Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spiked body

Academic literature on the topic 'Spiked body'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Spiked body"

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Kalimuthu, R., R. C. Mehta, and E. Rathakrishnan. "Investigation of aerodynamic coefficients at Mach 6 over conical, hemispherical and flat-face spiked body." Aeronautical Journal 121, no. 1245 (October 2, 2017): 1711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.100.

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ABSTRACTA forward spike attached to a blunt body significantly alters its flow field characteristics and influences aerodynamic characteristics at hypersonic flow due to formation of separated flow and re-circulation region around the spiked body. An experimental investigation was performed to measure aerodynamic forces for spikes blunt bodies with a conical, hemispherical and flat-face spike at Mach 6 and at an angle-of-attack range from 0° to 8° and length-to-diameterL/Dratio of spike varies from 0.5 to 2.0, whereLis the length of the spike andDis diameter of blunt body. The shape of the leading edge of the spiked blunt body reveals different types of flow field features in the formation of a shock wave, shear layer, flow separation, re-circulation region and re-attachment shock. They are analysed with the help of schlieren pictures. The shock distance ahead of the hemisphere and the flat-face spike is compared with the analytical solution and is showing satisfactory agreement with the schlieren pictures. The influence of geometrical parameters of the spike, the shape of the spike tip and angle-of-attack on the aerodynamic coefficients are investigated by measuring aerodynamic forces in a hypersonic wind tunnel. It is found that a maximum reduction of drag of about 77% was found for hemisphere spike ofL/D= 2.0 at zero angle-of-attack. Consideration for compensation of increased pitching moment is required to stabilise the aerodynamic forces.
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Khurana, Shashank, Kojiro Suzuki, and Ethirajan Rathakrishnan. "Flow field behavior with Reynolds number variance around a spiked body." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 30 (November 7, 2016): 1650362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916503620.

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An experimental visualization study was performed to investigate the dependence of the pressure hill height and the influence zone expanse, for flow past a spiked body with different nose configurations, over a Reynolds number range from 2278 to 4405 to establish the vortex shedding process, and applicability in low speed flow regime for effective pressure reduction. It is found that the spike reduces the radius of curvature of the approaching streamline, leading to the deflection of the streamlines towards the shoulder of the basic body, resulting in a narrow zone of the positive pressure hill at the body nose. It is also observed that the pressure hill length and the influence zone expanse decrease with the introduction of spike over the present range of Reynolds numbers. For Reynolds numbers less than 2700, spike with conical nose is found to be more efficient than the spikes with other nose shapes of the present study in reducing the positive pressure at the nose of the blunt body. For higher Reynolds numbers, greater than 2700, the size of the vortex at the junction of the spike and basic body is the largest for the spike with hemispherical nose, and emerges as a potential candidate for application in possible wind-design resistant structures.
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d’Humières, G., and J. L. Stollery. "Drag reduction on a spiked body at hypersonic speed." Aeronautical Journal 114, no. 1152 (February 2010): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000003584.

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AbstractFitting a spike on a blunt body provides a drag reduction at supersonic and hypersonic speeds. In this study, the laminar flow over a spiked, conical body terminated by a spherical cap, inspired by the Apollo re-entry capsule design, was investigated using a hypersonic wind tunnel. Schlieren pictures revealed the absence of flow unsteadiness for the range of spike lengths tested, and force measurements showed a maximum reduction of 77% of the unspiked body drag.A simple theoretical model based on the pressure drag generated by a solid cone showed good agreement with the experimental data. The measured shock stand-off distance agreed well with predictions.
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Han, Guilai, and Zonglin Jiang. "Hypersonic Flow Field Reconfiguration and Drag Reduction of Blunt Body with Spikes and Sideward Jets." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7432961.

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Flow field reconfiguration and drag reduction have been investigated by numerically solving Navier-Stokes equations, with the 2nd order dispersion controlled dissipative scheme adopted for the convective term discretion and the 2nd order central difference scheme for viscous term. Spikes and sideward jets nearby the spike noses were set up in the front of the blunt body to reconfigure the flow field and reduce drag during hypersonic flight. The spikes and the sideward jets led to the formation of the conical shock, the reattached shock, and the circumfluence, instead of a bow shock. According to the quantitative analysis, the reconfiguration of the flow field played a dominant role in drag reduction. Basing on the locations of the reattached shock and its interaction with the conical shock, a combined parameter was proposed for a primary criterion to design the spiked bodies with sideward jets for the purpose of drag reduction.
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Feszty, D., K. J. Badcock, and B. E. Richards. "Utilising CFD in the investigation of high-speed unsteady spiked body flows." Aeronautical Journal 106, no. 1058 (April 2002): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000012963.

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AbstractUnsteady spiked body flows were simulated by a second order time-accurate CFD method. Laminar, axisymmetric flow was considered at Mach 2.21 and Mach 6 freestreams and Reynolds’ numbers based on the blunt body diameter of 0.12 million and 0.13 million, respectively. A spiked forward facing cylinder with spike lengths between LID = 1.00 and LID = 2.40 was used as the model geometry. Following the numerical method’s verification, the individual flow modes of oscillation and pulsation were examined. The frequency of the events was found in good agreement with the experiment, while the pressure amplitudes were overpredicted in the Mach 6 cases. Analysis of the numerical results showed that the oscillation flow mode was driven by a viscous mechanism, whereas the pulsation by an inviscid one. The hysteresis phenomenon in the transition between the two flow modes was predicted qualitatively.
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Fan, Bing, and Jie Huang. "Coupled Fluid-Thermal Investigation on Drag and Heat Reduction of a Hypersonic Spiked Blunt Body with an Aerodisk." Aerospace 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9010019.

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In the traditional investigations on the drag and heat reduction of hypersonic spiked models, only the aerodynamic calculation is performed, and the structural temperature cannot be obtained. This paper adopted the loosely coupled method to study its efficiency of drag and heat reduction, in which the feedback effect of wall temperature rise on aeroheating is considered. The aeroheating and structural temperature were obtained by the CFD and ABAQUS software respectively. The coupling analysis of the hypersonic circular tube was carried out to verify the accuracy of the fluid field, the structural temperature, and the coupled method. Compared with experimental results, the calculated results showed that the relative errors of stagnation heat flux and stagnation temperature were 1.34% and 4.95% respectively, and thus the effectiveness of the coupled method was verified. Installing a spike reduced the total drag of the forebody. The spiked model with an aerodisk reduced the aeroheating of the forebody, while the model without an aerodisk intensified the aeroheating. The spiked model with a planar aerodisk had the best performance on drag and heat reduction among all the models. In addition, increasing the length of the spike reduced the drag and temperature of the forebody. With the increase of the length, the change rates of drag, pressure, heat flux, and temperature decreased gradually. Increasing the diameter of the aerodisk also reduced the temperature of the forebody, while the efficiency of forebody drag reduction first increased and then decreased. In conclusion, the heat and drag reduction must be considered comprehensively for the optimal design of the spike.
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Wüstenberg, Daniel G., Milena Boytcheva, Bernd Grünewald, John H. Byrne, Randolf Menzel, and Douglas A. Baxter. "Current- and Voltage-Clamp Recordings and Computer Simulations of Kenyon Cells in the Honeybee." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 4 (October 2004): 2589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01259.2003.

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The mushroom body of the insect brain is an important locus for olfactory information processing and associative learning. The present study investigated the biophysical properties of Kenyon cells, which form the mushroom body. Current- and voltage-clamp analyses were performed on cultured Kenyon cells from honeybees. Current-clamp analyses indicated that Kenyon cells did not spike spontaneously in vitro. However, spikes could be elicited by current injection in approximately 85% of the cells. Of the cells that produced spikes during a 1-s depolarizing current pulse, approximately 60% exhibited repetitive spiking, whereas the remaining approximately 40% fired a single spike. Cells that spiked repetitively showed little frequency adaptation. However, spikes consistently became broader and smaller during repetitive activity. Voltage-clamp analyses characterized a fast transient Na+ current ( INa), a delayed rectifier K+ current ( IK,V), and a fast transient K+ current ( IK,A). Using the neurosimulator SNNAP, a Hodgkin–Huxley-type model was developed and used to investigate the roles of the different currents during spiking. The model led to the prediction of a slow transient outward current ( IK,ST) that was subsequently identified by reevaluating the voltage-clamp data. Simulations indicated that the primary currents that underlie spiking are INa and IK,V, whereas IK,A and IK,ST primarily determined the responsiveness of the model to stimuli such as constant or oscillatory injections of current.
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Kalimuthu, R., R. C. Mehta, and E. Rathakrishnan. "Experimental investigation on spiked body in hypersonic flow." Aeronautical Journal 112, no. 1136 (October 2008): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000002554.

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Abstract A spike attached to a hemispherical body drastically changes its flowfield and influences aerodynamic drag in a hypersonic flow. It is, therefore, a potential candidate for drag reduction of a future high-speed vehicle. The effect of the spike length, shape, spike nose configuration and angle-of-attack on the reduction of the drag is experimentally studied with use of hypersonic wind-tunnel at Mach 6. The effects of geometrical parameters of the spike and angle-of-attack on the aerodynamic coefficient are analysed using schlieren picture and measuring aerodynamic forces. These experiments show that the aerodisk is superior to the aerospike. The aerodisk of appropriate length, diameter and nose configuration may have the capability for the drag reduction. The inclusion of an aero disk at the leading edge of the spike has an advantage for the drag reduction mechanism if it is at an angle-of-attack, however consideration to be given for increased moment resulting from the spike is required.
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Mansour, Kamyar, and Mahdi Khorsandi. "The drag reduction in spherical spiked blunt body." Acta Astronautica 99 (June 2014): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.02.009.

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Ahmed, M. Y. M., and N. Qin. "Numerical investigation of aeroheating characteristics of spiked blunt bodies at Mach six flight conditions." Aeronautical Journal 115, no. 1168 (June 2011): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000005893.

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AbstractAdding a small aerodisk at the tip of the spike was proved to improve the spike’s performance in reducing the drag. If designed properly, the aerodisk spike can offer better performance in drag reduction in comparison with the pointed sharp-nosed spike. However, the impact of the aerodisk on the aeroheating reduction capabilities of the spike was not investigated in detail before. In the present work, a numerical investigation of the aerothermodynamic characteristics of spiked blunt bodies at Mach 6 flight conditions is conducted. It was found that, adding an aerodisk degrades the performance of the spike in reducing the aeroheating level. Nonetheless, the latter remains below that of the unspiked body.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spiked body"

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Feszty, Daniel. "Numerical simulation and analysis of high-speed unsteady spiked body flows." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368552.

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Loomis, Geoffrey W. "Seasonal Changes in Body Composition, Block Jump, Attack Jump and Lower Body Power Index in Male Collegiate Volleyball Players." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4281.

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Jumping ability in volleyball players is crucial to a team's success. There are both muscular and neural components in jumping. Coaches often test jumping ability and body composition prior to the start of the competitive season, but many fail to monitor these important variables during the course of the season. Jumping ability can decrease over the course of the season as the focus moves from strength training in the weight room to skill development on the court. It is imperative that players maintain their jumping ability and body composition over the course of the season. Seasonal changes in elite-male volleyball players were determined by testing the players body composition, spike jump, block jump and lower body power index at three distinct time points: prior to the first game, during their bye-week, and at the end of their regular season. It was found that these players were able to maintain their vertical jump and lower body power index. Also, those who were deemed players (those who played throughout the course of the season) had lower body fat percentages and higher jump scores. These results will aid coaches in understanding the changes that occur over the course of the season in elite-male collegiate volleyball players.
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Gaines, Mikal J. "Beating Songs: Blues, Violence, and the Male Body in the Films of Spike Lee." W&M ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1593092170.

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Caserman, Polona [Verfasser], Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinmetz, Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Rüppel, and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Göbel. "Full-Body Motion Tracking In Immersive Virtual Reality - Full-Body Motion Reconstruction and Recognition for Immersive Multiplayer Serious Games / Polona Caserman ; Ralf Steinmetz, Uwe Rüppel, Stefan Göbel." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237816742/34.

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Slota, Gregory P. "Effects of Seated Whole-Body Vibration on Spinal Stability Control." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29676.

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Low back disorders and their prevention is of great importance for companies and their employees. Whole-body vibration is a risk factor for low back disorders, but the neuromuscular, biomechanical, and/or physiological mechanisms responsible for this increased risk are unclear. These studies investigated changes in the biomechanics and control of the trunk in order to further the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this increased risk. The purpose of the first study was to measure the acute effect of seated whole-body vibration on the postural control of the trunk during unstable seated balance. The findings show that whole-body vibration impaired the postural control of the trunk as evidenced by increased kinematic variance and non-linear stability control measures during unstable sitting. These findings imply an impairment in spinal stability control. The purpose of the second study was to measure the effect of seated whole-body vibration on the parameters of spinal stability control: passive stiffness, active stiffness, and neuromuscular reflexes. The findings show that whole-body vibration altered trunk stiffness (passive stiffness and equivalent reflex stiffness) as well as reflex dynamics. There was no evidence of compensation by active muscle co-contraction recruitment for the decreased trunk stiffness and reflex gain. The purpose of the third study was to measure the changes in the natural frequency characteristics of the trunk (which can be related to trunk stiffness and damping) during exposure to seated whole-body vibration. The findings show that whole-body vibration caused a decrease in natural frequency suggesting a decrease in the trunk stiffness, and also an increase in the peak amplitude of the frequency response functions suggesting a decrease in overall trunk damping. The rate of change of the natural frequency characteristics suggest that the majority of effects happen within the first 10 minutes of vibration exposure. These findings reveal changes in the biomechanical properties of the trunk with exposure to seated whole body vibration, and a mechanism by which vibration may increase the risk of low back injury.
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Feng, Weijia [Verfasser], Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Galuske, and Bodo [Akademischer Betreuer] Laube. "Gamma synchronization and spike timing / Weijia Feng. Betreuer: Ralf Galuske ; Bodo Laube." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1106454774/34.

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Kern, Nicole I. "Cable-Driven Flexible Spines for Human Orthoses and Mobile Robots." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1333582838.

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Spies, Helena [Verfasser], Robert [Akademischer Betreuer] Roth, and Jens [Akademischer Betreuer] Braun. "Importance-Truncated No-Core Shell Model for Fermionic Many-Body Systems / Helena Spies ; Robert Roth, Jens Braun." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1127729225/34.

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Galvis, Jorge Alberto. "Low-power flip-flop using internal clock gating and adaptive body bias." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001465.

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Cordova, Brittany Alexandra. "Optimization of a mushroom body ablation technique in Phrynus marginemaculatus." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1573775060984585.

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Books on the topic "Spiked body"

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Coggins, William N. Basic technique: A system of body mechanics. 4th ed. Bayonet Point, FL: Cas Ananada Pub., 1998.

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Breshears, John. Tools and technology, body and world: A structurally dynamic pedestrian bridge. [Houston, Tex.]: Rice University School of Architecture, 1993.

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Zinder, David G. Body, voice, imagination: ImageWork Training and the Chekhov technique. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.

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Wiegand, Ray. Spinal biomechanics: Graphical pattern analyses of vertebra body rotation. Acton, Ma: Spinal Corrective Research, Inc., 1989.

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Theatre, body and pleasure. Abingdon, [England]: Routledge, 2005.

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Scaravelli, Vanda. Awakening the spine: The stress-free new yoga that works with the body to restore health, vitality, and energy. [San Francisco]: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991.

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Barnett, Robert A. Tonics: More than 100 recipes that improve the body and the mind. New York, NY: HarperPerennial, 1997.

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Secret potions, elixirs & concoctions: Botanical & aromatic recipes for mind, body & soul. Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press, 1999.

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Myers, Bill. The case of the hiccupping ears. Nashville, Tenn: Tommy Nelson, 2003.

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Gonzalez, Magda Weck. Star-Spider speaks: The teachings of the Native American tarot. Stamford, CT: U.S. Games Systems, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spiked body"

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Surwar, Gulam, Priyank Kumar, and Sudip Das. "Insight into the mechanism of drag reduction for a spiked blunt body." In Aerospace and Associated Technology, 71–76. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003324539-13.

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Nothwang, Jürgen. "Vertebral Body Replacement." In Manual of Spine Surgery, 217–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22682-3_33.

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Tso, I.-Min. "Insect View of Orb Spider Body Colorations." In Spider Ecophysiology, 319–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33989-9_23.

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Mouritsen, Ole G. "Spices In Japanese Cuisine." In SUSHI Food for the eye, the body & the soul, 106–17. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0618-2_9.

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Giuffrida, Anthony, Nomen Azeem, and Timothy R. Deer. "Vertebral Body." In Essentials of Radiofrequency Ablation of the Spine and Joints, 97–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78032-6_9.

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Zhang, Zoe, Ahmed Mohyeldin, and Ehud Mendel. "Vertebral Body Reconstruction in Metastatic Spine Disease." In Metastatic Spine Disease, 213–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76252-4_17.

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Cahill, Patrick J., Justin Iorio, Amer F. Samdani, Joshua M. Pahys, and Randal R. Betz. "Anterior Growth Modulation Techniques: Vertebral Body Stapling." In The Growing Spine, 731–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48284-1_43.

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Iyer, Vishwanath, William A. Wartman, Aapo Nummenmaa, and Sergey N. Makarov. "Example of Steady-State Electric-Current Modeling of a Complicated Cellular Topology with Boundary Element Fast Multipole Method." In Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 391–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_23.

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AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate the ability of the boundary element fast multipole method (BEM-FMM) to perform electrical modeling of a rather complicated microbiological surface topology in a reasonable amount of time. As an example, we consider a Computer Aided Design (CAD)-based SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein structure. This structure is crucial to the mechanism by which the coronavirus attaches to a target object. Only classic DC steady-state modeling has been performed, in an isotropic continuous medium.
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Burr, Viv. "‘Oh Spike you’re covered in sexy wounds!’ The Erotic Significance of Wounding and Torture in Buffy the Vampire Slayer." In Sex, Violence and the Body, 137–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230228399_9.

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Quinlivan, Davina. "Cronenberg’s ‘Cure’: A Dangerous Method, Spider and The Spectre of Psychosis in The Lost Explorer." In Filming the Body in Crisis, 77–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137361370_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spiked body"

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Ajmal, Muhammad, Naveed Durrani, and Hasan Aftab Saeed. "Design of spiked hemispherical body in hypersonic flow." In 2015 12th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ibcast.2015.7058542.

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Roveda, Roberto. "Benchmark CFD Study of Spiked Blunt Body Configurations." In 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-367.

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YAMAUCHI, MASAFUMI, KOZO FUJII, YOSHIAKI TAMURA, and FUMIO HIGASHINO. "Numerical investigation of supersonic flows around a spiked blunt-body." In 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-887.

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Vashishtha, Ashish, and Shashank Khurana. "Mach number dependence of flow instability around a spiked body." In APPLIED PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER (APCOM 2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0127721.

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Feszty, D., K. Badcock, and B. Richards. "Numerical simulation of the hysteresis phenomenon in high-speed spiked body flows." In 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-141.

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Mehta, Rakhab. "Flow Field Computations Over Conical, Disc and Flat Spiked Body at Mach 6." In 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-325.

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Vashishtha, Ashish, and Shashank Khurana. "Pulsating Flow Investigation for Spiked Blunt-Nose Body in Hypersonic Flow and its Control." In AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-0839.

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Jiss, J. S., E. J. Sandeep, R. V. Reji, A. Suryan, and H. D. Kim. "STUDY OF HYPERSONIC FLOW PAST SPIKED BLUNT BODY USING DIRECT SIMULATION MONTE CARLO METHOD." In Topical Problems of Fluid Mechanics 2016. Institute of Thermomechanics, AS CR, v.v.i., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/tpfm.2016.012.

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Konstantin, Babarykin. "Numerical investigation of self-sustained oscillations in the flow over the spiked blunt body." In THE EIGHTH POLYAKHOV’S READING: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on Mechanics. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5034630.

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Mehta, R. "Fluid dynamics of self-sustained oscillatory flow over spiked blunt-body at Mach 6.80." In Fluids 2000 Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-2225.

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Reports on the topic "Spiked body"

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Li, Jiaqi, PWH Kwong, MYL Chan, and M. Kawabata. Comparison of in vivo intradiscal pressure between sitting and standing in human lumbar spine: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0043.

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Review question / Objective: The primary objective of this systematic review is to compare the differences in vivo IDP between sitting and standing postures. The secondary objective of this review is to compare effect size estimates between 1) dated and more recent studies and 2) healthy and degenerated intervertebral discs. Condition being studied: Healthy adults, patients with low back pain. Eligibility criteria: Studies were included in the review if they 1) involved in vivo IDP measurement in both sitting and standing postures, 2) involved measurements with intervertebral body replacement and 3) included spinal loading data of healthy adults. Studies were excluded if they 1) investigated in vitro measurement of IDP, 2) did not report the central tendency and/or variability of the outcome of interest and 3) were letters to the editor, case studies, case series or review articles. For the relevant papers that did not provide sufficient data, we contacted the corresponding author to acquire the data.
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Liao, Xianhui, Beihai Ge, and Qiang Chen. The Effect of Mind-body Exercise on the Cervical Spine Mobility of People with Neck Discomfort: A Protocol for a Systemic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.4.0126.

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Bloch, Guy, Gene E. Robinson, and Mark Band. Functional genomics of reproduction and division of labor in a key non-Apis pollinator. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699867.bard.

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i. List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project. Our objectives were: 1) develop state-of-the-art functional genomics tools for B. terrestris. These resources will be then used to: 2) characterize genes and molecular pathways that are associated with reproduction, 3) characterize genes and molecular pathways associated with specialization in foraging or nursing activities, and 4) determine the extent to which juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the regulation of reproduction and division of labor. 5) Use RNA interference to down regulate genes associated with reproductive physiology, division of labor, or both. A decrease in the cost of RNA sequencing enabled us to further use the BARD support to extend our research to three additional related projects: A) The regulation of body size which is crucial for understanding both reproduction (castedetermination) and (size based) division of labor in bumblebees. B) Analyze RNA editing in our RNA sequencing data which improves the molecular understanding of the systems we study. C) The influence of JH on the fat body in addition to the brain on which we focused in our proposal. The fat body is a key tissue regulating insect reproduction and health. ii. Background to the topic. Bees are by far the most important pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems. The recent collapse of honey bee populations, together with declines in wild bee (including bumble bee) populations, puts their vital pollination services under severe threat. A promising strategy for circumventing this risk is the domestication and mass-rearing of non-Apis bees. This approach has been successfully implemented for several bumble bees including Bombusterrestris in Israel, and B. impatiens in the US, which are mass-reared in captivity. In spite of their critical economic and environmental value, little is known about the physiology and molecular biology of bumble bees. In this collaborative project we developed functional genomics tools for the bumble bee B. terrestris and use these tools for a first thorough study on the physiology and molecular biology of reproduction, dominance, and division of labor in a bumble bee. iii. Major conclusions, solutions. The valuable molecular data of this project together with the functional tools and molecular information generated in this BARD funded project significantly advanced the understanding of bumblebee biology which is essential for maintaining their vital pollination services for US and Israel agriculture.
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Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.

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Introduction. Ozone and related oxidants are regarded as the most important phytotoxic air pollutant in many parts of the western world. A previously unrecognized component of smog, nitric acid, may have even greater deleterious effects on plants either by itself or by augmenting ozone injury. The effects of ozone on plants are well characterized with respect to structural and physiological changes, but very little is known about the biochemical changes in plants and lichens exposed to ozone and/or HNO3. Objectives.To compare and contrast the responses of crop plants and lichens to dry deposition of HNO3 and O3., separately, and combined in order to assess our working hypothesis that lichens respond to air pollution faster than plants. Lichens are most suitable for use as biomonitors because they offer a live-organism-based system that does not require maintenance and can be attached to any site, without the need for man-made technical support systems. Original Immediate aims To expose the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and the ozone sensitive red kidney bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) and the lichen Ramalinamenziesii to controlled HNO3 and O3 fumigations and combined and to follow the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes, with special reference to reactive oxygen species related parameters. Revised. Due to technical problems and time limitations we studied the lichen Ramalinamenziesii and two cultivar of tobacco: Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and a resistant cultivar, which were exposed to HNO3 and O3 alone (not combined). Methodology. Plants and lichens were exposed in fumigation experiments to HNO3 and O3, in constantly stirred tank reactors and the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes were analyzed. Results. Lichens. Exposure of Ramalinamenziesiito HNO3 resulted in cell membrane damage that was evident by 14 days and continues to worsen by 28 days. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration all declined significantly in HNO3 treatments, with the toxic effects increasing with dosage. In contrast, O3 fumigations of R. menziesii showed no significant negative effects with no differences in the above response variables between high, moderate and low levels of fumigations. There was a gradual decrease in catalase activity with increased levels of HNO3. The activity of glutathione reductase dropped to 20% in thalli exposed to low HNO3 but increased with its increase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increase by 20% with low levels of the pollutants but decreased with its increase. Tobacco. After 3 weeks of exposure of the sensitive tobacco cultivar to ozone there were visible symptoms of toxicity, but no danmage was evident in the tolerant cultivar. Neither cultivar showed any visible symptoms after exposure to HNO3.In tobacco fumigated with O3, there was a significant decrease in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance at high levels of the pollutant, while changes in mesophyll conductance were not significant. However, under HNO3 fumigation there was a significant increase in mesophyll conductance at low and high HNO3 levels while changes in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significant. We could not detect any activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the fumigated tobacco leaves. This is in spite of the fact that we were able to assay the enzymes in tobacco leaves grown in Israel. Conclusions. This project generated novel data, and potentially applicable to agriculture, on the differential response of lichens and tobacco to HNO3 and O3 pollutants. However, due to experimental problems and time limitation discussed in the body of the report, our data do not justify yet application for a full, 4-year grant. We hope that in the future we shall conduct more experiments related to our objectives, which will serve as a basis for a larger scale project to explore the possibility of using lichens and/or plants for biomonitoring of ozone and nitric acid air pollution.
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Scaling-Up the Recognition of Indigenous and Community Land Rights: Opportunities, Costs and Climate Implications. Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/qmud8864.

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A growing body of evidence suggests that recognition of the collective tenure rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and Afro-descendants is a powerful and cost-effective strategy for addressing the climate and biodiversity crises. In spite of this, international funding for rights recognition pales in comparison to donor mobilization around alternative solutions to these crises.
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