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Journal articles on the topic 'Spinal motion'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Wu, Jau-Ching, Patrick C. Hsieh, Praveen V. Mummaneni, and Michael Y. Wang. "Spinal Motion Preservation Surgery." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/372502.

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2

Mayer, Tom G., George Kondraske, Susan Brady Beals, and Robert J. Gatchel. "Spinal Range of Motion." Spine 22, no. 17 (September 1997): 1976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709010-00006.

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3

Bösch, Nadja, Martin Hofstetter, Alexander Bürki, Beatriz Vidondo, Fenella Davies, and Franck Forterre. "Effect of Facetectomy on the Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Properties of the Fourth Canine Cervical Functional Spinal Unit: A Cadaveric Study." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 30, no. 06 (2017): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-17-03-0043.

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Abstract Objective To study the biomechanical effect of facetectomy in 10 large breed dogs (>24 kg body weight) on the fourth canine cervical functional spinal unit. Methods Canine cervical spines were freed from all muscles. Spines were mounted on a six-degrees-of-freedom spine testing machine for three-dimensional motion analysis. Data were recorded with an optoelectronic motion analysis system. The range of motion wasdetermined inall threeprimary motionsaswellasrange of motion of coupled motions on the intact specimen, after unilateral and after bilateral facetectomy. Repeated-measures analysis of variance models were used to assess the changes of the biomechanical properties in the three treatment groups considered. Results Facetectomy increased range of motion of primary motions in all directions. Axial rotation was significantly influenced by facetectomy. Coupled motion was not influenced by facetectomy except for lateral bending with coupled motion axial rotation. The coupling factor (coupled motion/primary motion) decreased after facetectomy. Symmetry of motion was influenced by facetectomy in flexion–extension and axial rotation, but not in lateral bending. Clinical Significance Facet joints play a significant role in the stability of the cervical spine and act to maintain spatial integrity. Therefore, cervical spinal treatments requiring a facetectomy should be carefully planned and if an excessive increase in range of motion is expected, complications should be anticipated and reduced via spinal stabilization.

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4

Böhm, Urs Lucas, and Claire Wyart. "Spinal sensory circuits in motion." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 41 (December 2016): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2016.07.007.

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5

Wong, Kris W. N., Keith D. K. Luk, John C. Y. Leong, S. F. Wong, and Kenneth K. Y. Wong. "Continuous Dynamic Spinal Motion Analysis." Spine 31, no. 4 (February 2006): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000199955.87517.82.

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6

Haughton, Victor M., Timothy A. Schmidt, Kevin Keele, Howard S. An, and Tae-Hong Lim. "Flexibility of lumbar spinal motion segments correlated to type of tears in the annulus fibrosus." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 92, no. 1 (January 2000): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2000.92.1.0081.

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Object. The authors conducted a study in which their objective was to measure the effect of tears in the annulus fibrosus on the motions of lumbar spinal motion segments. Methods. Lumbar spinal motion segments were harvested from human cadavers and studied using a 1.5-tesla magnetic resonance imager. The motion segments were subjected to incremental flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending torques. Displacements and rotations were measured using a kinematic system. The segments were sectioned on a cryomicrotome to verify the presence of tears in the annulus fibrosus. Conclusions. Tears in the annulus fibrosus increase the amount of motion that results from a torque applied to the motion segment. Radial and transverse tears of the annulus fibrosus have a greater effect on motions produced by an axial rotatory torque than on those produced by flexion, extension, or lateral bending torques. The difference between normal discs and discs with annular tears is more marked during moments of axial rotational than during those of flexion, extension, or lateral bending.

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Del Rossi, Gianluca, Mary Beth H. Horodyski, Bryan P. Conrad, Christian P. Di Paola, Matthew J. Di Paola, and Glenn R. Rechtine. "The 6-Plus–Person Lift Transfer Technique Compared With Other Methods of Spine Boarding." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.1.6.

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Abstract Context: To achieve full spinal immobilization during on-the-field management of an actual or potential spinal injury, rescuers transfer and secure patients to a long spine board. Several techniques can be used to facilitate this patient transfer. Objective: To compare spinal segment motion of cadavers during the execution of the 6-plus–person (6+) lift, lift-and-slide (LS), and logroll (LR) spine-board transfer techniques. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eight medical professionals (1 woman, 7 men) with 5 to 32 years of experience were enlisted to help carry out the transfer techniques. In addition, test conditions were performed on 5 fresh cadavers (3 males, 2 females) with a mean age of 86.2 ± 11.4 years. Main Outcomes Measure(s): Three-dimensional angular and linear motions initially were recorded during execution of transfer techniques, initially using cadavers with intact spines and then after C5-C6 spinal segment destabilization. The mean maximal linear displacement and angular motion obtained and calculated from the 3 trials for each test condition were included in the statistical analysis. Results: Flexion-extension angular motion, as well as anteroposterior and distraction-compression linear motion, did not vary between the LR and either the 6+ lift or LS. Compared with the execution of the 6+ lift and LS, the execution of the LR generated significantly more axial rotation (P = .008 and .001, respectively), more lateral flexion (P = .005 and .003, respectively), and more medial-lateral translation (P = .003 and .004, respectively). Conclusions: A small amount of spinal motion is inevitable when executing spine-board transfer techniques; however, the execution of the 6+ lift or LS appears to minimize the extent of motion generated across a globally unstable spinal segment.

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Crosbie, Jack, Roongtiwa Vachalathiti, and Richard Smith. "Patterns of spinal motion during walking." Gait & Posture 5, no. 1 (February 1997): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(96)01066-1.

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9

Crosbie, Jack, Sharon L. Kilbreath, Luise Hollmann, and Sarah York. "Scapulohumeral rhythm and associated spinal motion." Clinical Biomechanics 23, no. 2 (February 2008): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.09.012.

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10

Yingling, Vanessa R., and Stuart M. McGill. "Anterior Shear of Spinal Motion Segments." Spine 24, no. 18 (September 1999): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199909150-00004.

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11

Luers, Patrick. "Spinal Alteration of Motion Segment Integrity." Guides Newsletter 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2007.marapr01.

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Abstract The Diagnosis-related estimate (DRE) method is the principal methodology to evaluate spinal impairment, and alteration of motion segment integrity results at least in a DRE Category IV rating, based on a single-level fusion. Multilevel fusions are rated using the range-of-motion (ROM) method. Detailed examination of the medical literature identifies definitions of loss of motion segment integrity that differ from those in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, (AMA Guides), Fourth and Fifth Editions. Evaluators should note that the descriptions of certain figures were revised in the Errata to the Fifth Edition of the AMA Guides. Evaluators should note three key points from the AMA Guides: permanent impairment is based on findings at maximal medical improvement (MMI); motion in the spite must be abnormal to qualify for permanent impairment; and imaging results, by themselves, cannot be used to establish a DRE impairment rating. Overall, evaluators should consider flexion/extension radiographs that are technically adequate and taken at MMI; read and understand the Errata for Figures 15-3a, 15-3b, and 15-3c; and apply only normal translation and angular motion thresholds that are consistent with the scientific literature.

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12

Kim, Chi Heon, Tae Hyun Park, Chun Kee Chung, Kyoung-Tae Kim, Yun Hee Choi, and Seok-Won Chung. "Changes in cervical motion after cervical spinal motion preservation surgery." Acta Neurochirurgica 160, no. 2 (November 3, 2017): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-017-3375-x.

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Nilhas, Aaron, Stephen Helmer, Rachel Drake, Jared Reyes, Megan Morriss, and James M. Haan. "Pre-Hospital Spinal Immobilization: Neurological Outcomes for Spinal Motion Restriction vs. Spinal Immobilization." Kansas Journal of Medicine 15, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.vol15.16213.

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Introduction. New recommendations for emergency medical services spinal precautions limit long spinal board use to extrication purposes only and are to be removed immediately. Outcomes for spinal motion restriction versus spinal immobilization were studied. Methods. A retrospective chart review of trauma patients was conducted over a 6-month period at a level I trauma center. Injury severity details and neurologic assessments were collected on 277 patients. Results. Upon arrival, 25 (9.0%) patients had a spine board in place. Patients placed on spine boards were more likely to be moderately or severely injured (ISS>15: 36.0% vs. 9.9%, p = 0.001) and more likely to have neurological deficits documented by EMS (30.4% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.01) and the trauma team (29.2% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.02). Conclusions. This study suggests that the long spine board is being properly used for more critically injured patients. Further research is needed to compare neurological outcomes using a larger sample size and more consistent documentation.

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Bertram, J. E. A., K. Gellman, J. W. Hermanson, and K. K. Haussler. "Dynamic Analysis of In Vivo Segmental Spinal Motion: An Instrumentation Strategy." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 13, no. 01 (2000): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632623.

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SummarySummary A transducer for measuring threedimensional segmental spinal motion was designed to directly measure dynamic rotations (Rx, Ry and Rz) about three orthogonal axes using an array of liquid metal strain gauges (LMSGs). The configuration of the LMSG array results in differential length changes due to segmental spinal motion. In vitro calibration utilized transducer attachment to Steinmann pins implanted into the dorsal spinous processes of anatomical spinal segments. The response of the LMSGs approximated linearity (R2 ≥0.980) over the calibrated ranges of angular displacement (i.e., ± 5°). On average, artifactual mechanical noise of the LMSGs was <3% of the signal recorded during locomotion. The minimum resolution of the transducer was 0.07 degrees of flexion-extension, 0.46 degrees of lateral bending, and 0.56 degrees of rotation. Average resistive force for all transducers was 0.31 ± 0.05 Nm at the neutral articular position (0°) and 0.51 ± 0.03 Nm at 5° of flexion. Clinically, the modest mechanical resistance of the transducers did not affect spinal mobility nor locomotion. In vivo application of the transducer was demonstrated at thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal segments in horses treadmill locomotion. The transducer was designed and tested on an equine model, but may be adapted for other quadrupeds. The dynamic and continuous measure of three-dimensional in vivo segmental spinal motion will provide an important new perspective for evaluating normal and altered spinal motion.A technique was developed for directly measuring threedimensional segmental spinal motion in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal segments in horses during treadmill locomotion. The dynamic and continuous measure of three-dimensional in vivo segmental spinal motion will provide an important new perspective for evaluating normal and altered spinal motion associated with back problems.

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Stoner, Kirsten E., Kingsley O. Abode-Iyamah, Vincent A. Magnotta, Matthew A. Howard, and Nicole M. Grosland. "Measurement of in vivo spinal cord displacement and strain fields of healthy and myelopathic cervical spinal cord." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 31, no. 1 (July 2019): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.12.spine18989.

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OBJECTIVECervical myelopathy (CM) is a common and debilitating form of spinal cord injury caused by chronic compression; however, little is known about the in vivo mechanics of the healthy spinal cord during motion and how these mechanics are altered in CM. The authors sought to measure 3D in vivo spinal cord displacement and strain fields from MR images obtained during physiological motion of healthy individuals and cervical myelopathic patients.METHODSNineteen study participants, 9 healthy controls and 10 CM patients, were enrolled in the study. All study participants had 3T MR images acquired of the cervical spine in neutral, flexed, and extended positions. Displacement and strain fields and corresponding principal strain were obtained from the MR images using image registration.RESULTSThe healthy spinal cord displaces superiorly in flexion and inferiorly in extension. Principal strain is evenly distributed along the spinal cord. The CM spinal cord displaces less than the healthy cord and the magnitude of principal strain is higher, at the midcervical levels.CONCLUSIONSIncreased spinal cord compression during cervical myelopathy limits motion of the spinal cord and increases spinal cord strain during physiological motion. Future studies are needed to investigate how treatment, such as surgical intervention, affects spinal cord mechanics.

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Wolf, Katharina, Marco Reisert, Saúl Felipe Beltrán, Jan-Helge Klingler, Ulrich Hubbe, Axel J. Krafft, Nico Kremers, Karl Egger, and Marc Hohenhaus. "Spinal Cord Motion in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: The Level of the Stenotic Segment and Gender Cause Altered Pathodynamics." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 3788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10173788.

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In degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), focally increased spinal cord motion has been observed for C5/C6, but whether stenoses at other cervical segments lead to similar pathodynamics and how severity of stenosis, age, and gender affect them is still unclear. We report a prospective matched-pair controlled trial on 65 DCM patients. A high-resolution 3D T2 sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution (SPACE) and a phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence were performed and automatically segmented. Anatomical and spinal cord motion data were assessed per segment from C2/C3 to C7/T1. Spinal cord motion was focally increased at a level of stenosis among patients with stenosis at C4/C5 (n = 14), C5/C6 (n = 33), and C6/C7 (n = 10) (p < 0.033). Patients with stenosis at C2/C3 (n = 2) and C3/C4 (n = 6) presented a similar pattern, not reaching significance. Gender was a significant predictor of higher spinal cord dynamics among men with stenosis at C5/C6 (p = 0.048) and C6/C7 (p = 0.033). Age and severity of stenosis did not relate to spinal cord motion. Thus, the data demonstrates focally increased spinal cord motion depending on the specific level of stenosis. Gender-related effects lead to dynamic alterations among men with stenosis at C5/C6 and C6/C7. The missing relation of motion to severity of stenosis underlines a possible additive diagnostic value of spinal cord motion analysis in DCM.

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Mujić Skikić, Emela, Suad Trebinjac, Dijana Avdić, and Slavica Čakota. "The effects of McKenzie and Brunkow exercise program on spinal mobility comparative study." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 20, 2004): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3466.

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This study encompassed 64 participants with symptoms of low back pain, 33 in McKenzie group and 31 in Brunkow group. Patients attended exercise program daily and they were asked to do the same exercise at home--five times a day in series of 5 to 10 repetition each time, depending of stage of disease and pain intensity. All patients were assessed for the spinal motion, before and after the treatment. All parameters for spinal movements showed improvement after exercising McKenzie program for lower back pain with a significant difference of p<0.01 for all motions. Also, in Brunkow group, all of the parameters showed statistically significant improvement at the end of treatment in relation to pre-treatment values, with significant difference of p<0.01 for all motions. Statistically comparison between McKenzie and Brunkow difference in score at the end of the treatment showed statistically significant improvement in McKenzie group, for extension, right and left side flexion, while flexion score didn't show statistically significant difference. McKenzie exercises seemed to be more effective than Brunkow exercises for improvement in spinal motion. Both, McKenzie and Brunkow exercises can be used for spinal mobility improvement in patients with lower back pain, but is preferable to use McKenzie exercises first, to decrease the pain and increase spinal mobility, and then Brunkow exercises to strengthen the paravertebral muscles.

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Sillevis, Rob, and Russell Hogg. "Anatomy and clinical relevance of sub occipital soft tissue connections with the dura mater in the upper cervical spine." PeerJ 8 (August 10, 2020): e9716. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9716.

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Background The upper cervical region is a complex anatomical structure. Myodural bridges between posterior suboccipital muscles and the dura might be important explaining conditions associated with the upper cervical spine dysfunction such as cervicogenic headache. This cadaver study explored the upper cervical spine and evaluated the myodural bridges along with position of spinal cord in response to passive motion of upper cervical spine. Methods A total of seven adult cadavers were used in this exploratory study. The suboccipital muscles and nuchal ligament were exposed. Connections between the Rectus Capitis Posterior major/minor and the Obliquus Capitis minor, the nuchal ligament, posterior aspect of the cervical spine, flavum ligament and the dura were explored and confirmed with histology. The position of the spinal cord was evaluated with passive motions of the upper cervical spine. Outcomes In all cadavers connective tissues attaching the Rectus Capitis Posterior Major to the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane were identified. In the sagittal dissection we observed connection between the nuchal ligament and the dura. Histology revealed that the connection is collagenous in nature. The spinal cord moves within the spinal canal during passive movement. Discussion The presence of tissue connections between ligament, bone and muscles in the suboccipital region was confirmed. The nuchal ligament was continuous with the menigiovertebral ligament and the dura. Passive upper cervical motion results in spinal cord motion within the canal and possible tensioning of nerve and ligamentous connections.

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Pascucci, R. C., M. B. Hershenson, N. F. Sethna, S. H. Loring, and A. R. Stark. "Chest wall motion of infants during spinal anesthesia." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 2087–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.5.2087.

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To test the extent to which diaphragmatic contraction moves the rib cage in awake supine infants during quiet breathing, we studied chest wall motion in seven prematurely born infants before and during spinal anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair. Infants were studied at or around term (postconceptional age 43 +/- 8 wk). Spinal anesthesia produced a sensory block at the T2-T4 level, with concomitant motor block at a slightly lower level. This resulted in the loss of most intercostal muscle activity, whereas diaphragmatic function was preserved. Rib cage and abdominal displacements were measured with respiratory inductance plethysmography before and during spinal anesthesia. During the anesthetic, outward inspiratory rib cage motion decreased in six infants (P less than 0.02, paired t test); four of these developed paradoxical inward movement of the rib cage during inspiration. One infant, the most immature in the group, had inward movement of the rib cage both before and during the anesthetic. Abdominal displacements increased during spinal anesthesia in six of seven infants (P less than 0.05), suggesting an increase in diaphragmatic motion. We conclude that, in the group of infants studied, outward rib cage movement during awake tidal breathing requires active, coordinated intercostal muscle activity that is suppressed by spinal anesthesia.

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Pryce, Rob, and Neil McDonald. "Prehospital Spinal Immobilization: Effect of Effort on Kinematics of Voluntary Head-neck Motion Assessed using Accelerometry." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1500552x.

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AbstractIntroductionStandards for immobilizing potentially spine-injured patients in the prehospital environment are evolving. Current guidelines call for more research into treatment practices. Available research into spinal immobilization (SI) reveals a number of limitations.ProblemThere are currently few techniques for measuring head and neck motion that address identified limitations and can be adapted to clinically relevant scenarios. This study investigates one possible method.MethodsStudy participants were fitted with miniaturized accelerometers to record head motion. Participants were exposed to three levels of restraint: none, cervical-collar only, and full immobilization. In each condition, participants were instructed to move in single planes, with multiple iterations at each of four levels of effort. Participants were also instructed to move continuously in multiple planes, with iterations at each of three levels of simulated patient movement. Peak and average displacement and acceleration were calculated for each immobilization condition and level of effort. Comparisons were made with video-based measurement. Participant characteristics also were tracked.ResultsAcceleration and displacement of the head increased with effort and decreased with more restraint. In some conditions, participants generated measurable acceleration with minimal displacement. Continuous, multi-dimensional motions produced greater displacement and acceleration than single-plane motions under similar conditions.ConclusionStudy results suggest a number of findings: acceleration complements displacement as a measure of motion in potentially spine-injured patients; participant effort has an effect on outcome measures; and continuous, multi-dimensional motion can produce results that differ from single-plane motions. Miniaturized accelerometers are a promising technology for future research to investigate these findings in realistic, clinically relevant scenarios.PryceR, McDonaldN. Prehospital spinal immobilization: effect of effort on kinematics of voluntary head-neck motion assessed using accelerometry. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(1):36–42.

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Gadomski, Benjamin C., Snehal S. Shetye, Bradley J. Hindman, Franklin Dexter, Brandon G. Santoni, Michael M. Todd, Vincent C. Traynelis, Robert P. From, Ricardo B. Fontes, and Christian M. Puttlitz. "Intubation biomechanics: validation of a finite element model of cervical spine motion during endotracheal intubation in intact and injured conditions." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 28, no. 1 (January 2018): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.5.spine17189.

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OBJECTIVEBecause of limitations inherent to cadaver models of endotracheal intubation, the authors’ group developed a finite element (FE) model of the human cervical spine and spinal cord. Their aims were to 1) compare FE model predictions of intervertebral motion during intubation with intervertebral motion measured in patients with intact cervical spines and in cadavers with spine injuries at C-2 and C3–4 and 2) estimate spinal cord strains during intubation under these conditions.METHODSThe FE model was designed to replicate the properties of an intact (stable) spine in patients, C-2 injury (Type II odontoid fracture), and a severe C3–4 distractive-flexion injury from prior cadaver studies. The authors recorded the laryngoscope force values from 2 different laryngoscopes (Macintosh, high intubation force; Airtraq, low intubation force) used during the patient and cadaver intubation studies. FE-modeled motion was compared with experimentally measured motion, and corresponding cord strain values were calculated.RESULTSFE model predictions of intact intervertebral motions were comparable to motions measured in patients and in cadavers at occiput–C2. In intact subaxial segments, the FE model more closely predicted patient intervertebral motions than did cadavers. With C-2 injury, FE-predicted motions did not differ from cadaver measurements. With C3–4 injury, however, the FE model predicted greater motions than were measured in cadavers. FE model cord strains during intubation were greater for the Macintosh laryngoscope than the Airtraq laryngoscope but were comparable among the 3 conditions (intact, C-2 injury, and C3–4 injury).CONCLUSIONSThe FE model is comparable to patients and cadaver models in estimating occiput–C2 motion during intubation in both intact and injured conditions. The FE model may be superior to cadavers in predicting motions of subaxial segments in intact and injured conditions.

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Killen, Kerri, and Samantha Music. "ACCURATELY EVALUATING SPINAL MOTION IN THREE DIMENSIONS." Technology & Innovation 15, no. 3 (December 18, 2013): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/194982413x13790020921861.

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Konz, Regina, Stefania Fatone, and Steven Gard. "Effect of restricted spinal motion on gait." Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 43, no. 2 (2006): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2004.11.0146.

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SANDOVER, J., and H. DUPUIS. "A reanalysis of spinal motion during vibration." Ergonomics 30, no. 6 (June 1987): 975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138708969792.

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Troke, Michael. "Three-dimensional Measurement of Lumbar Spinal Motion." Physiotherapy 88, no. 11 (November 2002): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)60111-3.

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Acosta, Frank L., Henry E. Aryan, and Christopher P. Ames. "Emerging Directions in Motion Preservation Spinal Surgery." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 16, no. 4 (October 2005): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2005.08.001.

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McGregor, A. H., H. R. Cattermole, and S. P. F. Hughes. "Spinal motion in lumbar degenerative disc disease." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 80-B, no. 6 (November 1998): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.80b6.0801009.

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Buchalter, David, Neil Kahanovitz, Kathleen Viola, Steven Dorsky, and Margareta Nordin. "Three-Dimensional Spinal Motion Measurements. Part 2." Journal of Spinal Disorders 1, no. 4 (1988): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002517-198800140-00001.

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Gelalis, Ioannis D., Dimitrios V. Papadopoulos, Dionysios K. Giannoulis, Andreas G. Tsantes, and Anastasios V. Korompilias. "Spinal motion preservation surgery: indications and applications." European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology 28, no. 3 (October 6, 2017): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00590-017-2052-3.

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Li, Zhang, and Yuegang Tan. "Trotting Motion of the Quadruped Model with Two Spinal Joints and Its Dynamics Features." Journal of Robotics 2020 (June 22, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3156540.

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The spine plays important roles in the quadruped locomotion. To investigate the effects of the spine on the quadruped trotting motion, firstly, a sagittal passive model is proposed which contains four massless springy legs and two passive spinal joints. To generate the trotting gait of the model, the multibody hybrid dynamics model is established based on the defined events. The combination of optimization tools is used to find the suitable solution space in which the model can maintain a periodic motion. It reveals that the quadruped trotting motion results from the coordinated features of the spine and the legs. By comparing the model with the rigid body, it is proven that the spinal joints can reduce the effect of the ground reaction forces on the body in a special velocity range. Then, a hybrid controller whose objective is to maintain the kinematic coordination between the spinal joints is applied and it replaces the passive spinal joints, and the results prove that it can make the model achieve a stable periodic motion. Finally, the prototype of the quadruped robot with two spinal joints based on the model is established and its trotting motion is achieved successfully. The experiment results also indicate the compliant effect of the spine on the motion performance. Consequently, the effects of the spine at trotting gait are helpful to guide the development of the quadruped robots.

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Yue, James J., Jens P. Timm, Manohar M. Panjabi, and Jorge Jaramillo-De La Torre. "Clinical application of the Panjabi neutral zone hypothesis: the Stabilimax NZ posterior lumbar dynamic stabilization system." Neurosurgical Focus 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2007.22.1.12.

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✓The neutral zone (NZ) is a region of intervertebral motion around the neutral posture where little resistance is offered by the passive spinal column. The NZ appears to be a clinically important measure of spinal stability function. Its size may increase with injury to the spinal column, which in turn may result in spinal instability or low-back pain. Dynamic stabilization systems are designed to support and stabilize the spine while maintaining range of motion (ROM). The Stabilimax NZ device has been designed to reduce the NZ after spinal injury to treat pain while preserving ROM.

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Chiu, John C. "Digital technology-assisted minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) for spinal motion preservation." International Congress Series 1268 (June 2004): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.03.346.

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Kambin, Parviz, Thomas Gennarelli, and Frank Hermantin. "Minimally invasive techniques in spinal surgery: current practice." Neurosurgical Focus 4, no. 2 (February 1998): E10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1998.4.2.11.

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Minimally invasive spinal surgery under arthroscopic or endoscopic magnification and illumination is emerging as an alternative, reliable method of treatment in a variety of spinal disorders. The operative techniques being used for discectomy and retrieval of herniated disc fragments or stabilization of unstable spinal motion segments are being utilized for visual diagnosis and debridement of infectious discitis and osteomyelitis transpedicular and transforaminal vertebral body biopsy, temporary diagnostic fixation of unstable lumbar motion segments, and transforaminal epidural steroid therapy.

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Simmonds, Maureen J., Shrawan Kumar, and Eugene Lechelt. "Use of a Spinal Model to Quantify the Forces and Motion That Occur During Therapists' Tests of Spinal Motion." Physical Therapy 75, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/75.3.212.

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Conrad, Bryan P., MaryBeth Horodyski, John Wright, Phyllis Ruetz, and Glenn R. Rechtine. "Log-rolling technique producing unacceptable motion during body position changes in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 6, no. 6 (June 2007): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2007.6.6.4.

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Object The purpose of the present study was to compare spinal motion generated during log-rolling and kinetic therapy with that generated when using a kinetic treatment table (KTT). The authors' hypothesis was that the KTT would produce less spinal motion while maintaining the benefits of body position changes. Methods Cervical and lumbar instability was created in three fresh, unembalmed cadavers. Electromagnetic sensors were fixed to the C5–6 and T12–L2 segments to measure cervical and lumbar spine segmental motion. Body position changes were performed using the traditional log-roll method and a KTT. Spinal motion was measured during each maneuver. Turning the cadaveric specimens on the KTT bed caused significantly less cervical motion than the log-roll technique as measured in flexion and axial rotation. The log-roll technique caused significantly greater cervical motion during body position changes than turning using the KTT. Conclusions Although the global instability will require surgical stabilization, consideration should be given to initial immobilization on a KTT to decrease the likelihood of secondary injury.

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Loth, Francis, M. Atif Yardimci, and Noam Alperin. "Hydrodynamic Modeling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Motion Within the Spinal Cavity." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 123, no. 1 (September 13, 2000): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1336144.

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The fluid that resides within cranial and spinal cavities, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), moves in a pulsatile fashion to and from the cranial cavity. This motion can be measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and may be of clinical importance in the diagnosis of several brain and spinal cord disorders such as hydrocephalus, Chiari malformation, and syringomyelia. In the present work, a geometric and hydrodynamic characterization of an anatomically relevant spinal canal model is presented. We found that inertial effects dominate the flow field under normal physiological flow rates. Along the length of the spinal canal, hydraulic diameter was found to vary significantly from 5 to 15 mm. The instantaneous Reynolds number at peak flow rate ranged from 150 to 450, and the Womersley number ranged from 5 to 17. Pulsatile flow calculations are presented for an idealized geometric representation of the spinal cavity. A linearized Navier–Stokes model of the pulsatile CSF flow was constructed based on MRI flow rate measurements taken on a healthy volunteer. The numerical model was employed to investigate effects of cross-sectional geometry and spinal cord motion on unsteady velocity, shear stress, and pressure gradient fields. The velocity field was shown to be blunt, due to the inertial character of the flow, with velocity peaks located near the boundaries of the spinal canal rather than at the midpoint between boundaries. The pressure gradient waveform was found to be almost exclusively dependent on the flow waveform and cross-sectional area. Characterization of the CSF dynamics in normal and diseased states may be important in understanding the pathophysiology of CSF related disorders. Flow models coupled with MRI flow measurements may become a noninvasive tool to explain the abnormal dynamics of CSF in related brain disorders as well as to determine concentration and local distribution of drugs delivered into the CSF space.

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Tennant, Liana M., Erika Nelson-Wong, Joshua Kuest, Gabriel Lawrence, Kristen Levesque, David Owens, Jeremy Prisby, et al. "A Comparison of Clinical Spinal Mobility Measures to Experimentally Derived Lumbar Spine Passive Stiffness." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 36, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2020-0030.

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Spinal stiffness and mobility assessments vary between clinical and research settings, potentially hindering the understanding and treatment of low back pain. A total of 71 healthy participants were evaluated using 2 clinical assessments (posteroanterior spring and passive intervertebral motion) and 2 quantitative measures: lumped mechanical stiffness of the lumbar spine and local tissue stiffness (lumbar erector spinae and supraspinous ligament) measured via myotonometry. The authors hypothesized that clinical, mechanical, and local tissue measures would be correlated, that clinical tests would not alter mechanical stiffness, and that males would demonstrate greater lumbar stiffness than females. Clinical, lumped mechanical, and tissue stiffness were not correlated; however, gradings from the posteroanterior spring and passive intervertebral motion tests were positively correlated with each other. Clinical assessments had no effect on lumped mechanical stiffness. The males had greater lumped mechanical and lumbar erector spinae stiffness compared with the females. The lack of correlation between clinical, tissue, and lumped mechanical measures of spinal stiffness indicates that the use of the term “stiffness” by clinicians may require reevaluation; clinicians should be confident that they are not altering mechanical stiffness of the spine through segmental mobility assessments; and greater resting lumbar erector stiffness in males suggests that sex should be considered in the assessment and treatment of the low back.

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Chow, Daniel H. K., and Newman M. L. Lau. "Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Spinal Motor Control Between 11- and 15-Year-Old Children." Motor Control 20, no. 3 (July 2016): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2014-0079.

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Spinal motor control can provide substantial insight for the causes of spinal musculoskeletal disorders. Its dynamic characteristics however, have not been fully investigated. The objective of this study is to explore the dynamic characteristics of spinal motor control via the fractional Brownian motion mathematical technique. Spinal curvatures and repositioning errors of different spinal regions in 64 children age 11- or 15-years old during upright stance were measured and compared for the effects of age and gender. With the application of the fractional Brownian motion analytical technique to the changes of spinal curvatures, distinct persistent movement behaviors could be determined, which could be interpreted physiologically as open-loop behaviors. Moreover, it was found that the spinal motor control of 15-year-old children was better than that of 11-year-old children with smaller repositioning error and less curvature variability as well as shorter response time and smaller curvature deformation.

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Saad, W. A. A., Mohd Azuwan Mat Dzahir, Yamamoto Shinichirou, Mohamed Hussein, Maziah Mohamad, Shaharil Mad Saad, Mohd Azwarie Mat Dzahir, and Aizreena Azaman. "Comparison of the spine kinematics by defining lumbar as single and multi-segmental in completing critical daily task." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 7600–7608. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.4.2020.24.0598.

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The change of the spinal curvature in completing a variety of daily tasks is essential to independent living. There is still a lack of studies highlighting the lumbar segmental contribution during sit-to-stand (STS) and stand-to-flexion (STF) using non-invasive study. The purpose of this study is to compare the spine kinematics by defining lumbar as a single and multi-segmental during continuous daily motion in healthy Asian adults using a non-invasive approach. During STS, most subjects implemented kyphotic lumbar curve during the early stage of motion which revealed poor posture implementation and significant differences in the lumbar kinematics which were only noticeable at specific phases between both approaches. A significant difference in multi-segmental behaviour was observed only at the end of the motion. All three segments displayed different time responses during the transition from kyphotic to lordotic curve. Passive/delayed behavior within the lower lumbar segment was observed between 0-50% of motion completion. During STF, statistically significant differences were found between assuming lumbar as a single and multi-segment in all phases. This in vitro study identified characteristic motion patterns in the lumbar spine during daily motions. The results provided a clear description of the healthy spinal condition of adults and may serve to identify specific multi-segmental contribution.

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Ng, Hong-Wan, Ee-Chon Teo, and Qinghang Zhang. "Influence of Cervical Disc Degeneration after Posterior Surgical Techniques in Combined Flexion-Extension—A Nonlinear Analytical Study." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 127, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1835364.

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Laminectomy and facetectomy are surgical techniques used for decompression of the cervical spinal stenosis. Recent in vitro and finite element studies have shown significant cervical spinal instability after performing these surgical techniques. However, the influence of degenerated cervical disk on the biomechanical responses of the cervical spine after these surgical techniques remains unknown. Therefore, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of the human cervical spine (C2–C7) was created. Two types of disk degeneration grades were simulated. For each grade of disk degeneration, the intact as well as the two surgically altered models simulating C5 laminectomy with or without C5–C6 total facetectomies were exercised under flexion and extension. Intersegmental rotational motions, internal disk annulus, cancellous and cortical bone stresses were obtained and compared to the normal intact model. Results showed that the cervical rotational motion decreases with progressive disk degeneration. Decreases in the rotational motion due to disk degeneration were accompanied by higher cancellous and cortical bone stress. The surgically altered model showed significant increases in the rotational motions after laminectomies and facetectomies when compared to the intact model. However, the percentage increases in the rotational motions after various surgical techniques were reduced with progressive disk degeneration.

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Powell, John William, Rick C. Sasso, Newton H. Metcalf, Paul A. Anderson, and John A. Hipp. "Quality of Spinal Motion With Cervical Disk Arthroplasty." Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 23, no. 2 (April 2010): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0b013e3181991413.

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TAJIMA, FUMIHIRO. "Motion adaptive capacity in spinal cord injury persons." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 31, no. 6 (1994): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrm1963.31.424.

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OONO, Taku, Ko KITAHARA, Ko TAKANO, and Toshiaki HARA. "524 Study on Motion Characteristics of Spinal Instability." Proceedings of the Dynamics & Design Conference 2005 (2005): _524–1_—_524–4_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedmc.2005._524-1_.

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Mikulis, D. J., M. L. Wood, O. A. Zerdoner, and B. P. Poncelet. "Oscillatory motion of the normal cervical spinal cord." Radiology 192, no. 1 (July 1994): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.192.1.8208922.

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Huijbregts, Peter A. "Spinal Motion Palpation: A Review of Reliability Studies." Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 10, no. 1 (January 2002): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/106698102792209585.

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DONELSON, RONALD, WILLIAM GRANT, CELIA KAMPS, and ROBERT MEDCALF. "Pain Response to Sagittal End-Range Spinal Motion." Spine 16, Supplement (June 1991): S206—S212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199106001-00006.

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Bull, A. M. J., A. H. McGregor, R. Dennis, and R. C. Schroter. "SPINAL MOTION IN ELITE ROWERS: CHARACTERISING GOOD TECHNIQUE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-01803.

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Zirbel, Shannon A., Dean K. Stolworthy, Larry L. Howell, and Anton E. Bowden. "A standardized representation of spinal quality of motion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 228, no. 11 (November 2014): 1168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411914559079.

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Stokes, Ian A., Mack Gardner-Morse, David Churchill, and Jeffrey P. Laible. "Measurement of a spinal motion segment stiffness matrix." Journal of Biomechanics 35, no. 4 (April 2002): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00221-4.

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Thistlethwaite, P. A., and S. J. Ferguson. "3D in vivo spinal motion analysis with fluoroscopy." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83314-2.

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