the abbey in Lad (Polish: Ląd) on the Warta River. The short period of Olivetans’ presence in Lad, 1919-1921, complements the historical wealth and diversity of traditions, including those of monasticism, which characterize this special place on the map of Wielkpolska region and the history of monasticism in our homeland.
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Denysenko, Volodymyr. "The Knight of the National-Statist Idea (To the 140th Anniversary of Symon Petliura, Architect of the National Idea, Statesman, Military Figure and Prominent Personality)." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XX (2019): 777–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-53.
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The article highlights the main life milestones of Symon Petliura, a Ukrainian statesman, one of the founders of the UPR army and a public figure, reveals his contribution to the development of spirituality and scientific heritage of our society. National idea always took centre stage in his life and work. Symon Petliura had a pen-chant for art, writing, and theatre. Being fond of Ukrainian antiquity and song creativity, he thoroughly investigated the history of Ukrainian culture. In the critical period of the Ukrainian revolution, he was destined to become the head of state and fight for freedom and independence of the people. The personality of Symon Petliura is inseparable from the history of the Ukrainian army, to which he contributed a lot of effort and energy. His contribution at the time of stormy military activities is especially striking, given that Symon Petliura had no special military education. Still, it was he who was able to understand the importance of Ukraine’s own armed forces and their role in the struggle for statehood. In his capacity as Head of State and Supreme Commander of the UPR Army, Symon Petliura served as a model for his contemporaries and successors and a prominent example of ardent struggle for his country. This struggle was not successful due to the prevailing forces of the external fronts and the Ukrainian forces were too fragmented altogether. Ukraine was faced with an array of complex problems and unforeseen circumstances, which could not be dealt with even by the most brilliant masters of the then world politics. Nonetheless, he did not lose faith in the revival of Ukraine as an independent state. Even in exile, Symon Petliura continued to be a guide for his people through his diplomatic services trying to maintain the international legal status of the government of the UPR in exile. Symon Petliura is an undisputed and uncompromising leader of the national liberation struggle. His name went down in Ukrainian history as one of the outstanding figures of the 20th century. Keywords: national idea, statesman, Ukrainian People’s Republic, Ukrainian army, spirituality, patriotism.
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Justyna Pyz. "Roberto de Nobili SJ i misja w Maduraju w latach 1606-1656." Annales Missiologici Posnanienses 24 (December 31, 2019): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/amp.2019.24.4.
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The Mission in Madurai 1606-1656 was a unique episode in the history of Christianity in India. During these times changing religion to Christianity meant abandoning one’s culture. Roberto de Nobili, an Italian Jesuit and founder of the mission was the fi rst European to learn Sanskrit, study the scriptures of the Vedas and convert Brahmins. He allowed them to keep their social customs, which was seen as controversial by the church hierarchy. He followed these social rules himself, living the life of an Indian ascetic and thus gaining respect among higher castes. His way of separating Hinduism from Indian culture was, and still is, contentious but it was done for practical purposes. The controversies forced him to defend his arguments on many occasions. In his writings he described Indian traditions and explained his method of missionary work. There were not many followers of de Nobili’s method, who would be able to understand the need of accommodation, undertake studies of Hinduism and be prepared to embrace an ascetic lifestyle. It was not until the 20th century that interreligious dialogue emerged as a concept and some Catholic clergymen found inspiration in Hindu spirituality. The goal of this thesis is to show just how pioneering was the accommodation method used by de Nobili and how his infl uence can still be felt on attempts at interreligious dialogue in the modern era.
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Porshneva, Olga S. "THE CONCEPT OF A JUST WAR IN RUSSIAN SOCIO-POLITICAL DISCOURSE (1914–1916)." Ural Historical Journal 76, no. 3 (2022): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-112-120.
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The article analyzes the representations of the Russian socio-political discourse of 1914–1916, dedicated to the justification of the First World War as a just war on the part of Russia and its Allies. It considers the role of the factors that shaped the image of a just war in the minds of the European political and intellectual elite and the younger generation, as well as the emergence of the idea of “spirituality” of war as the basis for its legitimation. The author stresses the influence of the international conventions on the laws and customs of war on the image of a just war in Russia as well as the specifics of the socio-cultural situation at the turn of the 20th century, which made it difficult to conduct ideological and psychological preparation for world clash that could affect the mass consciousness. The image of a just war began to take shape in Russia after the country entered the conflict and was based on the idea of a defensive war against an external aggressor. The fact that Germany was the first to declare war on Russia, the realities of bloody confrontation contributed to the formation and broadcast the ideas about the “Second Patriotic War”. The concept of the “Second Patriotic War”, which appealed to historical memory, became the embodiment of the idea of a just war in the 1914–1915 Russian socio-political discourse. An important component of the image of a just war in Russia was the notions of the spiritual and religious sense of confrontation. They were embodied in ideas about the implementation of the sacred mission of liberating Europe and the world from “Germanism”, the protection of the Slavs, the “struggle for truth”, the affirmation of the renewed ideal of “Holy Russia”. The ideas of a “holy war against Germanism” got embedded in the discourse of the press into the system of ideas about the fairness of the goals and objectives of the Allies. Another basis for the legitimacy of war was the concept embodied in the slogan “the war to end all wars”. The influential concept of Entente propaganda received a wide response in the Russian liberal and democratic press, which interpreted the meaning of the world conflict in a political and legal terms. The war was seen as a way to establish a new system of international relations based on the rule of the “force of law” as opposed to the “law of force” personified by Germany. Illusions about the possibility of establishing “eternal peace” after the war were widely broadcast in the press, becoming an element of ideas about a just struggle for a better future of mankind. The notions about “German atrocities” widely broadcast by propaganda in the Entente countries were important element of the justification of violence against the enemy and legitimization of the war. In Russia, despite the enemy’s violation of international conventions governing conducting the war and the presence of this topic in the press, the image of “German atrocities” did not play the significant role in socio-political discourse in comparison with the Entente countries.
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BAULINA, Elizaveta I., and Vladimir A. USKOV. "Doctor of souls and bodies: patriot, participant of Great Patriotic War Archbishop Luka." SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PHENOMENA AND PROCESSES, no. 2 (2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1819-8813-2020-15-2(109)-105-112.
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The purpose of the study is an attempt to give an objective picture of the relationship between the party-states of the AUCP(b)-USSR and the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic War. We support the principle that history is a Man in it, focuse attention on the fate and activities of Archbishop Luke of Tambov and Michurinsk (V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky). The study used methods of content analysis, comparison and research of processes from “themselves”. This allowed to form a picture of the relationship between the Archbishop of Tambov and Michurinsk Luka with the party-state of the AUCP(b)-USSR during the Great Patriotic War on the basis of archival documents and the memoirs of eyewitnesses. We made an attempt to understand the difficult position of the patriot shepherd, who fulfilled his duty as a doctor of souls and bodies in the conditions of World War II with the enemy external and the struggle against the ideological, internal – ruling party-state. Archbishop Luke was an opponent of the party-Soviet system in the USSR during the first half of the 20th century and at the same time a patriot of his homeland, an effective participant in the Great Patriotic War. This allows us to draw the following conclusions: a) in the conditions of a military alternative, the patriot Archbishop Luka performed the feat of a doctor and a shepherd for the benefit of Victory; b) the tragedy of the Motherland and flock led him to give up personal accounts with the party-state of the AUCP(b)-USSR in the name of Victory; c) the participation in this war of Archbishop Luka – thousands of saved Soviet soldiers on the operating table and huge financial donations to the Victory fund; d) the son of his homeland, he tried in every possible way to protect the spirituality of his flock from the ideological and organizational pressure of militant atheism; e) the humanism of Archbishop Luke was in his execution of the oath of Hippocrates, when he healed captured soldiers and officers of the enemy army.
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Shagyrbai, Almasbek, Botagoz Sarsengali, and Abdulla Mirzakhodjaev. "The Religious Situation of the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century." Adam alemi 93, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.3/1999-5849.12.
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The article summarizes the reflections and conclusions of Muslim scientists, religious figures of India, Egypt about the Islamic world within the framework of aspects of the world religious situation in the late XIX – early XX century. It is reported about the activities and religious education of the representatives of the school of “Jadidism”, begun by the scientists of Tatarstan, in connection with the historical features of the traditional Kazakh society within the named centuries. Information has been written about the influence of the “Jadidist” movement, the names of madrasahs and their location on the features of the development of Kazakh spirituality in the new era. A number of data on the religious environment and environment that influenced the youthful and life periods of the famous Kazakh poet, historian, scientist Mashkhur Zhusip Kopeyuly are considered. Among the factors that influenced the development of traditional Kazakh spirituality, the opinions of reformers in Muslim states that influenced the formation of the worldview of famous educators and scientists were recorded.
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Schulze-Marmeling, Friederike. "»20th century Aisha«?" Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 32, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kize.2019.32.2.346.
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Wilson, Robin. "The 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09956-x.
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Atiyah, Michael. "Mathematics in the 20th century." NTM International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine 10, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03033096.
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Fogler, Karen, and Mala Hoffman. "Exploring 20th Century History through Photographs." Gifted Child Today 17, no. 3 (May 1994): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621759401700313.
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Burganova, Maria A. "LETTER FROM THE EDITOR." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 17, no. 5 (December 10, 2021): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2021-17-5-8-9.
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Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 5, 2021, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The journal traditionally opens with the Academic Interview rubric. In this issue, we present an interview with Alexander Burganov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts, an outstanding Russian sculptor, National Artist of Russia, Doctor of Art History, Professor, Director of the Burganov House Moscow State Museum, interviewed by Irina Sedova, the Head of the 20th Century Sculpture Department of the State Tretyakov Gallery. This dialogue became part of the sculptor’s creative evening at the State Tretyakov Gallery, which included a personal exhibition, donation of the sculptural work Letter, screening of a special film and a dialogue with the audience in the format of an interactive interview. In the article “The Apocalypse Icon from the Kremlin’s Assumption Cathedral. Dating and Historical Context”, T. Samoilova points out the similarities between some motifs of the Apocalypse iconography and the motifs of Botticelli’s illustrations to the Divine Comedy, as well as the role of a line in both artworks which testifies to the influence of the Renaissance art on icon painting of the late 15th — early 16th centuries. Studying palaeography and stylistic features of the icon, the author clarifies the dates and believes that the icon was most likely painted after 1500, in the first decade of the 16th century. P. Tsvetkova researches the features of the development of the Palladian architectural system in Italy, in the homeland of Andrea Palladio. On the examples of specific monuments, drawings and projects created during two and a half centuries, the author analyses the peculiarities of the style transformation in the work of Palladio’s followers, the continuity of tradition, deviations from canonical rules. In the article “Artistic Features of the Northern White Night Motif in the Landscapes of Alexander Borisov and Louis Apol”, I. Yenina conducts art analysis and compares the works of the Russian “artist of eternal ice”, A. Borisov, and the Dutch “winter artist”, L. Apol. They were the first to depict such a phenomenon as a white night in the Far North. V. Slepukhin studies the artworks of the first decades of the Soviet era in the article “Formation of the Image of a New Hero in Russian Art of 1920- 1930”. The author concludes that the New Hero in the plastic arts of the 1920s–1930s was formed as a reflection of social ideals. The avant-garde artists searched for the Hero’s originality in the images of aviators, peasants, women. The artists of socialist realism began to form the images of the “typical” heroes of the time — warriors, athletes, rural workers, scientists, as new “people of the Renaissance”. In the article “Dialogues of the Avant-garde”, A. N. Lavrentyev presents a comparative analysis of spatial constructions created by the Russian Avant-Garde Artist Alexander Rodchenko and the famous kinetic European and American artist Alexander Calder in the first half of the 20th century. Wei Xiao continues his analysis of contemporary art in the article “Chinese Sculpture in the New Era”. The author notes that the art of sculpture is in many ways a reflection of social change, both in terms of cultural content and practice. The author emphasises the need for cultural identity to preserve national traditions and spirituality. Xu Yanping’s article “The Dynamics of the Choral Culture Development in China in the 1930s on the Example of Huang Tzi’s Oratorio Eternal Regret” is a scientific study of a particular phase of the active entry of Chinese choral music into the sphere of the oratorio genre, directly related to the name of the great Chinese composer, Huang Tzi. It also highlights the issues of the country’s political life in the 1930s, which actively influenced the creation of nationwide singing movements and new choral works in the country. The author believes that the oratorio Eternal Regret presented in the article is a unique creation that organically combines ethnic musical material and Western composition techniques. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.
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Westfall, Catherine. "Reimagining 20th-Century Physics." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 1-2 (April 2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.1-2.209.
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Kamalova, Alla. "Духовность и святость в романе Евгения Водолазкина Лавр." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 4, no. XXIII (December 30, 2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.3564.
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The article is devoted to spirituality as an actual category of the scientific and cultural paradigm of the 20th century, spirituality is qualified as an “eternal theme”. The author emphasizes the “fuzziness of the theme,” speaks about the complexity of its definition, as well of ambigious understanding in various socio-historical periods. Spirituality as an eternal topic of fiction is discussed on the example of the novel by Evgenе Vodolazkin Lavr. Lavr – is a hagiographic novel, which describes the life and spiritual path of the doctor in Medieval Russia. The author emphasizes the actuality of the novel Lavr for modern Russia.
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Altschuler, Glenn C. "Urban Religion’s 20th-Century Renaissance." Reviews in American History 49, no. 1 (2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2021.0007.
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Friedel, Robert. "Engineering in the 20th Century." Technology and Culture 27, no. 4 (October 1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105321.
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Wilson, Robin. "The Early 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09942-3.
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O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.
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Mason, Herbert J., and Anna Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Taxon 40, no. 3 (August 1991): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223244.
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Sheail, J., and A. Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Journal of Ecology 77, no. 3 (September 1989): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261002.
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Probert, R. "The History of 20th-Century Family Law." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqi009.
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Sterling, Christopher. "CBQ review essay:Cryptography in 20th‐century history." Communication Booknotes Quarterly 30, no. 3 (June 1999): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10948009909361621.
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Ikenberry, G. John, and Richard Bulliet. "The Columbia History of the 20th Century." Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049140.
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Latvala, Pauliina. "Finnish 20th Century History in Oral Narratives." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 12 (1999): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf1999.12.oralnarr.
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Lian, Yang, and Ben Carrdus. "Leaving the 20th century." Index on Censorship 29, no. 3 (May 2000): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220008536744.
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Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.
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Olshanska, Olena. "Biblical Aspects of Economic Literature." Perspektywy Kultury 26, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2019.2603.03.
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The biblical aspects in Ukrainian economic literature of the 20th and 21st century and its preconditions in European economic literature have been examined. The economic theory has been rethought in the context of Christian economic ethics. The 21st century is, in a way, a result of spirituality of the previous generations, and most of all Christian spirituality. A number of socio-economic researches (such as labor processes, the study of wealth and poverty features) have shown that within the existing paradigm of science it is almost impossible to explain their nature and patterns of operation. The development of Christian economic ethics may be just the impetus not only for fairly significant change in economic thinking, but also for the further development of public opinion in general.
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Plantinga, Alvin. "Justification in the 20th Century." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (1990): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108032.
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Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.
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Reville, David M. "BRIDGEPORT WORKING: VOICES FROM THE 20th CENTURY." Oral History Review 28, no. 2 (September 2001): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2001.28.2.140.
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CARRERA, ELENA. "The Emotions in Sixteenth-Century Spanish Spirituality." Journal of Religious History 31, no. 3 (September 2007): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2007.00582.x.
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Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.
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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.
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Kudiņš, Jānis. "FRAGMENTARY AND MODERATE MODERNISM IN LATVIAN MUSIC HISTORY ." Culture Crossroads 19 (October 11, 2022): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol19.31.
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The question of 20th century modernism in the history of Latvian academic genres music is still topical. The prevailing opinion in musicological research (literature) is that representation of modernism in the history of Latvian music has been fragmentary. In various decades of the 20th century (the first and second half of the century), Latvian composers have rarely turned to the most radical expression of modernism, the avant-garde. Much more often possible identified stylistically moderate manifestations of modernism. However, these issues have still been little researched. This article offers a focused (panoramic) characterisation, looking at local peculiarities of adaptation and representation of modernism in Latvian music history in the 20th century.
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Conke, Leonardo Silveira. "Strategy in the 20th Century: Explanations from History." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 210–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v12i4.1951.
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In this essay, we argue that an historical perspective helps to understand some of the strategic choices made by organizations. More specifically, the purpose here is to describe the great influence of historical events (related to economy, politics, technological advancement etc.) on the creation, acceptance, spreading and / or establishment of the strategic theories and tools developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Texts that usually discuss management and history outline only the Industrial Revolution or the transition from feudalism to capitalism, underestimating other historical forces that offer additional explanations to the evolution of strategic thinking. As a result of an extensive bibliographical research, we were able to identify four periods where the strategic theories developed reveal suitable responses to the challenges created by the environment: in the first one (1900-1938), strategy is concerned with organization and control of business activities, resembling the ideas developed by Scientific Administration; in the second period (1939-1964), strategic planning is formalized and the area is broadly recognized; the next decades (1965-1989) are characterized by competition and uncertainty, making strategy focus on problems emerged from the outside; finally, on the turn of the century (1990-2010), the unlimited information availability enhances the need for strategists’ conceptual and practical knowledge. Also, as a final contribution, we suggest two possible trends to the future of strategy.
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Smith, Earl, James Upton, and Manning Marable. "A Social History of 20th Century Urban Riots." Phylon (1960-) 47, no. 1 (1986): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/274699.
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Corwin, Jay. "History, Mythology, and 20th Century Latin American Fiction." Theory in Action 14, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2126.
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The history of the Americas from the colonial period is marked by a large influx of persons from Europe and Africa. Fiction in 20th Century Latin America is marked by ties to the Chronicles and the history of human melding in the Americas, with a natural flow of social and religious syncretism that shapes the unique literary aesthetics of its literatures as may be witnessed in representative authors of genuine merit from different regions of Latin America.
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Barucci, P. "Italian Economists of the 20th Century." History of Political Economy 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-32-4-1033.
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Helle‐Valle, Jo. "Social change and sexual mores: a comparison between pre‐20th‐century Norway and 20th‐century Botswana." History and Anthropology 14, no. 4 (December 2003): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0275720032000156460.
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