Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spike Lee

Academic literature on the topic 'Spike Lee'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Spike Lee"

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Manley, Theodoric. "Spike Lee." Ethnic and Racial Studies 39, no. 13 (June 14, 2016): 2453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1197958.

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Christensen, Jerome. "Spike Lee, Corporate Populist." Critical Inquiry 17, no. 3 (April 1991): 582–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/448598.

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Turner, Justin. "Spike Lee (dir.) (2018) BlacKkKlansman." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 16, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659019827627.

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Saltman, Benjamin. "Jungle Fever Spike Lee Monty Ross." Film Quarterly 45, no. 2 (December 1991): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1213078.

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Doherty, Thomas. ": Do the Right Thing . Spike Lee." Film Quarterly 43, no. 2 (December 1989): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.1989.43.2.04a00050.

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Saltman, Benjamin. ": Jungle Fever . Spike Lee, Monty Ross." Film Quarterly 45, no. 2 (December 1991): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.1991.45.2.04a00070.

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Doherty, Thomas. "Do the Right Thing Spike Lee." Film Quarterly 43, no. 2 (December 1989): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1212807.

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Flory, Dan. "Spike Lee and the Sympathetic Racist." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 64, no. 1 (January 2006): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00230.x.

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Baker, Houston A. "Spike Lee and the Commerce of Culture." Black American Literature Forum 25, no. 2 (1991): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3041685.

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Whaley, Deborah Elizabeth. "The Spike Lee Reader (review)." American Studies 50, no. 1 (2009): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ams.2011.0031.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spike Lee"

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Doughty, Ruth. "Scoring a black aesthetic : music in the films of Spike Lee." Thesis, Keele University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412510.

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Mota, Jorge Manuel Guedes Silva. "Representações dos africano-americanos em Do the right thing de Spike Lee." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- -Universidade Aberta, 1999. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29222.

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Gaines, Mikal J. "Beating Songs: Blues, Violence, and the Male Body in the Films of Spike Lee." W&M ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1593092170.

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Warren, Naomi Irene. "The politics of representation : a rhetorical analysis of Spike Lee's films, 1986-1998 /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p9959605.

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Sougstad, Timothy J. "Iconoclastic tradition in American literature /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036857.

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Rodrigues, Vladimir Miguel [UNESP]. "Malcolm X: entre o texto escrito e o visual." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99127.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_vm_me_sjrp.pdf: 2852276 bytes, checksum: 6edda76d5dac99cb133b8f9ed4b11c58 (MD5)
Malcolm X foi figura exponencial durante a luta pelos direitos civis da população afroamericana nos EUA nas décadas de 1950 e 1960. Seu polêmico discurso pela resistência violenta das populações negras contra o racismo branco marcou gerações naquele país. Esta dissertação de mestrado pretende analisar as representações desse personagem histórico na obra “Autobiografia de Malcolm X”, texto biográfico escrito pelo jornalista Alex Halley e sua transcodificação para o Cinema no filme “Malcolm X” do cineasta Spike Lee
Malcolm X was a remarkable historical character during the Civil Rights struggles in the USA in the 1950s and 1960s. His polemical speech in favor of black resistance against the white racism was fundamental to the next generations in the country. This study aims at analyzing Malcolm´s representations in Alex Halley´s biography – Malcolm X – and its transcodification to the film X, directed by Spike Lee
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Young, Kelcei. "And the Stereotype Award Goes to...: A Comparative Analysis of Directors using African American Stereotypes in Film." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609173/.

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This study examines African American stereotypes in film. I studied six directors, Kathryn Bigelow, Spike Lee, the Russo Brothers, Ryan Coogler, Tate Taylor, and Dee Rees; and six films Detroit, BlacKkKlansman, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, The Help, and Mudbound. Using the framework of critical race theory and auteur theory, I compared the common themes between the films and directors. The main purpose of my study is to see if White or Black directors predominantly used African American stereotypes. I found that both races of directors rely on stereotypes for different purposes. With Black directors, the stereotype was explained further through character development, while the White directors used the stereotype at face value with no further explanation.
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Lavi, Tali, and talilavi@netspace net au. "Tales of Ash: Phantom Bodies as Testimony in Artistic Representations of Terrorism." RMIT University. Creative Media, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080428.114445.

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This paper delves into the realms of tragedy, memory and representation. Drawing upon the phenomenon of the Phantom Limb and extending it towards a theory of Phantom Bodies, various artworks - literary, theatrical and visual - are examined. After the conflagration of the terrorist attack, how are these absences grieved over and remembered through artistic representation? The essay examines this question by positioning itself amongst the scarred landscapes of post-September 11 New York and suicide bombings in Israel (2000-2006). Furthermore, it investigates whether humanity can be restored in the aftermath of an event in which certain individuals have sought to eradicate it. The fragmentation of the affected body in these scenarios is understood as further complicating processes of grief and remembrance. Artists who reject political polemic and engage with the dimensions of human loss are seen to have discovered means of referring to the absence caused by the act of terrorism. Three such recurring representations present themselves: ash and remnants, presence/absence and memory building. Phantom Bodies are perceived as simultaneously functioning as a reminder of the event itself, insisting upon the response of bearing witness, and as a symbol of the overwhelming power of humanity. Challenges arise when individuals or sections of the affected society deem these artworks to be inappropriate or explicit. Works considered include: Neil LaBute's play The Mercy Seat, Sigalit Landau's art installation The Country, Jonathan Safran Foer's Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, Spike Lee's 25th Hour, Daniel Libeskind's architectural plans for the World Trade Center site, Eric Fischl's sculpture 'Tumbling Woman', Honor Molloy's autodelete://beginning dump of physical memory and A.B.Yehoshua's A Woman in Jerusalem. The accompanying play, Tales of Ash: A diptych for the theatre, is set in Melbourne, New York and Tel Aviv and deals with life in the face of and after terror. It veers between naturalism, poetic monologue and the epic. Tales of Ash contains two plays. The first centres on Mia, a young sculptor living in New York, who loses both her lover and her creativity on September 11. Upon returning to her home in Melbourne, she finds familial bonds still entwined with guilt and family trauma. The second play revolves around Ilana and Benny, two people living in Tel Aviv, who find themselves suddenly thrust together after a devastating bombing. As they attempt to resume rhythms of life, in the face of all the inherent ferocity of a modern existence in Israel, the struggle between The Ash Woman and The Ash Takers escalates.
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Morris, Tracy Louise. "Investigation of thoracic spine kinematics in adult sports participants with chronic groin pain during a single leg drop landing task." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86314.

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Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Chronic groin pain is widespread across many sporting disciplines. The aim of our research was to determine if there are kinematic differences of the thoracic spine in active sports people with chronic groin pain, compared with healthy controls. A cross-sectional descriptive design was followed. Participants were required to complete six single leg drop landings with each leg from a 20cm height. The study was done in the 3D Movement Analysis Laboratory at the University of Stellenbosch. Ten male participants with unilateral or bilateral chronic groin pain of more than 3 months duration and 10 asymptomatic males, matched for age and sports participation, were recruited. The main outcome measures were: thoracic spine angle at initial foot contact, maximum thoracic spine angle, range of movement (ROM) (difference between the minimum and maximum values) and thoracic spine angle at lowest vertical point of the pelvis. This was assessed in all 3 movement planes: the sagittal plane (X plane), the coronal plane (Y plane) and the transverse plane (Z plane). The results of our study showed that for the unilaterally affected groin pain group, the cases landed in significantly more thoracic flexion (P<0.001 with large effect size) and were in significantly more thoracic flexion still at the lowest point. Peak thoracic flexion was significantly more in the cases than the controls. (P<0.001 with medium effect size) The same was true for the bilaterally affected group when landing on the most painful side, although this was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in the frontal or transverse planes. In the bilaterally painful group, axial rotation ROM was significantly reduced when landing on either leg (worst affected side: P=0.040 with medium effect size and least affected side: p=0.006 with large effect size). The same occurred in the unilaterally affected group, although this was not statistically significant. Our study suggests that, in participants with chronic groin pain, there is greater thoracic forward flexion away from neutral during landing and that total axial rotation ROM during landing is diminished.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kroniese liespyn kom dikwels en in verskeie sportsoorte voor. Die doel van ons studie was om te bepaal of daar kinematiese verskille van die torakale werwelkolom is in aktiewe sportmense met chroniese liespyn, in vergelyking met gesonde kontroles. ‘n Dwars-deursnit beskrywende studiemetode is gevolg, en uitgevoer in die 3D Beweging Analise Laboratorium, Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Deelnemers moes ses landings op een been doen, met elke been, vanaf 'n 20cm hoogte. Tien mans met eensydige of bilaterale chroniese liespyn vir langer as 3 maande, en 10 asimptomatiese mans (ooreenstemmende ouderdom en sport deelname) het deelgeneem. Die hoof uitkomste wat gemeet is, was torakale werwelkolom krommingshoek by aanvanklike voet-kontak, maksimum torakale werwelkolom krommingshoek, omvang van beweging (OVB) (verskil tussen die minimum en maksimum waardes) en torakale werwelkolom krommingshoek by die laagste punt van die bekken. Dit is beoordeel in al 3 beweging vlakke: die sagittale (X) vlak, die koronale/frontale (Y) vlak en die transversale (Z) vlak. Die resultate van die studie het getoon dat, in die eensydig-geaffekteerde liespyn groep, die deelnemers in beduidend meer torakale fleksie geland het(P < 0.001, met 'n groot effekgrootte), asook met aansienlik meer torakale fleksie by die laagste punt na landing. Piek torakale fleksie was aansienlik meer in die liespyn-gevalle as in die kontroles. (P < 0.001, met middelmatige effekgrootte ) Dieselfde het vir die bilateraalgeaffekteerde groep gegeld wanneer hulle op hul mees pynlike kant geland het, hoewel dit nie statisties beduidend was nie. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille in die frontale of transversale vlakke van beweging nie. In die bilateraal pynlike groep, was aksiale rotasie OVB aansienlik verminder wanneer die gevalle op hul pynlikste been óf op hul minder pynlike been geland het ( mees pynlike been : P = 0,040, met 'n middelmatige effekgrootte en minder pynlike been : p = 0,006, met 'n groot effekgrootte ). Dieselfde het in die eensydig-geaffekteerde groep gebeur, hoewel dit nie statisties beduidend was nie. Ons studie dui daarop dat, in deelnemers met chroniese liespyn, daar meer torokale fleksie weg van neutraal tydens landing is en dat die totale aksiale rotasie OVB tydens die landing verminder is, in vergelyking met die kontrolegroep.
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Huff, Melissa Lee. "Coming of Age in Spite of the Contrast of Vagueness: Native Speaker and The House on Mango Street as Erziehungsroman." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1489.

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Treating Sandra Cisneros' The House on Mango Street and Chang-rae Lee's Native Speaker as Erziehungsroman—that is, stories whose coming-of-age process depends on the characters' education—reveals the similar process that both Esperanza Cordero and Henry Park experience as they navigate the 1960s and 1970s American school system. The most important obstacle in Esperanza's and Henry's ability to achieve academically is the contract of vagueness, the tacit agreement between federal education policy and English language learning (ELL) students to misunderstand one another. Differing cultural conceptions of education perpetuate this mutually detrimental relationship between education policy and ELL students, forcing Henry and Esperanza to choose between satisfying the cultural expectations of their ethnic communities and fulfilling the cultural expectations of their schools, a decision which initially appears mutually exclusive. Exacerbated by their school experiences, both Henry and Esperanza go through a process of rejecting and reclaiming their ethnicity as they come to terms with their ethnic identity. That both characters eventually turn to social advocacy as a solution not only to their own educational struggles but also to the ghettoization of their ethnic communities suggests cosmopolitanism as a solution to the constraints of the contract of vagueness, both for Henry and Esperanza and for their ethnic communities.
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Books on the topic "Spike Lee"

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Abrams, Dennis. Spike Lee. New York: Chelsea House, 2008.

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Spike Lee. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2002.

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Harris, Laurie Lanzen. Spike Lee. Detroit, Mich: Lucent Books, 2011.

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Spike Lee. New York: Chelsea House, 1996.

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Spike Lee. New York: Avon Books, 1992.

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Alex, Patterson. Spike Lee. London: Abacus, 1993.

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Spike Lee: Filmmaker. Hillside, N.J: Enslow Publishers, 1993.

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The philosophy of Spike Lee. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 2011.

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Lee, Spike. Spike Lee, do the right thing. [Los Angeles, CA]: Ammo, 2010.

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Spike Lee: By any means necessary. New York: Walker and Co., 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spike Lee"

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Gotto, Lisa. "Bamboozled (Spike Lee, USA 2000)." In Passing and Posing between Black and White, 167–94. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839453377-008.

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Robnik, Drehli. "Wrestling with the Angels und Engelmord: Hollywoods Hollowing Histories von antirassistischen Kämpfen (Steven Spielberg, Spike Lee, Jordan Peele)." In Genre und Race, 143–57. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-32187-1_8.

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Andersson, Gunnar B. J., and Thomas W. McNeill. "The patient with pain radiating down the leg." In Lumbar Spine Syndromes, 76–86. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8981-8_6.

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Panov, K. P., M. S. Ivanova, and A. Antov. "Rapid Spike Flares on AD Leo and EV Lac." In Flare Stars in Star Clusters, Associations and the Solar Vicinity, 27–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0607-5_5.

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Andersson, Gunnar B. J., and Thomas W. McNeill. "The patient with lower back pain and leg pain with walking." In Lumbar Spine Syndromes, 100–108. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8981-8_9.

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Hancock, James F. "End of the spice era." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 289–99. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0022.

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Abstract As the Dutch and English battled at home and abroad, the major trade commodities also underwent a dramatic shift. Changes in tastes and political climates in Europe caused the profitability of the spices to fall precipitously. This led the VOC and the EIC to seek new markets including cotton, coffee, opium and tea. It was in the middle of the seventeenth century that European interest in spices began to wane. In fact, there was an oversupply of pepper by mid-century, which dropped prices by about 40% compared with that which the Portuguese and then the VOC had long been able to maintain (Lunde, 2005). After a peak of seven million kilograms of pepper imported in 1670, levels fell to about three-and-a-half million kilograms in 1688 (Krondle, 2007). Pepper had lost its status as an exotic luxury in Europe and was now more or less a mundane commodity. The other spices held their high status longer, but they too began to lose their glow by the end of the seventeenth century.
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Iwamoto, Naotaka, and Kyongsong Kim. "Relationship Between Paralumbar Spine Disease/Leg Entrapment Neuropathy and Failed Back Surgery Syndrome." In Entrapment Neuropathy of the Lumbar Spine and Lower Limbs, 105–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6204-8_16.

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Hancock, James F. "Portuguese discovery and conquest." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 206–21. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0016.

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Abstract Opens on a summary about the Medieval European knowledge of the Spice Trade, the chapter also show how Portugal dominated Europe in terms of trade and invasion in the fifteenth century. It goes on with the summary of Portuguese invasion of Africa through the Treaty of Tordesillas and the navigation of Vasco de Gama in the Atlantic coast. After de Gama's navigation, the Portuguese conquest of India began which led to the Portuguese-Mamluk Naval war and established Portuguese sea power in the Indian Ocean. Lastly, the chapter gives a brief summary of the other Portuguese navigations.
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"Bamboozled (Spike Lee, USA 2000)." In Passing and Posing between Black and White, 167–94. transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783839453377-008.

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"4 Little Girls (Spike Lee, 1997)." In Watching Human Rights, 137–38. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315631219-64.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spike Lee"

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Yamada, Kazutoyo, Hiroaki Kikuta, Ken-ichiro Iwakiri, Masato Furukawa, and Satoshi Gunjishima. "An Explanation for Flow Features of Spike-Type Stall Inception in an Axial Compressor Rotor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69186.

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The unsteady behavior and three-dimensional flow structure of spike-type stall inception in an axial compressor rotor have been investigated by experimental and numerical analyses. Previous studies have revealed that the test compressor falls into a mild stall after emergence of a spike, in which multiple stall cells, each consisting of a tornado-like vortex, are rotating. However, the flow mechanism from the spike onset to the mild stall remains unexplained. The purpose of this study is to describe the flow mechanism of a spike stall inception in a compressor. In order to capture the transient phenomena of spike-type stall inception experimentally, an instantaneous casing pressure field measurement technique was developed, in which 30 pressure transducers measure an instantaneous casing pressure distribution inside the passage for one blade pitch at a rate of 25 samplings per blade passing period. This technique was applied to obtain the unsteady and transient pressure fields on the casing wall during the inception process of the spike stall. In addition, the details of the three-dimensional flow structure at the spike stall inception have been analyzed by a numerical approach using the detached-eddy simulation (DES). The instantaneous casing pressure field measurement results at the stall inception show that a low-pressure region starts traveling near the leading edge in the circumferential direction just after the spiky wave was detected in the casing wall pressure trace measured near the rotor leading edge. The DES results reveal the vortical flow structure behind the low-pressure region on the casing wall at the stall inception, showing that the low-pressure region is caused by a tornado-like separation vortex resulting from a leading-edge separation near the rotor tip. A leading-edge separation occurs near the tip at the onset of the spike stall and grows to form the tornado-like vortex connecting the blade suction surface and the casing wall. The casing-side leg of the tornado-like vortex generating the low-pressure region circumferentially moves around the leading-edge line. When the vortex grows large enough to interact with the leading edge of the next blade, the leading-edge separation begins to propagate, and then, the compressor falls into a stall with decreasing performance.
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Kukacka, Leos, Pascal Dupuis, Rikardo Simanjuntak, and Georges Zissis. "Simplified models of LED ballasts for spice." In 2014 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2014.6978426.

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Gutin, Alexey, Andrey Muraviev, Michael Shur, Valentin Kachorovskii, and Trond Ytterdal. "Large signal analytical and SPICE model of THz plasmonic FET." In 2012 Lester Eastman Conference on High Performance Devices (LEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lec.2012.6410980.

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Marquis, Brian, Shushu Liu, and Cameron Stuart. "Longitudinal Rail Load Distribution: An Analytical Solution." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8084.

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Abstract Cut spikes have been used to hold rails directly to wood ties and thus provide lateral restraint to rails and maintain rail gage. For tightly curved and/or steeply graded wood tie tracks, particularly those undergoing heavy loads, elastic clips have been increasingly used to fasten rails securely to tie plates, which in turn are held down by cut spikes or lag screws to the crossties. However, several recent derailment accidents were attributed to the breakage of significant numbers of spikes used in association with the elastic fastening systems. A commonly observed failure mode is the development of fatigue cracking across spike surfaces located approximately 1.5 inches below the top surface of the tie. Previous Finite Element (FE) studies have shown that the presence of longitudinal force transmitted into the tie-spike interface is significant to accelerate wood damage and cause spike failure initiation as the strength of wood along the track longitudinal direction is weaker than the other directions. In the field, the magnitude of longitudinal load between a tie and fastener is very difficult to measure relying on the current sensor technology. A literature review conducted so far indicates that longitudinal-load-distribution related computational models are very limited. Therefore, the distribution mechanism of longitudinal load has not been well-established. To better understand how the longitudinal load is transferred from wheels to ties and fasteners, this paper developed an analytical model to investigate the longitudinal tie forces using the finite difference method. In this paper an analytical model is firstly introduced to calculate the longitudinal track response under a single static wheel load. The solution calculates diverse sets of responses such as: (1) rail axial displacements; (2) rail axial forces; (3) force distribution to the tie; and (4) tie forces. The effect of multiple axle loads from a train is then computed using superposition theory. To validate the model, a field test was performed at the Horseshoe Curve in Altoona, Pennsylvania to investigate longitudinal rail forces and longitudinal displacements of rail and ties under train passages. The model predictions were compared and validated with the test results. This model applies to all train types on various track layouts. Key factors, e.g. train braking versus train traction, fastener stiffness, etc., that have a significant effect on longitudinal force distributions are presented in the paper. The model estimates the longitudinal forces during uniform train braking and traction events, and shows that locomotives in traction lead to more significant longitudinal forces distributed to ties. The results indicate the longitudinal force was distributed over a large span (or influence zone) of over one hundred ties whereas the vertical tie load was only distributed over three to five ties. Within the influence zone of the longitudinal load, the vertical tie load ranged dramatically from maximum compressive forces (negative forces) to uplifting tensile forces (positive forces), indicating load configuration was very tie-dependent under a train passage. Significant longitudinal forces could be existing on uplifted ties. The results also show that larger longitudinal stiffness of fastener led to higher maximum forces distributed to ties and smaller influence zones.
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Matsumoto, Ojiro, Shunsuke Shigaki, Shuhei Ikemoto, Tsung-Yuan Chen, Masahiro Shimizu, and Koh Hosoda. "2DOF link mechanism mimicking cheetah’s spine and leg movement." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio49542.2019.8961719.

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Negrea, Catalin, Paul Svasta, and Marius Rangu. "Electro-thermal modeling of power LED using SPICE circuit solver." In 2012 35th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2012.6273096.

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Paderov, Viktor, and Dmitriy Averkin. "EXTRACTION STATIC PARAMETERS SPICE-MODEL OF LED ON THREE POINTS THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC." In CAD/EDA/SIMULATION IN MODERN ELECTRONICS 2021. Bryansk State Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_61c997f0abe178.87427078.

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A simple method for extracting the static parameters of the SPICE-model of LEDs from three points of current-voltage characteristic proposes. Formulas for calculating the static parameters of the SPICE-model and measurement conditions are given.
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Wei, Zhong, Guangming Song, Ying Zhang, Huiyu Sun, and Guifang Qiao. "Transleg: A wire-driven leg-wheel robot with a compliant spine." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icinfa.2016.7831789.

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Liu, Yanwei, Shaoming Sun, Xuan Wu, and Tao Mei. "A leg-wheel wall-climbing robot utilizing bio-inspired spine feet." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2013.6739732.

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Alonso, J. Marcos, Marina Perdigao, Guirguis Z. Abdelmessih, Marco A. Dalla Costa, and Yijie Wang. "SPICE-aided design of a variable inductor in LED driver applications." In 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2016.7731895.

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Reports on the topic "Spike Lee"

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Ayele, Seife, and Vianney Mutyaba. Chinese-Funded Electricity Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa and Implications for Public Debt and Transition to Renewable Energy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.063.

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While China has been increasingly contributing to the recent growth in electricity generation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the effects of China-funded investment on host countries’ debt burden and transition to renewable energy sources have not been sufficiently explored. Drawing on secondary data, combined with deep dive studies of Ethiopia and Uganda, this paper shows that despite significant liberalisation of the power sector in SSA, Chinese investments in the electricity industry continue to follow state-led project contract-based models. We show that this approach has failed to encourage Chinese firms to build compelling investment portfolios for competitive procurements within the region and, instead and inadvertently, it has exacerbated the debt burden of host country governments. Second, in spite of the global drive towards climate resilient energy generation, Chinese funding of electricity generation in SSA is not sufficiently channelled towards modern renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power that could reduce vulnerability to climate change. While recognising that the private sector-led competitive model of power generation is not without limitations, we argue that SSA’s electricity generation strategy that leads to less public debt and more climate resilience involves increased involvement of Chinese investment in the competitive model, with more diversification of such investment portfolios towards modern renewables such as wind and solar energy resources.
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Thompson, Joseph. How WASH Programming has Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.001.

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Since first appearing at the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread at a pace and scale not seen before. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A rapid response was called for, and actors across the globe worked quickly to develop sets of preventative measures to contain the disease. One mode of transmission identified early on in the crisis was via surfaces and objects (fomites) (Howard et al. 2020). To combat this, hand hygiene was put forward as a key preventative measure and heralded as ‘the first line of defence against the disease’ (World Bank 2020). What followed was an unprecedented global focus on handwashing with soap. Health messages on how germs spread, the critical times at which hands should be washed, and methods for correct handwashing were shared (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Political leaders around the world promoted handwashing and urged people to adopt the practice to protect against the coronavirus. The primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19 have affected people and industries in a variety of different ways. For the WASH sector, the centring of handwashing in the pandemic response has led to a sudden spike in hygiene activity. This SLH Rapid Topic Review takes stock of some of the cross-cutting challenges the sector has been facing during this period and explores the adaptations that have been made in response. It then looks forwards, thinking through what lies ahead for the sector, and considers the learning priorities for the next steps.
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Gershoni, Jonathan M., David E. Swayne, Tal Pupko, Shimon Perk, Alexander Panshin, Avishai Lublin, and Natalia Golander. Discovery and reconstitution of cross-reactive vaccine targets for H5 and H9 avian influenza. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699854.bard.

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Research objectives: Identification of highly conserved B-cell epitopes common to either H5 or H9 subtypes of AI Reconstruction of conserved epitopes from (1) as recombinantimmunogens, and testing their suitability to be used as universal vaccine components by measuring their binding to Influenza vaccinated sera of birds Vaccination of chickens with reconstituted epitopes and evaluation of successful vaccination, clinical protection and viral replication Development of a platform to investigate the dynamics of immune response towards infection or an epitope based vaccine Estimate our ability to focus the immune response towards an epitope-based vaccine using the tool we have developed in (D) Summary: This study is a multi-disciplinary study of four-way collaboration; The SERPL, USDA, Kimron-Israel, and two groups at TAU with the purpose of evaluating the production and implementation of epitope based vaccines against avian influenza (AI). Systematic analysis of the influenza viral spike led to the production of a highly conserved epitope situated at the hinge of the HA antigen designated “cluster 300” (c300). This epitope consists of a total of 31 residues and was initially expressed as a fusion protein of the Protein 8 major protein of the bacteriophagefd. Two versions of the c300 were produced to correspond to the H5 and H9 antigens respectively as well as scrambled versions that were identical with regard to amino acid composition yet with varied linear sequence (these served as negative controls). The recombinantimmunogens were produced first as phage fusions and then subsequently as fusions with maltose binding protein (MBP) or glutathioneS-transferase (GST). The latter were used to immunize and boost chickens at SERPL and Kimron. Furthermore, vaccinated and control chickens were challenged with concordant influenza strains at Kimron and SEPRL. Polyclonal sera were obtained for further analyses at TAU and computational bioinformatics analyses in collaboration with Prof. Pupko. Moreover, the degree of protection afforded by the vaccination was determined. Unfortunately, no protection could be demonstrated. In parallel to the main theme of the study, the TAU team (Gershoni and Pupko) designed and developed a novel methodology for the systematic analysis of the antibody composition of polyclonal sera (Deep Panning) which is essential for the analyses of the humoral response towards vaccination and challenge. Deep Panning is currently being used to monitor the polyclonal sera derived from the vaccination studies conducted at the SEPRL and Kimron.
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O'Connell, Martin, and Xavier Jaravel. Inflation spike and falling product variety during the Great LockdownThe COVID-19 pandemic led many countries to implement social distancing, lockdowns and travel restrictions, which have resulted in a collapse in the world economy unprecedented in peacetime. Although the real-time effects of the ‘Great Lockdown’ on employment and consumer expenditure have been widely documented, much less is known about how the crisis is impacting inflation. In this paper, we use comprehensive scanner data from the United Kingdom to measure inflation for fast-moving consumer goods during the Great Lockdown in real time. Institute for Fiscal Studies, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2020.bn0292.

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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.

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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham Halevy. Signal Transduction Pathway of Hormonal Action in Control and Regulation of the Gravitropic Response of Cut Flowering Stems during Storage and Transport. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695838.bard.

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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to increase our understanding of the cellular mechanisms operating during the gravitropic response of cut flowers, for solving their bending problem without affecting flower quality. Thus, several elements operating at the 3 levels o the gravity-induced signal transduction pathway, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon stems according to the following research goals: 1) Signaling: characterize the signal transduction pathway leading to the gravitropic response, regarding the involvement of [Ca2+]cyt as a mediator of IAA movement and sensitivity to auxin. 2) Transduction by plant hormones: a) Examine the involvement of auxin in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to: possible participation of auxin binding protein (ABP), auxin redistribution, auxin mechanism of action (activation of H+-ATPase) mediation by changes in [Ca2+]cyt and possible regulation of auxin-induced Ca2+ action b: calmodulin-activated or Ca2+-activated protein kinases (PK). b) Examine the involvement of ethylene in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to auxin-induced ethylene production and sensitivity of the tissue to ethylene. 3) Response: examine the effect of gravistimulation on invertase (associated with growth and elongation) activity and invertase gene expression. 4) Commercial practice: develop practical and simple treatments to prevent bending of cut flowers grown for export. Revisions: 1) Model systems: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), 3 other model shoe systems, consisting of oat (Avena sativa) pulvini, Ornithogalun 'Nova' cut flowers and Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence, were targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for shoot gravitropism. 2 Research topics: the involvement of ABP, auxin action, PK and invertase in the gravitropic response of snapdragon stems could not be demonstrated. Alternatively, the involvement in the gravity signaling cascade of several other physiological mediators apart of [Ca2+]cyt such as: IP3, protein phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton, was shown. Additional topics introduced: starch statolith reorientation, differential expression of early auxin responsive genes, and differential shoot growth. Background to the topic: The gravitropic bending response of flowering shoots occurring upon their horizontal placement during shipment exhibits a major horticultural problem. In spite of extensive studies in various aboveground organs, the gravitropic response was hardly investigated in flowering shoots. Being a complex multistep process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel, analysis of the negative gravitropic response of shoot includes investigation of signal transduction elements and various regulatory physiological mediators. Major achievements: 1) A correlative role for starch statoliths as gravireceptors in flowering shoot was initially established. 2) Differentially phosphorylated proteins and IP3 levels across the oat shoe pulvini, as well as a differential appearance of 2 early auxin-responsive genes in snapdragon stems were all detected within 5-30 minutes following gravistimulation. 3) Unlike in roots, involvement of actin cytoskeleton in early events of the gravitropic response of snapdragon shoots was established. 4) An asymmetric IAA distribution, followed by an asymmetric ethylene production across snapdragon stems was found following gravistimulation. 5) The gravity-induced differential growth in shoots of snapdragon was derived from initial shrinkage of the upper stem side and a subsequent elongation o the lower stem side. 6) Shoot bending could be successfully inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists (that serve as a basis for practical treatments), kinase and phosphatase inhibitors and actin-cytoskeleton modulators. All these agents did not affect vertical growth. The essential characterization of these key events and their sequence led us to the conclusion that blocking gravity perception may be the most powerful means to inhibit bending without hampering shoot and flower growth after harvest. Implications, scientific and agriculture: The innovative results of this project have provided some new insight in the basic understanding of gravitropism in flower stalks, that partially filled the gap in our knowledge, and established useful means for its control. Additionally, our analysis has advanced the understanding of important and fundamental physiological processes involved, thereby leading to new ideas for agriculture. Gravitropism has an important impact on agriculture, particularly for controlling the bending of various important agricultural products with economic value. So far, no safe control of the undesired bending problem of flower stalks has been established. Our results show for the first time that shoot bending of cut flowers can be inhibited without adverse effects by controlling the gravity perception step with Ca2+ antagonists and cytoskeleton modulators. Such a practical benefit resulting from this project is of great economic value for the floriculture industry.
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Incongruity between biological and chronologic age among the pupils of sports schools and the problem of group lessons effectiveness at the initial stage of training in Greco-Roman wrestling. Aleksandr S. Kuznetsov, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-1-19-23.

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Considerable influence and compulsory dropout among those, who go in for GrecoRoman wrestling at the age of 10-13, does not take into account the level of individual biological development and integral demands domination claimed on too high general physical training (GPT) (4) normatives fulfillment. It corresponds with general situation in the system of education (6, 9). In spite of uneven speed of biological development (1, 8, 9), there are general demands claimed on physical training at school for age groups (5) in accordance with chronologic age. The same situation is at sports schools. Technical and physical training lessons at Greco-Roman wrestling school at the stage of initial training are organized according to general group principle. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, questionnaire survey, coaches’ experience summarizing, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The received research results led to the following conclusion: it is possible to solve the problem of dropping out of Greco-Roman wrestling sports schools in terms of minimal loss in the quality of sports training by means of dividing the training groups into subgroups. There different normatives of material mastering and set by standard physical qualities development are used. For this purpose we created the training groups and subgroups of the set objectives realization at Greco-Roman wrestling sports schools.
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Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.

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In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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