Journal articles on the topic 'Spiral Wound Module'

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1

Bilad, Muhammad Roil. "Module-scale simulation of forward osmosis module-part B: Modified Spiral-Wound." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v2i2.7998.

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Forward osmosis (FO) is an attractive technology that offers advantages especially for treatment of challenging feeds in comparison to other membrane technologies. Substantial developments of membrane material have been shown recently. To support further development of FO process, a larger scale study via membrane module development is required to accurately envisage the most critical factors to be exploited to realize the promises. In this study, we applied a mass-transfer model coupled with the mass conservation and area discretization to simulate the performance of modified spiral-wound (MSW) modules (10 sheets of 1x1m). The study focuses on the spatial flux profile in a full-scale module as function of operational mode: co- vs counter cross current and membrane orientations (active-layer facing feed (ALFS); solution and active layer facing draw solution, (ALDS)). Results show that all modes offer almost similar average flux of about 9-10 L/m2h, but the co-current flows have much higher flux ranges (≈43%). The latter is expected to worsen membrane fouling resistant due to mal distribution in hydraulic loading. An operation with counter current and ALFS and counter current flow is then recommended because it offer similar flux but lower spatial flux ranges (7%).
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2

G. Chatterjee, Siddharth, and Georges Belfort. "Fluid flow in an idealized spiral wound membrane module." Journal of Membrane Science 28, no. 2 (September 1986): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(00)82210-3.

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3

Ruiz-García, A., and I. Nuez. "Performance Assessment of SWRO Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules with Different Feed Spacer Dimensions." Processes 8, no. 6 (June 14, 2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060692.

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Reverse osmosis is the leading process in seawater desalination. However, it is still an energy intensive technology. Feed spacer geometry design is a key factor in reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane module performance. Correlations obtained from experimental work and computational fluid dynamics modeling were used in a computational tool to simulate the impact of different feed spacer geometries in seawater reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane modules with different permeability coefficients in pressure vessels with 6, 7 and 8 elements. The aim of this work was to carry out a comparative analysis of the effect of different feed spacer geometries in combination with the water and solute permeability coefficients on seawater reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane modules performance. The results showed a higher impact of feed spacer geometries in the membrane with the highest production (highest water permeability coefficient). It was also found that the impact of feed spacer geometry increased with the number of spiral wound membrane modules in series in the pressure vessel. Installation of different feed spacer geometries in reverse osmosis membranes depending on the operating conditions could improve the performance of seawater reverse osmosis systems in terms of energy consumption and permeate quality.
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4

Gu, B., D. Y. Kim, J. H. Kim, and D. R. Yang. "Mathematical model of flat sheet membrane modules for FO process: Plate-and-frame module and spiral-wound module." Journal of Membrane Science 379, no. 1-2 (September 2011): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.06.012.

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5

Jeon, Jongmin, Joon Young Choi, Jinsik Sohn, and Suhan Kim. "Performance Analysis of a Spiral Wound Forward Osmosis Membrane Module." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 40, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2018.40.12.481.

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6

Wei, Wenshu, Xiang Zou, Xinxiang Ji, Rulin Zhou, Kangkang Zhao, and Yuan Wang. "Analysis of Concentration Polarisation in Full-Size Spiral Wound Reverse Osmosis Membranes Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." Membranes 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050353.

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A three-dimensional model for the simulation of concentration polarisation in a full-scale spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) membrane element was developed. The model considered the coupled effect of complex spacer geometry, pressure drop and membrane filtration. The simulated results showed that, at a salt concentration of 10,000 mg/L and feed pressure of 10.91 bar, permeate flux decreased from 27.6 L/(m2 h) (LMH) at the module inlet to 24.1 LMH at the module outlet as a result of salt accumulation in the absence of a feed spacer. In contrast, the presence of the spacer increased pressure loss along the membranes, and its presence created vortices and enhanced fluid velocity at the boundary layer and led to a minor decrease in flux to 26.5 LMH at the outlet. This paper underpins the importance of the feed spacer’s role in mitigating concentration polarisation in full-scale spiral wound modules. The model can be used by both the industry and by academia for improved understanding and accurate presentation of mass transfer phenomena of full-scale RO modules by different commercial manufacturers that cannot be achieved by experimental characterization of the mass transfer coefficient or by CFD modelling of simplified 2D flow channels.
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7

Schopf, Roland, Florian Schmidt, Johanna Linner, and Ulrich Kulozik. "Comparative Assessment of Tubular Ceramic, Spiral Wound, and Hollow Fiber Membrane Microfiltration Module Systems for Milk Protein Fractionation." Foods 10, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040692.

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The fractionation efficiency of hollow fiber membranes (HFM) for milk protein fractionation was compared to ceramic tubular membranes (CTM) and spiral wound membranes (SWM). HFM combine the features of high membrane packing density of SWM and the more defined flow conditions and better control of membrane fouling in the open flow channel cross-sections of CTM. The aim was to comparatively analyze the effect of variations in local pressure and flow conditions while using single industrially sized standard modules with similar dimensions and module footprints (module diameter and length). The comparative assessment with varied transmembrane pressure was first applied for a constant feed volume flow rate of 20 m3 h−1 and, secondly, with the same axial pressure drop along the modules of 1.3 bar m−1, similar to commonly applied crossflow velocity and wall shear stress conditions at the industrial level. Flux, transmission factor of proteins (whey proteins and serum caseins), and specific protein mass flow per area membrane and per volume of module installed were determined as the evaluation criteria. The casein-to-whey protein ratios were calculated as a measure for protein fractionation effect. Results obtained show that HFM, which so far are under-represented as standard module types in industrial dairy applications, appear to be a competitive alternative to SWM and CTM for milk protein fractionation.
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8

Korniyenko, Y., and S. Guliienko. "Mathematical Model of Dissolving Inorganic Fouling in Spiral Wound Membrane Module." Advanced Science Journal 2014, no. 4 (March 31, 2014): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15550/asj.2014.04.047.

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9

Kim, Yu Chang, and Sang-Jin Park. "Experimental Study of a 4040 Spiral-Wound Forward-Osmosis Membrane Module." Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 18 (September 15, 2011): 7737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202175m.

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10

Sano, Yoshishiko, Yuki Nishimura, and Akira Nakayama. "E212 A mathematical model for a spiral-wound reverse osmosis module." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2013 (2013): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2013.359.

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11

Li, Mingheng. "Predictive modeling of a commercial spiral wound seawater reverse osmosis module." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 148 (August 2019): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2019.06.033.

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12

Van Gauwbergen, D., and J. Baeyens. "Assessment of the Design Parameters for Wastewater Treatment by Reverse Osmosis." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1999): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0600.

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A modelling procedure is presented to predict the fluxes and solute concentrations in different flows for reverse osmosis (RO) spiral-wound modules. Important underlying factors for this procedure are the osmotic pressure for various solutions, the hydrodynamic flow profile in the concentrate channel, and the intrinsic separation characteristics of the membrane material. Experiments were carried out using a flat sheet test cell to determine the parameters of the mass transport model. Results of residence time distribution (RTD)-measurements on an industrial spiral-wound module were used to determine macroscopic fluid flow regimes resulting in the definition of dead volume fraction, average residence time and Pe-number. The evaluation of the modelling procedure has been based on experimental data of an industrial membrane plant system.
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13

Schwinge, Jörn, Peter R. Neal, Dianne E. Wiley, and Anthony G. Fane. "Estimation of foulant deposition across the leaf of a spiral-wound module." Desalination 146, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(02)00471-x.

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14

Park, Junhyung, and Kwang Soon Lee. "A two-dimensional model for the spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane module." Desalination 416 (August 2017): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.05.006.

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15

Lee, Sungyun. "Performance Comparison of Spiral-Wound and Plate-and-Frame Forward Osmosis Membrane Module." Membranes 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10110318.

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We compared two representative forward osmosis (FO) modules—spiral-wound (SW) and plate-and-frame (PF)—to provide practical information for the selection of FO element for a large-scale FO process. The FO operating performance of commercially available SW FO and PF FO was explored under different membrane area and flow rate conditions. The performance trend as a function of the membrane was obtained by adjusting the number of serially connected elements. Although SW FO and PF FO elements exhibited comparable feed pressure drops, SW FO demonstrated a significantly higher draw channel pressure drop than PF FO. Furthermore, the significant draw pressure drop in SW FO increased the draw inlet pressure, consequently limiting the number of serially connected elements. For example, the maximum number of serially connected elements for the normal operation was three elements for SW FO (45.9 m2) but nine elements for PF FO (63 m2) when the flow rate of 10 LMP was applied for feed and draw streams. Additionally, a footprint analysis indicated that SW FO module exhibited a slightly larger footprint than PF FO. Under investigated conditions, PF FO exhibited relatively better performance than SW FO. Therefore, this pilot-scale FO study highlighted the need to reduce the flow resistance of SW FO draw channel to take advantage of the high packing density of the SW element.
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16

Luo, Fabao, Xu Zhang, Jiefeng Pan, Abhishek N. Mondal, Hongyan Feng, and Tongwen Xu. "Diffusion dialysis of sulfuric acid in spiral wound membrane modules: Effect of module number and connection mode." Separation and Purification Technology 148 (June 2015): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.04.033.

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17

Koutsou, Chrysafenia P., and Anastasios J. Karabelas. "A novel retentate spacer geometry for improved spiral wound membrane (SWM) module performance." Journal of Membrane Science 488 (August 2015): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.064.

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18

Sano, Yoshihiko, Akihiko Horibe, Naoto Haruki, and Akira Nakayama. "A VOLUME-AVERAGING APPROACH FOR ANALYZING A SPIRAL-WOUND REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION MODULE." Journal of Porous Media 18, no. 11 (2015): 1149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jpormedia.2015012375.

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19

Geraldes, Vítor, Aykut Anil, Maria Norberta de Pinho, and Elizabeth Duarte. "Dissolved air flotation of surface water for spiral-wound module nanofiltration pre-treatment." Desalination 228, no. 1-3 (August 2008): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.10.008.

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20

Dickson, J. M., Gurth Whitacker, John DeLeeuw, and J. Spencer. "Dilute single and mixed solute systems in a spiral wound reverse osmosis module." Desalination 99, no. 1 (November 1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(94)00116-2.

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21

Al-Obaidi, M. A., C. Kara-Zaïtri, and I. M. Mujtaba. "Significant energy savings by optimising membrane design in the multi-stage reverse osmosis wastewater treatment process." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 3 (2018): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00455a.

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The total energy consumption of the multi stage spiral wound RO process has continuously improved as a result of discovering the proper design parameters for each module that can save more energy besides keeping high removal of chlorophenol.
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22

Ohkouchi, Yumiko, and Tomonobu Ase. "Determination of log removal values of bacteria by spiral-wound reverse osmosis modules and a hollow fiber ultrafiltration module using Escherichia coli and indigenous heterotrophic bacteria as indicators." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 6 (October 17, 2020): 956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.153.

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Abstract The use of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes has been expanding not only to medical applications but also to water supply and reclaimed water applications due to its strong ability to remove a wide range of contaminants. Many researchers reported RO performance as a barrier against waterborne viruses; however, there are limited reports on its ability to remove bacteria from water. This investigation evaluated the removal performances of several spiral-wound RO modules and a hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) module in two different ways: dosing tests in batch-wise mode operation and in continuous-mode operation. The dosing tests of Escherichia coli using RO modules confirmed that E. coli could leak from the feed-side into the permeate. The log removal values (LRVs) (4.21- to >7.44-log10) by the RO modules from different production lots were found to vary greatly. In continuous-mode operation of the RO module, the LRVs for indigenous heterotrophic bacteria decreased over the operation period. These results clearly illustrate that bacteria, which originate on the feed-side, can leak into the permeate-side and then begin to proliferate in the permeate. On the other hand, using a UF module, E. coli was not detected in the permeate regardless of the operation mode.
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23

Lee, Sungyun, Yu Chang Kim, Sang-Jin Park, Sook-Kyung Lee, and Hyu-Chang Choi. "Experiment and modeling for performance of a spiral-wound pressure-retarded osmosis membrane module." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 22 (May 7, 2015): 10101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1043494.

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24

Bayer, Christoph, Michael Follmann, Hans Breisig, Ingrid M. Wienk, F. Petrus Cuperus, Matthias Wessling, and Thomas Melin. "On the Design of a 4-End Spiral-Wound L/L Extraction Membrane Module." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 3 (April 12, 2012): 1004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie202594h.

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25

Grigoleit, J., and B. Schöttler. "Experience and results on the operation of the spiral wound module line of DROP." Desalination 63 (January 1987): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(87)90051-8.

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26

Senthilmurugan, S., Aruj Ahluwalia, and Sharad K. Gupta. "Modeling of a spiral-wound module and estimation of model parameters using numerical techniques." Desalination 173, no. 3 (March 2005): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.08.034.

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27

Sim, S. T. V., W. B. Krantz, T. H. Chong, and A. G. Fane. "Online monitor for the reverse osmosis spiral wound module — Development of the canary cell." Desalination 368 (July 2015): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.04.014.

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28

Jeon, Jongmin, Jaehak Jung, Sangho Lee, Joon Young Choi, and Suhan Kim. "A simple modeling approach for a forward osmosis system with a spiral wound module." Desalination 433 (May 2018): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.004.

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29

Lee, S., and C. H. Lee. "Scale formation in NF/RO: mechanism and control." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 6-7 (March 1, 2005): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0646.

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Scale formation of soluble salts is one of the major factors limiting the application of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. This article reviews the scale formation mechanisms in membrane systems, methods to retard scale formation, and a new hybrid system consisting of MF-NF/RO. Two distinct mechanisms in NF/RO fouling by scale formation including surface and bulk crystallization have been identified and investigated. The hydrodynamic operating conditions as well as module geometry determines which fouling mechanism is dominant. An increase in solute concentration at the membrane surface by concentration polarization is responsible for surface crystallization. Conventional methods for scale control only retard the rate of scale formation and their performances are unpredictable. On the other hand, using a MF-NF/RO hybrid system for continuous removal of crystal particles from the retentate stream appears to be effective at high recovery of permeate. When applying the MF-NF/RO hybrid system, substantial improvement in flux is observed in spiral wound module, whereas it is negligible in case of the tubular module. This is because the microfilter could only removes crystals formed in the retentate through the bulk crystallization that is the dominant fouling mechanism in the spiral wound module.
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30

Sanawar, Huma, Szilárd S. Bucs, Martin A. Pot, Jure Zlopasa, Nadia M. Farhat, Geert-Jan Witkamp, Joop C. Kruithof, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, and Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder. "Pilot-Scale Assessment of Urea as a Chemical Cleaning Agent for Biofouling Control in Spiral-Wound Reverse Osmosis Membrane Elements." Membranes 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090117.

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Routine chemical cleaning with the combined use of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) is carried out as a means of biofouling control in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The novelty of the research presented herein is in the application of urea, instead of NaOH, as a chemical cleaning agent to full-scale spiral-wound RO membrane elements. A comparative study was carried out at a pilot-scale facility at the Evides Industriewater DECO water treatment plant in the Netherlands. Three fouled 8-inch diameter membrane modules were harvested from the lead position of one of the full-scale RO units treating membrane bioreactor (MBR) permeate. One membrane module was not cleaned and was assessed as the control. The second membrane module was cleaned by the standard alkali/acid cleaning protocol. The third membrane module was cleaned with concentrated urea solution followed by acid rinse. The results showed that urea cleaning is as effective as the conventional chemical cleaning with regards to restoring the normalized feed channel pressure drop, and more effective in terms of (i) improving membrane permeability, and (ii) solubilizing organic foulants and the subsequent removal of the surface fouling layer. Higher biomass removal by urea cleaning was also indicated by the fact that the total organic carbon (TOC) content in the HCl rinse solution post-urea-cleaning was an order of magnitude greater than in the HCl rinse after standard cleaning. Further optimization of urea-based membrane cleaning protocols and urea recovery and/or waste treatment methods is proposed for full-scale applications.
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31

Li, Yu-Ling, Kuo-Lun Tung, Ming-Yang Lu, and Shih-Hui Huang. "Mitigating the curvature effect of the spacer-filled channel in a spiral-wound membrane module." Journal of Membrane Science 329, no. 1-2 (March 5, 2009): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.12.026.

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32

Han, Yang, Witopo Salim, Kai K. Chen, Dongzhu Wu, and W. S. Winston Ho. "Field trial of spiral-wound facilitated transport membrane module for CO2 capture from flue gas." Journal of Membrane Science 575 (April 2019): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.024.

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33

Kim, Yu Chang, Young Kim, Dongwook Oh, and Kong Hoon Lee. "Experimental Investigation of a Spiral-Wound Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Membrane Module for Osmotic Power Generation." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 6 (February 28, 2013): 2966–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304060d.

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34

Pervov, A. G. "Modernization of conventional spiral wound module—principles to design RO without pretreatment and concentrate effluents." Desalination and Water Treatment 55, no. 9 (November 24, 2014): 2326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.939486.

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35

Hartinger, Martin, Hans-Jürgen Heidebrecht, Simon Schiffer, Joseph Dumpler, and Ulrich Kulozik. "Technical Concepts for the Investigation of Spatial Effects in Spiral-Wound Microfiltration Membranes." Membranes 9, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9070080.

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Existing works on the influence of spatial effects on flux and permeation of proteins in microfiltration (MF) have focused on ceramic membranes. There is little information on spiral-wound membranes (SWMs). Since the inner core of a SWM is practically inaccessible by non-destructive techniques, three different prototypes were constructed in this study to optimize suitability for the investigation of spatial effects on filtration performance. To measure the pressure drop, shortened SWMs 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 times the length of a standard industrial SWM (0.96 m) were designed. Second, a sectioned membrane (0.96 m) with separated compartments on the permeate side was constructed to analyze spatial effects on flux and protein permeation along the flow path of a SWM. Three different features characterized this sectioned module: sectioned permeate pockets, a sectioned permeate collection tube, and sectioned permeate drain and measurement systems. Crossflow filtration experiments showed that these modifications did not alter the filtration performance compared to an unmodified control SWM. Thus, it can be applied to assess spatially-resolved filtration performance in SWMs. The third prototype designed was a test cell with accessible flat sheet membranes and spacer material, as in SWMs. The flow path in this test cell was designed to match the characteristics of the channels between the membrane sheets in a standard SWM as closely as possible. The flow path length and the combination of membrane material and spacer architecture were the same as in the control SWM. This test cell was designed to assess the effects of length and processing conditions on the formation of a deposit layer. The combined results of these test modules can yield new insights into the spatial distribution of flux, permeation of target components, and deposit formation.
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36

Bae, Changseong, Kiho Park, Hwan Heo, and Dae Ryook Yang. "Quantitative estimation of internal concentration polarization in a spiral wound forward osmosis membrane module compared to a flat sheet membrane module." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 34, no. 3 (December 9, 2016): 844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0307-z.

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37

Li, Lei, Jinju Zhang, Yanxiang Li, and Chuanfang Yang. "Removal of Cr (VI) with a spiral wound chitosan nanofiber membrane module via dead-end filtration." Journal of Membrane Science 544 (December 2017): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.09.045.

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38

Tung, Kuo-Lun, Hui-Chieh Teoh, Ching-Wei Lee, Chien-Hua Chen, Yu-Ling Li, Yi-Feng Lin, Ching-Liang Chen, and Meng-Shun Huang. "Characterization of membrane fouling distribution in a spiral wound module using high-frequency ultrasound image analysis." Journal of Membrane Science 495 (December 2015): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.035.

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39

Rahimpour, A., S. S. Madaeni, and Y. Mansourpanah. "High performance polyethersulfone UF membrane for manufacturing spiral wound module: preparation, morphology, performance, and chemical cleaning." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 18, no. 5 (2007): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.904.

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40

Chaabane, T., S. Taha, M. Taleb Ahmed, R. Maachi, and G. Dorange. "Removal of copper from industrial effluent using a spiral wound module — film theory and hydrodynamic approach." Desalination 200, no. 1-3 (November 2006): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.348.

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41

Taherinejad, Morteza, Mahdi Moghimi, and Shahram Derakhshan. "Hydrodynamic modeling of the spiral-wound membrane module including the membrane curvature: reverse osmosis case study." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 36, no. 12 (December 2019): 2074–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-019-0372-1.

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42

Attarde, Dinesh, Manish Jain, Kshitij Chaudhary, and Sharad Kumar Gupta. "Osmotically driven membrane processes by using a spiral wound module — Modeling, experimentation and numerical parameter estimation." Desalination 361 (April 2015): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.025.

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43

Ruiz-Aguirre, A., J. A. Andrés-Mañas, J. M. Fernández-Sevilla, and G. Zaragoza. "Modeling and optimization of a commercial permeate gap spiral wound membrane distillation module for seawater desalination." Desalination 419 (October 2017): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.06.019.

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44

Rabiller-Baudry, Murielle, Lydie Paugam, Lilian Bégoin, David Delaunay, Manuel Fernandez-Cruz, Christophe Phina-Ziebin, Celso Laviades-Garcia de Guadiana, and Bernard Chaufer. "Alkaline cleaning of PES membranes used in skimmed milk ultrafiltration: from reactor to spiral-wound module via a plate-and-frame module." Desalination 191, no. 1-3 (May 2006): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.07.028.

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45

Kakihana, Yuriko, Nora Jullok, Masafumi Shibuya, Yuki Ikebe, and Mitsuru Higa. "Comparison of Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Performance between Pilot-Scale Cellulose Triacetate Hollow-Fiber and Polyamide Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules." Membranes 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030177.

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Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) has recently received attention because of its ability to generate power via an osmotic pressure gradient between two solutions with different salinities: high- and low-salinity water sources. In this study, PRO performance, using the two pilot-scale PRO membrane modules with different configurations—five-inch cellulose triacetate hollow-fiber membrane module (CTA-HF) and eight-inch polyamide spiral-wound membrane modules (PA-SW)—was evaluated by changing the draw solution (DS) concentration, applied hydrostatic pressure difference, and the flow rates of DS and feed solution (FS), to obtain the optimum operating conditions in PRO configuration. The maximum power density per unit membrane area of PA-SW at 0.6 M NaCl was 1.40 W/m2 and 2.03-fold higher than that of CTA-HF, due to the higher water permeability coefficient of PA-SW. In contrast, the maximum power density per unit volume of CTA-SW at 0.6 M NaCl was 4.67 kW/m3 and 6.87-fold higher than that of PA-SW. The value of CTA-HF increased to 13.61 kW/m3 at 1.2 M NaCl and was 12.0-fold higher than that of PA-SW because of the higher packing density of CTA-HF.
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46

Bégoin, Lilian, Murielle Rabiller-Baudry, Bernard Chaufer, Christine Faille, Pascal Blanpain-Avet, Thierry Bénézech, and Teodora Doneva. "Methodology of analysis of a spiral-wound module. Application to PES membrane for ultrafiltration of skimmed milk." Desalination 192, no. 1-3 (May 2006): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.10.010.

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47

Hong, Sung-Soo, Won Ryoo, Myung-Suk Chun, Seung Oh Lee, and Gui-Yung Chung. "Numerical studies on the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) system with the spiral wound module for power generation." Desalination and Water Treatment 52, no. 34-36 (July 29, 2013): 6333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.821041.

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48

Singh, V., P. K. Jain, and C. Das. "Performance of spiral wound ultrafiltration membrane module for with and without permeate recycle: Experimental and theoretical consideration." Desalination 322 (August 2013): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.05.012.

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49

Cornelissen, E. R., D. J. H. Harmsen, E. F. Beerendonk, J. J. Qin, and J. W. M. N. Kappelhof. "Effect of draw solution type and operational mode of forward osmosis with laboratory-scale membranes and a spiral wound membrane module." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.042.

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Forward osmosis (FO) is a concentration driven membrane process which recently gained an increase in attention due to the development of improved FO membranes. Most of the currently available data on FO research is obtained on small laboratory-scale set-ups, thereby overlooking the effects of scaling-up to pilot or full-scale size. In this paper, FO experiments are carried out with a 10.16 cm (4-in) spiral wound FO (SWFO) Hydration Technologies Innovations (HTI) module. The performance of the SWFO module was investigated during daily experiments and the influence of two types of draw solutions (NaCl and MgCl2) was evaluated and compared to data from lab-scale FO research. Furthermore, the difference between fixed draw solution concentration and draw solution dilution was studied for both draw solutions. Salt flux was determined from the increase in: (i) conductivity; and (ii) individual ion concentration in the feed vessel. Water and salt flux values from laboratory-scale membrane FO experiments were similar but slightly lower than that of the SWFO module in the fixed draw solution concentration experiments (respectively 5 L/m2h and 3 g/m2h for 0.5 M NaCl). Salt flux values obtained from individual ion measurements were lower and more accurate compared to that determined by conductivity measurements.
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50

Jeon, Jongmin, Jaehak Jung, Joon Young Choi, Jaebum Kim, and Suhan Kim. "Effect of transmembrane pressure on draw solution channel height and water flux in spiral wound forward osmosis module." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 96 (2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20958.

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