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Academic literature on the topic 'Spine Movements Measurement'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Spine Movements Measurement"

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Lee, Raymond. "Measurement of movements of the lumbar spine." Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 18, no. 4 (January 2002): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593980290058562.

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Posłuszny, A., A. Myśliwiec, E. Saulicz, G. Mikołajowski, P. Linek, M. Saulicz, and Myśliwiec Andrzej. "Validation of the device for evaluation of muscular strength in the cervical spine region." Physiotherapy and Health Activity 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pha-2015-0008.

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Abstract Background: In the physiotherapeutic practice, the need for measurements of e.g. range of motion or strength of the cervical spine muscles results from a variety of degenerative processes in the area of the head, cervical spine and shoulder girdle. In Poland, we designed a measurement stand based on the equipment described in foreign literature. Validation of the measurement stand was performed in order to determine the usefulness of this stand for measurements of maximal strength and muscle torques for the isometric contraction of the cervical spine muscles.Material/Methods: A group of 13 women was examined to validate the device. The criteria for inclusion into the study group were adult age, no back pain and head pain syndromes. Validation of the equipment consisted in the calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Three measurements were performed for each movement in three planes: initial measurement (I), second measurement after 15 minutes (II) and the third measurement after a week (III). The ICC coefficient was calculated based on the methodology discussed in the study by Shrout and Fleiss (1979).Results: The results of the measurements reached the "excellent" level of the ICC coefficient between the first and the second test. In the case of the first and the third tests, the ICC coefficient reached the "good" level for the movements in the sagittal and transverse planes and the "excellent" level for the movements in the frontal plane. Conclusions: The measurement system used in the measurement stand designed by the authors of the present study can be successfully used for comparative studies of several groups or repeated examinations of the same study group after application of a specific therapeutic procedure.The stand cannot be used for evaluation whether the results obtained are consistent with the standards for specific populations or for comparison with the results obtained from other devices.
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Moffett, Jennifer A. Klaber, Iona Hughes, and Paul Griffiths. "Measurement of Cervical Spine Movements Using a Simple Inclinometer." Physiotherapy 75, no. 6 (June 1989): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)62543-6.

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RUSSELL, P., M. J. PEARCY, and A. UNSWORTH. "MEASUREMENT OF THE RANGE AND COUPLED MOVEMENTS OBSERVED IN THE LUMBAR SPINE." Rheumatology 32, no. 6 (1993): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/32.6.490.

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Sasmito, Teguh, Gatot Soebiyakto, and Nurida Finahari. "ANALISIS GRAFIS GERAKAN SENDI TERHADAP POROS VERTIKAL TULANG BELAKANG PENARI BAPANG MALANGAN." ROTOR 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/rotor.v14i1.24220.

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Injuries in dancing activities can occur while practicing or during performance. Repetitive movements can be a major cause of injury when dancing. One of the injuries that can be fatal is spinal cord injury. The clinical manifestations of injury to the spine arise based on the location of the trauma. This study aims to identify potential movements that can cause spinal cord injury from the Bapang Malangan Dance. This potential is viewed from the movements that have a rotational effect on the spinal cord. The research was conducted by imitating several dance movements that were considered to have the potential to cause rotational motion in the spine. The measurement results of the spine rotational angle are used as the basis for carrying out kinematic and dynamic analysis. The degree of potential injury arising from movement is referred to at the normal allowable angle. From the results of the study, it is known that the area of ​​the neck segment from the spinal line of Bapang Malangan dancers is a potentially injury critical area. This is related to the rotation angle that occurs (50-60o) exceeds the maximum limit of normal rotation (45o). The load that works at the point of rotation is the weight of the head which act as pendulum with a combination of compressive effects. The development of research can be directed to the dynamic effects of dance movements, focusing on the study of modes of motion 2 that produce rotational changes in the entire spinal line, studying the combined effects of other body parts, and considering the dancer's skill.
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Esteban-González, Pablo, Eleuterio A. Sánchez-Romero, and Jorge Hugo Villafañe. "Analysis of the Active Measurement Systems of the Thoracic Range of Movements of the Spine: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 3042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22083042.

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(1) Objective: to analyze current active noninvasive measurement systems of the thoracic range of movements of the spine. (2) Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed that included observational or clinical trial studies published in English or Spanish, whose subjects were healthy human males or females ≥18 years of age with reported measurements of thoracic range of motion measured with an active system in either flexion, extension, lateral bending, or axial rotation. All studies that passed the screening had a low risk of bias and good methodological results, according to the PEDro and MINORS scales. The mean values and 95% confidence interval of the reported measures were calculated for different types of device groups. To calculate the differences between the type of device measures, studies were pooled for different types of device groups using Review Manager software. (3) Results: 48 studies were included in the review; all had scores higher than 7.5 over 10 on the PEDro and MINORs methodological rating scales, collecting a total of 2365 healthy subjects, 1053 males and 1312 females; they were 39.24 ± 20.64 years old and had 24.44 ± 3.81 kg/m2 body mass indexes on average. We summarized and analyzed a total of 11,892 measurements: 1298 of flexoextension, 1394 of flexion, 1021 of extension, 491 of side-to-side lateral flexion, 637 of right lateral flexion, 607 of left lateral flexion, 2170 of side-to-side rotation, 2152 of right rotation and 2122 of left rotation. (4) Conclusions: All collected and analyzed measurements of physiological movements of the dorsal spine had very disparate results from each other, the cause of the reason for such analysis is that the measurement protocols of the different types of measurement tools used in these measurements are different and cause measurement biases. To solve this, it is proposed to establish a standardized measurement protocol for all tools.
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Weber, N., R. Lennartz, J. Knitza, S. Bayat, M. Sadeghi, A. A. Ibrahim, C. Karatastan, et al. "AB1528-HPR FULL BODY HAPTIC BODYSUIT - AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE RANGE AND SPEED OF MOTION IN PATIENTS WITH AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS (axSpA) - PRELIMINARY RESULTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1866.2–1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.3069.

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BackgroundMovement of the spine is restricted in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) [1]. Spine function is usually assessed by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), which is based on a limited set of defined motions that are measured semiquantitatively in the spatial dimension but not in the temporal dimension. Sensor-based measurement of spine function in axSpA patients is in its infancy but may provide a deeper and more detailed understanding of the impact of axSpA on the impairment of spine function [2,3]. In theory, unbiased full body assessment of spine motion may open a new dimension in function analysis in axSpA.ObjectivesTo test if a of a full-body based haptic capturing of spine motion is technically feasible and can pick up the measurements of BASMI items 1-5. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether such measurements are accurate and reproducible comparing to BASMI scores done by rheumatologists. Lastly, we sought to measure velocity of spine movements to allow spatiotemporal analysis of motion.MethodsFor full-body haptic assessment of spine motion a full-body haptic suit (Teslasuit; VR Electronics Ltd, London) was used that consists of a smart textile two-piece bodysuit that not only captures range and speed of motion but also provides biometric and haptic feedback. This device is currently tested in clinical trials (https://teslasuit.io/rehabilitation/) but has not been tested in rheumatic diseases such as axSpA [4]. Since there is no pre-defined technical solution for measuring BASMI, we used the integrated inertial measurement units (IMUs) of the suit (Figure 1a). The suit is recording the position and rotations of its IMUs and is transforming the raw data to position coordinates and joint angle of the bones. We implemented an algorithm that is accessing the sensor data and is calculating the BASMI measurements as well as velocity. Assessment were done in healthy individuals. BASMI was obtained 3 times by teslasuit followed by standard BASMI measurement by 2 independent rheumatologists. In addition, rotational movements with their maximum torso speed to evaluate angular velocity were performed (Figure 1b). Measurements were compared using absolute values and relative standard deviation (which is the standard deviation normalized by the mean).ResultsFive healthy individuals (all males, age: 27.6 ± 1.8 years, height: 178 ± 5 cm; weight 70.0 ± 8.0 kg) were assessed. Teslasuit measurements were well tolerated. Technically, we were able to calculate BASMI item 3 and 5, finger-to-floor distance and the velocity of the spine movement using the position data of hand, talus and upper back sensors (Figure 1a, b). Due to absence of sensors at the head and the required back areas, BASMI 1, 2, 4 could only partially be captured and require further programming, which is currently performed. Only marginal differences were detected regarding the relative standard deviations of measurements between teslasuit and rheumatologists (BASMI 3: rheumatologists 8,5%: suit 10%; BASMI 5: rheumatologists 5,4%: suit 4,9%) (Figure 1c). The speed of spinal motion could be measured with an average angular velocity of 172.2 degrees/sec over the entire rotation motion and an average maximum angular velocity of 417.2 degrees/sec.ConclusionThis study shows that full-body haptic-suits can capture spinal motion including parts of the BASMI score. In addition, they allow to measure the speed of spinal movement, which might be an important and so far unrecognized factor to test the impact of axSpA on spinal function. Based on these results, full-body haptic-suits will be tested in axSpA patients in the future. Furthermore, technical solutions are currently developed to implement the remaining BASMI scores into the suit as well as connections from the suit to virtual reality devices for patients and doctors.References[1]Sieper, J. and D. Poddubnyy, Axial spondyloarthritis. Lancet 2017.[2]Gardiner, P.V., et al., Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020.[3]Kiefer, D., et al., S J Rheumatol 2022.[4]Caserman, P. et al Sensors (Basel) 2021.AcknowledgementsThis work was (partly) funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – SFB 1483 – Project-ID 442419336, EmpkinS.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Martínez-Hernández, Adriana, Juan S. Perez-Lomelí, Ruben Burgos-Vargas, and Miguel A. Padilla-Castañeda. "A Wearable System Based on Multiple Magnetic and Inertial Measurement Units for Spine Mobility Assessment: A Reliability Study for the Evaluation of Ankylosing Spondylitis." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041332.

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Spinal mobility assessment is essential for the diagnostic of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. BASMI is a routine clinical evaluation of the spine; its measurements are made with goniometers and tape measures, implying systematic errors, subjectivity, and low sensitivity. Therefore, it is crucial to develop better mobility assessment methods. The design, implementation, and evaluation of a novel system for assessing the entire spine’s motion are presented. It consists of 16 magnetic and inertial measurement units (MIMUs) communicated wirelessly with a computer. The system evaluates the patient’s movements by implementing a sensor fusion of the triaxial gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer signals using a Kalman filter. Fifteen healthy participants were assessed with the system through six movements involving the entire spine to calculate continuous kinematics and maximum range of motion (RoM). The intrarater reliability was computed over the observed RoM, showing excellent reliability levels (intraclass correlation >0.9) in five of the six movements. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the system for further clinical studies with patients. The system has the potential to improve the BASMI method. To the best of our knowledge, our system involves the highest number of sensors, thus providing more objective information than current similar systems.
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Vasilevskaya, O. V. "Mobility of large joints of the lower extremities and the spine in patients with lumbar osteochondrosis." Kazan medical journal 68, no. 3 (June 15, 1987): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj96043.

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In degenerative, traumatic and orthopedic diseases of the joints and spine, their motor function suffers above all. The amplitude of active and passive movements in the joints and spine, in addition to other clinical parameters, must be taken into account when formulating a treatment plan. A special protractor is still used for this purpose, but the accuracy of measurement by this method is extremely low (error of 5-6). We determined mobility of large joints of lower limbs and spine in patients with various syndromes of lumbar osteochondrosis using a domestic UB-XL4 angle gauge. This device is used to measure surface deviations from the vertical and horizontal.
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Taylor, Nicholas, Owen Evans, and Patricia Goldie. "Reliability of measurement of angular movements of the pelvis and lumbar spine during treadmill walking." Physiotherapy Research International 6, no. 4 (November 2001): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pri.229.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spine Movements Measurement"

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Hindle, Richard John. "Three-dimensional kinematics of the human back in the normal and pathologic spine." Thesis, Durham University, 1989. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6513/.

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This thesis investigated the relationship between the three-dimensional kinematics of the human back and spinal pathology. This required the development of a system capable of the in vivo measurement of spinal movement non-invasively and in three-dimensions. The opto-electronic CODA-3 Scanner proved unsatisfactory in this respect. The electro-magnetic 3SPACE Isotrak, however, was found to be an accurate and reliable system during a study of twisting in flexed postures. Available axial rotation was significantly increased in some degree of sagittal flexion suggesting that this may be a mechanism for intervertebral disc injury. At high degrees of sagittal flexion a reduction in available axial rotation was noted. In vitro tests on isolated lumbar motion segments confirmed the increase in axial rotation available in flexed postures shown in vivo, this was presumed to be due to an opening of the lumbar zygapophysial joints. Mechanical testing of lumbar interspinous and supraspinous ligaments showed them to be active only in the extremes of sagittal flexion and hence that they could be responsible for the reduction in axial rotation seen in vivo. The 3SPACE Isotrak was used in a clinical study of 80 normal and 43 pathologic subjects. In the normals ranges of motion were, in general, reduced with increasing age in both males and females although a significant increase in sagittal flexion occurred with increasing age in females. Male mobility significantly exceeded female in sagittal flexion but female tended to exceed male in extension, lateral bend and axial rotation. Opposite axial rotation occurred consistently upon lateral bend and vice versa, flexion also occurred on lateral bend but not axial rotation. There was widespread disruption to the primary and coupled movements of the back pain patients when compared to normal movement patterns but there was no clear distinction between the kinematic movement patterns of discrete patient groups. The small numbers in these patient groups warrant a further, more detailed, clinical study.
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Beange, Kristen. "Validation of Wearable Sensor Performance and Placement for the Evaluation of Spine Movement Quality." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38698.

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Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are being recognized as a portable and cost-effective alternative to motion analysis systems and have the potential to be introduced into clinical settings for the assessment of functional movement quality of the spine in patients with low back pain. However, uncertainties regarding sensor accuracy and reliability are limiting the widespread use and acceptance of IMU-based assessments into routine clinical practice. The objective of this work was to assess the performance of inexpensive wearable IMUs (Mbientlab MetaMotionR IMUs; Mbientlab Inc., San Francisco, USA; product specifications available in Appendix C) relative to conventional optical motion capture equipment (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK) in: 1) a controlled environment, and 2) an uncontrolled environment. The first study evaluated the performance of 2 IMUs in a controlled environment during simulated repetitive spine motion carried out by means of a motorized gimbal. Root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute measurement differences between cycle-to-cycle minimum, maximum, and range of motion values, as well as correlational analyses within IMUs and between IMUs and Vicon, in all movement directions (i.e., simulated flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial twisting (AT)), were compared. Measurement error was low in all axes during all tests (i.e., ≤ 1.54°); however, low-to-moderate correlational results were found in one non-primary axis, and this axis changed depending on the direction of the movement (i.e., LB during FE-motion (0.244 ≤ R ≤ 0.515), AT during LB-motion (0.594 ≤ R ≤ 0.795), and FE during AT-motion (0.002 ≤ R ≤ 0.255)). The second study was designed to assess the performance of the IMUs in an uncontrolled environment during repetitive spine FE in human participants. Absolute angles and local dynamic stability were compared for individual IMUs (which were placed over T10-T12 spinous processes, and the pelvis) as well as for relative motion between IMUs. Maximum finite-time Lyapunov exponents (λmax) were used to quantify local dynamic stability and were calculated using both FE and the sum of squares (SS) from measured spine kinematics. It was found that the IMUs have acceptable performance in all axes when tracking motion (RMSE ≤ 2.43°); however, low-to-moderate correlational results were found in one non-primary axis (0.987 ≤ RFE ≤ 0.998; 0.746 ≤ RLB ≤ 0.978; 0.343 ≤ RAT ≤ 0.679). In addition, correlations between λmax estimates were high; therefore, local dynamic stability can be accurately estimated using both FE and SS data (0.807 ≤ 〖ICC〗_2,1^FE ≤ 0.919; 0.738 ≤ 〖ICC〗_2,1^SS ≤ 0.868). Correlation between λmax estimates was higher when using FE data for individual sensors/rigid-body marker clusters; however, correlation was higher when using SS data for relative motion. In general, the results of these studies show that the MetaMotionR IMUs have acceptable performance in all axes when considering absolute angle orientation and motion tracking, and measurement of local dynamic stability; however, there is low-to-moderate correlation in one non-primary axis, and that axis changes depending on the direction of motion. Future research will investigate how to optimize performance of the third axis for motion tracking; it will also focus on understanding the significance of the third axis performance when calculating specific outcome measures related to spine movement quality.
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Books on the topic "Spine Movements Measurement"

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Intratester and intertester reliability of the STP Electronic Inclinometer. 1994.

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Intratester and intertester reliability of the STP Electronic Inclinometer. 1994.

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Intratester and intertester reliability of the STP Electronic Inclinometer. 1994.

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The reliability of the Dynavec[superscript TM] LVD: A tool for the assessment of three dimensional lumbar spinal motion. 1991.

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Furlong, Paul L., Elaine Foley, Caroline Witton, and Stefano Seri. Magnetoencephalography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0013.

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For presurgical assessments for resection of an epileptogenic lesion or zone, evaluations over the last 20 years have established magnetoencephalography (MEG) as a valuable tool in routine clinical practice in both adult and paediatric age groups. MEG can accurately localize both ictal and inter-ictal spike sources. MEG yields important additional information in around 30% of patients with epilepsy of suspected neocortical origin, aiding in the modification or extension of invasive measurements. Seizure freedom is most likely to occur when there is concordance between electroencephalogram (EEG) and MEG localization, and least likely to occur when these results are divergent. In some patients, invasive recordings may not be viable or repeatable. In these cases, MEG localization frequently provides additional information for planning surgery. Recent developments in technology for movement compensation and enhanced noise reduction provide optimism for continually improving outcomes of MEG-enhanced presurgical evaluations.
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Book chapters on the topic "Spine Movements Measurement"

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Berger, M. "Cervicomotography: A New Method for Measurement of Cervical Spine Movement." In Updating in Headache, 69–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88581-5_12.

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Perry, A. R., and A. M. Campbell. "Reversibility Line Measurements in a SQUID Without Sample Movement." In Magnetic Susceptibility of Superconductors and Other Spin Systems, 567–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2379-0_32.

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Mehlhorn, Rolf J., Lester Packer, Robert Macey, Alexandru T. Balaban, and Ileana Dragutan. "[55] Measurement of transmembrane proton movements with nitroxide spin probes." In Methods in Enzymology, 738–45. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(86)27058-5.

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Hays, C., S. Fehr, XC Liu, and R. Haddas. "Impact of corset bracing on 3D spine kinematics during ADL in children with Spondylolysis." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210450.

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Spondylolysis is a stress fracture of the vertebral pars interarticularis that frequently affects adolescents involved in sports. Conservative bracing methods may assist the clinician in treating spondylolysis, though there is a need to further validate these techniques. The goal of this study was to evaluate differences in the 3D movements of the thoracic and lumbar spine before and after bracing. Five patients (mean age 14.4 ± 1.3 years) with spondylogenic back pain were evaluated for kinematic measurements using a Vicon motion capture system. Patients performed activities both with and without a lumbar corset brace including walking, kneeling, standing from a chair, standing from the floor, ascending and descending stairs, and lifting. Patients were evaluated for differences in thoracic and lumbar range of motion (ROM) in the braced and unbraced condition. While wearing the brace, patients demonstrated reduced extension ROM of the thoracic spine while walking (mean reduction = 0.4°), ascending stairs (3.0°), descending stairs (2.1°), lifting (14.8°), standing from a chair (4.1°), standing from the floor (16.7°), and kneeling (8.4°). Patients also exhibited reduced extension ROM of the total lumbar spine while ascending stairs (mean reduction = 1.8°), lifting (12.7°), standing from a chair (9.5°), standing from the floor (11.8°), and kneeling (4.7°). These results provide evidence that bracing reduces stress on the pars interarticularis and relieves symptoms in the athlete with spondylogenic back pain, thereby facilitating a return to sports.
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Conference papers on the topic "Spine Movements Measurement"

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DeFrate, Louis E., Todd C. Doehring, Kotaro Nishida, James D. Kang, Lars G. Gilbertson, and Savio L. Y. Woo. "Virtual Reality Assisted Measurement of In-Vivo Cervical Spine Kinematics." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0202.

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Abstract In-vivo biomechanical studies of cervical spine movements are useful for defining “kinematic envelopes” of motion. Data are readily available on the ranges-of-motion of the cervical spine in flexion/extension, left/right lateral bending, and left/right axial rotation [1]. There is increasing evidence that “combined movements” may also be of clinical importance [2,3,4]. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that axial rotation limits active flexion/extension of the cervical spine. We used a specially developed measurement system featuring a 3-D magnetic tracking device with virtual reality technology that enables subjects to perform combined movements that would otherwise be difficult to achieve.
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Baillargeon, Emma M., William F. Donaldson, Joon Y. Lee, James D. Kang, and William J. Anderst. "Differences in Cervical Spine Vertebral Center of Rotation Location During Flexion and Extension Movements in Asymptomatic Controls." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53915.

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Abnormal cervical spine motion may occur as the result of injury or degenerative changes in symptomatic patients. Intervertebral range of motion (ROM) is a standard metric used to evaluate abnormal spine motion, but can only describe the amount of motion and not the quality of motion. In addition, significant variability in normal ROM among subjects may minimize the efficacy of this parameter in identifying abnormalities in symptomatic patient groups1. Instead, the instant center of rotation (ICR) has been proposed as a reliable, stable measurement of the quality of vertebral motion through which abnormalities could be explored2.
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DiAngelo, Denis J., Keith Vossel, and Kevin T. Foley. "Kinematics of the Cervical Spine: Path of the Instant Axis of Rotation in Flexion and Extension." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2566.

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Abstract Previous Biomechanical Measures of Vertebral Kinematics. White and Panjabi (1990) have suggested that the Instant Axis of Rotation (IAR) be used to describe the 2-D motion of a vertebral body. However, the location of the IAR for the cervical spine varies amongst spine researchers. White and Panjabi (1990) have suggested the IAR of each vertebra is located in the anterior region of the subjacent vertebra; Porterfield and Derosa (1995) suggest it is located in the mid-region of the subjacent vertebra; and Mameren et al. (1992) found it to lay in the central region of the vertebral body being tracked. Goel and Winterbottom (1991) stated that during flexion and extension, the axis of rotation is located somewhere within the vertebral body itself. Unfortunately, no accurate calculations of the IAR paths of the cervical spine exist; typical vertebral measurements only include the rotational components. Estimation of the vertebrae’s IAR location in vitro depends on the experimental set-up (motion and loading mechanics), anatomical structure, mathematical reduction technique, and accuracy of the measurement equipment. Crisco et al. (1994) determined the theoretical error in calculating the location of the IAR as a function of the measurement system specifications and the placement of the markers on the spinal body. Conventional tracking systems having translational resolutions of 0.1mm to 0.05mm were found to calculate the location of the IAR to within 7mm to 10mm, respectively. This error became significantly larger as the resolution of the measurement system dropped off. Most investigators only calculate the rotational components of a body’s motion and seldom calculate the error involved in their mathematical analysis. Furthermore, overall head movement is often reported (i.e., C0 to T1), but smaller flexion-extension movements of individual spinal bodies are either void in the literature or suspect to large theoretical errors. The objective of the study was to determine the IAR of the sub-axial cervical vertebral bodies under physiological flexion and extension conditions in vitro.
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Wido, Daniel M., Denis J. DiAngelo, and Brian P. Kelly. "Use of Spine Robot Employing Real Time Force Control to Simulate a Pure Moment Protocol for the Subaxial Cervical Spine: An In Vitro Biomechancial Study." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53902.

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A standard biomechanical testing protocol for evaluation of the sub-axial cervical spine is the application of pure bending moments to the free end of the spine (with opposing end fixed) and measurement of its motion response. The pure moment protocol is often used to compare spinal fusion instrumentation and has also been used to evaluate non-fusion instrumentation (e.g. disc arthroplasty devices) [1,2]. A variety of different testing systems have been employed to implement pure moment application. In cases where the loading is applied quasi-statically using a series of weights and pulleys the spine may relax between intermittent loading phases and/or unintended loading may be applied causing experimental artifact. Our objective was to use an existing programmable robotic testing platform (Spine Robot) to develop a novel real time force control strategy to simulate pure moment loading under precisely controlled continuous movement conditions. This would serve to advance robotic testing capabilities with an end goal to simulate different protocols in the same platform, and to potentially minimize fixturing and quasi-static artifacts.
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DiAngelo, Denis J., Keith A. Vossel, and Thomas H. Jansen. "A Multi-Body Optical Measurement System for the Study of Human Joint Motion." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0097.

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Abstract Human joint systems exhibit complex, coupled movement patterns. Various measurement devices have been developed to study human joint behavior. They include electromechanical, electromagnetic, and electro-optical systems; and radiographic techniques [Lim et al., 1997; Milne et al., 1996; Moeini et al., 1996]. When measuring global joint motion, accuracy of the system must be considered. Measures of “relative” joint motion depend on system resolution and repeatability. An improved three-dimensional (3-D) non-contact measurement system was develop to study human joint motion. System calibration for two-dimensional (2-D) analysis was performed. Application to the cervical spine is presented.
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Mesfar, Wissal, and Kodjo Moglo. "Effect of Head Weight on the Biomechanics of a Cervical Spine Under Extension and Flexion Moments." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38767.

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The determination of head and neck biomechanics is one of the keys for deep understanding of impairments in neck function and cervical spine pathologies. Finite element models are a valuable tool to perform parametric studies. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of a 40N head weight on the biomechanics of the head and neck complex under flexion-extension moments. The loading is applied to the centre of mass of the head and the first thoracic vertebra is fixed. Our predictions show that the kinematics and the load distribution at the facet joints were altered significantly with considering of the head weight under the flexion and extension movements. Our investigations indicate the substantial role of the head weight on the biomechanical behavior of the cervical spine and suggest its consideration in comparing the models predictions with the measurements.
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Chen, Haofeng, Yanan Zhang, Xuan Wu, Xiaojie Wang, Linsen Xu, Ningning Zhang, and Zhaochun Li. "Gripping Force Measurement of a Bioinspired Wall-Climbing Robot With Spiny Toe Pads." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8139.

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This paper presents a method to measure gripping force of a bipedal wall-climbing robot (WCR) with spiny toe pads. The spiny toe pad is designed based on inspiration of an insect’s tarsal system. Each foot of the robot consists of a pair of opposed linear spiny arrays. The foot employs a pulley system to actuate the arrays via four pairs of tension and compression springs. Two Hall effect sensors are embedded into the robot feet to sense the gripping force by detecting the linear deformation of the springs. The two Hall effect sensors are calibrated and the relationship between the voltage signal output of the sensors and displacement is established before measuring gripping force. Then the consistency and accuracy of Hall effect sensor measurement method are verified by comparing with a commercial force sensor. A horizontal crawling test of the WCR is carried out and the gripping force verse time when the WCR moves. The experimental results show that the measured force history is in accordance with the actual movement states.
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Hashimoto, Shigehiro, Hiroyuki Tonami, Eiji Yamada, Shuichi Mochizuki, Jun Takase, and Mieko Ohsuga. "Application of laser to measurement of cyclic contractile movement of cultured myotubes." In SPIE BiOS: Biomedical Optics, edited by Sean J. Kirkpatrick and Ruikang Wang. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.805234.

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9

Yiallourou, Theresia I., Alexander C. Bunck, Jan-Robert Kroeger, Nikos Stergiopulos, and Bryn A. Martin. "4D MRI Flow Quantification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Motion in the Cervical Spine in Healthy Subjects and Chiari Malformation Patients: How Do the Results Compare With 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics?" In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80427.

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In this study, we employed time-resolved three directional velocity encoded phase contrast MRI (4DMRI) to quantify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement within the complete cervical spinal subarachnoid space (SSS). The 4DMRI measurements were compared to a 3D computational fluid dynamics simulation (3DCFD) of the same space in healthy subjects and patients with Chiari I malformation. The results were assessed in terms of peak CSF flow velocities in the foot and head direction and flow patterns at nine axial locations along the cervical spine. It was found that the peak flow velocities measured by 4DMRI were consistently greater than those quantified by 3DCFD. In healthy subjects the 4DMRI flow velocities and patterns compared better to the 3DCFD than in Chiari I patients. Peak velocities had the greatest differences in the upper cervical spine of Chiari patients, where the 4DMRI quantified greater fluid jets at the craniocervical junction than the 3DCFD. Overall, these results represent the first quantitative comparison of 4DMRI to 3DCFD of CSF motion.
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Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Antonio Sánchez Rodríguez, Daniel Garranzo García-Ibarrola, and Tomás Belenguer Dávila. "Six movements measurement system employed for GAIA secondary mirror positioning system vacuum tests at cryogenic temperatures." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Jacobus M. Oschmann, Jr., Mattheus W. M. de Graauw, and Howard A. MacEwen. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.788995.

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