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1
Shang, Yuting, Yifan Deng, Yuanli Cai, Yu Chen, Sirui He, Xuanchong Liao, and Haonan Jiang. "Modeling and Disturbance Analysis of Spinning Satellites with Inflatable Protective Structures." Aerospace 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2023): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10110971.
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The escalating proliferation of space debris poses an increasing risk to spinning satellites, elevating the probability of hazardous collisions that can result in severe damage or total loss of functionality. To address this concern, a pioneering inflatable protective structure is employed to ensure the optimal functionality of spinning satellites. Additionally, a multi-body dynamic modeling method based on spring hinge unfolding/spring expansion is proposed to tackle the complex dynamics of spinning satellites with inflatable protective structures during flight. This method enables analysis of the motion parameters of spinning satellites. First, the structural composition of a spinning satellite with inflatable protective structures is introduced and its flight process is analyzed. Then, an articulated spring hinge unfolding model or a spring expansion model using the Newton–Euler method is established to describe the unfolding or expansion of the spinning satellite with inflatable protective structures during flight. Finally, the effects on the motion parameters of a spinning satellite are analyzed through simulation under various working conditions.
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Aslanov, Vladimir S., and Dmitry A. Sizov. "Attitude Dynamics of Spinning Magnetic LEO/VLEO Satellites." Aerospace 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10020192.
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With the growing popularity of small satellites, the interaction with the air in low and especially in very low Earth orbits becomes a significant resource for passive angular stabilisation. However, the possibility of spin motion remains a considerable challenge for missions involving aerodynamically stabilised satellites. The goal of this paper was to investigate the attitude motion of arbitrarily spinning satellites in LEO and VLEO under the action of aerodynamic, gravitational, and magnetic torques, taking into account the aerodynamic damping. Using an umbrella-shaped deployable satellite as an example, the study demonstrated that both regular and chaotic attitude regimes are possible in the attitude motion. The occurrence of chaos was verified by means of Poincaré sections. The results revealed that, to prevent chaotic motion, active attitude control and reliable deployment techniques for aerodynamically stabilised satellites are needed.
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Liu, Guotong, Fengchen Fan, Yuanqing Miao, Tianyu Zhang, and Yushu Bian. "Modeling and analysis of tethered satellite systems based on spinning deployment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2882, no. 1 (November 1, 2024): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2882/1/012076.
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Abstract In recent years, with space science and technology development, tethered satellites have been widely recognized and valued. This paper analyzes a tether satellite system based on spinning deployment by dynamic modeling and numerical simulation to analyze the factors affecting its deployment stability. Firstly, the dynamic model of the tethered satellite system under the action of spinning centrifugal force is established using the dumbbell model. Then, numerical simulation is conducted to study the factors affecting the deployment stability of the tethered satellite system. Finally, a feasible and stable deployment control method is proposed based on actual working conditions.
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Janssens, Frank L., and Jozef C. van der Ha. "On the stability of spinning satellites." Acta Astronautica 68, no. 7-8 (April 2011): 778–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.08.008.
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Koch, B. P., and B. Bruhn. "Chaotic and Periodic Motions of Satellites in Elliptic Orbits." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 44, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1989-1204.
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Abstract The spinning motion of aspherical satellites whose center of mass moves in a given elliptic polar orbit around an oblate central body is investigated using analytical and numerical methods. In the case of a magnetic satellite, dipole-dipole interaction with the central body is included. For small eccentricity, oblateness and magnetic interaction, the Melnikov method is used to study chaotic and perodic motions. The parameter dependence of the width of the chaotic layer and of the periodic resonances is discussed. For some selected parameter values the theoretical predictions are checked by numerical methods.
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Tautz, Maurice, and Shu T. Lai. "Charging of fast spinning spheroidal satellites in sunlight." Journal of Applied Physics 102, no. 2 (July 15, 2007): 024905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2756076.
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Luo, Bingkun, and Peter J. Minnett. "Comparison of SLSTR Thermal Emissive Bands Clear-Sky Measurements with Those of Geostationary Imagers." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 3279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203279.
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The Sentinel-3 series satellites belong to the European Earth Observation satellite missions for supporting oceanography, land, and atmospheric studies. The Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) onboard the Sentinel-3 satellites was designed to provide a significant improvement in remote sensing of skin sea surface temperature (SSTskin). The successful application of SLSTR-derived SSTskin fields depends on their accuracies. Based on sensor-dependent radiative transfer model simulations, geostationary Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-16) Advanced Baseline Imagers (ABI) and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG-4) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) brightness temperatures (BT) have been transformed to SLSTR equivalents to permit comparisons at the pixel level in three ocean regions. The results show the averaged BT differences are on the order of 0.1 K and the existence of small biases between them are likely due to the uncertainties in cloud masking, satellite view angle, solar azimuth angle, and reflected solar light. This study demonstrates the feasibility of combining SSTskin retrievals from SLSTR with those of ABI and SEVIRI.
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Barbieux, Kévin, Olivier Hautecoeur, Maurizio De Bartolomei, Manuel Carranza, and Régis Borde. "The Sentinel-3 SLSTR Atmospheric Motion Vectors Product at EUMETSAT." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091702.
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Atmospheric Motion Vectors (AMVs) are an important input to many Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. EUMETSAT derives AMVs from several of its orbiting satellites, including the geostationary satellites (Meteosat), and its Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. The algorithm extracting the AMVs uses pairs or triplets of images, and tracks the motion of clouds or water vapour features from one image to another. Currently, EUMETSAT LEO satellite AMVs are retrieved from georeferenced images from the Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the Metop satellites. EUMETSAT is currently preparing the operational release of an AMV product from the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) on board the Sentinel-3 satellites. The main innovation in the processing, compared with AVHRR AMVs, lies in the co-registration of pairs of images: the images are first projected on an equal-area grid, before applying the AMV extraction algorithm. This approach has multiple advantages. First, individual pixels represent areas of equal sizes, which is crucial to ensure that the tracking is consistent throughout the processed image, and from one image to another. Second, this allows features that would otherwise leave the frame of the reference image to be tracked, thereby allowing more AMVs to be derived. Third, the same framework could be used for every LEO satellite, allowing an overall consistency of EUMETSAT AMV products. In this work, we present the results of this method for SLSTR by comparing the AMVs to the forecast model. We validate our results against AMVs currently derived from AVHRR and the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI). The release of the operational SLSTR AMV product is expected in 2022.
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Lyu, Jiang-Tao, Wei-Jun Zhong, Hong Liu, Yan Geng, and De Ben. "Novel Approach to Determine Spinning Satellites’ Attitude by RCS Measurements." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 34, no. 4 (July 2021): 04021023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0001253.
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Janssens, Frank L., and Jozef C. van der Ha. "Flat-spin recovery of spinning satellites by an equatorial torque." Acta Astronautica 116 (November 2015): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.05.011.
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Axelrad, Penina, and Charles P. Behre. "Attitude Estimation Algorithms for Spinning Satellites Using Global Positioning System Phase Data." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 20, no. 1 (January 1997): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.4011.
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Carrer, Dominique, Suman Moparthy, Gabriel Lellouch, Xavier Ceamanos, Florian Pinault, Sandra Freitas, and Isabel Trigo. "Land Surface Albedo Derived on a Ten Daily Basis from Meteosat Second Generation Observations: The NRT and Climate Data Record Collections from the EUMETSAT LSA SAF." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081262.
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Land surface albedo determines the splitting of downwelling solar radiation into components which are either reflected back to the atmosphere or absorbed by the surface. Land surface albedo is an important variable for the climate community, and therefore was defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV). Within the scope of the Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis (LSA SAF) of EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites), a near-real time (NRT) daily albedo product was developed in the last decade from observations provided by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instrument on board the geostationary satellites of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) series. In this study we present a new collection of albedo satellite products based on the same satellite data. The MSG Ten-day Albedo (MTAL) product incorporates MSG observations over 31 days with a frequency of NRT production of 10 days. The MTAL collection is more dedicated to climate analysis studies compared to the daily albedo that was initially designed for the weather prediction community. For this reason, a homogeneous reprocessing of MTAL was done in 2018 to generate a climate data record (CDR). The resulting product is called MTAL-R and has been made available to the community in addition to the NRT version of the MTAL product which has been available for several years. The retrieval algorithm behind the MTAL products comprises three distinct modules: One for atmospheric correction, one for daily inversion of a semi-empirical model of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function, and one for monthly composition, that also determines surface albedo values. In this study the MTAL-R CDR is compared to ground surface measurements and concomitant albedo products collected by sensors on-board polar-orbiting satellites (SPOT-VGT and MODIS). We show that MTAL-R meets the quality requirements if MODIS or SPOT-VGT are considered as reference. This work leads to 14 years of production of geostationary land surface albedo products with a guaranteed continuity in the LSA SAF for the future years with the forthcoming third generation of European geostationary satellites.
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Iorio, Lorenzo. "Using the Difference of the Inclinations of a Pair of Counter-Orbiting Satellites to Measure the Lense–Thirring Effect." Universe 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2024): 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10120447.
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Let two test particles A and B, revolving about a spinning primary along ideally identical orbits in opposite directions, be considered. From the general expressions of the precessions of the orbital inclination induced by the post-Newtonian gravitomagnetic and Newtonian quadrupolar fields of the central object, it turns out that the Lense–Thirring inclination rates of A and B are equal and opposite, while the Newtonian ones oblateness are identical, due to the primary’s oblateness. Thus, the differences in the inclination shifts of the two orbiters would allow, in principle, for the classical effects to be cancelled out by enhancing the general relativistic ones. The conditions affecting the orbital configurations that must be satisfied for this to occur and possible observable consequences regarding the Earth are investigated. In particular, a scenario involving two spacecraft in polar orbits, branded POLAr RElativity Satellites (POLARES) and reminiscent of an earlier proposal by Van Patten and Everitt in the mid-1970s, is considered. A comparison with the ongoing experiment with the LAser GEOdynamics Satellite (LAGEOS) and LAser RElativity Satellite (LARES) 2 is made.
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Masiello, G., C. Serio, I. De Feis, M. Amoroso, S. Venafra, I. F. Trigo, and P. Watts. "Kalman filter physical retrieval of geophysical parameters from high temporal resolution geostationary infrared radiances: the case of surface emissivity and temperature." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 26, 2013): 6873–933. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-6873-2013.
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Abstract. The high temporal resolution of the data acquisition by geostationary satellites and their capability to resolve the diurnal cycle are a precious source of information which could be suitably used to retrieve geophysical parameters. Currently this information is for the most part considered as uncorrelated, both in space and time: each pixel is treated independently from its neighbors and the present events are not linked to past or future ones. In this paper we develop a Kalman filter approach to apply spatial and temporal constraints to estimate the geophysical parameters from radiance measurements made from geostationary platforms. We apply the new strategy to a particular case study, i.e. the retrieval of emissivity and surface temperature from SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager) observations over a target area encompassing the Iberian Peninsula and Northwestern Africa. The retrievals are then compared with in situ data, and other similar satellite products.
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Masiello, G., C. Serio, I. De Feis, M. Amoroso, S. Venafra, I. F. Trigo, and P. Watts. "Kalman filter physical retrieval of surface emissivity and temperature from geostationary infrared radiances." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 12 (December 20, 2013): 3613–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3613-2013.
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Abstract. The high temporal resolution of data acquisition by geostationary satellites and their capability to resolve the diurnal cycle allows for the retrieval of a valuable source of information about geophysical parameters. In this paper, we implement a Kalman filter approach to apply temporal constraints on the retrieval of surface emissivity and temperature from radiance measurements made from geostationary platforms. Although we consider a case study in which we apply a strictly temporal constraint alone, the methodology will be presented in its general four-dimensional, i.e., space-time, setting. The case study we consider is the retrieval of emissivity and surface temperature from SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) observations over a target area encompassing the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa. The retrievals are then compared with in situ data and other similar satellite products. Our findings show that the Kalman filter strategy can simultaneously retrieve surface emissivity and temperature with an accuracy of ± 0.005 and ± 0.2 K, respectively.
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Zhu, Weiren, Lin Zhu, Jun Li, and Hongfu Sun. "Retrieving Volcanic Ash Top Height through Combined Polar Orbit Active and Geostationary Passive Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12060953.
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Taking advantage of both the polar orbit active remote sensing data (from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization—CALIOP) and vertical information and the geostationary passive remote sensing measurements (from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) with large coverage, a methodology is developed for retrieving the volcanic ash cloud top height (VTH) from combined CALIOP and Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) data. This methodology is a deep-learning-based algorithm through hybrid use of Stacked Denoising AutoEncoder (SDA), the Genetic Algorithm (GA), and the Least Squares Support Vector Regression (LSSVR). A series of eruptions over Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull volcano from April to May 2010 and the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex eruptions in Chilean Andes in June 2011 were selected as typical cases for independent validation of the VTH retrievals under various meteorological backgrounds. It is demonstrated that using the hybrid deep learning algorithm, the nonlinear relationship between satellite-based infrared (IR) radiance measurements and the VTH can be well established. The hybrid deep learning algorithm not only performs well under a relatively simple meteorological background but also is robust under more complex meteorological conditions. Adding atmospheric temperature vertical profile as additional information further improves the accuracy of VTH retrievals. The methodology and approaches can be applied to the measurements from the advanced imagers onboard the new generation of international geostationary (GEO) weather satellites for retrieving the VTH science product.
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Benas, Nikos, Irina Solodovnik, Martin Stengel, Imke Hüser, Karl-Göran Karlsson, Nina Håkansson, Erik Johansson, et al. "CLAAS-3: the third edition of the CM SAF cloud data record based on SEVIRI observations." Earth System Science Data 15, no. 11 (November 27, 2023): 5153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5153-2023.
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Abstract. CLAAS-3, the third edition of the Cloud property dAtAset using SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager), was released in December 2022. It is based on observations from SEVIRI, on board geostationary satellites Meteosat-8, 9, 10 and 11, which are operated by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). CLAAS-3 was produced and released by the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF), which aims to provide high-quality satellite-based data records suitable for climate monitoring applications. Compared to previous CLAAS releases, CLAAS-3 is expanded in terms of both temporal extent and cloud properties included, and it is based on partly updated retrieval algorithms. The available data span the period from 2004 to present, covering Europe; Africa; the Atlantic Ocean; and parts of South America, the Middle East and the Indian Ocean. They include cloud fractional coverage, cloud-top height, phase (liquid or ice) and optical and microphysical properties (water path, optical thickness, effective radius and droplet number concentration), from instantaneous data (every 15 min) to monthly averages. In this study we present an extensive evaluation of CLAAS-3 cloud properties, based on independent reference data sets. These include satellite-based retrievals from active and passive sensors, ground-based observations and in situ measurements from flight campaigns. Overall results show very good agreement, with small biases attributable to different sensor characteristics, retrieval/sampling approaches and viewing/illumination conditions. These findings demonstrate the fitness of CLAAS-3 to support the intended applications, which include evaluation of climate models, cloud characterisation and process studies focusing especially on the diurnal cycle and cloud filtering for other applications. The CLAAS-3 data record is publicly available via the CM SAF website at https://doi.org/10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/CLAAS/V003 (Meirink et al., 2022).
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Pei, Chen. "Attitude determination algorithms for spinning satellites using single antenna GPS receiver and MEMS gyro." Aerospace Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (April 2013): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2012.02.009.
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Genkova, I., J. Robaidek, R. Roebling, M. Sneep, and P. Veefkind. "Temporal co-registration for TROPOMI cloud clearing." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 3 (March 15, 2012): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-595-2012.
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Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is anticipated to provide high-quality and timely global atmospheric composition information through observations of atmospheric constituents such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, formaldehyde and aerosol properties. The methane and the aerosol retrievals require very precise cloud clearing, which is difficult to achieve at the TROPOMI spatial resolution (7 by 7 km) and without thermal IR measurements. The TROPOMI carrier – the Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5P), does not include a cloud imager, thus it is planned to fly the S5P mission in a constellation with an instrument yielding an accurate cloud mask. The cloud imagery data will be provided by the US NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) mission, which will have the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board (Scalione, 2004). This paper investigates the temporal co-registration requirements for suitable time differences between the VIIRS measurements of clouds and the TROPOMI methane and aerosol measurements, so that the former could be used for cloud clearing. The temporal co-registration is studied using Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) data with 15 min temporal resolution (Veefkind, 2008b), and with data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite – 10 (GOES-10) having 1 min temporal resolution. The aim is to understand and assess the relation between the amount of allowed cloud contamination and the required time difference between the two satellites' overflights. Quantitative analysis shows that a time difference of approximately 5 min is sufficient (in most conditions) to use the cloud information from the first instrument for cloud clearing in the retrievals using data from the second instrument. In recent years the A-train constellation demonstrated the benefit of flying satellites in formation. Therefore this study's findings will be useful for designing future Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations.
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Ceamanos, Xavier, Bruno Six, Suman Moparthy, Dominique Carrer, Adèle Georgeot, Josef Gasteiger, Jérôme Riedi, Jean-Luc Attié, Alexei Lyapustin, and Iosif Katsev. "Instantaneous aerosol and surface retrieval using satellites in geostationary orbit (iAERUS-GEO) – estimation of 15 min aerosol optical depth from MSG/SEVIRI and evaluation with reference data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 10 (May 26, 2023): 2575–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2575-2023.
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Abstract. Geostationary meteorological satellites are unique tools to monitor atmospheric aerosols from space. The observation of the Earth several times per hour allows these types of imaging systems to provide high-temporal-resolution observations of these suspended particles, which are of interest for research and operational topics, including climate, air quality, numerical weather prediction, and volcanic risk management. However, some challenges need to be addressed to achieve the sub-daily retrieval of aerosol properties mainly due to the varying sensitivity of geostationary imagers to aerosols during the day. In this article we propose a new algorithm named iAERUS-GEO (instantaneous Aerosol and surfacE Retrieval Using Satellites in GEOstationary orbit) that estimates the diurnal evolution of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over land and ocean from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite. This is achieved by the use of an optimal-estimation method combined with several aerosol models and other features, including the daily retrieval of the surface reflectance directionality using Kalman filtering. AOD estimates provided by iAERUS-GEO every 15 min – the acquisition frequency of the Spinning Enhanced Visible InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) on MSG – are assessed with collocated reference aerosol observations. First, comparison to AERONET ground-based data proves the overall satisfactory accuracy of iAERUS-GEO over land, with the exception of some higher biases found over bright surfaces and for high scattering angles. The confidence measure provided by iAERUS-GEO is proved useful to filter these less satisfactory retrievals that generally arise due to a low information content on aerosols provided by SEVIRI. Second, comparison to the GRASP/POLDER satellite product shows similar scores for the two aerosol data sets, with a significantly larger number of retrievals for iAERUS-GEO. This added value – which we illustrate here by inspecting the sub-daily variation in AOD over selected regions – allows geostationary satellites to break the temporal barrier set by traditional aerosol remote sensing from the low Earth orbit. Furthermore, the aerosol retrievals presented in this work are expected to be improved in the near future thanks to the enhanced sensing capabilities of the upcoming Meteosat Third Generation Imager mission.
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Saisutjarit, Phongsatorn, and Takaya Inamori. "Trajectory optimization of a multi-tethered space robot on large spinning net structures." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 5 (July 2, 2018): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-05-2015-0141.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the time optimal trajectory of the multi-tethered robot (MTR) on a large spinning net structures in microgravity environment. Design/methodology/approach The MTR is a small space robot that uses several tethers attached to the corner-fixed satellites of a spinning net platform. The transition of the MTR from a start point to any arbitrary designated points on the platform surface can be achieved by controlling the tethers’ length and tension simultaneously. Numerical analysis of trajectory optimization problem for the MTR is implemented using the pseudospectral (PS) method. Findings The globally time optimal trajectory for MTR on a free-end spinning net platform can be obtained through the PS method. Research limitations/implications The analysis in this paper is limited to a planar trajectory and the effects caused by attitude of the MTR will be neglected. To make the problem simple and to see the feasibility in the general case, in this paper, it is assumed there are no any limitations of mechanical hardware constraints such as the velocity limitation of the robot and tether length changing constraint, while only geometrical constraints are considered. Practical implications The optimal solution derived from numerical analysis can be used for a path planning, guidance and navigation control. This method can be used for more efficient on-orbit autonomous self-assembly system or extravehicular activities supports which using a tether-controlled robot. Originality/value This approach for a locomotion mechanism has the capability to solve problems of conventional crawling type robots on a loose net in microgravity.
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Vázquez-Navarro, M., H. Mannstein, and S. Kox. "Contrail life cycle and properties from one year of MSG/SEVIRI rapid-scan images." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 5 (March 10, 2015): 7019–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-7019-2015.
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The Automatic Contrail Tracking Algorithm (ACTA) -developed to automatically follow contrails as they age, drift and spread- enables the study of a large number of contrails and the evolution of contrail properties with time. In this paper we present a year's worth of tracked contrails, from August 2008 to July 2009 in order to derive statistically significant mean values. The tracking is performed using the 5 min rapid-scan mode of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board of the Meteosat Second Generation satellites (MSG). The detection is based on the high spatial resolution of the images provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on board of the Terra satellite (Terra/MODIS), where a Contrail Detection Algorithm (CDA) is applied. The results show the satellite-derived average lifetimes of contrails and contrail-cirrus along with the probability density function (PDF) of other geometric characteristics such as mean coverage, distribution and width. In combination with specifically developed algorithms (RRUMS and COCS, explained below) it is possible to derive the radiative forcing (RF), energy forcing (EF), optical thickness (τ), and altitude of the tracked contrails. Mean values here retrieved are: duration, 1 h; length, 130 km; width, 8 km; altitude, 11.7 km; optical thickness, 0.34. Radiative forcing and energy forcing are shown for land/water backgrounds in day/night situations.
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Payez, Alexandre, Steven Dewitte, and Nicolas Clerbaux. "Dual View on Clear-Sky Top-of-Atmosphere Albedos from Meteosat Second Generation Satellites." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091655.
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Geostationary observations offer the unique opportunity to resolve the diurnal cycle of the Earth’s Radiation Budget at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), crucial for climate-change studies. However, a drawback of the continuous temporal coverage of the geostationary orbit is the fixed viewing geometry. As a consequence, imperfections in the angular distribution models (ADMs) used in the radiance-to-flux conversion process or residual angular-dependent narrowband-to-broadband conversion errors can result in systematic errors of the estimated radiative fluxes. In this work, focusing on clear-sky reflected TOA observations, we compare the overlapping views from Meteosat Second Generation satellites at 0° and 41.5°E longitude which enable a quantification of viewing-angle-dependent differences. Using data derived from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI), we identify some of the main sources of discrepancies, and show that they can be significantly reduced at the level of one month. This is achieved, separately for each satellite, via a masking procedure followed by an empirical fit at the pixel-level that takes into account all the clear-sky data from that satellite, calculated separately per timeslot of the day, over the month of November 2016. The method is then applied to each month of 2017, and gives a quadratic mean of the albedo root-mean squared difference over the dual-view region which is comparable from month to month, with a 2017 average value of 0.01. Sources of discrepancies include the difficulty to estimate the flux over the sunglint ocean region close to the limbs, the fact that the data processing does not include dedicated angular distribution models for the aerosol-over-ocean case, and the existence of an observer-dependent diurnal-asymmetry artefact affecting the clear-sky-albedo dependence on the solar zenith angle particularly over land areas.
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Vázquez-Navarro, M., H. Mannstein, and S. Kox. "Contrail life cycle and properties from 1 year of MSG/SEVIRI rapid-scan images." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 15 (August 10, 2015): 8739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8739-2015.
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The automatic contrail tracking algorithm (ACTA) – developed to automatically follow contrails as they age, drift and spread – enables the study of a large number of contrails and the evolution of contrail properties with time. In this paper we present a year's worth of tracked contrails, from August 2008 to July 2009 in order to derive statistically significant mean values. The tracking is performed using the 5 min rapid-scan mode of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites. The detection is based on the high spatial resolution of the images provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on board the Terra satellite (Terra/MODIS), where a contrail detection algorithm (CDA) is applied. The results show the satellite-derived average lifetimes of contrails and contrail-cirrus along with the probability density function (PDF) of other geometric characteristics such as mean coverage, distribution and width. In combination with specifically developed algorithms (RRUMS; Rapid Retrieval of Upwelling irradiance from MSG/SEVIRI and COCS (Cirrus Optical properties derived from CALIOP and SEVIRI), explained below) it is possible to derive the radiative forcing (RF), energy forcing (EF), optical thickness (τ) and altitude of the tracked contrails. Mean values here retrieved are duration, 1 h; length, 130 km; width, 8 km; altitude, 11.7 km; optical thickness, 0.34. Radiative forcing and energy forcing are shown for land/water backgrounds in day/night situations.
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Joro, Sauli, Otto Hyvärinen, and Janne Kotro. "Comparison of Satellite Cloud Masks with Ceilometer Sky Conditions in Southern Finland." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2508–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2442.1.
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Abstract The cloud mask is an essential product derived from satellite data. Whereas cloud analysis applications typically make use of information from cloudy pixels, many other applications require cloud-free conditions. For this reason many organizations have their own cloud masks tuned to serve their particular needs. Being a fundamental product, continuous quality monitoring and validation of these cloud masks are vital. This study evaluated the performance of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Meteorological Products Extraction Facility cloud mask (MPEF), together with the Nowcasting Satellite Application Facility (SAFNWC) cloud masks provided by Météo-France (SAFNWC/MSG) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SAFNWC/PPS), in the high-latitude area of greater Helsinki in Finland. The first two used the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instrument from the geostationary Meteosat-8 satellite, whereas the last used the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument on board the polar-orbiting NOAA satellite series. Ceilometer data from the Helsinki Testbed, an extensive observation network covering the greater Helsinki area in Finland, were used as reference data in the cloud mask comparison. A computational method, called bootstrapping, is introduced to account for the strong temporal and spatial correlation of the ceilometer observations. The method also allows the calculation of the confidence intervals (CI) for the results. This study comprised data from February and August 2006. In general, the SAFNWC/MSG algorithm performed better than MPEF. Differences were found especially in the early morning low cloud detection. The SAFNWC/PPS cloud mask performed very well in August, better than geostationary-based masks, but had problems in February when its performance was worse. The use of the CIs gave the results more depth, and their use should be encouraged.
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Benas, Nikos, Stephan Finkensieper, Martin Stengel, Gerd-Jan van Zadelhoff, Timo Hanschmann, Rainer Hollmann, and Jan Fokke Meirink. "The MSG-SEVIRI-based cloud property data record CLAAS-2." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-415-2017.
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Abstract. Clouds play a central role in the Earth's atmosphere, and satellite observations are crucial for monitoring clouds and understanding their impact on the energy budget and water cycle. Within the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF), a new cloud property data record was derived from geostationary Meteosat Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) measurements for the time frame 2004–2015. The resulting CLAAS-2 (CLoud property dAtAset using SEVIRI, Edition 2) data record is publicly available via the CM SAF website (https://doi.org/10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/CLAAS/V002). In this paper we present an extensive evaluation of the CLAAS-2 cloud products, which include cloud fractional coverage, thermodynamic phase, cloud top properties, liquid/ice cloud water path and corresponding optical thickness and particle effective radius. Data validation and comparisons were performed on both level 2 (native SEVIRI grid and repeat cycle) and level 3 (daily and monthly averages and histograms) with reference datasets derived from lidar, microwave and passive imager measurements. The evaluation results show very good overall agreement with matching spatial distributions and temporal variability and small biases attributed mainly to differences in sensor characteristics, retrieval approaches, spatial and temporal samplings and viewing geometries. No major discrepancies were found. Underpinned by the good evaluation results, CLAAS-2 demonstrates that it is fit for the envisaged applications, such as process studies of the diurnal cycle of clouds and the evaluation of regional climate models. The data record is planned to be extended and updated in the future.
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Behrangi, Ali, Kuo-lin Hsu, Bisher Imam, Soroosh Sorooshian, George J. Huffman, and Robert J. Kuligowski. "PERSIANN-MSA: A Precipitation Estimation Method from Satellite-Based Multispectral Analysis." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 1414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1139.1.
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Abstract Visible and infrared data obtained from instruments onboard geostationary satellites have been extensively used for monitoring clouds and their evolution. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) that will be launched onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) series in the near future will offer a larger range of spectral bands; hence, it will provide observations of cloud and rain systems at even finer spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions than are possible with the current GOES. In this paper, a new method called Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed information using Artificial Neural Networks–Multispectral Analysis (PERSIANN-MSA) is proposed to evaluate the effect of using multispectral imagery on precipitation estimation. The proposed approach uses a self-organizing feature map (SOFM) to classify multidimensional input information, extracted from each grid box and corresponding textural features of multispectral bands. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensionality to a few independent input features while preserving most of the variations of all input information. The above method is applied to estimate rainfall using multiple channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite. In comparison to the use of a single thermal infrared channel, the analysis shows that using multispectral data has the potential to improve rain detection and estimation skills with an average of more than 50% gain in equitable threat score for rain/no-rain detection, and more than 20% gain in correlation coefficient associated with rain-rate estimation.
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Stebel, Kerstin, Iwona S. Stachlewska, Anca Nemuc, Jan Horálek, Philipp Schneider, Nicolae Ajtai, Andrei Diamandi, et al. "SAMIRA-SAtellite Based Monitoring Initiative for Regional Air Quality." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112219.
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The satellite based monitoring initiative for regional air quality (SAMIRA) initiative was set up to demonstrate the exploitation of existing satellite data for monitoring regional and urban scale air quality. The project was carried out between May 2016 and December 2019 and focused on aerosol optical depth (AOD), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). SAMIRA was built around several research tasks: 1. The spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager (SEVIRI) AOD optimal estimation algorithm was improved and geographically extended from Poland to Romania, the Czech Republic and Southern Norway. A near real-time retrieval was implemented and is currently operational. Correlation coefficients of 0.61 and 0.62 were found between SEVIRI AOD and ground-based sun-photometer for Romania and Poland, respectively. 2. A retrieval for ground-level concentrations of PM2.5 was implemented using the SEVIRI AOD in combination with WRF-Chem output. For representative sites a correlation of 0.56 and 0.49 between satellite-based PM2.5 and in situ PM2.5 was found for Poland and the Czech Republic, respectively. 3. An operational algorithm for data fusion was extended to make use of various satellite-based air quality products (NO2, SO2, AOD, PM2.5 and PM10). For the Czech Republic inclusion of satellite data improved mapping of NO2 in rural areas and on an annual basis in urban background areas. It slightly improved mapping of rural and urban background SO2. The use of satellites based AOD or PM2.5 improved mapping results for PM2.5 and PM10. 4. A geostatistical downscaling algorithm for satellite-based air quality products was developed to bridge the gap towards urban-scale applications. Initial testing using synthetic data was followed by applying the algorithm to OMI NO2 data with a direct comparison against high-resolution TROPOMI NO2 as a reference, thus allowing for a quantitative assessment of the algorithm performance and demonstrating significant accuracy improvements after downscaling. We can conclude that SAMIRA demonstrated the added value of using satellite data for regional- and urban-scale air quality monitoring.
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Meirink, J. F., R. A. Roebeling, and P. Stammes. "Inter-calibration of polar imager solar channels using SEVIRI." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 9 (September 26, 2013): 2495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2495-2013.
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Abstract. Accurate calibration of satellite imagers is a prerequisite for using their measurements in climate applications. Here we present a method for the inter-calibration of geostationary and polar-orbiting imager solar channels based on regressions of collocated near-nadir reflectances. Specific attention is paid to correcting for differences in spectral response between instruments. The method is used to calibrate the solar channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on the geostationary Meteosat satellite with corresponding channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the polar-orbiting Aqua satellite. The SEVIRI operational calibration is found to be stable during the years 2004 to 2009, but offset by −8, −6, and +3.5 % for channels 1 (0.6 μm), 2 (0.8 μm), and 3 (1.6 μm), respectively. These results are robust for a range of choices that can be made regarding data collocation and selection, as long as the viewing and illumination geometries of the two instruments are matched. Uncertainties in the inter-calibration method are estimated to be 1 % for channel 1 and 1.5 % for channels 2 and 3. A specific application of our method is the inter-calibration of polar imagers using SEVIRI as a transfer instrument. This offers an alternative to direct inter-calibration, which in general has to rely on high-latitude collocations. Using this method we have tied MODIS-Terra and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instruments on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites 17 and 18 to MODIS-Aqua for the years 2007 to 2009. While reflectances of the two MODIS instruments differ less than 2 % for all channels considered, deviations of an existing AVHRR calibration from MODIS-Aqua reach −3.5 and +2.5 % for the 0.8 and 1.6 μm channels, respectively.
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Meirink, J. F., R. A. Roebeling, and P. Stammes. "Inter-calibration of polar imager solar channels using SEVIRI." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 3, 2013): 3215–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-3215-2013.
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Abstract. Accurate calibration of satellite imagers is a prerequisite for using their measurements in climate applications. Here we present a method for the inter-calibration of geostationary and polar-orbiting imager solar channels based on regressions of collocated near-nadir radiances. Specific attention is paid to correcting for differences in spectral response between instruments. The method is used to calibrate the solar channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on the geostationary Meteosat satellite with corresponding channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the polar-orbiting Aqua satellite. The SEVIRI operational calibration is found to be stable during the years 2004 to 2009 but off by −8, −6, and +3.5% for channels 1 (0.6 μm), 2 (0.8 μm), and 3 (1.6 μm), respectively. These results are robust for a range of choices that can be made regarding data collocation and selection, as long as the viewing and illumination geometries of the two instruments are matched. Uncertainties in the inter-calibration method are estimated to be 1% for channel 1 and 1.5% for channels 2 and 3. A specific application of the method is the inter-calibration of polar imagers using SEVIRI as a transfer instrument. This offers an alternative to direct inter-calibration, which in general has to rely on high-latitude collocations. Using this method we have tied MODIS-Terra and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instruments on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites 17 and 18 to MODIS-Aqua for the years 2007 to 2009. While reflectances of the two MODIS instruments differ less than 2% for all channels considered, deviations of an existing AVHRR calibration from MODIS-Aqua reach −3.5 and +2.5% for the 0.8 and 1.6 μm channels, respectively.
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Quast, Ralf, Ralf Giering, Yves Govaerts, Frank Rüthrich, and Rob Roebeling. "Climate Data Records from Meteosat First Generation Part II: Retrieval of the In-Flight Visible Spectral Response." Remote Sensing 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050480.
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How can the in-flight spectral response functions of a series of decades-old broad band radiometers in Space be retrieved post-flight? This question is the key to developing Climate Data Records from the Meteosat Visible and Infrared Imager on board the Meteosat First Generation (MFG) of geostationary satellites, which acquired Earth radiance images in the Visible (VIS) broad band from 1977 to 2017. This article presents a new metrologically sound method for retrieving the VIS spectral response from matchups of pseudo-invariant calibration site (PICS) pixels with datasets of simulated top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance used as reference. Calibration sites include bright desert, open ocean and deep convective cloud targets. The absolute instrument spectral response function is decomposed into generalised Bernstein basis polynomials and a degradation function that is based on plain physical considerations and able to represent typical chromatic ageing characteristics. Retrieval uncertainties are specified in terms of an error covariance matrix, which is projected from model parameter space into the spectral response function domain and range. The retrieval method considers target type-specific biases due to errors in, e.g., the selection of PICS target pixels and the spectral radiance simulation explicitly. It has been tested with artificial and well-comprehended observational data from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager on-board Meteosat Second Generation and has retrieved meaningful results for all MFG satellites apart from Meteosat-1, which was not available for analysis.
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Berndt, Emily, Nicholas Elmer, Lori Schultz, and Andrew Molthan. "A Methodology to Determine Recipe Adjustments for Multispectral Composites Derived from Next-Generation Advanced Satellite Imagers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 3 (March 2018): 643–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0047.1.
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AbstractThe European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) began creating multispectral [i.e., red–green–blue (RGB)] composites in the early 2000s with the advent of the Meteosat-8 Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). As new satellite sensors—for example, the Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)—become available, there is a need to adjust the EUMETSAT RGB standard thresholds (i.e., recipes) to account for differences in spectral characteristics, spectral response, and atmospheric absorption in order to maintain an interpretation consistent with legacy composites. For the purpose of comparing RGB composites derived from nonoverlapping geostationary sensors, an adjustment technique was applied to the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (Suomi-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) to create an intermediate reference sensor (i.e., SEVIRI proxy). Brightness temperature offset values between each AHI and SEVIRI proxy band centered near 3.9, 8.6, 11.0, and 12.0 µm were determined with this technique and through line-by-line radiative transfer model simulations. The relationship between measured brightness temperature of AHI and the SEVIRI proxy was determined though linear regression similar to research by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The linear regression coefficients were utilized to determine the RGB recipe adjustments. Adjusting the RGB recipes to account for the differences in spectral characteristics results in RGB composites consistent with legacy EUMETSAT composites. The methodology was applied to an example of the Nighttime Microphysics RGB, confirming the Japan Meteorological Agency adjustments and demonstrating a simple methodology to determine recipe adjustments for RGB composites derived with next-generation sensors.
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Geiss, Stefan, Leonhard Scheck, Alberto de Lozar, and Martin Weissmann. "Understanding the model representation of clouds based on visible and infrared satellite observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 12273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12273-2021.
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Abstract. There is a rising interest in improving the representation of clouds in numerical weather prediction models. This will directly lead to improved radiation forecasts and, thus, to better predictions of the increasingly important production of photovoltaic power. Moreover, a more accurate representation of clouds is crucial for assimilating cloud-affected observations, in particular high-resolution observations from instruments on geostationary satellites. These observations can also be used to diagnose systematic errors in the model clouds, which are influenced by multiple parameterisations with many, often not well-constrained, parameters. In this study, the benefits of using both visible and infrared satellite channels for this purpose are demonstrated. We focus on visible and infrared Meteosat SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible InfraRed Imager) images and their model equivalents computed from the output of the ICON-D2 (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic, development version based on version 2.6.1; Zängl et al., 2015) convection-permitting, limited area numerical weather prediction model using efficient forward operators. We analyse systematic deviations between observed and synthetic satellite images derived from semi-free hindcast simulations for a 30 d summer period with strong convection. Both visible and infrared satellite observations reveal significant deviations between the observations and model equivalents. The combination of infrared brightness temperature and visible reflectance facilitates the attribution of individual deviations to specific model shortcomings. Furthermore, we investigate the sensitivity of model-derived visible and infrared observation equivalents to modified model and visible forward operator settings to identify dominant error sources. Estimates of the uncertainty of the visible forward operator turned out to be sufficiently low; thus, it can be used to assess the impact of model modifications. Results obtained for various changes in the model settings reveal that model assumptions on subgrid-scale water clouds are the primary source of systematic deviations in the visible satellite images. Visible observations are, therefore, well-suited to constrain subgrid cloud settings. In contrast, infrared channels are much less sensitive to the subgrid clouds, but they can provide information on errors in the cloud-top height.
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Ewald, F., L. Bugliaro, H. Mannstein, and B. Mayer. "An improved cirrus detection algorithm MeCiDA2 for SEVIRI and its validation with MODIS." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 5271–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-5271-2012.
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Abstract. The influence of cirrus clouds on the radiation budget of the Earth depends on their optical properties and their global coverage. The monitoring of cirrus coverage with instruments aboard geostationary satellites enables the investigation of cirrus clouds at the global scale as well as the identification of their diurnal variation. For instance, the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites provides data with high temporal resolution of 15 min and a spatial resolution of 3 km × 3 km at the sub-satellite point. In addition, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the sun-synchronous platforms Terra and Aqua delivers at least one observation per day with a high spatial resolutions ranging from 250 m × 250 m to 1 km × 1 km. Since the infrared channels of the SEVIRI instrument are suitable for an observation which is independent from day-light, Krebs et al. (2007) developed a cirrus detection algorithm for SEVIRI (called MeCiDA), based solely on its thermal channels. Since MeCiDA was optimised for the area of Europe only, we present an improved version of the algorithm which allows application to the full Meteosat disc. Required changes include the consideration of the viewing angle dependency and of the sensitivity of the 9.7 μm channel to the ozone column. To this end, a correction is implemented that minimises the influence of the variability of the stratospheric ozone. The validation of the proposed improvements is carried out by using MeCiDA applied to MODIS data to address viewing angle-dependent cirrus detection and by additionally comparing it to the Cloud Optical Properties MOD06 cirrus product. The new MeCiDA version detects less cirrus than the original one for latitudes larger than 40° but almost the same amount elsewhere. MeCiDA's version for MODIS is more sensitive than that for SEVIRI with cirrus occurrences higher by 10%, and the new MeCiDA provides almost the same cirrus coverage (±0.1) as given by the Cloud Phase Optical Properties from MODIS for latitudes smaller than 50°. Finally, the influence of sub-pixel clouds on the SEVIRI cirrus detection has been examined: more than 60% of the undetected SEVIRI cirrus pixels have a cirrus coverage smaller than 0.5.
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Krebs, W., H. Mannstein, L. Bugliaro, and B. Mayer. "Technical note: a new day- and night-time Meteosat Second Generation Cirrus Detection Algorithm MeCiDA." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 26, 2007): 10933–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-10933-2007.
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Abstract. A new cirrus detection algorithm for the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), MeCiDA, is presented. The algorithm uses the seven infrared channels of SEVIRI and thus provides a consistent scheme for cirrus detection at day and night. MeCiDA combines morphological and multi-spectral threshold tests and detects optically thick and thin ice clouds. The thresholds were determined by a comprehensive theoretical study using radiative transfer simulations for various atmospheric situations as well as by manually evaluating actual satellite observations. The retrieved cirrus masks have been validated by comparison with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Cirrus Reflection Flag. To study possible seasonal variations in the performance of the algorithm, one scene per month of the year 2004 was randomly selected and compared with the standard MODIS cirrus product. 81% of the pixels were classified identically by both algorithms. On average, MeCiDA detected 60% of the MODIS cirrus. A lower detection efficiency is to be expected for MeCiDA, as the spatial resolution of MODIS is considerably better and as we used only the thermal infrared channels in contrast to the MODIS algorithm which uses infrared and visible radiances. The advantage of MeCiDA compared to retrievals for polar orbiting instruments or previous geostationary satellites is that it allows to derive quantitative data every 15 min, 24 h a day. This high temporal resolution allows the study of diurnal variations and life cycle aspects. MeCiDA is fast enough for near real-time applications.
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Zhou 周, Wen-Han 文翰, David Vokrouhlický, Masanori Kanamaru, Harrison Agrusa, Petr Pravec, Marco Delbo, and Patrick Michel. "The Yarkovsky Effect on the Long-term Evolution of Binary Asteroids." Astrophysical Journal Letters 968, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): L3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad4f7f.
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Abstract We explore the Yarkovsky effect on small binary asteroids. While significant attention has been given to the binary YORP effect, the Yarkovsky effect is often overlooked. We develop an analytical model for the binary Yarkovsky effect, considering both the Yarkovsky–Schach and planetary Yarkovsky components, and verify it against thermophysical numerical simulations. We find that the Yarkovsky force could change the mutual orbit when the asteroid’s spin period is unequal to the orbital period. Our analysis predicts new evolutionary paths for binaries. For a prograde asynchronous secondary, the Yarkovsky force will migrate the satellite toward the location of the synchronous orbit on ∼100 kyr timescales, which could be faster than other synchronization processes such as YORP and tides. For retrograde secondaries, the Yarkovsky force always migrates the secondary outward, which could produce asteroid pairs with opposite spin poles. Satellites spinning faster than the Roche limit orbit period (e.g., from ∼4 hr to ∼10 hr) will migrate inward until they disrupt, reshape, or form a contact binary. We also predict a short-lived equilibrium state for asynchronous secondaries where the Yarkovsky force is balanced by tides. We provide calculations of the Yarkovsky-induced drift rate for known asynchronous binaries. If the NASA DART impact broke Dimorphos from synchronous rotation, we predict that Dimorphos’s orbit will shrink by a ̇ ∼ 7 cm yr−1, which can be measured by the Hera mission. We also speculate that the Yarkovsky force may have synchronized the Dinkinesh–Selam system after a possible merger of Selam’s two lobes.
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Pradhan, Madhusmita, P. R. Dash, Mrunal Kanti Mishra, and Prasanta Kumar Pradhan. "Stability Analysis of a Tapered Symmetric Sandwich Beam Resting on a Variable Pasternak Foundation." June 2019 24, no. 2 (June 2019): 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2019.24.21178.
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The static and dynamic stability analysis of a three-layered, tapered and symmetric sandwich beam resting on a variable Pasternak foundation and undergoing a periodic axial load has been carried out for two different boundary conditions by using a computational method. The governing equation of motion has been derived by using Hamilton’s principle along with generalized Galerkin’s method. The effects of elastic foundation parameter, core-loss factor, the ratio of length of the beam to the thickness of the elastic layer, the ratio of thickness of shear-layer of Pasternak foundation to the length of the beam, different modulus ratios, taper parameter, core thickness parameter, core-density parameter and geometric parameter on the non-dimensional static buckling load and on the regions of parametric instability are studied. This type of study will help the designers to achieve a system with high strength to weight ratio and better stability which are the desirable parameters for many modern engineering applications, such as in the attitude stability of spinning satellites, stability of helicopter components, stability of space vehicles etc.
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Genkova, I., J. Robaidek, R. Roebeling, M. Sneep, and P. Veefkind. "Temporal co-registration for TROPOMI cloud clearing." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 7, 2011): 6249–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-6249-2011.
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Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is planed for launch in 2014 on board of the Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5P) and is anticipated to provide high-quality and timely information on the global atmospheric composition for climate and air quality applications. TROPOMI will observe key atmospheric constituents such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, formaldehyde and aerosol properties. The retrieval algorithms for the anticipated products require cloud information on a pixel basis. Most of them will use the cloud properties derived from TROPOMI's own measurements, such as the O2 A-band measurements. However, the methane and the aerosol retrievals require very precise cloud clearing, which is difficult to achieve at the TROPOMI spatial resolution (7 × 7 km2) and without thermal IR measurements. The current payload of the Sentinel 5 Precursor (S-5P) does not include a cloud imager, thus it is planned to fly the S5P mission in a constellation with another instrument yielding an accurate cloud mask. The cloud imagery data will be provided by the US NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) mission which will have the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board (Scalione, 2004). VIIRS will have 22 bands in the VIS and IR spectral ranges, and will deliver data with two spatial resolutions: imagery resolution bands with a nominal pixel size of 370 m at nadir, and moderate resolution bands with nominal pixel size 740 m at nadir. The instrument is combining fine spatial resolution with high-accuracy calibration similar or superior to AVHRR. This paper presents results from investigating the temporal co-registration requirements for suitable time differences between the VIIRS measurements of clouds and the TROPOMI methane and aerosol measurements, so that the former could be used for cloud clearing. The temporal co-registration is studied using Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) data with 15 min temporal resolution (Veefkind, 2008a), and with data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-10 (GOES-10) having 1 min temporal resolution. The aim is to understand and assess the relation between the amount of allowed cloud contamination and the required time difference between the two satellites' overflights. Quantitative analysis shows that a time difference of approximately 5 min is sufficient (in most conditions) to use the cloud information from the first instrument for cloud clearing in the retrievals using data from the second instrument. In recent years the A-train constellation demonstrated the benefit of flying satellites in formation. Therefore this study's findings will be useful and applicable for designing future Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations.
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Dürr, B., M. Schröder, R. Stöckli, and R. Posselt. "HelioFTH: combining cloud index principles and aggregated rating for cloud masking using infrared observations from geostationary satellites." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 1859–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-1859-2013.
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Abstract. A cloud mask, cloud fractional coverage (CFC) and cloud top pressure (CTP) retrieval scheme called HelioFTH is presented. The algorithm relies on infrared (IR) window channel observations only. The scheme is applicable to the full temporal and spatial resolution of the Meteosat Visible and InfraRed Imager (MVIRI) and the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) sensors. The main focus is laid on the separation of high cloud coverage (HCC) from low level clouds. CFC retrieval employs a IR-only cloud mask based on an aggregated rating scheme. CTP retrieval is based on a Heliosat-like cloud index for the MVIRI IR channel. CFC from HelioFTH, the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) DX and the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) were validated with CFC from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) and the Alpine Surface Radiation Budget (ASRB) network. HelioFTH CFC differs by not more than 5–10% from CM SAF CFC but it is higher than ISCCP-DX CFC. In particular the conditional probability to detect cloud-free pixels with HelioFTH is raised by about 35% compared to ISCCP-DX. Also, the HelioFTH HCC was inter-compared to CM SAF and ISCCP-DX over different regions. The probability of false detection of cloud-free HCC pixels is 15% lower for HelioFTH than for ISCCP-DX compared to the CM SAF HCC product over the full-disk area. HelioFTH could be used for generating a climate data record of cloud physical properties once its consistency and homogeneity is validated for the full Meteosat time series.
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García-Haro, Francisco Javier, Fernando Camacho, Beatriz Martínez, Manuel Campos-Taberner, Beatriz Fuster, Jorge Sánchez-Zapero, and María Amparo Gilabert. "Climate Data Records of Vegetation Variables from Geostationary SEVIRI/MSG Data: Products, Algorithms and Applications." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182103.
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The scientific community requires long-term data records with well-characterized uncertainty and suitable for modeling terrestrial ecosystems and energy cycles at regional and global scales. This paper presents the methodology currently developed in EUMETSAT within its Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis (LSA SAF) to generate biophysical variables from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) on board MSG 1-4 (Meteosat 8-11) geostationary satellites. Using this methodology, the LSA SAF generates and disseminates at a time a suite of vegetation products, such as the leaf area index (LAI), the fraction of the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FAPAR) and the fractional vegetation cover (FVC), for the whole Meteosat disk at two temporal frequencies, daily and 10-days. The FVC algorithm relies on a novel stochastic spectral mixture model which addresses the variability of soils and vegetation types using statistical distributions whereas the LAI and FAPAR algorithms use statistical relationships general enough for global applications. An overview of the LSA SAF SEVIRI/MSG vegetation products, including expert knowledge and quality assessment of its internal consistency is provided. The climate data record (CDR) is freely available in the LSA SAF, offering more than fifteen years (2004-present) of homogeneous time series required for climate and environmental applications. The high frequency and good temporal continuity of SEVIRI products addresses the needs of near-real-time users and are also suitable for long-term monitoring of land surface variables. The study also evaluates the potential of the SEVIRI/MSG vegetation products for environmental applications, spanning from accurate monitoring of vegetation cycles to resolving long-term changes of vegetation.
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Ewald, F., L. Bugliaro, H. Mannstein, and B. Mayer. "An improved cirrus detection algorithm MeCiDA2 for SEVIRI and its evaluation with MODIS." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 2 (February 11, 2013): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-309-2013.
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Abstract. In this study, a substantially improved version of the Meteosat cirrus detection algorithm (MeCiDA2) will be presented, which now allows application to the full earth disc visible by the Meteosat satellite. As cirrus clouds have an influence on the radiation budget of the earth, their optical properties and their global coverage has to be monitored at the global scale using instruments aboard geostationary satellites. Since MeCiDA was optimised for the area of Europe only, various changes were necessary to handle the variable conditions found over the full Meteosat disc. Required changes include the consideration of the viewing angle dependency and of the sensitivity of the 9.7 μm channel to the ozone column. To this end, a correction is implemented that minimises the influence of the variability of the stratospheric ozone. The evaluation of the proposed improvements is carried out by using MeCiDA applied to MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectrometer) data to address viewing angle-dependent cirrus detection, and by additionally comparing it to the cloud optical properties MOD06 cirrus product. The new MeCiDA version detects less cirrus than the original one for latitudes larger than 40°, but almost the same amount elsewhere. MeCiDA's version for MODIS is more sensitive than that for SEVIRI (spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager) with cirrus occurrences higher by 10%, and the new MeCiDA provides almost the same cirrus coverage (±0.1) as given by the cloud phase optical properties from MODIS for latitudes smaller than 50°. Finally, the influence of sub-pixel clouds on the SEVIRI cirrus detection has been examined: more than 60% of the undetected SEVIRI cirrus pixels have a cirrus coverage smaller than 0.5.
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Golubovic, Leonardo, and Steven Knudsen. "Rotating Space Elevators: A New Venue in Space Elevator Physics." Applied Physics Research 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v9n1p56.
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The physics of Space Elevators connecting the Earth with outer space has recently attracted increased attention, in part due to the discovery of ultra-strong materials such as carbon nanotubes and diamond nano-thread structures. In this article we review a new venue in space elevator physics: Rotating Space Elevators (RSE) [Golubovic, L. & Knudsen, S. (2009). Classical and statistical mechanics of celestial scale spinning strings: Rotating space elevators. Europhysics Letters 86(3), 34001.]. The RSE is a double rotating system of strings reaching outer space. Objects sliding along the RSE string (sliding climbers) do not require internal engines or propulsion to be transported far away from the Earth's surface. The RSE thus solves a major problem in the space elevator technology which is how to supply the energy to the climbers moving along the string. RSE strings exhibit interesting nonlinear dynamics and statistical physics phenomena. Satellites and spacecraft carried by sliding climbers can be released (launched) along RSEs. RSE strings can host space stations and research posts. Sliding climbers can be then used to transport useful loads and humans from the Earth to these outer space locations.
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Dürr, B., M. Schröder, R. Stöckli, and R. Posselt. "HelioFTH: combining cloud index principles and aggregated rating for cloud masking using infrared observations from geostationary satellites." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 8 (August 6, 2013): 1883–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1883-2013.
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Abstract. In this paper a cloud mask and cloud fractional coverage (CFC) retrieval scheme called HelioFTH is presented. The algorithm is self-calibrating and relies on infrared (IR) window-channel observations only. It needs no input from numerical weather prediction (NWP) or radiative transfer models, nor from other satellite platforms. The scheme is applicable to the full temporal and spatial resolution of the Meteosat Visible and InfraRed Imager (MVIRI) and the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) sensors. The main focus is laid on the separation of middle- and high-level cloud coverage (HCC) from low-level clouds based on an internal cloud-top pressure (CTP) product. CFC retrieval employs a IR-only cloud mask based on an aggregated rating scheme. CTP retrieval is based on a Heliosat-like cloud index for the MVIRI IR channel. CFC from HelioFTH, the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) DX and the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) were validated with CFC from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) and the Alpine Surface Radiation Budget (ASRB) network. HelioFTH CFC differs by not more than 5–10% from CM SAF CFC but it is higher than ISCCP-DX CFC. In particular the conditional probability to detect cloud-free pixels with HelioFTH is raised by about 35% compared to ISCCP-DX. The HelioFTH CFC is able to reproduce the day-to-day variability observed at the surface. Also, the HelioFTH HCC was inter-compared to CM SAF and ISCCP-DX over different regions and stations. The probability of false detection of cloud-free HCC pixels is in the same order as ISCCP-DX compared to the CM SAF HCC product over the full-disk area. HelioFTH could be used for generating an independent climate data record of cloud physical properties once its consistency and homogeneity is validated for the full Meteosat time series.
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Witthuhn, Jonas, Anja Hünerbein, and Hartwig Deneke. "Evaluation of satellite-based aerosol datasets and the CAMS reanalysis over the ocean utilizing shipborne reference observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 3 (March 27, 2020): 1387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1387-2020.
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Abstract. Reliable reference measurements over the ocean are essential for the evaluation and improvement of satellite- and model-based aerosol datasets. Within the framework of the Maritime Aerosol Network, shipborne reference datasets have been collected over the Atlantic Ocean since 2004 with Microtops Sun photometers. These were recently complemented by measurements with the multi-spectral GUVis-3511 shadowband radiometer during five cruises with the research vessel Polarstern. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) uncertainty estimate of both shipborne instruments of ±0.02 can be confirmed if the GUVis instrument is cross calibrated to the Microtops instrument to account for differences in calibration, and if an empirical correction to account for the broad shadowband as well as the effects of forward scattering is introduced. Based on these two datasets, a comprehensive evaluation of aerosol products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flown on NASA's Earth Observing System satellites, the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the geostationary Meteosat satellite, and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service reanalysis (CAMS RA) is presented. For this purpose, focus is given to the accuracy of the AOD at 630 nm in combination with the Ångström exponent (AE), discussed in the context of the ambient aerosol type. In general, the evaluation of MODIS AOD from the official level-2 aerosol products of C6.1 against the Microtops AOD product confirms that 76 % of data points fall into the expected error limits given by previous validation studies. The SEVIRI-based AOD product exhibits a 25 % larger scatter than the MODIS AOD products at the instrument's native spectral channels. Further, the comparison of CAMS RA and MODIS AOD versus the shipborne reference shows similar performance for both datasets, with some differences arising from the assimilation and model assumptions. When considering aerosol conditions, an overestimation of AE is found for scenes dominated by desert dust for MODIS and SEVIRI products versus the shipborne reference dataset. As the composition of the mixture of aerosol in satellite products is constrained by model assumptions, this highlights the importance of considering the aerosol type in evaluation studies for identifying problematic aspects.
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Krebs, W., H. Mannstein, L. Bugliaro, and B. Mayer. "Technical note: A new day- and night-time Meteosat Second Generation Cirrus Detection Algorithm MeCiDA." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 24 (December 18, 2007): 6145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-6145-2007.
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Abstract. A new cirrus detection algorithm for the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), MeCiDA, is presented. The algorithm uses the seven infrared channels of SEVIRI and thus provides a consistent scheme for cirrus detection at day and night. MeCiDA combines morphological and multi-spectral threshold tests and detects optically thick and thin ice clouds. The thresholds were determined by a comprehensive theoretical study using radiative transfer simulations for various atmospheric situations as well as by manually evaluating actual satellite observations. The cirrus detection has been optimized for mid- and high latitudes but it could be adapted to other regions as well. The retrieved cirrus masks have been validated by comparison with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Cirrus Reflection Flag. To study possible seasonal variations in the performance of the algorithm, one scene per month of the year 2004 was randomly selected and compared with the MODIS flag. 81% of the pixels were classified identically by both algorithms. In a comparison of monthly mean values for Europe and the North-Atlantic MeCiDA detected 29.3% cirrus coverage, while the MODIS SWIR cirrus coverage was 38.1%. A lower detection efficiency is to be expected for MeCiDA, as the spatial resolution of MODIS is considerably better and as we used only the thermal infrared channels in contrast to the MODIS algorithm which uses infrared and visible radiances. The advantage of MeCiDA compared to retrievals for polar orbiting instruments or previous geostationary satellites is that it permits the derivation of quantitative data every 15 min, 24 h a day. This high temporal resolution allows the study of diurnal variations and life cycle aspects. MeCiDA is fast enough for near real-time applications.
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Patou, Maximilien, Jérôme Vidot, Jérôme Riédi, Guillaume Penide, and Timothy J. Garrett. "Prediction of the Onset of Heavy Rain Using SEVIRI Cloud Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 10 (October 2018): 2343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0352.1.
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AbstractThunderstorms and strong precipitation events can be highly variable in space and time and therefore are challenging to forecast. Geostationary satellites are particularly well suited for studying their occurrence and development. This paper describes a methodology for tracking temporal trends in the development of these systems using a combination of a ground-based radar rainfall product and cloud fields derived from the Meteosat Second Generation’s (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). Cloud microphysical and radiative properties and the cloud perimeter-to-area ratio are used to characterize the temporal evolution of 35 cases of isolated convective development. For synchronizing temporal trends between cases, two reference times are used: the time when precipitating clouds reach a rain intensity threshold and the time of the maximum of rain intensity during the cloud life cycle. A period of decreasing cloud perimeter-to-area ratio before heavy rainfall is observed for both synchronization techniques, suggesting this parameter could be a predictor of heavy rain occurrence. However, the choice of synchronization time does impact significantly the observed trend of cloud properties. An illustration of how this approach can be applied to cloud-resolving models is presented to evaluate their ability to simulate cloud processes.
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Czerwińska, Agnieszka, and Janusz Krzyścin. "Modeling of Biologically Effective Daily Radiant Exposures over Europe from Space Using SEVIRI Measurements and MERRA-2 Reanalysis." Remote Sensing 16, no. 20 (October 12, 2024): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16203797.
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Ultraviolet solar radiation at the Earth’s surface significantly impacts both human health and ecosystems. A biologically effective daily radiant exposure (BEDRE) model is proposed for various biological processes with an analytical formula for its action spectrum. The following processes are considered: erythema formation, previtamin D3 synthesis, psoriasis clearance, and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virions. The BEDRE model is constructed by multiplying the synthetic BEDRE value under cloudless conditions by a cloud modification factor (CMF) parameterizing the attenuation of radiation via clouds. The CMF is an empirical function of the solar zenith angle (SZA) at midday and the daily clearness index from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) measurements on board the second-generation Meteosat satellites. Total column ozone, from MERRA-2 reanalysis, is used in calculations of clear-sky BEDRE values. The proposed model was trained and validated using data from several European ground-based spectrophotometers and biometers for the periods 2014–2023 and 2004–2013, respectively. The model provides reliable estimates of BEDRE for all biological processes considered. Under snow-free conditions and SZA < 45° at midday, bias and standard deviation of observation-model differences are approximately ±5% and 15%, respectively. The BEDRE model can be used as an initial validation tool for ground-based UV data.
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Kylling, A., N. Kristiansen, A. Stohl, R. Buras-Schnell, C. Emde, and J. Gasteiger. "A model sensitivity study of the impact of clouds on satellite detection and retrieval of volcanic ash." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 5 (May 6, 2015): 1935–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1935-2015.
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Abstract. Volcanic ash is commonly observed by infrared detectors on board Earth-orbiting satellites. In the presence of ice and/or liquid-water clouds, the detected volcanic ash signature may be altered. In this paper the sensitivity of detection and retrieval of volcanic ash to the presence of ice and liquid-water clouds was quantified by simulating synthetic equivalents to satellite infrared images with a 3-D radiative transfer model. The sensitivity study was made for the two recent eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull (2010) and Grímsvötn (2011) using realistic water and ice clouds and volcanic ash clouds. The water and ice clouds were taken from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) analysis data and the volcanic ash cloud fields from simulations by the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The radiative transfer simulations were made both with and without ice and liquid-water clouds for the geometry and channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI). The synthetic SEVIRI images were used as input to standard reverse absorption ash detection and retrieval methods. Ice and liquid-water clouds were on average found to reduce the number of detected ash-affected pixels by 6–12%. However, the effect was highly variable and for individual scenes up to 40% of pixels with mass loading >0.2 g m−2 could not be detected due to the presence of water and ice clouds. For coincident pixels, i.e. pixels where ash was both present in the FLEXPART (hereafter referred to as "Flexpart") simulation and detected by the algorithm, the presence of clouds overall increased the retrieved mean mass loading for the Eyjafjallajökull (2010) eruption by about 13%, while for the Grímsvötn (2011) eruption ash-mass loadings the effect was a 4% decrease of the retrieved ash-mass loading. However, larger differences were seen between scenes (standard deviations of ±30 and ±20% for Eyjafjallajökull and Grímsvötn, respectively) and even larger ones within scenes. The impact of ice and liquid-water clouds on the detection and retrieval of volcanic ash, implies that to fully appreciate the location and amount of ash, hyperspectral and spectral band measurements by satellite instruments should be combined with ash dispersion modelling.
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Corradini, Stefano, Lorenzo Guerrieri, Dario Stelitano, Giuseppe Salerno, Simona Scollo, Luca Merucci, Michele Prestifilippo, et al. "Near Real-Time Monitoring of the Christmas 2018 Etna Eruption Using SEVIRI and Products Validation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081336.
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On the morning of 24 December 2018, an eruptive event occurred at Etna, which was followed the next day by a strong sequence of shallow earthquakes. The eruptive episode lasted until 30 December, ranging from moderate strombolian to lava fountain activity coupled with vigorous ash/gas emissions and a lava flow effusion toward the eastern volcano flank of Valle del Bove. In this work, the data collected from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) instruments on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite are used to characterize the Etna activity by estimating the proximal and distal eruption parameters in near real time. The inversion of data indicates the onset of eruption on 24 December at 11:15 UTC, a maximum Time Average Discharge Rate (TADR) of 8.3 m3/s, a cumulative lava volume emitted of 0.5 Mm3, and a Volcanic Plume Top Height (VPTH) that reached a maximum altitude of 8 km above sea level (asl). The volcanic cloud ash and SO2 result totally collocated, with an ash amount generally lower than SO2 except on 24 December during the climax phase. A total amount of about 100 and 35 kt of SO2 and ash respectively was emitted during the entire eruptive period, while the SO2 fluxes reached peaks of more than 600 kg/s, with a mean value of about 185 kg/s. The SEVIRI VPTH, ash/SO2 masses, and flux time series have been compared with the results obtained from the ground-based visible (VIS) cameras and FLux Automatic MEasurements (FLAME) networks, and the satellite images collected by the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on board the Terra and Aqua- polar satellites. The analysis indicates good agreement between SEVIRI, VIS camera, and MODIS retrievals with VPTH, ash, and SO2 estimations all within measurement errors. The SEVIRI and FLAME SO2 flux retrievals show significant discrepancies due to the presence of volcanic ash and a gap of data on the FLAME network. The results obtained in this study show the ability of geostationary satellite systems to characterize eruptive events from the source to the atmosphere in near real time during the day and night, thus offering a powerful tool to mitigate volcanic risk on both local population and airspace and to give insight on volcanic processes.
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Roberts, G., M. J. Wooster, and E. Lagoudakis. "Annual and diurnal african biomass burning temporal dynamics." Biogeosciences 6, no. 5 (May 15, 2009): 849–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-849-2009.
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Abstract. Africa is the single largest continental source of biomass burning emissions. Here we conduct the first analysis of one full year of geostationary active fire detections and fire radiative power data recorded over Africa at 15-min temporal interval and a 3 km sub-satellite spatial resolution by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) imaging radiometer onboard the Meteosat-8 satellite. We use these data to provide new insights into the rates and totals of open biomass burning over Africa, particularly into the extremely strong seasonal and diurnal cycles that exist across the continent. We estimate peak daily biomass combustion totals to be 9 and 6 million tonnes of fuel per day in the northern and southern hemispheres respectively, and total fuel consumption between February 2004 and January 2005 is estimated to be at least 855 million tonnes. Analysis is carried out with regard to fire pixel temporal persistence, and we note that the majority of African fires are detected only once in consecutive 15 min imaging slots. An investigation of the variability of the diurnal fire cycle is carried out with respect to 20 different land cover types, and whilst differences are noted between land covers, the fire diurnal cycle characteristics for most land cover type are very similar in both African hemispheres. We compare the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) derived biomass combustion estimates to burned-areas, both at the scale of individual fires and over the entire continent at a 1-degree scale. Fuel consumption estimates are found to be less than 2 kg/m2 for all land cover types noted to be subject to significant fire activity, and for savanna grasslands where literature values are commonly reported the FRP-derived median fuel consumption estimate of 300 g/m2 is well within commonly quoted values. Meteosat-derived FRP data of the type presented here is now available freely to interested users continuously and in near real-time for Africa, Europe and parts of South America via the EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (http://landsaf.meteo.pt/). Continuous generation of these products will allow the types of analysis presented in this paper to be improved and extended, and such multi-year records should allow relationships between climate, fire and fuel to be further examined.