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1
Ciccarini, Marina, Nicoletta Marcialis, and Giorgio Ziffer, eds. Kesarevo Kesarju. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-572-8.
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Questa raccolta di studi è dedicata a Cesare G. De Michelis per i suoi settant’anni. Vi hanno partecipato amici e allievi con il desiderio di richiamare il suo insegnamento e le sue ricerche, e insieme la varietà e l’ampiezza dei suoi interessi. Questo spiega l’eterogeneità dei contributi, che si concentrano in primo luogo intorno alla letteratura russa ma si allargano anche ad altre letterature slave, e poi alla storia russa, religiosa e non, ai rapporti culturali fra Italia e Russia, ad alcune pagine dell’antisemitismo moderno. Aprono il volume un profilo del festeggiato e la bibliografia, comprendente la sua vasta produzione scientifica e un fitto elenco di contributi di carattere pubblicistico in cui si rispecchiano il rigore dello studioso e la sua passione civile.
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Bagnoli, Carlo, and Eleonora Masiero. L’impresa significante fra tradizione e innovazione. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-572-8.
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This study explores the idea of a significant business, framing it through the key concepts that define it and illustrating it through a case study that narrates the evolution of a century-old company. Born as an intellectual response to the economic and financial crisis of 2008, the significant business is conceived as an entity capable of enduring over time through the creation of value and its distribution within the community in which it operates. The significant business should be also aware of its own identity and of the need to innovate itself over time considering the synergies and the collaborations that the territory offers, to continue to create wealth. This contribution is part of a series of works that, resulting from numerous action-research projects coordinated by Professor Carlo Bagnoli, have seen as protagonists the companies and their strategic innovation. The starting point of many of these projects is the Manifesto of the Significant Company (Bagnoli et al. 2015), which aims at imagining a business model able to explore and innovate the company to increase its competitiveness, and also to restore meaning to the company itself, through the definition of its own identity. Contributing to previous works, this book explores the idea of significant enterprise by adopting a business and a historical perspective. The first part of the book deals with the business perspective, to introduce the value model commonly used in action research studies undertaken by the spin-off Strategy Innovation of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, and to describe the specific model of a significant business. The second part of the book narrates the story of a centuries-long business, Barovier&Toso, exploring its evolutions. Focusing on the different perspectives that shaped the key concepts and narrating the path followed by a centenary company, this work hopes to shed further light on this fascinating theme together with the reader.
3
Gadow, H. F., J. F. Gaskell, and H. L. H. H. Green. Evolution of the Vertebral Column: A Contribution to the Study of Vertebrate Phylogeny. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2014.
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Gala, Raj J., Lauren Szolomayer, and James Yue. Open Endoscopic Rhizotomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0015.
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The etiology of axial low back pain is multifactorial and includes pain arising from lumbar facet joints. The facet joints, capsules, and surrounding tissues are innervated by the medial branches of the dorsal rami. Rhizotomy of these nerves can provide pain relief in patients with lumbar facetogenic pain. The reported benefits of endoscopic approaches to the spine include minimal disruption of nonpathologic anatomy while simultaneously allowing for improved visualization of pathologic anatomy. Endoscopic techniques have been described for spinal stenosis, disc herniation, interbody fusion, infection, as well as dorsal medial branch rhizotomy. The goal of medial branch rhizotomy is to denervate lumbar facet joints that are contributing to axial back pain. The previous chapter focused on percutaneous techniques, while this chapter will describe endoscopic rhizotomy.
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Candido, Kenneth D., Tatiana Tverdohleb, and Nebojsa Nick Knezevic. Postlaminectomy Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0024.
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Postlaminectomy syndrome is persistent or recurrent back pain after otherwise anatomically successful lumbar spine surgery. A dramatic increase in the number of low back surgeries has been observed since 1997, with an increased incidence of pain after low back surgery in the range of 5% to 74.6%. The mechanisms contributing to back pain are muscle damage during surgery, muscle spasm, and inflammation, with subsequent development of myofascial pain syndrome as well as other typical and atypical back pain generators. Diagnosis is based primarily on history and physical examination, as well as results of imaging (preoperative and postoperative). Treating postlaminectomy syndrome is challenging, due to lack of evidence-based clinical guidelines. Pharmacologic treatment in combination with interventional management sometimes is not enough, and choosing the right candidates for revision and reoperation surgery is mainly based on the surgeon’s experience and best clinical judgment. In certain circumstances, spinal cord stimulation can achieve better results than reoperation.
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Altwicker, Tilmann. The International Legal Argument in Spinoza. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768586.003.0010.
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In this chapter, it is argued that Spinoza is far from being a ‘denier’ of international law. Instead, it is shown that Spinoza offers a nuanced argument for why states are compelled to cooperate with one another in the form of international law. There are at least three lasting contributions to the theory of International Relations and international law: the exposition of a ‘non-ideal theory’ of International Relations, International Relations as part of a theory on the institutionalization of individual freedom, and the idea of precedence of rational international governance over independent governance. Spinoza gives an early contribution for a sociological study of international legal thought.
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LeBuffe, Michael. Spinoza on Reason. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845803.001.0001.
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In metaphysics, Spinoza associates reasons with causes or explanations. He contends that there is a reason for whatever exists and whatever does not exist. In his account of the human mind, Spinoza makes reason a peculiarly powerful kind of idea and the only source of our knowledge of objects in experience. In his moral theory, Spinoza introduces dictates of reason, which are action-guiding prescriptions. In politics, Spinoza suggests that reason, with religion, motivates cooperation in society. Reason shapes Spinoza’s philosophy, and central debates about Spinoza—including his place in the history of philosophy and in the European Enlightenment—turn upon our understanding of these claims. Spinoza on Reason starts with striking claims in each of these areas drawn from Spinoza’s two great works, the Ethics and the Theological Political Treatise; the book takes each characterization of reason on its own terms, explaining the claims and their historical context. While acknowledging the striking variety of reason’s roles, this work emphasizes the extent to which these different doctrines build upon one another. The result is a rich understanding of the meaning and function of each claim and, in the book’s conclusion, a detailed and accurate account of the contribution of reason to the systematic coherence of Spinoza’s philosophy.
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Black, Sheila. The original description of central sensitization. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0040.
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The landmark study discussed in this chapter is ‘The contribution of excitatory amino acids to central sensitization and persistent nociception after formalin-induced tissue injury’, published by Coderre and Melzack in 1992. Previous studies in this field implicate a contribution of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), specifically l-glutamate and l-aspartate, to injury-induced sensitization of nociceptive responses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Repetitive stimulation of primary afferent fibres demonstrated that l-glutamate and NMDA can produce ‘wind-up’ of neuronal dorsal horn activity, and this is blocked by application of NMDA antagonists. This study uses the formalin test as a behavioural model to investigate the mechanisms underlying central sensitization and the role of EAAs, NMDA, their receptors, and their antagonists in this process.
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Koht, Antoun, and Tod B. Sloan. Neurophysiologic Monitoring. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0028.
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Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring is used for monitoring and mapping of neurological structures during surgery and procedures where the neurological structures are at risk. Among the most commonly used techniques are electrophysiologic techniques, which include spontaneous and evoked electromyography, somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, electroencephalography, and auditory brainstem responses. These methods differ in their responses to anesthesia and in their clinical contribution to monitoring because of differing anatomy. Their use in spinal corrective surgery highlights the role of the anesthesiologist during cases when these techniques are utilized. Optimization of anesthesia, position, and physiology provide better monitoring conditions, enhance signal evaluation, and may lead to better neurological outcome.
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Sihra, Melissa. Shadow and Substance. Edited by Nicholas Grene and Chris Morash. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.013.35.
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In spite of the very important role of women in the development of Irish theatre through the twentieth century, their contribution has continued to be marginalized, with ‘women’s drama’ set off against an implicit male norm. This was still obvious in the Abbey Theatre’s centenary programme, in which no play by a woman featured on the theatre’s main stage. The work of Charabanc Theatre Company, a women’s collective, and the highly successful plays of Marie Jones emerging from that company can be contrasted with the male-dominated Field Day in terms of a disparity of critical attention. Marina Carr, the Irish woman playwright best known internationally, in spite of the strong gender concerns of her plays, has been reluctant to identify herself as ‘feminist’ because of its associations. It has only been in the twenty-first century that the work of women playwrights and directors has been accepted as part of mainstream theatre .
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Renz, Ursula. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199350162.003.0017.
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The conclusion, first, critically assesses what Spinoza’s theory of the human mind, as reconstructed in this book, achieves with respect to an overall aim of advocating the view that subjective experience is explainable. It is argued that, while not providing a conclusive argument for this view, Spinoza defends such a position against a variety of skeptical objections. Realist rationalism, the book concludes, turns out to be a credible view, albeit one that needs to be defended time and again. Second, the conclusion also provides a reading of some of the most intriguing tenets of Spinoza’s ethical theory. In particular, it shows how successful explanation can be understood as contributing to all human wisdom, prudence, freedom, and eventually even happiness.
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Capogna, Giorgio. Labour analgesia: choice of local anaesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0016.
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In this chapter, the rationale for the choice of commonly used local anaesthetics—racemic bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and levobupivacaine—is reviewed, particularly with respect to their potency and differential block. Epidural and spinal dosing for labour analgesia and the role of ‘up–down’ studies to determine the minimum local anaesthetic concentration (MLAC) for labour analgesia is explained. Applying the MLAC model has enabled clinical comparisons at equipotent concentrations and doses. It has also quantified what contribution opioids have on the overall effectiveness of the analgesic mixture, provided a means of optimizing combinations of local anaesthetic–opioid solutions, examined the effect of inter-individual and obstetric variables on local anaesthetic potency, and provided a pharmacological-based rationale for analgesia solutions used for labour analgesia.
13
Buxbaum, Joseph D. An Overview of the Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0004.
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There is very good evidence for a strong genetic component to the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which include autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, and Rett syndrome. At the same time, identifying the loci contributing to ASD risk has proven difficult because of extreme heterogeneity. However, in spite of these difficulties, many ASD loci have been identified and, even using current clinical measures, an etiological diagnosis can be given in upward of 20% of cases. With the introduction of “second-generation” sequencing, gene discovery in ASDs will accelerate. As genes are being discovered, functional analyses are leading to potential novel therapeutics, and there is great optimism for more effective treatments in ASDs arising from gene discovery. In the current review, some of the important findings in ASD genetics will be outlined, as will the next steps in ASD genetics.
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Hohlfeldt, Marion, and Carmen Popescu, eds. Living Politics in the City. Leuven University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461664945.
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In recent decades, architecture has been seen as a field of practice that contributes greatly to the performativity of public space. In spite of the explosion of virtual communities through social media and the limitations imposed by pandemics, architecture today still holds an active role in (literally) building our societies. Bearing in mind its acute politicisation in past years, Living Politics in the City looks at public space from the perspective of architecture and its effective contribution, not as a prop but as an actual catalyst for embodying politics. The essays gathered here span five continents, activating various disciplinary approaches to architecture and examining it in different contexts: from a Palestinian refugee camp to the most vibrant urban axis in Sao Paolo, from the numerous city squares around the world crowded with rebellious populations, to the proximal politics of housing in Australia.
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Ishikawa, Machiko. Paradox and Representation. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751943.001.0001.
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How can the “voiceless” voice be represented? This primary question underpins this book's analysis of selected works by Buraku writer, Nakagami Kenji (1946–1992). In spite of his Buraku background, Nakagami's privilege as a writer made it difficult for him to “hear” and “represent” those voices silenced by mainstream social structures in Japan. This “paradox of representing the silenced voice” is the key theme of the book. Gayatri Spivak theorizes the (im)possibility of representing the voice of “subalterns,” those oppressed by imperialism, patriarchy, and heteronomativity. Arguing for Burakumin as Japan's “subalterns,” the book draws on Spivak to analyze Nakagami's texts. The first half of the book revisits the theme of the transgressive Burakumin man. This section includes analysis of a seldom discussed narrative of a violent man and his silenced wife. The second half of the book focuses on the rarely heard voices of Burakumin women from the Kiyuki trilogy. Satoko, the prostitute, unknowingly commits incest with her half-brother, Akiyuki. The aged Yuki sacrifices her youth in a brothel to feed her fatherless family. The mute Moyo remains traumatized by rape. The author's close reading of Nakagami's representation of the silenced voices of these sexually stigmatized women is this book's unique contribution to Nakagami scholarship.
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Colvin, Lesley A., and Marie T. Fallon. Pain physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0009.
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The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage’. A good understanding of the physiology of pain processing is important, with recent advances in basic science, functional neuroimaging, and clinical pain syndromes contributing to our understanding. It is also important to differentiate between nociception, the process of detecting noxious stimuli, and pain perception, which is a much more complex process, integrating biological, psychological, and social factors. The somatosensory nervous system, from peripheral nociceptors, to sensory nerves and spinal cord synapses has many potential sites for modulation, with ascending pathways to the brain, balanced by ‘top-down’ control from higher centres. Under certain circumstances, for example, after tissue injury from trauma or surgery, there will be continued nociceptive input, with resultant changes in the whole somatosensory nervous system that lead to development of chronic pain syndromes. In such cases, even when the original injury has healed, the pathophysiological changes in the nervous system itself lead to ongoing pain, with peripheral or central sensitization, or both. Additionally, in some chronic pain syndromes, for example, chronic widespread pain, it has been postulated that abnormalities in central processing may be the initiating factor, with some evidence for this from neuroimaging studies. Further work is needed to fully understand pain neurobiology in order to advance our management.
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Gipps, Richard G. T., and Michael Lacewing, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198789703.001.0001.
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With contributions from 35 leading experts in the field, The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Psychoanalysis provides the definitive guide to this interdisciplinary field. The book comprises eight sections, each providing an overview of current thinking at the interface between philosophy and psychoanalysis through original contributions that will shape the future of the debate in its area. The first section covers the philosophical pre-history of the psychoanalytic unconscious, including discussions of Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. The next three present evaluations of psychoanalysis. Thus, the second examines how psychoanalysis was received and developed in the twentieth century by Merleau-Ponty, Wittgenstein, the Frankfurt School, and Ricoeur. In the third, central clinical concepts, such as transference, symbolism, wish-fulfilment, making the unconscious conscious, and therapeutic action are presented and interrogated. The fourth discusses the scientific credentials of psychoanalysis, and whether it is better understood as a form of phenomenology. The final four sections turn to the contribution and significance of a psychoanalytic perspective for different aspects of human self-understanding. In that on aesthetics, philosophical theories of art, literature and film are illuminated. In the section on religion, Freud’s challenge to theism, philosophical and psychoanalytic responses to that, and Lacan’s reinterpretation of religion take centre-stage. Next, questions of love, mental health and evolutionary neuroscience are discussed in relation to ethics. The final section examines the radical challenge of psychoanalysis to political and social institutions, including issues of education, gender and war.
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Levinson, Marjorie. Thinking Through Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810315.001.0001.
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This is a work of and about literary criticism. Its title signals a contribution to debates about reading. We think “through”—“by means of,” “with”—poems, sympathetically elaborating their surfaces. We “think through” poems to their end—solving a problem, getting to their roots. And we “think through” to “go beyond,” in a philosophical, speculative criticism to which the poem carries us. All three meanings of “through” are in play throughout. The subtitle applies “field” first to Romantic studies—offering new readings of canonical British Romantic poems to address contemporary topics (depth vs. surface, formalism’s return, materialism, theory vs. history of lyric), and narrating, enacting, and conceptualizing the arc of the field’s scholarship since the 1980s. Examples are drawn especially from Wordsworth, but also from Coleridge and, for Romanticism’s afterlife, from Stevens. In addition, “field” indicates the shift during that time-span from a unitary to a field-concept of form, a concept that synthesizes form and history, privileges analytic scale, and displaces entity (text) by “relation” as object of investigation. Connecting early 19th-century intellectual trends to antecedents in Spinoza and related 20th/21st-century revolutions in the postclassical sciences, the book introduces new models to literary study. Unlike accounts of science’s influence on literature, or various “literature + X” approaches (literature and ecology, literature and cognitive science), it constructs its object in a way cognate with work in non-humanities disciplines, thus highlighting a certain unity to knowledge. The claim is that literary critics can renew understanding of their own field by studying the thinking of certain scientific communities.
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McKenzie, Alistair G. The history of anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0031.
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Even though ether was prepared in 1540 and nitrous oxide in 1774, it was not until the 1840s that these agents were used to induce anaesthesia to enable painless surgery. Modern inhalation anaesthesia has evolved from the public demonstration of ether anaesthesia by William Morton at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States, on 16 October 1846. In the United Kingdom, from 1847 John Snow applied scientific principles to develop safer anaesthetic practice. Newer and safer agents have replaced ether in most countries. Successful intravenous anaesthesia began with chloral hydrate in 1874; progress was hesitant until the wide acceptance of thiopental from 1934—in turn superseded by propofol from 1985. Regional anaesthesia has evolved from the first use of the local anaesthetic, cocaine, to enable awake eye surgery by Carl Koller in 1884. This progressed to nerve blocks, spinal and epidural anaesthesia with a high degree of sophistication, through provision of better and safer local anaesthetics: lidocaine and bupivacaine. The introduction of neuromuscular blocking agents into anaesthetic practice began with the use of curare by Griffith and Johnson in Montreal in 1942. Muscle relaxation became a component of ‘balanced anaesthesia’—necessitating advances in airway management, including tracheal intubation and safe mechanical ventilation of the lungs. The modern anaesthetic workstation for inhalation anaesthesia has evolved from the early anaesthetic machines over 100 years. Of all the advances in anaesthesia during the past 50 years, developments in monitoring techniques—particularly pulse oximetry and capnography—have probably made the greatest contribution to patient safety. Anaesthetists have embraced enhanced postoperative recovery.
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Mease, Philip. Neurobiology of pain in osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0013.
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Significant advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of pain in osteoarthritis (OA) have occurred in the last decade and are herein summarized. Pain is the predominant symptom of OA and occurs at multiple levels from non-cartilage peripheral tissues to spinal cord, and brain and back. At each level, nerve function is regulated by complex ionic channels, neuropeptide expression, and cytokine and chemokine activity. Previously considered a non-inflammatory condition, it is now recognized that cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production occurs in OA synovium, contributing to peripheral sensitization. Genetic profile influences nociceptive neuropeptide expression and thus, pain perception. Both peripheral and central sensitizing factors, including increased neuropeptide and microglial activity, lead to pain augmentation and persistence. Pain processing in brain centres such as the somatosensory cortex and insula are influenced by affective areas such as the amygdala. Descending receptor pathways through the midbrain to the dorsal horn, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, opioid, and cannabinoid, normally provide pain inhibitory function but this function may be diminished in chronic pain states such as OA, leading to allodynia and hyperalgesia. Functional neuroimaging has contributed to our understanding of the complex interplay of peripheral and central mechanisms. Recent evidence that grey matter volume decrease in chronic pain states may be reversible (e.g. after pain relief post OA hip arthroplasty) illuminates the potential for central neuroplasticity. Greater understanding of the neurobiology of OA pain provides evidence for therapeutic approaches that address peripheral and/or central pain mechanisms and provides a guide for future targeted pain therapeutics.