Academic literature on the topic 'Spindle operation accuracy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spindle operation accuracy"
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Казакова, Ольга, Ol'ga Kazakova, Лана Гаспарова, and Lana Gasparova. "EXPERIMENTAL DEFINITION OF BASING ACCURACY AND TOOL FASTENING." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2019, no. 9 (October 7, 2019): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5d9317b24f2524.52540627.
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There are presented results of experimental investigations allowing the definition of factors (parameters) influencing the accuracy of basing and fastening a tool in a machine spindle.
The plant design developed allows modeling the work of elements and mechanisms of a spindle unit of a jig-boring machine (JBM) at the moment of tool changing.
The series of experiments carried out allowed drawing the following conclusions:
- the accuracy of a tool installation in a machine spindle depends upon its angular position in a spindle taper;
- angular errors of a tool cone element decrease a rigidity of a “spindle-tool” subsystem by 10…15%;
- elastic movements in the area of a contact increase by 2-2.5 times at the presence of ovality in the cross-section of a holder (at ovality 18mkm);
- the accuracy of tool location in a spindle increases with the increase of an axial tightening force (recommended tightening force – 3 ≤ Ptight. ≤ 5kN);
- the holder operation results in the rigidity decrease of a tool system by 10…15% (operation term – 5 years).
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Holub, Michal, Jan Vetiska, Josef Knobloch, and Petr Minar. "Analysis of Machine Tool Spindles under Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 821 (January 2016): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.821.608.
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This paper deals with a new experimental approach to the analysis of radial, axial, and tilt error movements of machine tool spindles under load. The main focus is on the identification of error spindle movements under different machine operation conditions between 500 - 5000 rev / min and loads in the range of 50 - 500 N. Errors of the spindle movements are measured on the cylindrical workpiece using capacitance sensors for different loads. The analysis of measurements of radial, axial, and tilt error movements of machine tool spindle indicates a dependency of loads and measured errors. The integration of error measurements into novel multi-body dynamic models of machine tool spindles is very important for prediction of machine behaviour during a cutting process and for prediction of workpiece geometric accuracy.
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Pan, Xin, Xiaotian He, Kunzhu Wei, Haiqi Wu, Jinji Gao, and Zhinong Jiang. "Performance Analysis and Experimental Research of Electromagnetic-Ring Active Balancing Actuator for Hollow Rotors of Machine Tool Spindles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040692.
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Active balancing actuators are essential components of intelligent machine tool spindles to automatically reduce the unbalance vibration and promote machining accuracy and efficiency. In this study, a novel electromagnetic-ring actuator is introduced, which can be integrated into the hollow rotor of the spindle and compensate the initial mass imbalance through step rotation of two counterweight discs driven by the magnetic field. The working principle of the actuator is described in detail and its performance is analyzed, including balancing ability, balancing accuracy and self-lock capacity. To control the normal operation of the actuator, a phase detection and control program was developed. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the novel actuator, function experiments and active balancing experiments were carried out. The experimental results show that the novel actuator could reduce the unbalance vibration of the machine tool spindle by 87.5% at 3600 rpm.
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Gagnol, Vincent, Belhassen C. Bouzgarrou, Pascal Ray, and Christian Barra. "Stability-Based Spindle Design Optimization." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 129, no. 2 (November 8, 2006): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2673400.
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Prediction of stable cutting regions is a critical requirement for high-speed milling operations. These predictions are generally made using frequency-response measurements of the tool-holder-spindle set obtained from a nonrotating spindle. However, significant changes in system dynamics occur during high-speed rotation. In this paper, a dynamic high-speed spindle-bearing system model is elaborated on the basis of rotor dynamics prediction and readjusted on the basis of experimental modal identification. The dependency of dynamic behavior on speed range is then investigated and determined with accuracy. Dedicated experiments are carried out in order to confirm model results. They show that dynamic effects due to high rotational speed and elastic deformations, such as gyroscopic coupling and spin softening, have a significant influence on spindle behavior. By integrating the modeled speed-dependent spindle transfer function in the chatter vibration stability approach of Altintas and Budak (1995, CIRPS Ann, 44(1), pp. 357–362), a new dynamic stability lobe diagram is predicted. Significant changes are observed in the stability limits constructed using the proposed approach and allow accurate prediction of cutting conditions to be established. Finally, optimization studies are performed on spindle design parameters in order to obtain a chatter vibration-free cutting operation at the desired speed and depth of cut for a given cutter.
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Lu, Feng, Shi Chao Chen, Song Hua Li, Ke Zhang, and Yu Hou Wu. "The Inner Hole Grinding Surface Roughness Analysis of Zirconia Ceramics Electric Spindle." Key Engineering Materials 487 (July 2011): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.487.99.
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The high-speed ceramic electric spindle is applied in high-speed NC machine tools. Each surface processing accuracy requirement of high-speed ceramic electric spindle is high. The inner hole surface roughness is the key factor which affects its high-speed stability and moving accuracy. This paper focuses on the research of the relationship between inner hole and grinding wheel granularity and grinding wheel linear velocity and transverse feeding and grinding camber ratio through the experiment of diamond wheel grinding the inner hole of ceramic spindle. The optimal grinding parameter combination of ceramic spindle inner hole grinding is obtained. The surface roughness of ceramic spindle inner hole reaches 0.21μm, through the analysis of orthogonal test. The results can completely satisfy the ceramic spindle high-speed operation requirements and enhance the ability of corrosion resistance and fatigue damage resistance. It then improves the whole work performance, reliability and life of ceramic spindle.
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Krstić, Vladislav, Dragan Milčić, and Miodrag Milčić. "A THERMAL ANALYSIS OF THE THREADED SPINDLE BEARING ASSEMBLY IN NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED MACHINE TOOLS." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume170512022k.
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A threaded gear in machine tools is a mechanical actuator that converts rotary motion into linear one of the machine axis using a recirculating ball-nut. It provides positioning accuracy, uniform motion, silent operation, reduced wear and an increased service life. The bearing assembly of the threaded spindles should provide load transfer (cutting forces and friction forces) while maintaining high guiding accuracy. Due to a high number of the threaded spindle revolutions and the presence of tension in the bearing and a high axial force originating from the cutting and friction forces, the increased heat load due to friction in the bearings is normally expected. For this reason, this paper presents a thermal analysis of the bearing assembly of the threaded spindle which is realized via an axial ball bearing with angular contact of the ZKLN type, produced by the German manufacturer Schaeffler (INA); in other words, a numerical thermal analysis has been performed.
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Orlowski, Kazimierz A., Przemyslaw Dudek, Daniel Chuchala, Wojciech Blacharski, and Tomasz Przybylinski. "The Design Development of the Sliding Table Saw Towards Improving Its Dynamic Properties." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 7386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207386.
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Cutting wood with circular saws is a popular machining operation in the woodworking and furniture industries. In the latter sliding table saws (panel saws) are commonly used for cutting of medium density fiberboards (MDF), high density fiberboards (HDF), laminate veneer lumber (LVL), plywood and chipboards of different structures. The most demanded requirements for machine tools are accuracy and precision, which mainly depend on the static deformation and dynamic behavior of the machine tool under variable cutting forces. The aim of this study is to present a new holistic approach in the process of changing the sliding table saw design solutions in order to obtain a better machine tool that can compete in the contemporary machine tool market. This study presents design variants of saw spindles, the changes that increase the critical speeds of spindles, the measurement results of the dynamic properties of the main drive system, as well as the development of the machine body structure. It was proved that the use of only rational imitation in the spindle design on the basis of the other sliding table saws produced does not lead to the expected effect in the form of correct spindle operation.
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Yang, Zheng, Fei Chen, Wei Luo, Binbin Xu, and Song Wang. "Reliability Test Rig of the Motorized Spindle and Improvements on Its Ability for High-Speed and Long-Term Tests." Shock and Vibration 2021 (January 22, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6637335.
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To realize the accurate performance test under high-speed operation and the long-term stable reliability test of the motorized spindle, a reliability test rig (RTR) which can simulate the cutting force in the actual machining process is presented. Firstly, a reasonable prototype integrating dynamic force loading devices and torque loading devices is designed and established based on the load analysis of the spindle, and a complete and explicit control strategy of the reliability loading test is designed. Secondly, the effects of misalignment of the diaphragm coupling caused by assembling are analyzed, and experiments are conducted to test the axis orbit of the motorized spindle. The experimental results illustrate that the axis orbit can identify the occurrence of misalignment, which ensures timely adjustment of misalignment and the accurate performance test under high-speed operation. Lastly, a damper is added in the mechanical structure of the electrohydraulic servo loading system (EHSLS), and the comparison of Bode maps before and after optimization is analyzed by the Nyquist criterion. After the optimization, the gain and phase margin of the Bode diagram are 12.9 dB and 57.2°, respectively, which are both within the stable range and validate the improvements on the ability of long-term reliability tests of the motorized spindle. The presented RTR is able to simulate the actual cutting force and provides an efficient loading approach to guarantee the accuracy and stability of motorized spindle tests.
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Su, Dan. "Monitoring and Control System Design for Tool Wear Condition of CNC Machine Based on Artificial Neural Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 3251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.3251.
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Spindle wear of CNC machine affects the working efficiency of the machine. To solve this problem, the reasons for the generation of CNC machine tool equipment wear is analyzed, the system's hardware modules and software modules are designed and implemented in accordance with the system requirements. Parameters such as input and output power, spindle speed of CNC machine tool equipment are acquired by the sensor circuit. After a comprehensive analysis of the data, system software combined with neural network model displays the test results on the LCD screen, real-time output of CNC machine tool equipment operating status and the spindle wear. Thus the operation of CNC machine is ensured and equipment failure is avoided. Through the system test, indicating that the proposed system can real-time output the monitor results of spindle wear of CNC machine tool equipment, and has high measurement accuracy for the main parameters such as power and efficiency of the equipment.
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Marui, E., S. Kato, M. Hashimoto, and T. Yamada. "The Mechanism of Chatter Vibration in a Spindle-Workpiece System: Part 1—Properties of Self-Excited Chatter Vibration in Spindle-Workpiece System." Journal of Engineering for Industry 110, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187875.
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The elimination of chatter vibration is important to improve cutting accuracy and to improve productivity of the cutting operation. In this study, the characteristics of the primary and regenerative chatter vibration occurring in the spindle-workpiece system are investigated experimentally using six spindle-workpiece systems having different vibratory properties. The vibratory locus of the spindle-workpiece system is found. The phase lag between the cutting force and chatter displacement and the phase lag between the successive chatter marks are obtained quantitatively. These phase lags are closely related to the energy supply. The chatter vibration hardly grows up in the spindle-workpiece system having large dynamic rigidity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spindle operation accuracy"
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Sovadina, František. "Návrh vřeteníku soustruhu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443734.
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The thesis deals with the design and construction of headstocks of a turning centre. The aim is to design a spindle with an output of 20 kW and a maximum speed of 5000 1/min. The research part of the thesis is focused on the description of the basic parameters of the headstock and turning centres needed for the construction of the headstock and contains an analysis of the available spindles on the market. The next part of the thesis deals with the selection and calculation of cutting conditions and the necessary parameters. Analytical calculations are then verified using FEM analysis. At the end of the thesis, a 3D model was developed and headstock drawing documentation.
Books on the topic "Spindle operation accuracy"
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Vydyanathan, Amaresh, Naum Shaparin, Allan L. Brook, and Samer N. Narouze. Lumbar Transforaminal/Nerve Root Injections: Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0018.
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This chapter discusses the accuracy and safety of lumbar transforaminal or nerve root (periradicular) injections under CT guidance. To maximize procedure accuracy and minimize complications, spinal injections are best performed with image guidance. Though fluoroscopic guidance has been used for decades, greater accuracy and possibly greater safety can be achieved with CT guidance. The radiation exposure is operator dependent, and maintaining the lowest possible dose is critical in optimizing patient care. This is also true for fluoroscopic guidance, for which coning and intermittent exposure are used as well. The future may usher in ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging guidance without the associated radiation exposure. For interventional practitioners, ensuring patient safety and efficacy goals remains a priority, and needs to evolve with advances in technology.
Book chapters on the topic "Spindle operation accuracy"
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Tolouei-Rad, Majid, and Muhammad Aamir. "Analysis of the Performance of Drilling Operations for Improving Productivity." In Drilling Technology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96497.
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Drilling is a vital machining process for many industries. Automotive and aerospace industries are among those industries which produce millions of holes where productivity, quality, and precision of drilled holes plays a vital role in their success. Therefore, a proper selection of machine tools and equipment, cutting tools and parameters is detrimental in achieving the required dimensional accuracy and surface roughness. This subsequently helps industries achieving success and improving the service life of their products. This chapter provides an introduction to the drilling process in manufacturing industries which helps improve the quality and productivity of drilling operations on metallic materials. It explains the advantages of using multi-spindle heads to improve the productivity and quality of drilled holes. An analysis of the holes produced by a multi-spindle head on aluminum alloys Al2024, Al6061, and Al5083 is presented in comparison to traditional single shot drilling. Also the effects of using uncoated carbide and high speed steel tools for producing high-quality holes in the formation of built-up edges and burrs are investigated and discussed.
Conference papers on the topic "Spindle operation accuracy"
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Rother, Burkhard K. "Micromachining in Exotic Materials." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61462.
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More and more exotic materials are being used in micro technology, which require specific machining technologies. First the process requires the right type of machines with accuracies of ±0.001 mm. These machines and the spindles used should be free of vibrations. Hence special materials, such as polymer concrete are used to absorb possible vibrations to the greatest extent. In-process controls maintain high accuracies in unmanned operations. Cutting tools as small as 30 micron (0.02286 inches) in diameter may require spindle speeds of up to 160 000 rpm/min. These small tools cannot easily be seen by the human eye but still have to be monitored during operation. A laser beam of 30 micron in diameter is measuring small tools to the accuracy of ±1 micron.
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Hayashi, Akio, and Yohichi Nakao. "Evaluation of Rotational Speed Control System for Water Driven Spindle With Disturbance Observer." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51166.
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In ultra-precision machining to produce various precision products such as lenses or mirrors, the single-point diamond cutting is mainly carried out to achieve the high accuracy and high quality machined surfaces. Thus, the precise rotation accuracy is required to the spindle of the ultra-precision machining tool. The water driven spindle had been developed for the precision machining tool spindle. This spindle is driven by the torque of water flow power. Then, the rotational speed can be controlled by supplied flow rate of water. However, the rotational spindle speed during cutting operation is changed due to the influence of the cutting forces during the machining processes. The change in the rotational speed causes the change in the cutting speed, as a result, it degrades the machined surface quality as well. In order to reveal and reduce the influence of this phenomenon, the mathematical model of the rotational speed control system for water driven spindle was derived. This rotational speed control system consists of the water driven spindle and the flow control valve. From the simulation results using a derived transfer function of the rotational speed control system, it is clarified that the rotational speed changes depending on the external load torque. Then, based on the mathematical model, the feedback rotational speed control system with a conventional P-I controller is designed. The effectiveness of the proposed feedback control system is verified by the turning tests. Furthermore, a disturbance observer to minimize the influence of cutting forces on the rotational speed was added to the feedback control system. As a result, this paper shows the performance of the rotational speed control system.
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Gao, Siyu, Kai Cheng, and Hui Ding. "Multi-Physics Simulation Based Design and Analysis of a High Speed Aerostatic Spindle and its Performance Assessment." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34086.
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High speed aerostatic spindles operating at a speed up to 200,000 r/min are a complex product with a multi-physics nature resulted from embedded mechanical-thermal-fluidic-electromagnetic fields. It is much needed to have a comprehensive analysis on the multi-physic interactions within a high speed aerostatic spindle, which is essential for design of the spindles working at much higher speeds and accuracy in various increasingly stringent engineering conditions. This paper presents a multi-physics integrated modelling approach for design and analysis of the high speed aerostatic spindle, including thermal, electromagnetic, mechanical and fluidic analysis models. The heat source, heat transfer mechanism and heat sinks of the spindle system are comprehensively investigated. Furthermore, air film pressure distribution is studied to lead to optimal design and analysis of loading capacity and stiffness of the aerostatic bearings. The multi-physics modelling is implemented using the CFD-FEA integrated approach and validated experimentally. It is shown that the multi-physics integrated modelling is able to simulate the performance characteristics of the spindle system accurately.
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Mori, Taichi, Yoshitaka Morimoto, Akio Hayashi, Yoshiyuki Kaneko, Naohiko Suzuki, and Ryo Hirono. "Study on Turning of Non-Axisymmetric Three-Dimensional Curved Surfaces." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87377.
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Conventional machining of complex parts having three-dimensional curved surfaces is performed in two steps using a five-axis machining center and a grinding machine. There is a problem with productivity. Therefore, we developed a CNC lathe to cope with high-speed machining. The newly developed CNC lathe has four axes (X1, X2, Z, C). In this machining, the tool on the X axis follows the curved surface synchronously with the rotation angle of the spindle. This cutting method enables machining of the three-dimensional curved surface. By adopting a linear motor for the X axis, high-speed reciprocal motion of the tool is realized, and the machining time has been reduced to approximately 1/30, as compared with the conventional milling process. In this operation, since high-response motion is required for the tool positioning, a certain profile error remains even if repeated control is applied using the linear scale. In the present study, for the purpose of improving the contour accuracy of a three-dimensional curved surface, we report the result of compensation between the profile measurement method of workpiece and the desired profile accuracy. After machining a three-dimensional curved surface by the developed CNC lathe, a line laser displacement sensor is used to measure the workpiece profile on the machine without removing the workpiece. The position of the machining program is measured by synchronizing the controller of the CNC lathe and the line laser displacement gauge. In addition, the desired profile accuracy is improved by compensating for the error between the desired profile accuracy and the measurement result.
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Lasne, Patrice, Mickael Barbelet, Olivier Jaouen, Frederic Costes, Ihab Ragai, and Harry Tempelman. "Simulation of the Heat Treatment of an Automotive Cast Part." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34152.
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In this paper, simulation of the casting and heat treatment processes of front spindle of a rigid dump truck are presented. The objectives are to present how the different operations can be simulated in order to predict the local phases in the different areas of the part. To reach these objectives, two software packages are used in sequenced. The first one, Thercast, is used to simulate the casting operation. The second one, Forge, is applied to the water-quenching simulation. The general formulations used are shortly presented in this paper. The aim of casting simulation is to compute the metal behavior from the liquid state at the pouring stage to the solid state during cooling into the mold. Filling and cooling phases simulations, taking into account the air gap, ensure that no internal defects like shrinkage, porosity, micro porosity or hot tearing are taking place into the part. Forge software allows the water quenching stage simulation. A model is used to deduct the IT diagram (Isothermal Transformation diagram) from the material composition. The initial grain size influences the transformation kinetics. Another main phenomenon is the efficiency of the cooling bath. The results of the simulation (phase distribution, distortion, residual stresses) strongly depend on these input conditions. Thus, the effect of input data variations on final results must be studied. The modeling approach is validated by comparisons with micrographic observations. Another solution to determine the reliability of the models is to observe the local properties in the quenched part. The prediction of the local micro hardness can be used to evaluate the accuracy of the quenching models.
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Gao, Robert X., Ruqiang Yan, Li Zhang, and Kang B. Lee. "Condition Monitoring of Operating Spindle Based on Stochastic Subspace Identification." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41988.
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Accurate identification of spindle modal parameters is critical to realizing a new generation of “smart” machine tools with built-in self-diagnosis capability. This paper describes a new approach to extracting spindle modal parameters from the output measured during operation, based upon stochastic subspace identification. The technique accounts for structural dynamic behavior, associated with the spindle rotation, that is not present when the spindle remains stationary. Experimental results conducted on a customized spindle test bed under different speed-load combinations confirm the effectiveness of the new technique for on-line spindle condition monitoring.
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Kurdi, Mohammad H., Tony L. Schmitz, Raphael T. Haftka, and Brian P. Mann. "Simultaneous Optimization of Removal Rate and Part Accuracy in High-Speed Milling." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60231.
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High-speed milling provides an efficient method for accurate discrete part fabrication. However, successful implementation requires the selection of appropriate operating parameters. Balancing the multiple process requirements, including high material removal rate, maximum part accuracy, sufficient tool life, chatter avoidance, and adequate surface finish, to arrive at an optimum solution is difficult without the aid of an optimization framework. In this paper an initial effort is made to apply analytical tools to the selection of optimum cutting parameters (spindle speed and depth of cut are considered at this stage). Two objectives are addressed simultaneously, maximum removal rate and minimum surface location error. The Time Finite Element Analysis method is used in the optimization algorithm. Sensitivity of the surface location error to small changes in spindle speed near tooth passing frequencies that are integer fractions of the system’s natural frequency corresponding to the most flexible mode is calculated. Results of the optimization algorithm are verified by experiment.
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Sun, Yu, Haiyun Chen, Zhongliang Jiang, Peng Gao, Ying Hu, and Peng Zhang. "Respiratory Compensation System in Spinal Surgery." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3307.
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The traditional spinal surgery is often conducted by hand operation with the help of navigation system which is combined with medical image. Although a veteran surgeon has a good adaptability during surgeries, it will tend to decrease along with the increase in surgery time which causes fatigues and leads to low qualities. Many surgical robots have been developed to assist surgeons in operation, and some of them approved by doctors or researchers are DaVinci (Intuitive Surgical, America) [1], Renaissance (Mazor Robotics, Israel), etc. These robot systems have enhanced the accuracy of operation; however, the adaptabilities are still weakened at the same time. During the pedicle screw drilling, surgeons can well adapt to the spine movements mainly caused by respiration, while it is difficult for these robots to adapt to the movements, indicating that the accuracy might drop in the actual application. Respiratory compensation system is aimed to keep the region of operation stable or reduce the amplitude of fluctuation [2]. The rests of paper introduced the respiratory compensation system and its control algorithm based on infrared tracking data, and experiments were conducted to analyze the accuracy and stability.
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Lipscomb, Kristen, Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn, and Eric O. Klineberg. "Characterization of Lumbar-Level Spinal Fusion on the Whole Human Spine Under Vibrations." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66384.
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In the United States alone, 12–15% of the population will visit their physician for back pain problems each year, creating a direct annual cost of nearly $40 billion. Pain in the spine may be associated with spinal instability and intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. The causes of disc degeneration are not completely understood, but have been thought to be linked to excessive loading conditions and whole body vibrations. Patients not responding to non-operative treatment may be considered for surgical fusion. Vibrations of the spine near its resonant frequency are more likely to lead to spinal injury and subsequent pain. These vibrations may result from prolonged exposure to mechanical vibrations, for example from riding in vehicles. Little is understood about the effect of spine pathologies or treatment techniques on this frequency. While fusion procedure may aid in stabilizing the spine, it may also lead to changes in spine biomechanics. A high fidelity anatomically accurate whole spine finite element model was developed and utilized to examine vibration in the spine using modal analysis. Vibration modes and resonant frequencies were obtained in the healthy spine along with cases of lumbar spine disc degeneration and fusion at several levels, including L4-L5, L3-L5, L5-S, L4-S, and L3-S.
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Nakano, Y., and H. Takahara. "Countermeasure Against Regenerative Chatter in End Milling Operations With Vibration Absorbers." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37818.
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Chatter can result in the poor machined surface, tool wear and reduced product quality. Chatter is classified into the forced vibration and the self-excited vibration in perspective of the generation mechanism. It often happens that the self-excited chatter becomes problem practically because this causes heavy vibration. Regenerative chatter due to regenerative effect is one of the self-excited chatter and generated in the most cutting operations. Therefore, it is very important to quench or avoid regenerative chatter (hereafter, simply called chatter). It is well known that chatter can be avoided by selecting the optimal cutting conditions which are determined by using the stability lobe of chatter. The stability lobe of chatter represents the boundary between stable and unstable cuts as a function of spindle speed and depth of cut. However, it is difficult to predict the stability lobe of chatter perfectly because the prediction accuracy of it depends on the tool geometry, the vibration characteristics of the tool system and the machine tool and the material behavior of the workpiece. In contrast, it is made clear that the stability lobe of chatter has been elevated in the wide range of spindle speed by the vibration absorber in the turning operations. However, it should be noted that none of the previous work has actually applied the vibration absorbers to the rotating tool system in the machining center and examined the effect of the vibration absorbers on chatter in the end milling operations to the best of authors’ knowledge. In this paper, the effect of the vibration absorbers on regenerative chatter generated in the end milling operations is qualitatively evaluated by the stability analysis and the cutting test. It is made clear the relationship between the suppression effect of the vibration absorbers and the tuning parameters of them. It is shown that the greater improvement in the critical axial depth of cut is observed in the wide range of spindle speed by the properly tuned vibration absorbers.