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Jones, Michael T. "The disposal of spilled oils and sorbent materials." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : : Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. University of Florida, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA393129.
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Cade, Evelyn. "Risk, Oil Spills, and Governance: Can Organizational Theory Help Us Understand the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1614.
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The 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico awakened communities to the increased risk of large-scale damage along their coastlines presented by new technology in deep water drilling. Normal accident theory and high reliability theory offer a framework through which to view the 2010 spill that features predictive criteria linked to a qualitative assessment of risk presented by technology and organizations. The 2010 spill took place in a sociotechnical system that can be described as complex and tightly coupled, and therefore prone to normal accidents. However, the entities in charge of managing this technology lacked the organizational capacity to safely operate within this sociotechnical system.
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Maila, M. P. "Microbial ecology and bio-monitoring of total petroleum contaminated soil environments." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02092006-100257.
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Pérez, Calderón Luis José. "Fate of spilled oil in marine sediments and the effects of chemical dispersant." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238377.
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The rise in global energy demand has motivated the exploration and production of oil and gas in increasingly challenging marine environments and there is a continuous risk of accidental oil spills. One of the many fates of spilled oil is deposition on the seabed, which has been extensively studied following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. However, post-depositional fates of oil in sediments are not well understood. Similarly, the effects of chemical dispersant on oil fate are currently under investigation as their overall contribution to mitigating oil spills environmental impacts remains debated. This project aimed to evaluate the potential for spilled oil to entrain marine sediments and the effects dispersant application had on the process under three transport regimes; (1) post-depositional transport via oil-sediment aggregate deposition in deep-sea sediments, (2) percolative transport in intertidal sands and (3) advective pore-water transport in intertidal and subtidal sands. Investigations into the sorption dynamics of two polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediment-dispersantseawater systems were also undertaken to evaluate the influence of dispersant application on sorption of hydrocarbons to sediments. Finally, the effects of oil exposure at in situ conditions of pressure and temperature on sediment bacterial community composition were investigated. Oil transport experiments revealed that the tested regimes resulted in significant entrainment of hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Dispersant application resulted in enhanced oil entrainment into sands but not in silts and this effect depended on the water-solubility of hydrocarbons. Watersoluble components were less affected by dispersant than less water-soluble ones. Investigations into sediment bacterial responses to oil exposure at in situ conditions of pressure and temperature revealed a significant effect of both variables on diversity and community composition, highlighting the importance of conducting deep-sea microbial studies at conditions as close to in situ as possible.
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Dean, David B. "An Application of Geospatial Technology to Geographic Response Plans for Oil Spill Response Planning in the Western Basin of Lake Erie." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1260541474.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toledo, 2009.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Arts in Geography." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 115-117.
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Gunadharma, Gautama Budhi. "Oil-spill monitoring in Indonesia." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0036/document.
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L'Indonésie, l’une de plus grands archipels, a été menacé avec la pollution provenant de la marée noire. Le gouvernement d’Indonésie en coopération avec le gouvernement Français a développé un système d'observation de l'océan par satellite afin de supporter de développement durable. Ce système est intégré dans les systèmes d'océanographie opérationnelle dans le cadre du projet de développement des infrastructures de l'océanographie spatiale (INDESO). Le contexte de cette thèse est dans le cadre du projet INDESO notamment dans applications d’INDESO pour suivre des déversements de pétrole dans les mers d’Indonésie. Dans ce contexte,cette thèse propose de nouvelles méthodologies et analyses. Cette thèse comportait deux contributions principales. La première contribution est sur la récupération des paramètres de dérive des déversements d'hydrocarbures à partir d'une analyse conjointe des observations SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) et des résultats d'un modèle de transport de déversement de pétrole. Dans cette première partie, nous estimons les paramètres de dérive de pétrole. On a exploité un modèle de transport de déversement de pétrole lagrangien,de sorte que la dérive simulée de déversement d'hydrocarbures modèles puisse correspondre à l'observation de satellite. Pour confirmer l'origine du déversement de pétrole détecté à une date donnée par une observation de SAR, nous avons effectué des simulations avec différentes dates de début de fuite, duré de fuite et différentes valeurs de pondération deux facteurs dominants i.e. vent et courant. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode pour l'assimilation de ces paramètres de fuite de pétrole à comparer avec d'une détection dérivée d'un déversement d'hydrocarbures. Nous avons appliqué la méthodologie proposée sur le plus grand accident en Indonésie, l'accident de Montara. La deuxième contribution est l'évaluation globale du risque de déversement d'hydrocarbures en Indonésie. Nous sommes concentrés sur la zone de gestion des pêches de l'Indonésie. Dans cette analyse, nous avons proposé une méthodologie qui considère le déversement de pétrole, qui a des sources différentes et leurs impacts à l'environnement, mais aussi sur les perspectives sociales et économiques. Pour l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité des zones marines protégées, nous avons également exploité le modèle de 2D lagrangien. L'accent mis sur les zones de gestion des pêches (FMA) afin de fournir une analyse synoptique sur l'ensemble du territoire maritime d’Indonésie. Chaque FMA présente les caractéristiques spécifiques des paramètres environnementaux etsocio-économiques. Nous avons évalué le risque de déversement d'hydrocarbures dans chaque zone de gestion sur la base de tous ces facteurs. Le résultat de cette étude peut être utilisé dans la planification d'une action pour réduire les impacts négatifs du déversement d'hydrocarburesIndonesia as the biggest archipelago has a major threat coming from oil spill. Due to the increasing concerns of environment protection for sustainable development, the government of Indonesia in cooperation with government of France developed an ocean observation system with one of its pilot applications is oil spills monitoring. This system is integrated in the operational oceanography systems within the project of Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography (INDESO). The context of this thesis is in the frame of INDESO project particularly in the monitoring of oil spill in the Indonesian seas. Within the context above, this thesis propose new methodologies and analyses. This thesis involved two main contributions. The first contribution addressed the retrieval of oil spill drift parameters from a joint analysis of SAR observations of an oil spill and of outputs of a Lagrangian oil spill transport model. In this first part, we estimate oil spill drift parameters. The proposed framework exploited a Lagrangian oil spill transport model such that the simulated oil spill drift could match a SAR-based observation of an oil spill. In the considered 2D Lagrangian model there were two dominant factors, i.e. wind and surface current. To confirm the origin of the oil spill detected on a given date through a SAR observation, we performed simulations with various leakage starting dates, leakage durations, and different values of wind and current weighing coefficients. We developed a novel framework for the assimilation of these oil leakage parameters from a SAR-derived detection of an oil spill. We applied the proposed methodology on the most famous oil spill accident in Indonesia, the Montara case. The second contribution was the global assessment of oil spill risk inIndonesia. We focused on the 11 Indonesia Fisheries Management Area to support the sustainability development of marine and fisheries. In this analysis we proposed methodology that considered the oil spillfrom different source and their impacts not only to the environment, but also from social and economic perspectives. For the assessment of vulnerability of Marine Protected Areas to oil spill pollution, we also exploited the oil spill trajectory model. The focus was given to Fisheries Management Areas as a means to provide synoptic analysis over theentire Indonesian maritime territory. Using different information from many institutional reports, we collected and analyzed the potential source of oil spill in each FMA. Each FMA has specific characteristics in terms environmental and socioeconomic features. We assessed the oil spill risk in each FMA based on all these factors. The result of this study can be used in the mitigation planning to reduce the negative impacts of oil spill
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Dos, Santos Pereira Maria da Gloria. "Bacterial degradation of linseed and sunflower oils in salt marsh sediments." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bacterial-degradation-of-linseed-and-sunflower-oils-in-salt-marsh-sediments(4697b1cb-815d-46a6-8b52-880c0cfcf62c).html.
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This work investigated the consequences of vegetable oils spills in salt marsh sediments. The role of autochthonous bacteria in the oils degradation and degradative pathways were also studied 'in situ' and 'in vitro'. Simulated spills of sunflower and linseed oils revealed that both oils penetrated the sediments at a rate of 10-7 CM2 s-1. However, whereas 60% of the linseed oil had disappeared from the sediments after 2 months most of the sunflower oil remained after 6 months. Differences were noted in the adsorption of the oils to sediment particles and the depth at which they accumulate and these factors most likely influenced the route of the oil degradation and the sediments properties such as permeability. The contamination of the sediments with vegetable oils lead to a noticeable reduction in the abundance of plant roots and infauna. The abundance of aerobic, anaerobic and sulphate reducing bacteria in the sediments was increased by the addition of both oils, with linseed oil supporting greater bacterial density than sunflower oil. During the course of the experiment the relative abundance of oil degrading bacteria also increased. As a consequence of the increased bacterial activity, the sediments pH and Eh decreased and anoxic conditions were established, earlier in the case of linseed than that of sunflower oils. The degradation of the oils appeared to be a sequential process, initiated by the aerobic and/or anaerobic bacteria and continued by the sulphate reducing bacteria which themselves where unable to utilise the raw oils. The original composition of both oils underwent alterations mostly associated with their main fatty acid: the concentration of 18: 3(o3 and 18: 2o)6 in linseed and sunflower oil, respectively, decreased whereas that of the remaining fatty acids increased. As a result of the bacterial degradation of the vegetable oils 'new' fatty acids were detected and their identification was attempted using GC-MS analysis of their picolinyl and methyl esters. Various degradative pathways of linseed and sunflower oils involving the formation of the 'new' fatty acids are suggested with isomerisation, hydrogenation and P-oxidation as the primary routes for the degradation.
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Grigson, Stephen John Wentworth. "The application of biomarkers for identifying spills of North Sea crude oils." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/239.
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Suprayogi, Bambang. "The effects of oil spills on mangroves." Thesis, Suprayogi, Bambang (1996) The effects of oil spills on mangroves. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51817/.
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Mangrove communities are vulnerable to oil spills due to their location close to harbours, onshore and offshore oil production facilities, oil exploration facilities and tanker routes. Many oil spill accidents have been reported and the literature on these accidents has been examined with particular emphasis on the effects of oil on mangroves and other organisms. Most of the published studies have resulted from research after oil spill accidents occurred. However, there are very few detail studies on oil dose-response (plant symptomatology, growth, physical and chemical action) relationships in plants and sediments. An understanding of the effects of oil on mangroves may assist in predicting the interactions between oil exposure factors, species sensitivity and environmental factors. The study was designed to determine the concentrations, the time dependencies, and the lethal and subtle effects of spilled oils on different ages of mangroves, with particular focus on mangrove seedlings. The effects of volatile hydrocarbons and the interactions of oil with anoxia (lack of oxygen) on plants and sediments were also studied. Moreover, the aims of the experiments were to characterise the toxic fractions by recording chemical action of two oil types on plant leaves and sediments. The results were expected to determine the resistant index of mangroves to oil spills (time and dose) and to clarify the chemical compounds and concentrations which were toxic to mangroves.
Kuwait Crude Oil (KCO) and North West Shelf Condensate (NWSC) were chosen for use as common heavy and light grade oils, respectively. Different age levels (seeds, seedlings and saplings) of Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora mncronata were chosen for experiments due to their differences in morphological features, physiological processes and sizes. The research was divided into two main exposure conditions, laboratory and field conditions. Each species was exposed to different selected doses of oil, ranging from very low (27.5 g m-2) to very high (1100 g m-2), applied to the sediment surface only, or to the sediment surface and shoots.
Very low (27.5 g m-2), low (275 g m-2) and medium (1375 g m-2) doses of KCO did not permanently affect the total metabolic processes for plant survival. In certain case, these doses stimulated growth. However, application of the same doses of NWSC produced chronic effects. Exposure to higher doses (2750, 5500 and 11000 g m-2) of both oils significantly increased injury symptoms and decreased plant growth. The interactive effects between oil treatment and duration of treatment were mostly antagonistic at medium high and high doses of oil and became synergistics at very high doses of oil. Application of oil to the sediment and shoots had more acute impacts than application to the sediment surface only, as indicated by a higher symptom index, leaf abscission and mortality, decreased plant growth and reduced biomass. There were variable effects on leaf area and biomass accumulation as responses of any species were affected more by individual plant-size than by oil treatments. The greater tolerance of biomass responses to oil treatments may be because of its slower response to the stress as it follows physiological and biological changes. In certain cases, the effects were more complicated due interactions of response to oil with other environmental stresses.
Although the effects of NWSC and KCO on mangroves were variable, A. marina was more sensitive to both types of oil than the three other species. The differences in morphological features and physiological processes may play an important role in sensitivities of different species. Plant stress in Avicennia mangroves was exhibited as primary effects in response to the toxicity of high concentrations of hydrocarbons and other toxic fractions in plant tissues; while, the stress in Rhizophora mangroves was caused by secondary effects such as physical and chemical changes in sediments which affected nutrient deficiencies and metabolic disruptions. Dose-response relationships for individual oil types were different in each species, and were variable under different conditions of experiment. Different species origin, culturing system, sediment characteristics and environmental factors may cause different sensitivities. Furthermore, differences in the capacity of metabolism, and different ages of mangroves resulted in different sensitivities when the same type and doses of oil were applied. The most sensitive age was seed germination, followed by seedlings and saplings, respectively.
NWSC as a light oil was more toxic than KCO (a heavy oil) in all species and all age levels of mangroves. The chemical compositions of hydrocarbons in plants was more important than concentration in producing lethal and sublethal impacts than in KCO. The higher increased content of aromatic fractions in NWSC may confer the considerably degree of toxicity to plants. However, different doses of oil caused different responses in each species.
While both oils were greatly degraded with time under laboratory and field conditions, the degradation of NWSC was faster than KCO in sediments. The degradation processes may also be influenced by rainfall, tidal flushing, weathering processes (evaporation), biological factors (bacteria, fungi and other micro-organisms) and environmental factors (temperature, oxygen, nutrients, salinity and pressure).
In conclusion, different types and doses of oil, and duration of exposures produced different responses in each species of mangroves. Depending on amount of oil applied, the responses developed from growth stimulation to chronic and acute impacts. However, the mechanism of damage appeared to be similar in all species. The responses included foliar injury (leaf chlorosis and necrosis), leaf abscission, stem deformation, reduced number of new leaves, reduced plant growth and biomass accumulation, and mortality.
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Boyé, Donald J. "The effect of weathering processes on the vertical turbulent dispersion characteristics of crude oil spilled on the sea." FIU Digital Commons, 1994. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1777.
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Since the Exxon Valdez accident in 1987, renewed interest has come forth to better understand and predict the fate and transport of crude oil lost to marine environments. The short-term fate of an Arabian Crude oil was simulated in laboratory experiments using artificial seawater. The time-dependent changes in the rheological and chemical properties of the oil under the influence of natural weathering processes were characterized, including dispersion behavior of the oil under simulated ocean turbulence. Methodology included monitoring the changes in the chemical composition of the oil by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), toxicity evaluations for the oil dispersions by Microtox analysis, and quantification of dispersed soluble aromatics by fluorescence spectrometry.
Results for this oil show a sharp initial increase in viscosity, due to evaporative losses of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons, with the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions occurring within one week. Toxicity evaluations indicate a decreased EC-50 value (higher toxicity) occurring after the oil has weathered eight hours, with maximum toxicity being observed after weathering seven days. Particle charge distributions, determined by electrophoretic techniques using a Coulter DELSA 440, reveal that an unstable oil dispersion exists within the size range of 1.5 to 2.5 um, with recombination processes being observed between sequential laser runs of a single sample.
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Vike, Kristine. "Oil spill forensics : Identification of sources for oil spills by using data generated by GC-MS and ICP-MS combined with multivariate statistics and the COSIWeb database." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24920.
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This work has been a preliminary study, aimed at investigating whether or not trace metal Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis could be a viable tool in the oil spill investigation toolbox, after having been abandoned over 20 years ago. The sample material was two previous oil spills, Full City and Server, and various heavily weathered oil samples gathered from islands off the Trøndelag coast. The islands were Kya, Sula, Vesterkalven, Storkalven, Kunna, and the bay Kjervågsundet on the larger island Frøya. The samples were prepared in a laboratory and analysed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Selective Ion Monitoring (GC-MS-SIM) and ICP-MS. Through integration of key elements in the oil, also known as biomarkers, by an online database called COSIWeb, the weathered samples were classified as “crude oil”, “non-NS (North Sea) crude oil”, “bunker oil”, “unknown” and “not oil”. This classification was used as a guide to assess the viability of the trace metal analysis done by ICP-MS. The database also provided correlation calculations and five of the weathered bunker oil samples were linked to oils outside the database by “probable match”. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the ability each dataset had to classify the different weathered oil types and oil spill samples Full City and Server. Subsequently, Partial Least Squares-Regression (PLS-R) was used to investigate the stability and robustness of both datasets from GC-MS-SIM and ICP-MS together, before Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to investigate if the clusters seen in PCA were significant. By PLS-DA two subgroups of crude oils were identified, possibly related to terrestrial or marine source material in the oil. Of the 46 weathered samples found on various islands, 14 samples were classified as non-NS crude oils, 9 samples were classified as crude oils, 11 samples were classified as bunker oils, 7 samples were classified as unknown oil samples, and 5 samples were classified as not oil. The last group could be oil-like material such as plastic, rubber, coal or other organic material. The most important trace metal ratios identified in this study were ratios which have been previously been singled out as important in oil analysis. These were Ni/V, V/S, U/Pb and Mn/Fe. Other ratios were helpful as well, but these were the most influential ones. The Ni/V ratio was able to separate Full City samples from Server samples without any outliers or fuzzy classification.
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Mansur, Lamya Yussef. "Studies on the weathering of marine oil spills." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305725.
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Roberts, Rubi Soto. "“Risk Management of Oil Spills Onshore,case analysis”." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad maskinteknik (KTH Södertälje), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141413.
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Octavio, Kathleen Ann Hurley. "Decision support framework for oil spill response." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15177.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING.
Bibliography: leaves 313-322.
by Kathleen Hurley Octavio.
Ph.D.
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Tsui, Kai-man. "Marine oil pollution control-projections for Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457701.
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Deshpande, Niranjan V. "Dispersant effectiveness on oil spills impact of environmental factors /." Cincinnati, Ohio University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ucin1178046001.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 8, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Baffled Flask, dispersant effectiveness, salinity, mixing speed, temperature Includes bibliographical references.
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Enzenhofer, Klaus. "Statkraft Hydro Power Plants – Oil Spills and Valuable Areas." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-23252.
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Currently, Statkraft knows that they have oil spills from their hydraulic system, but the problem is that the amount of the oil spilled is not clear. Furthermore, Statkraft is missing a tool that can be used when decisions need to be made on what power plants that should be prioritized to be renovated next or which oil system that they should be switched to. In order to answer these points a look has been taken onto the environmental effects and the amount of oil spilled from hydropower plants, the general oil system inside a power plant, and in Kaplan turbines. Furthermore, two maps were developed: one presenting areas of interest for humans and environment around the hydropower plants and a second map about the river shorelines sensitivity to oil spills represented in form of an ESI ranked river shoreline. The maps give a general overview and can be used as a starting point to include environmental aspects into the planning and decision making process. The outcomes of the study are that more detailed information about the amount of oil spills released in small amounts from the turbines is needed. The catchment areas, where Statkraft Sverige AB has hydropower plants, which are most sensitive to oil spills, are Moälven and Nätraån. The hydropower plant with the most sensitive river shoreline is the Stennäs power plant due to a large wetland close by. Those areas should therefore be prioritized in projects about reducing the amount of oil inside Statkraft`s hydropower plants.
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DESHPANDE, NIRANJAN V. "DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS ON OIL SPILLS: IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1178046001.
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Becker, Christopher J. "Control strategy for autonomous remediation of marine oil spills." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12051.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Boston UniversityThis thesis presents a novel formulation of a gradient-type controller to address the problem of cleaning up marine oil spills. Little work appears to have been done in developing autonomous oil spill clean-up devices, with most research efforts directed toward developing improved oil collection strategies. It does not appear that previous work in this field has included development of control algorithms specific to addressing the problem of deployment strategies for multiple clean-up devices. This thesis provides a framework for deployment of multiple clean-up agents and makes the following contributions to the field. We first develop a mathematical representation for the effect of a clean-up agent as a line-sink and introduce this term into an existing oil spill spreading model. The augmented oil spill spreading model is simulated for a finite volume of oil released within a region Q' which contains multiple clean-up agents. Second, we use the augmented oil spreading model to develop a cost function and derive a gradient controller that seeks to maximize the oil removal rate for a system of N clean-up agents. Several key properties of the controller are presented. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our controller through a MATLAB simulation. The performance of the controlled agents, measured by the total volume of oil removed over the simulation, is compared to the performance of static and randomly moving clean-up agents. The results from MATLAB simulations presented in this thesis demonstrate that the proposed control strategy is more effective at removing oil than static or randomly moving agents. The formulation of the control law directs clean-up devices toward areas in Q' experiencing the greatest volumetric change in oil, thereby maximizing the volume of oil that is removed by each agent. The controller presented in this thesis is adaptable to a range of clean-up devices and we present several future research avenues that could be pursued to further develop this concept.
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Bergaplass, Kristian Tveitehaugen, and Christian Eriksen. "Industrial Opportunities in Oil Spill Response in Norway : An Analysis of the Technological Innovation System of Oil Spill Response." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20975.
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Recent oil spills have made headlines across the world. The 2010 blowout from the Macondo oil well flowed continuously for three months, spilling more than half a million cubic meters of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The 2002 spill from the tanker Prestige was about a tenth in size, still contaminating thousands of kilometers of coastline. Recent Norwegian examples of spills are the Statfjord platform oil spill, and the shipwreckings of Full City and Server. Trends in energy exploration and transport show increases both in overall activity and in activity in sensitive areas. An example is the activity on the northern coast of Russia, where oil and gas production is increasing, freight of oil is increasing, and a general transport route to Asia may be opened due to the melting of the Arctic ice cap. Accidents and increasing activity along the Norwegian coast calls for further development of the Norwegian oil spill response system and form the background for this thesis. It has investigated the conditions for innovation in the Norwegian oil spill response industry, and has attempted to identify how these can be strengthened. Extensive research on the workings of the system and industry has been conducted to enable a thorough analysis of the technological innovation system of oil spill response. The analysis has resulted in two major findings. The first is the explicit definition of the market as an oligopsony. It is a market characterized by a concentration of buyer power in the two major buyers, NCA and NOFO, which in turn affects the market. One such effect is that companies in the industry are weary of expressing any criticism of the system, fearing for future sales. The second finding is a lack of drivers of innovation in oil spill response. The incentive and opportunity to innovate has been evaluated for three groups of stakeholders: the sellers, the buyers, and the end users. The analysis shows that the sellers have neither opportunity nor incentive to invest in long-term development. The buyers—NOFO and NCA—have a varying degree of incentive to innovate, but limited opportunity. The end users have limited opportunity and incentive to innovate. An implication of these findings is that innovation for the future Norwegian oil spill response is projected to be incremental, following the path it has trodden the last twenty years. To address this projection, and possibly shift the path, there has been suggested certain key actions. These key actions are a start in dealing with the deficiencies that are hindering innovation in oil spill response.
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Prendergast, Daniel P. (Daniel Patrick). "Optimization of hydrophobic meshes for oil spill recovery." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82848.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Widespread use of petrochemicals often leads to accidental releases in aquatic environments, occasionally with disastrous results. Recent advances in the understanding of selectively wetting surfaces have led to the development of functionalized steel meshes with hydrophobic and oleophilic surfaces. These meshes can perform oil/water separation in situ, continuously, via capillary action. The goal of this study is to determine the potential of hydrophobic meshes as oil spill recovery devices. A fabrication method was developed using steel mesh dip-coated in a hot solution of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in xylene. The mesh gained a rough, hydrophobic coating of LDPE, with tunable pore sizes and surface roughness. The coating was characterized using microscopy techniques and contact angle analysis, in order to identify surface features relevant to oil/water separation. Oil was found to persistently wet the mesh, attenuating any effects from roughness. Next, a key performance metric, the water breakthrough pressure, was predicted using a modified version of the Young-Laplace equation incorporating an unpinned meniscus. The model was successful for meshes with pore radii between 7 - 220 tm, which could hold back up to 40 cm of water. Finally, a bench-scale apparatus was built to test the oil permeate flux at steady state under capillary-driven flow. The mesh successfully recovered oil from the surface of a pool of water, with less than 1% water recovered by mass, with a representative flux of 1 L-m-²-s. These results were used to discuss implications for the feasibility of field-scale devices.
by Daniel P. Prendergast.
S.M.
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Jafari, Seyed Ahmad. "Software tools for the simulation of oil spills at sea." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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This thesis aims at investigating the potentialities of two software tools performing the simulation of the transport and fate of oil spilled at sea: ADIOS2 and the WebGNOME codes, both made freely available by the US NOAA. ADIOS2 gives the oil budget evolution of the spill, that is, it solves the mass balances of the oil present in the different sea compartments. On the other hand, the WebGNOME tool is capable of both solving the oil budget and visualizing the oil slick trajectory.
What comes out from the investigation carried out in this thesis is that ADIOS2 is not capable of handling a complete simulation, because it limits the simulation time to 5 days after the start of the spill. Instead, WebGNOME compensates for this lack, allowing to extend the simulation time up to 30 days. By taking a look at the images of the oil slick produced by WebGNOME, it emerges that from day 20 to 30 no major change is seen in the oil slick location. During the first 20 days after the spill, oil beaching occurs on both the northern shoreline and the southern islands of the Santa Barbara Channel, with a total amount of stranded oil equal to 4,800 m3, which accounts for 25 % of the spill. Due to the immediate start of evaporation, 28 % of the oil is transferred from the sea to the atmosphere. At the end of the simulation, floating oil accounts for 6,500 m3, that correspond to 40 % percent; the oil remaining on the sea surface is majorly placed in the outer west side of the Santa Barbara Channel, where it is quite stable, according the last 10 days of the simulation there are negligible changes in the oil budget. It can be claimed that the simulation time of 30 days is sufficient to describe the fate and the transport of the oil slick. In conclusion, the WebGNOME code, which is simple and intuitive to use, requires a limited amount of data, and has short computational times, seems a tool suitable for a preliminary analysis of the consequences of oil spill events at sea.
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Alawadi, Fahad A. M. "Detection and classification of oil spills in MODIS satellite imagery." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/336411/.
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Using satellite imagery to achieve an early and accurate identification of oil spills will contribute towards the reduction of their impact on the marine ecosystem. Satellite imagery provided by the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors are widely used for this task over the multi-temporal and multi-band visible near infra-red (VNIR) sensors. This is due to the SAR imaging capabilities through clouds, dust storms, soot and at night times, which limit the capability of VNIR sensors. However, gaps in knowledge exist regarding whether satellite ocean-colour sensors are capable of identifying unreported oil spills as true positives and whether they are able to discriminate them from lookalikes with the least uncertainty, particularly in arid land regions characterised with nearly cloud-free conditions. It was therefore, the goal of this research to develop reliable and robust methodology for data processing and interpretation of oil spills observed by VNIR sensors. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a VNIR-type sensor that was selected for this project for a number of reasons: it is characterised with adequate multi-spectral features (36 spectral bands 0.405-14.385 μm) spread over three spatial resolutions (250, 500 and 1000 m); and its data is freely distributed in near-realtime. MODIS bio-geophysical products processed in this study such as sea surface temperature (SST4 and SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chlor-a) have also proven their usefulness in providing complementary data. As a result of this investigation, two methods were proposed: The spectral contrast shift (SCS) and the surface algal bloom index (SABI). The SCS identifies oil spills and classifies their thickness by using MODIS extreme (maximum and minimum) top-of-atmosphere radiance (TOA) values in the 250 m/pixel resolution bands: the red (λ1=645 nm) and the NIR (λ2 =859 nm) measured over a relatively small area selected to encompass part of an unknown class and part of the surrounding pure sea water. The method has produced consistent and highly sensitive results independent of sun-glint illuminations. Oil spills have SCS values lying within the range 0.02-0.04±0.002 varying by 0.01 corresponding to different thicknesses of oil. The SCS succeeded also in classifying surface floating blooms having SCS values greater than or equal to 0.20. The SABI is a four-band relationship, which according to MODIS 500 m/pixel resolution, is made up of the difference between the TOA radiance responses in the NIR and the red bands (aggregated from the 250 m resolution group) to the sum of the TOA radiance responses in the blue (λ3=469 nm) and green (λ4=555 nm) bands. The SABI aims to discriminate biological floating species that may appear as an oil spill look-alike without the need to perform complex corrections for atmosphere and sun-glint effects. The SABI succeeded in classifying 95% of surface blooms that had values greater than or equal to a baseline value of -0.10. Oil spills, however, always appear at values lower than the surface bloom baseline value.
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Salam, Darine. "Fate and Impacts of Vegetable Oil Spills in Aquatic Environments." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1321367790.
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Salgado, Maria Antonia Santos Mendes. "The effects of vegetable oil contamination on mussels." Thesis, Bangor University, 1995. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effects-of-vegetable-oil-contamination-on-mussels(a001885f-2570-447b-90fb-d4cc6630d1e9).html.
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In this study the effects of the vegetable oils rapeseed, linseed, olive and sunflower oil on mussel performance were investigated. In view of the scarse knowledge of the effects of vegetable oil spills on marine life, unlike petroleum spills which have been extensively studied, this investigation was directed towards an evaluation of the impact of vegetable oil contamination in the marine environment using Mytilus edulis as a bioindicator organism. The growth of mussels, their tolerance to changing salinities and temperatures, their behaviour and vegetable oil metabolism were studied. Fatty acid composition of mussels. microalgae and vegetable oils was also determined. All the vegetable oils studied had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Mytilus edulis, the growth rate of mussels after four weeks of exposure to the oils being 5 times lower than the growth rates of the control mussels. Growth rates were assessed by a photographic method which proved to be practical and provided sufficient precision in detect small increases in growth. Vegetable oils caused mortalities and they changed the fatty acid composition of mussels. Other biological responses of mussels are also affected by sunflower oil exposure: gaping time, tolerance to low salinities and foot extension activity, of which the latter may be of ecological significance. An uptake and accumulation of fatty acids in mussels marked the presence of vegetable oils, however, fatty acid metabolism was only detected after the oils had been removed. The results of this study indicate that contrary to what is believed, vegetable oils should not be overlooked under the argument of their edibility and biodegradability but instead should be included in oil spill contingency planning because they can cause mortality and disrupt the growth of wild and cultured mussels.
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Boglaienko, Daria. "Capture and Densification of Floating Hydrophobic Liquids by Natural Granular Materials." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3261.
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Densification and submergence of floating crude oil is proposed as a novel oil spills treatment method. Surface application of dry granular materials (e.g., quartz sand, limestone) on top of a floating oil layer increases the density of the floating oil phase/granule mixture and leads to formation of relatively large and stable aggregates with significant amounts of captured oil. The aggregates separate from the floating hydrophobic phase and settle by gravity. Implementation of this method will reduce the impact radius of a spill and its mobility, preventing direct contamination of beaches, coastal flora and fauna.
The major objective of this research was to examine interactions of particles with hydrophobic liquid-water interface from different perspectives. The important characteristics of the process, such as oil removal efficiencies, optimal particle-to-oil ratios and particle size ranges, were experimentally defined. A series of experiments was conducted to investigate aggregation and dissolution rate constants of the submerged hydrophobic liquids in salt water and deionized water, and to study the impact of the surface porosity of the granular particles on oil capture efficiencies. In addition to crude oil (South Louisiana crude, MC 252), aggregation volumes of quartz sand with other hydrophobic liquids (alkanes and aromatics) were analyzed in relation to wetting characteristics and physical properties of the liquids. A classification of the main types of oil-particle aggregates was developed based on the formation characteristics of the aggregates. Moreover, under specific conditions, depending on the application rates of the granular materials, unique interactions of the particles with the hydrophobic liquid-water interface were observed and defined (bowl formation and roping).
These concepts can be utilized to control surface mobility of floating oils, especially during the initial stages of an oil spill, while the oil layer is intact, and when other treatment methods may not be suitable near coastal areas, where transport of floating oils can significantly impact coastal ecosystems.
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Pisano, Andrea <1977>. "Development of oil spill detection techniques for satellite optical sensors and their application to monitor oil spill discharge in Mediterranean sea." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3520/.
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Satellite remote sensing has proved to be an effective support in timely detection and monitoring of marine oil pollution, mainly due to illegal ship discharges. In this context, we have developed a new methodology and technique for optical oil spill detection, which make use of MODIS L2 and MERIS L1B satellite top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance imagery, for the first time in a highly automated way. The main idea was combining wide swaths and short revisit times of optical sensors with SAR observations, generally used in oil spill monitoring. This arises from the necessity to overcome the SAR reduced coverage and long revisit time of the monitoring area. This can be done now, given the MODIS and MERIS higher spatial resolution with respect to older sensors (250-300 m vs. 1 km), which consents the identification of smaller spills deriving from illicit discharge at sea. The procedure to obtain identifiable spills in optical reflectance images involves removal of oceanic and atmospheric natural variability, in order to enhance oil-water contrast; image clustering, which purpose is to segment the oil spill eventually presents in the image; finally, the application of a set of criteria for the elimination of those features which look like spills (look-alikes). The final result is a classification of oil spill candidate regions by means of a score based on the above criteria.Oil Spill Detection, MODIS, MERIS, Destriping, Clustering, Feature extraction; Classification
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Piller, Leanne M. "An intertidal monitoring program for Mobil, Port Stanvac (Sth. Australia) : anthropogenic versus natural disturbance /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smp6407.pdf.
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Bell, Barbara Allen Spotila James R. "Effects of crude oil contamination on the reproduction of freshwater turtles /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/479.
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Oluwasunbola, Adetimehin. "Problem of oil spill in Nigeria: causes and solutions." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36218.
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Oil spill is a type of pollution that occurs mostly on water as well as on land and can have devastating effects on plant and animal life, and the environment. It occurs mainly as a result of human activity (exploration and transport of oil) and is the release of oil/liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the aquatic environment such as oceans and coastal waters and on land. Spills may occur of crude oil (unrefined oil) from tankers, oil rigs and platforms and oil wells as well as during the transport of the refined petroleum product in vessels and tankers.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36218
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Alloy, Matthew Michael. "Photo-induced Toxicity of Deepwater Horizon Spill Oil to Four Native Gulf of Mexico Species." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822778/.
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The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in the accidental release of millions of barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Photo-induced toxicity following co-exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one mechanism by which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from oil spills may exert toxicity. Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) are an important commercial and ecological resource in the Gulf of Mexico and their largely transparent larvae may make them sensitive to PAH photo-induced toxicity. Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), an important fishery resource, have positively buoyant, transparent eggs. These characteristics may result in mahi-mahi embryos being at particular risk from photo-induced toxicity. Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and speckled seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) are both important fishery resources in the GoM. They spawn near-shore and produce positively buoyant embryos that hatch into larvae in about 24 h. The goal of this body of work was to determine whether exposure to UV as natural sunlight enhances the toxicity of crude oil to early lifestage GoM species. Larval and embryonic organisms were exposed to several dilutions of water accommodated fractions (WAF) from several different oils collected in the field under chain of custody during the 2010 spill and two to three gradations of natural sunlight in a factorial design. Here, we report that co-exposure to natural sunlight and oil significantly reduced larval survival and embryo hatch compared to exposure to oil alone.
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Tabella, Gianluca. "Subsea Oil Spill Risk Management based on Sensor Networks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
This thesis consists of the evaluation of sensor-based risk management against oil spills using an underwater distributed sensor network. The work starts by highlighting the importance of having a performing leak detection system both from an environmental, safety and economic point of view. The case study is the Goliat FPSO in the Barents Sea which has to meet requirements dictated by Norwegian authorities to prevent oil spills. The modeled network is made of passive acoustic sensors monitoring the subsea manifolds. These sensors send their local 1-bit decision to a Fusion Center which takes a global decision on whether the leakage is occurring. This work evaluates how the choice of adapted Fusion Rules (Counting Rule and Weighted Fusion Rule) can affect the performances of the leak detection system in its current geometry. It will also be discussed how different thresholds, selected for a specific FR or sensor test, can change the system performance. The detection methods are based on statistical signal processing adapted to fit this application within the Oil&Gas field. The work also proposes some new leak localization methods developed so they can be coupled with the proposed leak detection methods, giving a coherent set of operations that the sensors and the FC must perform. Performances of detection techniques are assessed balancing the need for high values of True Positive Rate and Precision and low values of False Positive Rate using indexes based both on the ROC curve (like the Youden's Index) and on the PR curve (the F-scores). Whereas, performances of localization techniques will be assessed on their ability to localize the spill in the shortest time; if this is not possible, parameters like the difference between the estimated and the real leak position will be considered. Finally, some tests are carried out applying the different sets of proposed methods.
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Westerberg, Viktor. "Arctic Oil Spill Response : Recovery operations - Management and Performance." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102047.
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With increasing presence and interest of shipping activities in the Arctic, the risk for an oil spill also increases. The activities are coupled to a growth of Arctic tourism (cruise vessels), exploitation of oil and gas resources as well as possibilities for merchant ships to sail the routes of Northwest and Northeast passages. The Arctic offers an impressive environment with high potential for tourism and offshore activities, however the Arctic is also highly vulnerable. Thus, higher demand of awareness of the risks as well as the possibilities and opportunities to take care of an oil spill and reduce the consequences are needed. Initially the report gives a background to the subject of Arctic oil spill which is followed by a review of Arctic oil spill response. The processes involved and oil spill countermeasures that are used or have shown potential in Arctic conditions are handled. To increase awareness a decision support tool which aims to cover preparedness, response and performance of an Arctic oil spill response operations is developted and presented. In the model structure, a wide range of input and sub-models are included to be able to cover the whole operation and different sub-areas that are identified. Finally a further developed part of the decision support tool is presented concerning the window of opportunity which review the response methods. The model, which is based on a Bayesian Network approach, provides the user with estimations of response method potentials as function of time. The model output are easy and clear to interpret for contingency planning as well as for operational use.
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Roy, Julie L. "Soil water repellency at old crude oil spill sites." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ46912.pdf.
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Deibert, Mark Richard. "Oil and hydrocarbon spill bioremediation product and application technologies." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45336.
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This manuscript was prepared for use by U.S. Navy personnel
to increase the awareness of the use of microbes and related
technology associated in the remediation of hydrocarbon spills.
Petroleum products are vastly used in every day naval
operations, and spills will be inevitable. In researching the
information and obtaining data from U.S. Navy commands, it
quickly became obvious that the operational Navy knew little of
this information and was not using bioremediation as a possible
remedial technology. It is the intent of this manuscript to be
used as a guide to assist and educate naval planners in
understanding the role of bioremediation for site cleanup. As
defense dollars shrink and the technology grows, bioremediation
will become an attractive, economical means for the Navy's
environmental problems. Thus, knowledge of the technology is
important so as to not be mislead by marketing experts with
widely exaggerated claims of performance. The technology works
well in most cases, yet problems can exist that must be
questioned.
The manuscript is divided into four sections. Section I
will review biodegradation basics and factors affecting the
degradation process. Section II will discuss the composition of
oil and related petroleum products and their physical states in
water and soil environments. Section III examines the types of
commercially available microbial products and the technology
that can be used to dispense them in open seas, harbors,
marshes, and shore facilities should a spill occur. Section IV
will address the possible problems and associated drawbacks of
bioremediation and will provide a list of questions to ensure
the product and technology will perform as claimed.
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Chan, Godine Kok Yan. "Effects of droplet size on intrusion of sub-surface oil spills." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79493.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2013."February 2013." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-90).
This thesis explores the effects of droplet size on droplet intrusion in sub-surface oil spills. Laboratory experiments were performed where glass beads of various sizes, which serve to simulate oil droplets in deepsea oil spills, were released vertically in a quiescent salinity stratified ambient and descended as multi-phase plumes. The two-tank stratification method was used to create linear density profiles for all experiments. The resulting radial concentration distributions of the dispersed phases were obtained by collecting the settled particles from the bottom of the tank. The radial distributions recorded were found to resemble Gaussian distributions, based on visual observations and analyses of kurtosis, which is consistent with particles being vertically well mixed in the intrusion layer. A new typology was proposed to describe plume structures with UN= us/(BN)¹/⁴ by Godine Kok Yan Chan.
S.M.
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Maas, Natasha. "Design of a flexible containment system for deep ocean oil spills." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84370.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 153-155).
BP needed almost 3 months to cap the Deepwater Horizon spill; improved response techniques are needed for the future. This work presents the design and deployment plan for a new type of containment system that captures the vast majority of hydrocarbons exiting the wellhead. The structure is lightweight, flexible and modular, using a passively induced chimney affect as its working principle. It is modular to create one design that fits any number and size of wells. Modularity comes from 100m sections of thin Kevlar fabric, forming a cylinder that starts several meters above the seabed and ends several meters below the sea surface. The system is stored onshore mostly assembled until needed. The 3m-diameter shroud induces a flow that dilutes the gas to avoid hydrate formation. Yet the velocity is sufficiently small for gas to dissolve, reducing surface gas concentrations below workers' safety thresholds. The chimney effect causes a pressure differential over the material; reinforcement ribs are required to keep the system from collapsing inward. At the shroud top, the jet enters a containment pen, which is loosely attached to the shroud allowing it to ride the waves in heave, but constraining roll, pitch and yaw. The pen diameter allows oil to separate from the water; a skimmer weir in the pen collects almost pure oil and pumps it to a tanker. An air can at the shroud top provides pre-tension that restrains lateral deflections due to a uniform current, and helps reduce the collapse due to the pressure differential. The deflection and collapse are calculated for a uniform current using catenary equations. The results are used to verify the applicability of OrcaFlex, software commonly used by the offshore industry, which is then used to confirm the systems ability to satisfy design requirements under realistic conditions (a sea spectrum and non-uniform current). The 'one design fits all' objective is tested by initially designing the system for a moderate size reference well, and then scaling it up (with minor modifications) to fit the Macondo well. The results confirm that one design of the system can contain spills of moderate size in addition to those similar to the Deepwater Horizon.
by Natasha Maas.
S.M.
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Barnes, Emma Katherine. "Producing a Film on Oil Spill Research for the Public." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404585/.
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The Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010, off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. Following the spill, British Petroleum, leaser of the rig, set up a funding institution known as the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) to support research and understanding of the spill on the environments and peoples of the gulf. This outreach project was created alongside research of the RECOVER consortium, funded by GoMRI, to communicate what is happening within research labs around the country to understand the effect that the spill had on fish in pelagic and coastal regions of the gulf. The outreach project is composed of a short film (Deepwaters: The Science of a Spill, 18 min) and related outreach materials posted to Instagram (@FishandOilSpills).
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Stacey, Bruce M. "The chronic effect of no. 2 fuel oil on the population dynamics of Harpacticoid copepods in experimental marine mesocosms /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63374.
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Fingas, Mervin F. "The evaporation of crude oil and petroleum products." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40119.
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The physics of oil and petroleum evaporation are investigated. Literature on oil spill evaporation shows that most workers use boundary-layer equations adapted from water evaporation work. These equations predict a constant evaporation mass-transfer rate, dependent on scale size and wind speed. Evaporation was studied further by measuring evaporation of commercial oil products. An experimental apparatus for the study of evaporation was developed. Evaporation was determined by weight loss measured on a balance and recorded constantly on a computer. Examination of the data shows that most oil and petroleum products evaporate at a logarithmic rate with respect to time. This is attributed to the overall logarithmic appearance of many components evaporating at different linear rates. Petroleum products with fewer chemical components such as diesel fuel, evaporate at a rate which is square root with respect to time. The particular behaviour is shown to be a result of the number of components evaporating. Oils with greater than seven to ten components can be predicted with logarithmic equations, those with three to seven components, with square root equations. Evaporation of oils and petroleum products is not strictly boundary-layer regulated. This is largely a result of the high saturation concentrations of oil components in air, which is associated with a high boundary-layer regulated rate. Typical oil evaporation rates do not exceed that of molecular-diffusion, and thus turbulent diffusion does not increase the evaporation rates. Some volatile oils and petroleum products show some effect of boundary-layer regulation at the start of the evaporation process, but after several minutes, evaporation slows because of the loss of the more volatile components, at which point evaporation ceases to be boundary-layer regulated. Overall, boundary-layer regulation can be ignored in the prediction of oil and petroleum evaporation. A simple equation relating only the logarithm of t
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Bennett, Paul. "Mutual risk : moral economy in environmental insurance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313039.
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Garrett, Richard A. "Dynamic modeling of arctic resource allocation for oil spill response." Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10159829.
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A mixed-integer linear program is proposed to model the dynamic network expansion problem of improving oil spill response capabilities to support energy exploration in the Arctic. Oil spill response operations in this region can be hampered by a lack of existing infrastructure, limited pre-positioned response equipment, and the possibility that response equipment might not arrive in time to mitigate the impact of a spill because of distance and infrastructure limitations. These considerations are modeled by two inter-related constraint sets with the objective of minimized total weighted response time for a set of potential oil spill incidents. One constraint set determines how to dynamically allocate response equipment and improve the infrastructures necessary to stockpile them within a network of response sites. The other set determines how to utilize this stockpile to respond to each task necessary for an incident by scheduling the equipment to complete tasks. These task completion times are subject to deadlines which, if not met, can, instead, require costlier follow-on tasks to be scheduled. The model, its assumptions, and data requirements were assessed by subject matter experts in the United States (U.S.) Coast Guard and a major Oil Spill Response Organization in the context of oil spill response logistics to support energy exploration initiatives in the U.S. Arctic.
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Öredal, Therese. "Verksamhetsutövares egenkontroll av oljeavskiljare : Finns det brister, vilka krav kan tillsynsmyndigheten ställa samt vad kan verksamhetsutövare förbättra?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111642.
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The purpose of this report was to investigate whether operators, in the municipality of Örnsköldsvik, comply to current regulations and guidelines regarding oil separator. In addition to this, the report also identify which standards the regulatory authority can demand of identified deficiencies, as well as an examination in how the status of oil separator are in other municipalities in Sweden. First a delimitation was made to only investigate environmentally hazardous activities such as haulage contractors. Inventories were made of a total of 12 haulage contractors, with questions from a previously made checklist. The results of the inventory indicated deficiencies in operators existing knowledge, regular self-inspection of oil separators, control frequency, record-keeping and documentation, lack of 5-year inspection and lack of oil- and sludge level alarm. This report also shows that regulatory authority can require the operators to rectify these deficiencies, in accordance with standards and established guidelines. The report also showed similar results when compared with similar surveys of operators' self-inspection of oil separator, in other municipalities in Sweden. The study suggests that regulatory authority should priority to oversight these environmentally hazardous activities with oil separators.
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Orr, Thomas B. "Sediment toxicity associated with oil and/or brine spills in southern Illinois /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1324375501&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Larsson, Steinar. "Crisis communications : an examination of spokespersons use of response strategies in newspapers during the Sea Empress and Exxon Valdez groundings." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1061883.
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This study was a replication of Fitzpatrick and Rubin's study of response strategies used in crisis communication. It differed though, in the type of crisis analyzed. While Fitzpatrick and Rubin studied cases of sexual harassment, this study examined oil spills of two supertanker groundings. Both the Exxon Valdez and the Sea Empress groundings, and especially Acomarit and Exxon, the companies responsible were examined by using content analysis. Units of analysis were statements by each company's spokesperson covered in either four American or four Norwegian newspapers. These statements were then categorized as one of four response strategies defined by Fitzpatrick and Rubin which were as follows: (1) The traditional public relations strategy, (2) The traditional legal strategy, (3) Mixed strategy, and, (4) Diversionary strategy.On behalf of these response strategies the study stated two hypotheses:H1: The spokespersons of Acomarit used the traditional public relations strategy significantly more than the traditional legal strategy, as defined by Fitzpatrick and Rubin, in Norwegian newspapers.The hypothesis was accepted.H2: The spokespersons of Exxon used the traditional legal strategy significantly more than the traditional public relations strategy, as defined by Fitzpatrick and Rubin, in American newspapers.The hypothesis was partially accepted.The study used an American and a Norwegian coder to secure reliability. Holsti's coder reliability test yielded eighty percent for the American statements, and seventy percent for the Norwegian statements.The study also indicated that the traditional public relations strategy was the most used response strategy. This was different to what Fitzpatrick and Rubin found in their study. They found the traditional legal strategy was used the most in cases of sexual harassment.However, both Exxon and Acomarit used the traditional public relations strategy more than the traditional legal strategy, but differed significantly in their use of mixed strategy and diversionary strategy. Exxon was found to have used the diversionary strategy significantly more than Acomarit. The researcher indicated that this may have been one of the contributing factors which lead to Exxon's public relations nightmare. In addition, Exxon was found to have used more spokespeople than Acomarit, which in turn may have made it difficult to centralize the information flow.Department of Journalism
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Al-Hadhrami, Mohamed Nasser. "Degradation of n-alkane fractions of Omani crude oil by bacteria." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294439.
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Crytzer, Sarah. "Comparing media coverage of the Gulf oil spill in the US and UK implications for global crisis communication." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4877.
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The following research is a content analysis of 114 articles written by the American and British news media outlets in the first month following the BP Gulf oil spill in April 2010. The goal of the research was to identify any dominant frames evident in the reports and to compare the two countries to see if there was a difference in the dominant frames used. Positive, negative, and neutral tones were also evaluated to determine if there was a difference between the countries. The results show that both countries reports predominantly used an ecology and action frame, while British media outlets also used an economic frame. Both countries reported with primarily a negative and neutral tone. The implications of these findings for crisis communication managers are discussed.ID: 030423416; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Error in paging: p. v is followed by p. iv i.e. vi].; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-54).
M.A.
Masters
Sciences
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Taylor, Leigh M. "Photoinduced Toxicity in Early Lifestage Fiddler Crab (Uca longisignalis) Following Exposure to Deepwater Horizon Spill Oil." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822799/.
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The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill resulted in a large release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) into the Gulf of Mexico. PAH can interact with ultraviolet radiation (UV) resulting in increased toxicity, particularly to early lifestage organisms. The goal of this research was to determine the sensitivity of fiddler crab larvae (Uca longisignalis) to photo-induced toxicity following exposure to Deepwater Horizon spill oil in support of the DWH Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Five replicate dishes each containing 20 larvae, were exposed to one of three UV treatments (10%, 50%, and 100% ambient natural sunlight) and one of five dilutions of water accommodated fractions of two naturally weathered source oils. A dose dependent effect of PAH and UV on larval mortality was observed. Mortality was markedly higher in PAH treatments that included co-exposure to more intense UV light. PAH treatments under low intensity sunlight had relatively high survival. These data demonstrate the importance of considering combined effects of non-chemical (i.e. UV exposure) and chemical stressors and the potential for photo-induced effects after exposure to PAH following the Deepwater Horizon spill.
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Al-Hargan, Ali Abdulla Qassim Khamis. "Creation of a coastal zone information system for Qatar using remote sensing and GIS." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241793.
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Nilsen, Lars Martin Fure. "Modeling, analysis and joystick control of the "AMV Oil Spill Fighter"." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15566.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a control scheme for the Arctic Multipurpose Vessel Oil Spill Fighter vessel model using a joystick as the connection between vessel and operator. A mathematical model of the vessel is also to be developed using data gathered from experiments done with the vessel model and existing maneuvering model theory. The parameters that are not determined during experiments have all been given an assumed value. The developed mathematical model is, in addition to providing the platform on which to test the controls, meant to be a framework ready for more accurate parameters done by future students. The Oil Spill Fighter is an amphibious vessel powered by two Archimedes screws that run the length of the vessel on each side of the hull. This is not a unique way of powering an amphibious vessel, but no research have been found on the topic of how such a vessel moves on neither land nor water. This will therefore be discussed in this thesis. The results of this discussion will be appended to the mathematical model of the vessel in order to end up with a model as close to reality as is possible with the determined parameters. In order to determine what control scheme to pursue, the work space and configuration space of the vessel are discussed. The conclusion of this discussion is to make the land-based control an open-loop control with the joystick providing surge force and yaw moment and the water-based control an autopilot. Those two controllers are then combined to come up with a single model of the amphibious property of the vessel. When designing the controllers they are kept separate at first in order to simplify the design and tuning. The performance of each is presented and discussed separately and they are then combined into one model. The performance of this combined model is then presented. The concept of hardware-in-the-loop testing is given an introduction, and the use of this type of testing with regards to the developed models are presented. This involves designing an interface in LabView which is connected to a CompactRIO that holds the model. The concept of real-time calculations are discussed, and a presentation of the developed models performance when uploaded to a CompactRIO and tested in the LabView interface is given. At the end the mathematical model is compared to the results from the experiments. These fit very well, and this result is discussed.