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Journal articles on the topic 'Spinal cord'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Stiefel, Dorothea, Takashi Shibata, Martin Meuli, Patrick G. Duffy, and Andrew J. Copp. "Tethering of the spinal cord in mouse fetuses and neonates with spina bifida." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 99, no. 2 (September 2003): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2003.99.2.0206.

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Object. Tethering of the spinal cord is a well-known complication in humans with spina bifida aperta or occulta. Its pathogenesis consists of a pathological fixation of the spinal cord resulting in traction on the neural tissue which, in turn, leads to ischemia and progressive neurological deterioration. Although well established in humans, this phenomenon has not been described in animal models of spina bifida. Methods. A fetal mouse model with naturally occurring, genetically determined spina bifida was produced by generating double mutants between the curly tail and loop-tail mutant strains. Microdissection, labeling with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, immunohistochemistry for neurofilaments, H & E staining of histological sections, and whole-mount skeletal preparations were performed and comparisons made among mutant and normal fetuses. Normal fetuses exhibited the onset of progressive physiological ascent of the spinal cord from embryonic Day 15.5. Spinal cord ascent resulted, by embryonic Day 18.5, in spinal nerve roots that pass caudolaterally from the spinal cord toward the periphery. In contrast, fetuses with spina bifida exhibited spinal cord tethering that resulted, at embryonic Day 18.5, in nerve roots that run in a craniolateral direction from the spinal cord. The region of closed spinal cord immediately cranial to the spina bifida lesion exhibited marked narrowing, late in gestation, suggesting that a potentially damaging stretch force is applied to the spinal cord by the tethered spina bifida lesion. Conclusions. This mouse model provides an opportunity to study the onset and early sequelae of spinal cord tethering in spina bifida.

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2

Craven, John. "Spinal cord." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 5, no. 5 (May 2004): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/anes.5.5.144.34004.

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3

Steward, Mary Lou. "Spinal cord." Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain 19, no. 4 (December 2000): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/sa.2000.17794.

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4

Rezania, Kourosh, and Raymond P. Roos. "Spinal Cord." Neurologic Clinics 31, no. 1 (February 2013): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2012.09.014.

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5

Burke, Robert. "Spinal cord." Scholarpedia 3, no. 4 (2008): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.1925.

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6

Hochman, Shawn. "Spinal cord." Current Biology 17, no. 22 (November 2007): R950—R955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.014.

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7

Wang, Dajie, Mohammad Qureshi, Joseph Smith, and Nicole Khetani. "Spinal Cord Compression Related to Spinal Cord Stimulator." Pain Medicine 19, no. 1 (May 16, 2017): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx123.

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8

Ma, Yanyu, Quanchi Chen, Wenhan Li, Haiwen Su, Song Li, Yitong Zhu, Jie Zhou, et al. "Spinal cord conduits for spinal cord injury regeneration." Engineered Regeneration 4, no. 1 (March 2023): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engreg.2022.12.003.

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9

ITOH, KENZOU. "Changes of Spinal Cord Evoked Potential and Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Spinal Cord Traction." Juntendo Medical Journal 32, no. 4 (1986): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/pjmj.32.445.

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10

Koyanagi, Izumi, Yoshinobu Iwasaki, Toyohiko Isu, Hiroshi Abe, Minoru Akino, and Satoshi Kuroda. "Spinal Cord Evoked Potential Monitoring after Spinal Cord Stimulation during Surgery of Spinal Cord Tumors." Neurosurgery 33, no. 3 (September 1993): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199309000-00015.

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11

Koyanagi, Izumi, Yoshinobu Iwasaki, Toyohiko Isu, Hiroshi Abe, Minoru Akino, and Satoshi Kuroda. "Spinal Cord Evoked Potential Monitoring after Spinal Cord Stimulation during Surgery of Spinal Cord Tumors." Neurosurgery 33, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199309000-00015.

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12

MORITA, MASATOSHI. "Effect of spinal cord injuries on spinal cord evoked potentials and spinal cord blood flow." Juntendo Medical Journal 43, no. 2 (1997): 266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/pjmj.43.266.

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13

YUKAWA, MASAE, T. KOBAYASHI, Y. QIU, N. KAMEDA, Y. ITO, and E. OTOMO. "DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS IN HUMAN SPINAL CORD." International Journal of PIXE 02, no. 04 (January 1992): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083592000452.

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The distribution of elements in human spinal cord was investigated on unfixed frozen cord material using PIXE technique. Distribution of Cu, Zn and Fe were not uniform in the cross section of the spinal cord and concentrations of these elements were higher in the anterior gray horn than in the other areas, while K and Cl distributed uniformly. The content of K changed along the spinsl cord from the cervical to the lumbar level. These findings are discussed in relation to current understanding of the physiology of the spinal cord.

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14

McFaline-Figueroa, J. Ricardo. "Spinal Cord Neoplasms." CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 30, no. 1 (February 2024): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/con.0000000000001375.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This article discusses the diagnostic approach to patients with suspected neoplasms of the spinal cord and reviews the most common primary and metastatic spinal neoplasms and their presentations. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Neoplasms of the spinal cord are rare entities that can involve the spinal cord parenchyma, the dura and leptomeninges, or the extradural space. The most common intramedullary spinal cord neoplasms are primary spinal cord tumors, including ependymomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, and diffuse midline gliomas. The most common primary neoplasms of the spine are intradural extramedullary spinal meningiomas, whereas primary neoplasms of the leptomeninges are rare. Advances in molecular characterization of spinal cord tumors and recent clinical trials of these rare entities are expanding the repertoire of systemic therapy options for primary spinal cord neoplasms. Metastases to the spine most often affect the extradural space. Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression is a neurologic emergency that requires a rapid, multidisciplinary response to preserve neurologic function. ESSENTIAL POINTS Neurologists should understand the diagnostic approach to neoplasms of the spinal cord. Knowledge of the most common spinal cord neoplasms will allow for appropriate management and optimal patient care.

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15

Kim, Jun-Soon, and Kyung Seok Park. "Intraoperative spinal cord mapping during spinal cord tumor surgery." Journal of Intraoperative Neurophysiology 3, no. 2 (December 2021): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33523/join.2021.3.2.80.

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16

Dowlati, Ehsan. "Spinal cord anatomy, pain, and spinal cord stimulation mechanisms." Seminars in Spine Surgery 29, no. 3 (September 2017): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semss.2017.05.002.

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17

Mikulich, O., E. Chaila, J. M. Crotty, and M. Watts. "Spinal cord schistosomiasis presenting as a spinal cord syndrome." Case Reports 2013, aug21 1 (August 21, 2013): bcr2013200229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-200229.

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18

Badell, Angeles, Helga Binder, Dennis D. Dykstra, Jessie K. M. Easton, Dennis J. Matthews, Gabriella E. Molnar, Stephen F. Noll, and Jane C. S. Perrin. "Disorders of the spinal cord: Spinal cord injury, myelodysplasia." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 70, no. 5 (May 1989): S170—S174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(89)90024-5.

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19

Bal�riaux, Danielle L., and Carine Neugroschl. "Spinal and spinal cord infection." European Radiology Supplements 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-003-2064-8.

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20

Jackson, Adam W., Dustin F. Horinek, Malinda R. Boyd, and Andrew D. McClellan. "Disruption of Left–Right Reciprocal Coupling in the Spinal Cord of Larval Lamprey Abolishes Brain-Initiated Locomotor Activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 3 (September 2005): 2031–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00039.2005.

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In this study, contributions of left–right reciprocal coupling mediated by commissural interneurons in spinal locomotor networks to rhythmogenesis were examined in larval lamprey that had longitudinal midline lesions in the rostral spinal cord [8 → 30% body length (BL), relative distance from the head] or caudal spinal cord (30 → 50% BL). Motor activity was initiated from brain locomotor command systems in whole animals or in vitro brain/spinal cord preparations. After midline lesions in the caudal spinal cord in whole animals and in vitro preparations, left–right alternating burst activity could be initiated in rostral and usually caudal regions of spinal motor networks. In in vitro preparations, blocking synaptic transmission in the rostral cord abolished burst activity in caudal hemi-spinal cords. After midline lesions in the rostral spinal cord in whole animals, left–right alternating muscle burst activity was present in the caudal and sometimes the rostral body. After spinal cord transections at 30% BL, rhythmic burst activity usually was no longer generated by rostral hemi-spinal cords. For in vitro preparations, very slow burst activity was sometimes present in isolated right and left rostral hemi-spinal cords, but the rhythmicity for this activity appeared to originate from the brain, and the parameters of the activity were significantly different from those for normal locomotor activity. In summary, in larval lamprey under these experimental conditions, left and right hemi-spinal cords did not generate rhythmic locomotor activity in response to descending inputs from the brain, suggesting that left–right reciprocal coupling contributes to both phase control and rhythmogenesis.

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21

Jamous, Mohammad Ahmad, Raed Awni Jaradat, and Mustafa Mohamed Alwani. "Secondary spinal cord changes and spinal deformity following traumatic spinal cord injury." Aging Male 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2020.1800631.

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22

Zwimpfer, Thomas J., and Mark Bernstein. "Spinal cord concussion." Journal of Neurosurgery 72, no. 6 (June 1990): 894–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.72.6.0894.

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✓ The hallmark of concussion injuries of the nervous system is the rapid and complete resolution of neurological deficits. Cerebral concussion has been well studied, both clinically and experimentally. In comparison, spinal cord concussion (SCC) is poorly understood. The clinical and radiological features of 19 SCC injuries in the general population are presented. Spinal cord injuries were classified as concussions if they met three criteria: 1) spinal trauma immediately preceded the onset of neurological deficits; 2) neurological deficits were consistent with spinal cord involvement at the level of injury; and 3) complete neurological recovery occurred within 72 hours after injury. Most cases involved young males, injured during athletics or due to falls. Concussion occurred at the two most unstable spinal regions, 16 involving the cervical spinal and three the thoracolumbar junction. Fifteen cases presented with combined sensorimotor deficits, while four exhibited only sensory disturbances. Many patients showed signs of recovery with the first few hours after injury and most had completely recovered within 24 hours. Only one case involved an unstable spinal injury. There was no evidence of ligamentous instability, spinal stenosis, or canal encroachment in the remaining 18 cases. Two patients, both children, suffered recurrent SCC injuries. No delayed deterioration or permanent cord injuries occurred. Spinal abnormalities that would predispose the spinal cord to a compressive injury were present in only one of the 19 cases. This suggests that, as opposed to direct cord compression, SCC may be the result of an indirect cord injury. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

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23

Dick, David J. "Spinal cord compression." Acute Medicine Journal 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0003.

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Compression of the spinal cord may present to general physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, neurologists or, if radicular pain is mistaken for intra-abdominal pathology, general surgeons. The causes of spinal cord dysfunction are diverse and range from anterior spinal artery ischaemia through a range of inflammatory insults to structural compressive pathology. The purpose of this article is to discuss the diagnosis of spinal cord compression, how to localise it clinically and how best to manage it.

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24

Tamura, Masahiro, Takashi Oji, Satoshi Une, Makiko Mukaino, Tatsuro Bekki, Masaki Tado, Hiromi Koyama, Yumiko Kagawa, and Mutsumi Kawata. "Tethered cord syndrome with spina bifida aperta in cats: two case reports of different types." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 3, no. 1 (January 2017): 205511691770806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055116917708060.

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Case summary Two castrated male cats, aged 8 months old (case 1) and 10 months old (case 2), showed a history of progressive paraparesis, an over-reaching pelvic limb gait, urinary incontinence and a palpable dermoid fistula. In case 1, the fistula was connected to the dural sac on the conus medullaris, and the tethered spinal cord was retracted caudally. In case 2, the tubular structure was connected to the dural sac on the thoracic spinal cord, and the tethered spinal cord was retracted dorsally. Tethered cord syndrome secondary to spina bifida aperta was suspected in both cats. Excision of the fistula and release of the tethered spinal cord was performed. A histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a meningomyelocele in case 1 and a meningocele in case 2. Paraparesis improved postoperatively in both cats. However, urinary incontinence in case 1 remained partially unresolved. Relevance and novel information This is the first report to describe the imaging characteristics, surgical treatments and outcomes of two different types of tethered cord syndrome with spina bifida aperta in cats. Tethered cord syndrome with spina bifida aperta needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of slowly progressive paraparesis in younger cats with or without vesicorectal failure and a palpable dermoid fistula.

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25

Passerin, Alicia M., and William N. Henley. "Activation of spinal cord serotonergic neurons accompanies cold-induced sympathoexcitation." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 884–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-125.

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These studies examined the hypothesis that serotonergic neurons located in central sites known to be involved with autonomic regulation are activated by cold exposure, a potent stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system. In all experiments, rats were exposed to either 3 °C or 22 °C for 24 h. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in urinary norepinephrine excretion, depletions of myocardial norepinephrine, and enhanced myocardial L-DOPA accumulation following decarboxylase inhibition provided evidence of sympathoexcitation at 3 °C. Accumulations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in saline-injected rats, and 5-hydroxytryptophan in decarboxylase-inhibited rats were increased in spinal cord and brainstem regions of cold-exposed rats. Two hours after injection of the serotonin synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine, significantly greater depletions of serotonin in spinal cord and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in spinal cord and brainstem of cold-exposed rats were noted; synthesis inhibition also caused a larger drop in body temperature in cold-exposed rats. Microdissections of raphe nuclei and thoracic spinal cord sites indicated that the principal sites of serotonergic activation were the dorsal and intermediate spinal regions, and the raphe magnus. Thus, cold-induced sympathoexcitation was accompanied by activation of serotonergic neurons in spinal cord and brainstem regions known to be involved in autonomic regulation.Key words: serotonin, cold, stress, sympathetic nervous system, spinal cord.

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26

Sueda, Taijiro, Kenji Okada, Kazumasa Orihashi, Yuji Sugawara, Kazuhiro Kouchi, and Katsuhiko Imai. "Cold blood spinal cord plegia for prediction of spinal cord ischemia during thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 73, no. 4 (April 2002): 1155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(02)03405-7.

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27

Hong, Michael K. Y., Matthew K. H. Hong, Wei-Ren Pan, David Wallace, Mark W. Ashton, and G. Ian Taylor. "The angiosome territories of the spinal cord: exploring the issue of preoperative spinal angiography." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 8, no. 4 (April 2008): 352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi/2008/8/4/352.

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Object The angiosome concept has been the subject of extensive research by the senior author (G.I.T.), but its specific applicability to the spinal cord was hitherto unknown. The aim of this study was to see if the spinal cord vasculature followed the angiosome concept and to review the usefulness of preoperative spinal angiography in surgery for spinal disorders. Spinal cord infarction and permanent paraplegia may result from inadvertent interruption of the artery of Adamkiewicz. Spinal angiography, which may enable avoidance of this catastrophic complication, is still not commonly used. Methods Two fresh cadavers were injected with a gelatin–lead oxide mixture for detailed comparative study of spinal cord vasculature. One cadaver had insignificant vascular disease, whereas the other had extensive aortic atherosclerosis, presenting a unique opportunity for study. After removal from each cadaver, radiographs of the spinal cords were obtained, then photographed, and the vascular territories of the cords were defined. Results Four angiosome territories were defined: vertebral, subclavian, posterior intercostal, and lumbar. These vascular territories were joined longitudinally by true anastomotic channels along the anterior and posterior spinal cord. Anastomosis between the anterior and posterior vasculature was poor in the thoracolumbar region. The anterior cord relied on fewer feeder arteries than the posterior, and the anterior thoracolumbar cord depended on the artery of Adamkiewicz for its supply. In chronic aortic disease with intercostal artery occlusion at multiple levels, a rich collateral circulation supporting the spinal cord was found. Conclusions The arterial supply of the spinal cord follows the angiosome concept. The atherosclerotic specimen supports the suggestion that the blood supply is able to adapt to gradual vascular occlusion through development of a collateral circulation. Nevertheless, the spinal cord is susceptible to ischemia when faced with acute vascular occlusion. This includes inadvertent interruption of the artery of Adamkiewicz. The authors recommend the use of preoperative spinal angiography to prevent possible paraplegia in removal of thoracolumbar spinal tumors.

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28

Langhorne, Samuel. "Spinal Cord Constriction Secondary to Scaphoid Nonunions." Psychology and Mental Health Care 1, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/018.

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A 57 year old female with history of diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and scoliosis with four previous spinal fusions (T4 to pelvis) presented with worsening ambulating for the past one month. She was previously at baseline ambulating with a walker.

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29

Marshman, Laurence. "Spinal Cord Herniation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 3, no. 6 (December 2005): 508–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2005.3.6.0508.

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Anterior spinal cord herniation is a well-documented condition in which the thoracic cord becomes tethered within a defect in the anterior dura mater. Typical procedures have involved a posterior approach with direct manipulation of the thoracic cord to expose and blindly release its point of tethering. The authors report three cases in which a novel approach for the treatment of anterior thoracic cord herniation was performed, cord manipulation and traction are minimized, and direct dural repair of the defect is performed.

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30

Stojanovic, Milan. "Spinal Cord Stimulation." Pain Physician 2;5, no. 4;2 (April 14, 2002): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2002/5/156.

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31

Giffin, Joseph P., Kenneth Grush, and A. Elisabeth Abramowicz. "Spinal Cord Injury." Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 7, no. 3 (September 1989): 631–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8537(21)00194-2.

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32

Gutierrez, Paul A., Robert R. Young, and Michael Vulpe. "SPINAL CORD INJURY." Urologic Clinics of North America 20, no. 3 (August 1993): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-0143(21)00500-0.

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33

Brotchi, Jacques, and Georges Fischer. "Spinal cord ependymomas." Neurosurgical Focus 4, no. 5 (May 1998): E4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1998.4.5.5.

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Ependymomas are the most frequent spinal cord tumors in adult patients. Although magnetic resonance imaging can be a highly accurate diagnostic tool, it does not always provide accurate differentiation between ependymomas and astrocytomas. This is why the authors recommend surgical resection and histological evaluation in all intraspinal cord tumors. It cannot be said that a tumor is unresectable without first attempting to remove it. Complete removal should be accomplished whenever possible, and patients should undergo operation before they become neurologically impaired. Quality of life depends on preoperative neurological status. Postoperative radiotherapy should be avoided in all low-grade ependymomas even after partial removal. Radiotherapy may be used to treat anaplastic ependymomas, which are quite rare in the spinal cord. Patients with low-grade ependymomas must be followed for years and undergo reoperation if necessary. In our experience treating 93 spinal cord ependymomas, complete removal was achieved in 86 patients and only one patient underwent reoperation 18 years later for tumor recurrence. The gold standard in treatment protocol is gross-total resection without adjunctive radiation therapy. Good long-term outcomes have been achieved by using this strategy.

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34

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Spinal Cord Hemangioblastoma." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 2, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-2-11-8.

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35

Richmond, Therese S. "Spinal Cord Injury." Nursing Clinics of North America 25, no. 1 (March 1990): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(22)00224-9.

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36

Buckley, Deidre A., and Mary McKenna Guanci. "SPINAL CORD TRAUMA." Nursing Clinics of North America 34, no. 3 (September 1999): 661–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(22)02412-4.

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37

Desai, Mehul J., Ryan Aschenbrener, Eduardo J. Carrera, and Nirguna Thalla. "Spinal Cord Stimulation." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 33, no. 2 (May 2022): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2022.01.003.

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38

Wong, David Alan. "Spinal Cord Contusions." Orthopedics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20111122-18.

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39

Ben-David, Bruce. "Spinal Cord Monitoring." Orthopedic Clinics of North America 19, no. 2 (April 1988): 427–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-5898(20)30322-9.

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40

Graham, Patrick. "Spinal Cord Tumor." Orthopaedic Nursing 41, no. 1 (January 2022): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nor.0000000000000825.

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41

Boraiah, Dr Vidyasagar, and Dr Sunil Kumar AS. "Spinal cord injury." International Journal of Orthopaedics Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 472–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/ortho.2022.v8.i1g.3057.

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42

Beynon, Anthony. "Spinal cord injuries." Nursing Standard 25, no. 26 (March 2, 2011): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.25.26.59.s51.

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43

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Spinal Cord Schistosomiasis." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 5, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-5-6-8.

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44

Reeves, Ronald K. "Spinal Cord Medicine." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78, no. 4 (April 2003): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/78.4.524.

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45

Bunch, W. H. "Spinal Cord Monitoring." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 68, no. 6 (July 1986): 957–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198668060-00037.

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46

Young, Wise. "Spinal Cord Regeneration." Cell Transplantation 23, no. 4-5 (May 2014): 573–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368914x678427.

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47

Beynon, Anthony. "Spinal cord injuries." Nursing Standard 25, no. 26 (March 2, 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2011.03.25.26.59.c8372.

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48

Nakayama, Enshi, Masashi Oshima, and Yasuaki Tokuhashi. "Spinal Cord Tumor." Journal of Nihon University Medical Association 69, no. 4 (2010): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4264/numa.69.221.

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49

Westcott, Wayne, and Sheryl Rosa. "Spinal Cord Injury." Strength and Conditioning Journal 32, no. 6 (December 2010): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181f3d59d.

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50

Hetreed, M. A. "Spinal cord monitoring." Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care 12, no. 3 (June 2001): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/cacc.2001.0334.

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