Journal articles on the topic 'Spinning Combustion Technology (SCT)'

Active combustion control has been accomplished in many laboratory and real-world combustion systems by fuel modulation as the control input. The modulation is commonly achieved using reciprocating flow control devices. These demonstrations have been successful because the instabilities have been at relatively low frequencies (∼200 Hz) or the scale of demonstration has been small enough to require very small levels of modulation. A number of real-world instabilities in gas turbine engines involve higher frequencies (200–500 Hz) and attenuation requires the modulation of large fractions of the engine fuel flow rate (hundreds of pounds per hour). A spinning drum valve was built to modulate fuel for these applications. Tests showed that this device provided more than 30% flow modulation up to 800 Hz for liquid fuel flows of greater than 400 lbm/hr. This paper describes the performance of the valve in flow bench tests, open-loop forcing, and closed-loop instability control tests. The closed-loop tests were done on a single-nozzle combustor rig which exhibited a limit-cycling instability at a frequency of ∼280 Hz with an amplitude of ∼7 psi. It also encounters an instability at 575 Hz under a different set up of the rig, though active control on that instability has not been investigated so far. The test results show that the spinning valve could be effectively used for active instability control, though the control algorithms need to be developed which will deal with or account for actuator phase drift/error.

In order to improve thermal conductivity, energy performance, and combustion performance of the aluminum-containing thermite, nanocarbon materials were added to thermite. Aluminum/molybdenum and trioxide/nanocarbon materials (Al/MoO3/NCM) were fabricated by electrostatic spinning technology. The Al and MoO3 particles of the nAl/MoO3/NCM thermite are much smaller than nitrocellulose (NC); thus, the two components can be better attached to NC fibers. Results on thermal conductivity demonstrated that the addition of NCM can improve the thermal conductivity of Al/MoO3, and the addition of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has a more significant impact on thermal conductivity. Energy performance analysis results indicated that the energy performance of Al/MoO3/NCM thermite spinning is the best when the value of combustion oxygen equivalent ratio (Φ) is 0.90–1.00. The combustion performance results show that the addition of NCM can significantly increase the combustion rate of thermites, and the addition of RGO improves its combustion rate the most, followed by carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanoflake graphite (NFG) being the lowest. By changing the shape of the Al/MoO3/NCM charge and the internal composition of the charge, the sensitivity of the agent can be adjusted, and the matching performance and use performance of the electric igniter can be improved.

Safran Helicopter Engines has recently patented the spinning combustion technology in which the burnt gases from one injector travel tangentially along the combustor annulus towards the neighboring injectors. Compared to conventional designs, the new kerosene injection systems are dedicated to improve air/fuel mixture ignition but also to further reduce NOx and soot particle emissions. Experimental studies are performed on these fuel injectors in a high-pressure/high-temperature combustion facility designed by the CORIA research laboratory. This test bench is able to reproduce the same operating conditions encountered in a helicopter combustor over the entire range of nominal operating conditions and has large optical accesses for the implementation of laser-based diagnostics. In the current paper, we present results concerning flame structure and NO formation in the primary zone under pressure conditions of up to 14 bar, using simultaneous OH-PLIF, NO-PLIF and kerosene-PLIF laser diagnostics. These experimental studies were supplemented by high-speed PIV measurements. A good spatial correlation between the distribution of liquid and vapour kerosene and the location of the flame front was observed. Depending on the operating conditions in terms of fuel/air ratio, mass flow rates and pressure, different flame structures resulting from the modification of the interaction between fuel injection and aerodynamics are observed. Furthermore, it was found that the Zeldovich pathway mainly controls the formation of NO in the vicinity of the flame front. In addition, the effects of FAR and pressure also have a significant impact on NO production. All these results are now intended to serve as a comprehensive validation database for the development and testing of high-fidelity LES tools dedicated to the simulation of reactive flows in aero-engine combustion chambers.

Preparing flame-retardant polyamide 66 (PA66) fibers through melt spinning remains one of the biggest challenges nowadays. In this work, dipentaerythritol (Di−PE), an eco-friendly flame retardant, was blended into PA66 to prepare PA66/Di−PE composites and fibers. It was confirmed that Di−PE could significantly improve the flame-retardant properties of PA66 by blocking the terminal carboxyl groups, which was conducive to the formation of a continuous and compact char layer and the reduced production of combustible gas. The combustion results of the composites showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 23.5% to 29.4%, and underwriter laboratories 94 (UL-94) passed the V-0 grade. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 47.3%, 47.8%, and 44.8%, respectively, for the PA66/6 wt% Di−PE composite compared to those recorded for pure PA66. More importantly, the PA66/Di−PE composites possessed excellent spinnability. The prepared fibers still had good mechanical properties (tensile strength: 5.7 ± 0.2 cN/dtex), while maintaining good flame-retardant properties (LOI: 28.6%). This study provides an outstanding industrial production strategy for fabricating flame-retardant PA66 plastics and fibers.

Abstract: The invention resides within the field of treatment of hydrocarbon fuels in liquid or gaseous form, to extend the fuelburning efficiency, by exposing the fuel in containment vessels or conduits to a shaped uniform field of force with a relentless directional flux. Hydrocarbon fuels have long branched geometric chains of carbon atoms which tend to fold over onto themselves and on adjoining molecules because of inter molecular electromagnetic attraction existing between like molecules or atoms. It is vital to grasp that in a very fluid that's subjected to an external field the electron excitation (magnetic moment) occurring, affects molecular orientation. because the axis of the electrons become aligned with the external magnetic flux, the momentum of the molecule not averages intent on zero, as within the normal case in molecules not possessing permanent dipole moments. This accommodation is attributed to the very fact that on the molecular level, a spinning electron subjected to an accurate amount of electromagnetic energy will captivate that energy and "spinflip" into an aligned state. When a magnetism is applied, the instant as seen by the electron excitation, causes the molecule to tend to align with the direction of the field of force. The momentum of the molecule not averages dead set zero because the axis of the electrons aligns with the external magnetic flux, because it does in molecules without permanent dipole moments. The fluctuating dipole moments under the influence of the external flux acquire a net attraction, which produces a stronger bonding with an oxygen ion. As a result of the complex fuel, molecules tend to uncluster, straighten and produce higher combustion efficiencies. the rise in combustion efficiency is because of the unfolding of the hydrocarbon molecules which produce an increased extent for more complete oxidation of the fuel. The unfolding of the fuel molecules is that the major effect of the dipole being off from its neutral state by the applied field of force. Increased combustion yields increased fuel efficiency, with lower hydrocarbon emissions from hydrocarbon-based fuelburning apparatus. However, certain problems remain to be overcome, like whether to focus the force field con or directional alignment, determine flux strength, select appropriate magnetic materials and determine mounting arrangements for the best efficiency. The effect is to stop scaling from occurring on the inner walls of the conduit from the liquid flowing there through by forcing the molecules which might attach themselves to the inner walls of the conduit toward the middle of the conduit. Keywords: The magnetic effect, Combustion, Emissions, paramagnetic, diamagnetic, aligns & orientation, efficiency

To improve the strength and maintain the inherent properties of flame-retardant polyacrylonitrile (FR-PAN) fiber, a commercialized hydrocarbon polymer, i.e., poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), used as an enhancement component, was blended with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) spinning dope to fabricate a PVA/PAN composite fiber through wet-spun technology. Then, cross-linked PVA/PAN composite fiber (C-PVA/PAN) was acquired via boric acid cross-linking. Finally, flame-retardant C-PVA/PAN fiber (FR-PVA/PAN) was prepared by phosphorylation. The structures of the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results reveal that the thermal stability of the composite fiber is lower than that of the pristine PAN fiber. However, the char residue of the composite fiber is higher than that of the control sample, wherein, FR-PVA/PAN has the highest char residue of 62.5 wt% at 800 °C. The results regarding the combustion properties of FR-PVA/PAN show that the fire hazard of FR-PVA/PAN is restrained greatly, indicating excellent flame-retardant performance. The corresponding flame-retardant mechanism of FR-PAV/PAN is investigated by Pyrolysis gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared analysis (TG-FTIR). The results indicate the gas-phase and condensed-phase flame-retardant mechanisms.

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31800, “Energy Transition Options for Offshore Vessels,” by Jeroen Hollebrands, Benny Mestemaker, and Jan Westhoeve, Royal IHC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ A future offshore fleet must comply with emissions regulations and policies that will become increasingly stringent. Making the right decisions with regard to emissions-reduction technologies and preparing vessels for future fuel options to keep the vessels compliant over time is, therefore, of great importance. The cable-lay vessels (CLV) used as a basis for the analysis presented in the complete paper are designed to meet such requirements. The authors highlight types of fuels and drive systems and the consequences of different combinations thereof on vessel design and operational profile. Alternative Fuels To Reduce Emissions Several alternative fuels are under consideration to replace fossil fuels currently used in the maritime sector. These include the following: - Liquefied natural gas (LNG) - Methanol - Ammonia - Hydrogen (compressed, liquefied, or in a storage medium) Design Approach for Zero-Emission Vessels The drive system of any zero-emission vessel requires four changes to integrate alternative fuels and prime movers effectively from a system-integration perspective: operational-profile design, electrification, hybridization, and modularization. - The operational profile defines the activities and operational demands of a specific vessel. - Electrification is necessary for the application of novel prime movers such as fuel-cell systems. Most CLVs already are equipped with a diesel electric configuration. - Redundancy of the prime movers leads to more engines online than are necessary. This is where hybridization comes into play because an energy-storage system can be used as a spinning reserve. - Modularization of drive systems provides flexibility to optimize the drive system for each task the work vessel must perform. Prime-Mover Technology for Zero-Emission Vessels The prime movers considered for future maritime application can be divided into internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Fuel cells generally are more efficient than engines and produce fewer emissions because the fuel is oxidized in an electrochemical process and not combusted at higher temperatures. However, fuel cells come at the cost of a slower transient response and have a lower tolerance for fuel impurities. In the complete paper, the following three fuel cell types are stipulated for use in maritime applications: - The low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) operates at 65–80°C with a high power density and good load-following capabilities but requires high-purity hydrogen because of its sensitivity to carbon monoxide. - The high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) operates at 140–160°C with a better tolerance for fuel purity but with a lower efficiency and a slower startup time and transient response than the LT-PEMFC. - The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operates at relatively high temperatures of 500–1000°C, a trait that enables integration with internal fuel processing and waste-heat recovery. Despite their fuel flexibility and electrical efficiencies up to 65%, SOFC products are still relatively expensive, large, and heavy. In addition, cold starts are slow and load-following is sluggish to prevent thermal overloading and fuel starvation.

Self-excited high frequency combustion instability (HFCI) of first-order tangential (1T) mode was observed in a staged-combustion LOX/Kerosene liquid rocket engine numerically. Two different kinds of 1T patterns, standing wave mode and traveling wave mode, were captured in the present work. In the nominal operation condition, the ratio of oxygen-to-fuel (O/F) was 2.5. Propellant was evenly distributed in all injectors and no HFCI occurred. The chamber pressure obtained from the numerical simulation and experiment showed a good agreement, which validated the numerical model. When the mass flow of fuel for two injectors was modified, severe HFCI occurred. The pressure wave node was located at a fixed diameter, showing a 1T standing wave mode. As the O/F was set 4.4 and the propellant distribution was completely uniform, the numerical result yielded a 1T wave node featured a spinning behavior, which was a traveling 1T wave mode. Once the HFCI arose, no matter what standing mode or spinning mode, the pressure and heat release oscillated totally in phase temporally and coupled spatially. The heat release from combustion was fed into the resonant acoustic mode. This was the thermoacoustic coupling process that maintained the HFCI.

Abstract Dry Low Emissions (DLE) systems are well-known to be susceptible to thermoacoustic instabilities. In particular, transverse, spinning modes of high frequency may appear, and lead to severe damage in a matter of seconds. The thermoacoustic response of an engine is usually specific to the combustor geometry, operating conditions and difficult to reproduce at the lab-scale. In this work, details of high frequency dynamics observed during the early development phase of a new DLE system are provided, where a multi-peaked spectrum was noticed during testing. Beginning with an analysis of the measured pressure spectra from three different concepts, an analytical model of the clockwise and anti-clockwise transverse waves was fitted to the experimental data using a non-linear curve fitting approach to produce a simple yet useful understanding of the phenomena. A flamelet-based Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the entire combustion system was used to complement this analysis and confirm the mode shapes using dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). Both approaches independently identified a spinning second order mode as the dominant one in the high frequency regime. The LES indicates the coupling of a distortion of swirl profile with a precessing vortex core as a possible cause for the onset of instability. With regard to modeling sensitivities, it is shown that sub-grid scale combustion modeling has a strong impact on predicted amplitudes. Ultimately, a thickened-flame model with a modified efficiency function provided consistent results.

AbstractThe soot emitted during the operation of diesel engine exhaust seriously threatens the human health and environment, so treating diesel engine exhaust is critical. At present, the most effective method for eliminating soot particles is post‐treatment technology. Preparation of economically viable and highly active soot combustion catalysts is a pivotal element of post‐treatment technology. In this study, different single‐metal oxide catalysts with fibrous structures and alkali metal‐modified hollow nanotubular Mn‐based oxide catalysts were synthesized using centrifugal spinning method. Activity evaluation results showed that the manganese oxide catalyst has the best catalytic activity among the prepared single‐metal oxide catalysts. Further research on alkali metal modification showed that doping alkali metals is beneficial for improving the oxidation state of manganese and generating a large number of reactive oxygen species. Combined with the structural effect brought by the hollow nanotube structure, the alkali metal‐modified Mn‐based oxide catalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance. Among them, the Cs‐modified Mn‐based oxide catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance because of its rich active oxygen species, excellent NO oxidation ability, abundant Mn4+ ions (Mn4+/Mnn+ = 64.78%), and good redox ability. The T10, T50, T90, and CO2 selectivity of the Cs‐modified Mn‐based oxide catalyst were 267°C, 324°C, 360°C, and 97.8%, respectively.

AbstractIn this study, the aim was to purify CH4, an efficient and renewable clean energy source, which often contains CO2 that needs to be removed to improve its combustion efficiency. To achieve this, hybrid hollow fiber membranes were developed using BTDA‐TDI/MDI (P84) and polyethersulfone (PES) through a dry jet‐wet spinning process. The effects of different parameters, including core liquid composition, solidification bath composition and temperature, spinneret temperature, and air gap distance, were studied to optimize membrane structure, morphology, and CO2/CH4 separation performance. The P84/PES hollow fiber membrane obtained through this process demonstrated good CO2/CH4 separation performance, with CO2 permeation of 2.12 GPU and a selectivity of 51.23. To further improve the membrane's performance, a coating of poly(ether block‐amide) (PEBA) was applied to the P84/PES hollow fiber membrane. This modification resulted in a P84/PES‐PEBA hollow fiber membrane with increased CO2 affinity due to the polar poly(ethylene oxide) groups of PEBA. The P84/PES‐PEBA hollow fiber membrane exhibited high selectivity of 56.5 and CO2 permeance of 1.42 GPU at 25°C.

Research has identified TV series and, also more recently social media, as different actors in vocational socialization, providing individuals with career-related information (Levine & Aley, 2022; Vranken & Vandenbosch, 2022). Individuals have even indicated observing information about one particular type of career-related information, i.e., “work values”, in both media outlets (Vranken & Vandenbosch, 2022). Work values refer to job qualities “that individuals believe should be satisfied as a result of their participation in the work role” (Brown, 2002, p. 49). Various types of work values exist, i.e., (1) intrinsic work values (i.e., inherently satisfying job qualities like performing interesting tasks), (2) extrinsic work values (i.e., material job benefits, such as earning potential), (3) social work values (i.e., social qualities of work such as having good working relationships), and (4) prestige work values (i.e., prestigious job qualities such as having job impact; Ros et al., 1999). It remains unclear which type of work values prevail most often in TV series and social media. More precisely, the limited amount of quantitative and qualitative content analyses on job portrayals in TV series studied such portrayals from the perspective of professional success and counter-stereotypes (Devos et al., 2024; Warren et al., 2016). When reading the results of these studies from a work value perspective, it seems that work value messages occur in popular TV series (Devos et al., 2024; Warren et al., 2016). Content analytical research on job portrayals in a social media context is even more scarce. These existing studies largely focused on counter-stereotypical job portrayals (Heizmann & Liu, 2022; Steinke et al., 2024). Therefore, systematic quantitative insights that document how and which types of work values appear most often in TV series and on social media remained overall lacking. Understanding which work values prevail in popular media is a prerequisite for hypothesizing the potential effects of exposure to such content (Slater, 2015). We, therefore, conducted two quantitative content analyses that examined portrayals of work values among characters in popular fiction series (Vranken, 2023) and work values among workers in public feed posts on Instagram (Vranken & Vandenbosch, 2023). Field of Application/ Theoretical Foundation Social Cognitive Theory (SCT, Bandura, 2009) has been dominantly applied in media research to understand the links between exposure to work value messages in TV series/social media and individuals’ work value endorsement (defined as the extent to which individuals attach importance to certain work values in a job; Vranken & Vandenbosch, 2022; Wenhold & Harisson, 2019). According to SCT (Bandura, 2009), media users may learn about the importance of work values via mediated role models, which may subsequently affect individuals’ work value endorsement. Evidence from some qualitative and cross-sectional studies supports that adolescents and emerging adults learn about work values through TV series and social media role models (Vranken & Vandenbosch, 2022; Wenhold & Harisson, 2019). Yet, systematic insights into the prevalence of various work value messages remained lacking (Vranken, 2023; Vranken & Vandenbosch, 2023). Such insights could help researchers gain a more nuanced understanding of the potential of TV series and social media to socialize work values that might negatively impact media users’ well-being. More precisely, research has demonstrated that endorsing extrinsic and prestige work values is linked to negative outcomes, like job dissatisfaction, while the endorsement of intrinsic and social work values is associated with positive career development and positive well-being outcomes (Vansteenkiste et al., 2007). References/Combination with other Methods of Data collection So far, only two quantitative content analyses exist that examined portrayals of work values in TV series and social media. Two separate content analyses were conducted because TV series and social media were considered as two distinct media outlets that have unique features (i.e., verbal and visual portrayals in TV series vs. textual and visual references in a social media context), and also differ in media production processes and motivations for consumption (Vranken, 2023; Vranken & Vandenbosch, 2022). Example Studies: Vranken (2023); Vranken & Vandenbosch (2023) Information on Vranken (2023) Author: Vranken (2023) Research Questions: How frequently are different intrinsic, extrinsic, social, and prestige work values portrayed as being violated vs. mixed vs. upheld among characters in TV series popular among adolescents (RQ1)? Does the nature of portrayals of different intrinsic, extrinsic, social, and prestige work values (i.e., violation vs. mixed portrayal vs. upholding) depend on characters’ job types (RQ2), gender (RQ3), and ethnicity (RQ4)? Object of Analysis: The codes were applied to explore the prevalence of work value portrayals among characters who had a clearly defined job (n = 334) across six fiction series that were popular among adolescents (i.e., You, CSI, The Big Bang Theory, The Good Doctor, Spinning Out, Dynasty). All episodes of the final season that aired during coding were included. Information about Variables: A novel codebook was developed. First, various intrinsic work values (i.e., skill utilization, achievements, the possibility for creative input, job satisfaction, possibility to learn, freedom, job variety, intellectual stimulation), extrinsic work values (i.e., job advancement, extra job benefits, job recognition, feedback opportunities, safe work environment, physically non-demanding job, well-equipped work environment, job hour stability, earning potential), social work values (i.e., altruism, good working relationships, the chance to work with people, the chance to help others), and prestige work values (i.e., leadership, having a respected job, job impact, decision-making) were coded as absent (= 0) or present (= 1). References included visual and verbal portrayals of a work value. Second, for each work value that was present, the nature of a work value portrayal was considered in terms of a violation vs. mixed portrayal vs. upholding of a work value. A violation occurred when a character attached importance to a work value but was mostly portrayed as not achieving a work value (e.g., not being able to use one’s skills because the job does not allow it). An upholding occurred when the character attached importance to a work value and was mostly portrayed as achieving this work value (e.g., being able to use one’s skills because the job allows it). Mixed portrayals occurred when a character was portrayed with both the upholding and violation of a work value in an equal amount of scenes. To determine the upholding vs. violation vs. mixed portrayal of a work value, we created a score per character. For each character, the total number of scenes that included a work value portrayal was divided by the total number of scenes in which a work value was portrayed as upheld. If this score indicated that more than 60% of the scenes included an upholding, the work value was coded as upheld among a character. The same calculations were made for violations of work values. Level of Analysis: Character-level Scale level: Ordinal Values: First, the presence of a work value was coded (0 = absent, 1 = present). Afterward, the nature of a work value was coded (1 = violation, 2 = mixed portrayal, 3 = upholding). The latter coding categories were used in the study. Reliability: Two coders coded work values messages of characters in the six selected series. Krippendorff’s alpha ranged from 0.73 to 1 (skill utilization .84, achievement .78, possibility for creative input .97, job satisfaction .73, freedom .91, intellectual stimulation .79, extra job benefits, .79, job recognition .94, job security .85, feedback opportunities .79, safe work environment .92, physically non-demanding job .93, well-equipped work environment .88, job hour stability 1, earning potential .87, altruism .90, good working relationships .87, chance to work with people .85, chance to help others .90, leadership .81, having a respected job .83, job impact .79, decision-making .87). Codebook: The full codebook with all coding categories and definitions can be found on OSF: https://osf.io/jzsg3/ Information on Vranken & Vandenbosch (2023) Authors: Ilse Vranken and Laura Vandenbosch Research Interest: The study aimed to document the prevalence of various intrinsic, extrinsic, social, and prestige work values on a textual and visual level in job-related public Instagram feed posts and whether such portrayals differed according to sex and ethnicity of the poster and gender typicality and status levels of their jobs. On a textual level, the study also distinguished whether an upholding or violation of different work values occurred most frequently and whether these portrayals differed according to the sex and ethnicity of the poster, and gender typicality and status levels of their jobs. Object of Analysis: The codes were applied to 1,260 public Instagram feed posts of workers that included a hashtag in the caption referring to various jobs in terms of gender typicality (i.e., female job, male job, gender-neutral job) and status levels (i.e., low-, medium-, high status). Status levels of jobs were determined based on the ISEI-08, which is an international tool that assigns status scores to careers ranging from 10 to 89 (Ganzeboom & Treiman, 2010). A list was compiled of jobs that fell in the low (10-36), medium (37-63), and high (64-89) status categories. Based on this list, and numbers regarding the sex distribution in these jobs (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2022), we selected two professions within each status category combined with each classification of gender typicality (i.e., female job, male job, gender-neutral job). This resulted in a final selection of hashtags related to 18 different professions (e.g., #surgeon, #highschoolteacher, #graphicdesigner, #bartender). Only publicly available posts were selected by entering the chosen hashtags in a search of Instagram posts from March-April 2022. Multiple inclusion criteria were applied: (1) the caption was written in English (i.e., posts with captions in other languages were excluded), (2) the information was posted by an individual, not by a commercial enterprise, (3) the information was posted by a person pertaining to their job or related lifestyle (e.g., posts of a party where somebody dresses up as a surgeon were excluded), and (4) videos and memes were excluded. Information about Variables: On a visual and textual level, references to five intrinsic- (i.e., skill utilization, creative abilities, having a satisfying job, learning new things, job variety), seven extrinsic-(i.e., job recognition, leisure time outside of work, job security, earning potential, feedback, job advancement, extra job benefits), five social- (i.e., the opportunity to work with people, good working relationships, helping others, fun workplace, contributing to people/society) and three prestige work values (i.e., leadership, prestigious job, job impact) were coded. References to other intrinsic- (i.e., intellectual stimulation, being oneself in the job, independence), extrinsic- (i.e., job security, safe work environment), and prestige work values (i.e., decision-making) were solely coded on a textual level because these values were difficult to capture visually. If a work value was present on a textual level, we also coded the type of reference. More precisely, references to the upholding of a work value (i.e., the poster “achieved” a work value such as being satisfied in the job) or the violation of a work value (i.e., the poster did not “achieve” a work value, such as feeling dissatisfied in the job) were coded. While Vranken (2023) also coded a mixed reference of work values in the TV series content analysis, this study coded the upholding and violation separately. Mixed references can be examined when a post includes both a reference to an upholding and a violation of a work value. Level of Analysis: Work values were coded on a textual (i.e., caption/hashtags) and visual level (i.e., picture) in public Instagram feed posts of workers. The textual level included the hashtag and related caption text. Emoticons were omitted. The visual level included one picture. If a post included multiple pictures, only the first picture was selected. Scale level: Nominal Values: On a textual and visual level, general references to the different work values were coded (0= absent, 1= present). If a work value was present textually, references to the upholding (0 = absent, 1 = present) and violation (0= absent, 1= present) were coded. Reliability: Two coders coded the Instagram posts. Krippendorff’s alpha ranged from .71 to 1. Codebook: The codebook can be found on OSF: https://osf.io/pjru8/ References Bandura, A. (2009). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In Media effects (pp. 110-140). Milton Park: Routledge. Brown, D. (2002). The Role of Work and Cultural Values in Occupational Choice, Satisfaction, and Success: A Theoretical Statement. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1556-6678.2002.TB00165.X Devos, S., Konings, F., Eggermont, S., & Vandenbosch, L. (2024). Exploring the prevalence of success stories in popular work-related television series: A content analysis. 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International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 8(3), 360-381. https://genderandset.open.ac.uk/index.php/genderandset/article/view/450