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1
Gilboa, Ayelet, and Dvory Namdar. "On the Beginnings of South Asian Spice Trade with the Mediterranean Region: A Review." Radiocarbon 57, no. 2 (2015): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18562.
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When did the trade in lucrative spices from South Asia to the West commence? Recent organic residue analyses performed on small early Iron Age (11th–late 10th century BCE) Phoenician clay flasks provide the first concrete archaeological evidence that such sustainable trade took place much earlier than hitherto suspected. The analysis shows that several of the flasks contained cinnamon, which in this period could only have originated in South/Southeast Asia. Here, we first summarize the rationale and results of that study. Subsequently, we provide an updated review of all sources of data relevant to the question at hand—archaeological, analytical, and textual. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research on the Asian spice trade with the West.
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Tsailas, Demetrios. "Amidst Considerable Challenges, Maritime Cooperation Is A Pillar Of Stability And Security In The Mediterranean." Security science journal 3, no. 1 (March 26, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.3.1.2.
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The Mediterranean has never been, conceptually or politically, a homogenous and organic space. From antiquity till the modern era, the surrounded littoral nations looked at their neighborhood through the lenses of a cooperative Euro-Mediterranean region, seeking to extend their norms, rules, and values through the deployment of soft power, from trade and aid to security cooperation and political dialogue. Today, instead, there is a great power competition that divided the region between North Africa and the Middle East especially in the eastern Mediterranean, heavily prioritizing the latter over the former in diplomatic and military outreach and viewing it through the prism of the strategic relationship, of EU nations and NATO allies. In addition, the Arab state system of the region is in standoff now, with many (if not most) states featuring existential fragilities or have collapsed altogether. State fragility has created areas of limited statehood, in which alternative forms of governance—from militias to municipalities, international donors to civil society—have stepped in and in which foreign powers have meddled. Through such interference, global and regional rivalries have exacerbated and have found fertile ground. All major global and regional cleavages are now tragically on display in the region: from the Russia-West and Israel-Iran confrontation in Syria to the Turkish-Greece tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, from the Turkey-UAE/Egypt struggle over political Islam in Libya, to the Iran-Saudi conflict in Yemen, or the Gulf and Israeli skepticism of the Iran nuclear deal. Also, energy has become a proxy for confrontation—as evident in the configuration of the East Med Gas Forum from which Turkey is excluded—and migration has become both a dramatic consequence of fragility and conflict, as well as a tool through which origin and transit countries have arm-twisted Europe. The only cleavage that appears to have temporarily abated is the Arab-Israeli one, with the Abraham accords crystallizing normalization between Israel and some Arab states. Consequently, the region has become far more porous than it once was. It has become impossible to read conflicts in the Mediterranean in isolation, as regional powers like Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Greece, France, and Turkey weigh in across the region. Likewise, illegal migration, energy, security, terrorism, and climate dynamics have generated indissoluble ties to the Eastern Mediterranean and the broader Middle East.
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Tagliacozzo, Eric. "Trade, Production, and Incorporation. The Indian Ocean in Flux, 1600–1900." Itinerario 26, no. 1 (March 2002): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300004952.
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Historians have approached the Indian Ocean from a variety of vantages in their attempts to explain the modern history of this huge maritime arena. Some scholars have concentrated on predation as a linking theme, charting how piracy connected a broad range of actors for centuries in these dangerous waters. Others have focused on environmental issues, asking how patterns of winds, currents, and weather allowed trade to flourish on such a vast, oceanic scale. These latter historians have appropriated a page out of Braudel, and have grafted his approaches to the Mediterranean to fit local, Indian Ocean realities, such as the role of cyclones and mangrove swamps in both helping and hindering long-distance commerce. Still other scholars have used different tacks, following trails of commodities such as spices or precious metals, or even focusing on far-flung archaeological remains, in an attempt to piece together trans-regional histories from the detritus civilisations left behind. All of these epistemological vectors have shed light on the region as a whole, though through different tools and lenses, and via a variety of techniques of inquiry.
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Lev, Efraim. "Botanical view of the use of plants in medieval medicine in the Eastern Mediterranean according to the Cairo Genizah." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 62, no. 1-2 (May 18, 2015): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.887380.
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This article presents the medicinal plants that were used by the inhabitants of the medieval Eastern Mediterranean (mainly tenth to thirteenth centuries AD) and analyzes their geographical/phyto-botanical origin and their frequency of use at the medieval time. It also discusses various issues such as their historical trade and the continuation of their use in present-day Middle Eastern traditional medicine.The Cairo Genizah is an historical source containing about 250,000 documents, found in a semi-archeological context (synagogue and graves). Since Cairo became the capital and consequently the economic and administrative center of the Muslim empire, the Jewish community had close connections with the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa, Southern Europe, Sicily and India. Therefore, these highly valued documents record every aspect of life and reflect on the whole Mediterranean region and beyond.The inventory of the practicalmateria medicawas reconstructed thanks to hundreds of documents such as prescriptions, list of drugs, and medical letters. It consists of 278 drugs, 223 of which are of plant origin. Asian medicinal plants became highly used in medieval Mediterranean medicine; the vast majority of them are still sold in Middle Eastern markets, although not with the same importance. It is important to note that some of them are sold today mainly for their other uses as spices, perfumes, incense, etc.
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Karsiwan. "PENDAMPINGAN PENGUATAN KAPASITAS PELAKU BUDAYA JALUR REMPAH DI LAMPUNG." Mafaza : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32665/mafaza.v2i1.460.
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The Spice Route is a spice trade route in the archipelago and leaves traces of civilization heritage, including in the Lampung region. Assistance in strengthening the capacity of the Spice Route cultural actors is carried out in order to support the government's efforts to propose the Spice Route as an intangible cultural heritage by Unesco. interest in the history of the spice route in the Southern Sumatra region, especially the Lampung area. In addition, mentoring activities to strengthen the capacity of the cultural actors of the spice route are also intended as a promotion and socialization of the existence of the spice route in Lampung to cultural actors from outside Lampung. The partners for this service are the Directorate of Cultural Protection, Kemendikbudristek, the Education and Culture Offices of West Lampung and East Lampung Regencies, students and history teachers in Jakarta, Bandung and Banten. The method of devotion is a direct mentoring method to the perpetrators of the spice path culture. The results of the service were the recording of spice knots in the Lampung area, especially in Bandar Lampung with the location of the spice route in the form of Panjang port and Jami Al Anwar Mosque. For the East Lampung area, it is located at the Pugung Rahardjo Archaeological Site and the remains of the Sultanate of Banten in Lampung in the form of the Dalung Charter which supports the existence of pepper plantations. West Lampung is located at Wisma Sindalapai, Tomb of King Selalau, Lamban Pesagi, Dalom Belunguh Building. Lampung as a spice-producing area that has close relations with the spice route, especially with the Sultanate of Banten can be information that provides an illustration that Lampung was once a spice-producing center and had an important role in the spice trade node in the region that connected the West and East. Archipelago.
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MOŻDŻEŃ, KATARZYNA, BEATA BARABASZ-KRASNY, and EWA SZPYTMA. "Spice raw material available in the domestic grocery trade." Agronomy Science 73, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asx.2018.3.6.
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Spices are a group of plants represented in every corner of the world by numerous species and used in a variety of ways. The analyses show that over 80 spice ingredients from plants belonging to 33 families are available in grocery trade in Poland. The most numerous families are: Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Zingiberaceae. Both spices based on domestic plants and those found naturally in other climatic zones can be found on markets. The most spice raw materials come from plants that grow naturally and are grown in Asia and the Mediterranean countries. Some of the species, e.g. caraway (Carum carvi L.), wild celery(Angelica archangelica L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), occur in the wild state in Central and Eastern Europe. In Polish grocery trade, spices are available mainly in dried and ground form, and the most sold ones are: black pepper, bay leaf, allspice, cumin, garlic, paprika, marjoram, fennel, parsley, nutmeg and cinnamon. Recently, mixtures of spices for specific meals such as pizza, fish, chicken, barbecued dishes and sauces, are also eagerly bought.
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Mufrodi, Ali. "The Spice Route and The Sub-Urban Muslim Community in South East Asia." Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v5i1.2151.
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The spice route is the route that the spice trade passes from its home country, the Maluku Islands in particular, and the Archipelago Islands in general to other countries in the world. The spice route is thought to have existed for several centuries BC. The spice route stretches from the Maluku Islands/Nusantara to Malaya, India, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, to Europe. The Arabs took part in the spice trade from the Archipelago and the Persians, Indians, Malays, and the Chinese. When the Arabs embraced Islam and followed by the Persians and Indians, they passed and controlled the trade in the spice route. Since the first century to the twelfth century AD, Indian civilization with Hinduism and Buddhism dominated society and politics in Southeast Asia. Even the still Hindu solid kingdom in Java lasted until the end of the fifteenth century. During such a period, the Muslims became members of the marginalized communities on the spice route under the shadow of Hinduistic hegemony. However, they can play a role in the Islamization of the Southeast Asian Region through the spice route. Gradually the Muslims can shift the Hindu/Buddhist civilization and establish political power and build Islamic civilization. Islamic civilization includes, among others, the development of Islamic religious knowledge, shaping Islamic traditions in society, advancing education, and establishing political power. The writer used the 4-step historical method in this study, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. He also applied acculturation theory to discuss this theme. Given the limited time, secondary sources were used to write this research.
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Kunnappilly, Anitta G. "The trade of the port of Muziris in ancient times." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 3 (August 2018): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418784241.
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The ancient port-town of Muziris was situated on the western coast of Kerala in present-day India. It was famed for its spice trade, notably the shipment of pepper and cinnamon, which were indigenous to the Malabar region. The significance of this port town in the ancient spice route is evident in literary sources, from Pliny (Natural History) and Strabo (Geographica) to the Sangam epic works of Chithalai Chathanar (Silapadikaram) and Illango Adigal (Manimekalei). The Muziris economy depended on the spice trade. The Sangam works describe the wars that were waged between Chera and the Pandyan kingdoms to win monopoly rights to the ancient spice routes. The Muziris-Vienna Papyrus, a second century AD parchment, speaks of the huge quantity of pepper that was traded from Muziris to Alexandria through Koptos and Berneike in a ship named Hermopollen. The parchment also describes the taxes that were imposed on these commodities, and the well-organised merchant guilds based at Muziris. This substantiates the claims of the Peutinger Tablet regarding Roman soldiers being stationed at Muziris to protect their commodities from pirates. Literary sources are therefore invaluable to an understanding of the trans-oceanic trade of Muziris, which not only conveyed goods, religion, architecture and culture to and from the port, but also underpinned the state and economy of this particular place.
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Kepaptsoglou, Konstantinos, Dimitrios Tsamboulas, Matthew G. Karlaftis, and Vittorio Marzano. "Free Trade Agreement Effects in the Mediterranean Region." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2097, no. 1 (January 2009): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2097-11.
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Shngreiyo, A. S. "The Beginning of Dutch and English Conflict in Banda and Moluccas in the Early Seventeenth Century." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v8.n2.p4.
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Why Christopher Columbus did discovered America the new world, why did Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to reach India. They went and risk their life if search of the Spice Islands. The spices that European was searching were found in Indonesia Archipelago, Bandas famous for nutmeg and mace and Moluccas for its clove. After the formation of the East India Company in the early seventeenth century both the Dutch and English were competing against each other and outmaneuver one another for control of the islands. In the end, it was the Dutch who emerge victories. The Dutch established a monopoly on the spice trade from the Moluccas. They gained control over the clove trade through an alliance with the sultan of Ternate. Dutch occupation of the Banda’s gave them control of the nutmeg trade. Dutch control of the region was fully realized when Malacca was captured from the Portuguese in 1641. The Dutch were quite merciless when it suited their purposes; sometime obliterate the whole native population. By its brutal conquest over the Spice Islands they were able to control over the spice trade. Nevertheless, the English were not left behind whenever there is opportunity they set in to take the advantage of the sour relation between the native and Dutch, as the English played a role of more mercantile communities than occupation. The beginning of the seventeenth century is very important for the two companies as it decide the fate of the spices trade. Both companies were not willing to back out.
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Pattikayhatu, John A. "Bandar Niaga di Perairan Maluku dan Perdagangan Rempah-Rempah." Kapata Arkeologi 8, no. 1 (April 19, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v8i1.175.
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AbstrakKepulauan Maluku telah dikenal dalam jaringan perdagangan di Nusantara sejak masa lampau. Wilayah ini masuk dalam jaringan perdagangan karena merupakan sumber utama komoditi rempah-rempah khususnya cengkih dan pala. Berbagai catatan historis yang ada telah memberikan konfirmasi bahwa komoditi yang dihasilkan dari wilayah ini telah diperdagangkan hingga ke Eropa dan tempat-tempat lain di dunia. Tulisan ini membahas tentang jalur perdagangan dan pelayaran dalam konteks perdagangan rempah-rempah, bandar-bandar niaga di perairan Maluku, serta kehancuran peran perdagangan rempahrempah di Maluku. AbstractMaluku Islands are known in the trade network in the archipelago since past. These areas included in the network as the main source of commodity trading of spices, especially cloves and nutmeg. Existing historical records has confirmed that the commodities produced from this region have been trafficked to Europe and other places in the world. This paper discusses the trade and shipping in the context of the spice trade, the commercial port in the waters of the Moluccas, and the destruction of the role of the spice trade in the Moluccas.
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Abed, George T. "Trade Liberalization and Tax Reform in the Southern Mediterranean Region." IMF Working Papers 98, no. 49 (1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451846812.001.
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Petit, Michel. "Agro-Food Trade and Policy issues in the Mediterranean region." QA Rivista dell'Associazione Rossi-Doria, no. 3 (August 2009): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qu2009-003002.
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- The limited economic stakes involved in the current agricultural trade discussions and negotiations in the Mediterranean region hardly justify the political sensitivities they generate. As a result, agricultural trade conflicts lead to misconceptions, frustrations and taboos, which stand in the way of fuller agricultural collaboration between North and South in the region. This hampers common efforts in such domains as rural development, agricultural research and higher education as well as the efforts of the private sector, which could address important issues and yield high pay offs.EconLit Classification: F590, Q170Keywords: International Relations, Agriculture in International TradeParole chiave: Relazioni internazionali, Commercio internazionale agricolo
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Hassine, N. B., and M. Kandil. "Trade liberalisation, agricultural productivity and poverty in the Mediterranean region." European Review of Agricultural Economics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbp002.
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Ririmasse, Marlon NR. "Sebelum Jalur Rempah: Awal Interaksi Niaga Lintas Batas di Maluku dalam Perspektif Arkeologi." Kapata Arkeologi 13, no. 1 (July 25, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v13i1.388.
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Spice Route has become one of the main issues in the cultural historical studies of Indonesia recently. The discussion is still attached to effort to understand the existence of spice route as the part of the extensive trade system that have been initiated by the history of contact and interaction with the traveler from Western Asia; China; and the European explorers. There were almost no discussion that tried to explore the nature of the spice route prior to the contact with the Mainland Asia and the European. Including in the Maluku Archipleago. This paper discuss the formation process of the spice trade system in the prehistoric period and early historic period in Maluku from the archaeological perspective. The approach that has been adopted in this research is bibliographical studies. This paper found that the trade system and exchange in Maluku has been initiated since the prehistoric period as has been highlighted by the arcaheological studies in the region. Jalur rempah kembali menjadi salah satu isu yang mengemuka dalam diskusi sejarah budaya Nusantara setahun terakhir. Dimana wacana yang mengemuka umumnya masih mengamati keberadaan jalur rempah sebagai jejaring yang dibentuk oleh sejarah kontak dan interaksi dengan para penjelajah dari Asia Barat; Tiongkok dan terutama para pendatang Eropa. Hampir tak ada diskusi yang mencoba mengamati kemungkinan tumbuh kembang jalur niaga ini di era yang jauh lebih awal. Termasuk di Kepulauan Maluku. Makalah ini mencoba mengamati proses pembentukan jaringan niaga dan perdagangan rempah serta aneka komoditi eksotik di masa prasejarah dan awal sejarah di Kepulauan Maluku dari sudut pandang studi arkeologi. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka. Hasil kajian menemukan bahwa jaringan niaga dan pertukaran di Maluku telah dibentuk semenjak masa prasejarah sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh ragam hasil penelitian arkeologi.
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Gkatsikos, Alexandros, and Konstadinos Mattas. "The Paradox of the Virtual Water Trade Balance in the Mediterranean Region." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052978.
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Climate change, water shortages and desertification threaten the economic and environmental sustainability in the Mediterranean. Limited rainfall and higher temperatures put agricultural production, which relies on water availability, in jeopardy. Thereupon, Mediterranean countries pursue agri-food resilience and water preservation through efficient water policies. Hence, water-deprived areas ought to import rather than produce water-intensive products to maintain water inventories and sustainability consequently. As this study examines the water sustainability for a Mediterranean water-scarce region with a particular focus on agriculture, the virtual water trade balance explores this hypothesis. A regional input–output model is constructed, and then total water consumption and the virtual water flows for each economic sector are estimated to determine the virtual water trade balance of the economy. Results indicate that the study area has a trade deficit and struggles economically but is a net importer of virtual water and secures water sustainability. As this virtual water deficit relies heavily on agriculture and originates in vast total water consumption rather than a large trade deficit, a paradox occurs; water-intensive cultivations and animals that consume 91.75% of water resources end up appearing to be water-saving. Further research is needed to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental protection.
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Woudhuizen, Fred C. "Towards a reconstruction of Tin-trade routes in mediterranean protohistory." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 92, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2017-0023.
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Zusammenfassung: In dieser Arbeit wird ein für die Bronzezeit des Mittelmeerraums grundlegendes Thema angesprochen: Woher stammt das Zinn zur Herstellung von Bronzeobjekten? Tatsächlich lassen sich nur zwei Möglichkeiten erkennen: der Mittlere Osten (Afghanistan und die Region Oxus an seiner nordöstlichen Grenze) oder der Westen (Erzgebirge, Bretagne, Cornwall oder Gallizien).
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Faroqhi, Suraiya. "Introduction." New Perspectives on Turkey 6 (1991): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/s0896634600000327.
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It is customary to say that the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century prosperity of the Ottoman Empire was derived from its control of international trade routes leading toward Europe. From this perspective, the closing years of the sixteenth century are regarded as a turning point. When English merchants entered the Mediterranean and the Dutch established a monopoly over the Moluccan spice trade, the Ottoman state lost its dominant role in world commerce, particularly since Ottoman merchants rarely left the Sultan's domain, and therefore did not control the sources of their trade goods. Loss of customs revenue contributed to fiscal crisis, which in turn led to political turmoil as overtaxed peasants fled their villages (Lewis, 1968, p. 27 ff.). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (or so it is claimed), world trade would have bypassed the Ottoman Empire entirely if it hadn't been for the transit trade in Iranian silk which continued into the 1730s, and a limited exportation of local grains and cottons, which did not become really significant until the high prices of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. From 1815 onward, the Ottoman Empire increasingly entered the orbit of industrializing Europe as a market for manufactured goods and a source of raw materials, and this state of affairs was made “official” by the signing of the Anglo-Ottoman convention of 1838.
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Zuhdi, Susanto. "Shipping Routes and Spice Trade in Southeast Sulawesi in the 17th and 18th Century." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 2, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v2i1.3100.
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This paper discusses the dynamics of sea voyage and trade formed in the network of Southeast Sulawesi waters in the 17th and 18th century. Buton was chosen as a port that played the role in that network. Southeast Sulawesi as the concept of region will be positioned in the eastern and southern part of Sulawesi network, and other parts of the Nation. In addition to the strategic location connecting Makassar to North Maluku and Central Maluku, also spices as the commodities transported through this line, Buton has its own trade commodities, such as slaves, and iron tools (knives, machetes). Although it is not in large in numbers, cloves from Buton were also the target of VOC. As a collecting center port, Buton plays a role in the network of "feeder point" ports such as Raha and Tukangbesi Islands (now Wakatobi), with the entrepot, Makassar. The changes after Makassar fell into VOC’s hands has made Buton contributing more as a supplier. Although Buton was an ally of VOC, marked by a contract signed in 1613, but in some respects there was resistance, both openly as Buton War in 1755 and rebel against the ban on growing cloves (extirpation) and illegal trade (sluijkhandel). Literature review and tracking down of primary sources in the form of archives and oral tradition are important steps for further study.
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Casale, Giancarlo. "The Ottoman Administration of the Spice Trade in the Sixteenth-century Red Sea and Persian Gulf." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 2 (2006): 170–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852006777502081.
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AbstractFollowing the Ottoman conquest of Egypt and the Levant in 1516-17, administrators of the empire began to experiment with several innovative strategies to increase the total volume of the spice trade between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, and to maximize the state's share of its revenues. These became progressively more sophisticated over time, until by the end of the 1560s a comprehensive infrastructure was in place, including a rationalized empire-wide tax regime for regulating private trade, a network of "imperial factors" who bought spices for the sultan in overseas emporiums, and an annual convoy of spice galleys that shipped cargoes of state-owned pepper from the Yemen to the markets of Egypt and Istanbul. All of this, combined with natural advantages of geography and the goodwill of Muslim traders in the Indian Ocean, enabled the Ottomans to mount a formidable challenge to the "pepper monopoly" of the Portuguese Estado da India. À la suite de la conquête ottomane de l'Égypte et du Levant en 1516-17, les administrateurs de l'empire commencèrent à mettre en application diverses stratégies novatrices dans le but d'augmenter le volume total du commerce des épices entre l'océan Indien et la Méditerranée et de maximiser la part de l'État dans ses revenus. Ces stratégies se perfectionnèrent avec le temps et vers la fin des années 1560 une infrastructure complète était en place, incluant un régime fiscal repensé à l'échelle de l'empire afin de réglementer le commerce privé, un réseau de "facteurs impériaux" achetant des épices pour le compte du sultan dans les comptoirs d'outremer et un convoi annuel de galères transportant du Yémen aux marchés de l'Égypte et d'Istanbul des cargaisons de poivre appartenant à l'État. Grâce à tous ces éléments, de même qu'à leurs avantages géographiques naturels et à la disposition favorable des marchands musulmans dans l'océan Indien, les Ottomans purent présenter un défi de taille au "monopole sur le poivre" de l'Estado da India portugais.
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Tahir, Pervez. "Prospects of Economic Integration among the ECO Countries." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4II (December 1, 2004): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.913-923.
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The idea that the collective regional economic prospects of the countries of a region exceed the sum of their individual prospects has attracted the attention of politicians and economists since the World War II. Its best known example has been the Treaty of Rome in the Euro-Mediterranean region, which has nearly half of the regional trade agreements in operation. GATT rules allowed the regional trade agreements so long as they promoted freer intraregional trade without raising trade barriers for the third countries. These agreements have indeed been seen as complementary to the multilateral free trade initiatives. With the advent of the WTO and the onset of globalisation, the countries categorised as fast integrators are considered to have better prospects than those categorised as slow integrators.
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Burganova, Maria A. "Letter from the editor." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, no. 3 (June 10, 2022): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-3-6-9.
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Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 3, 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. In the article “The Colossus of Hera in Argos by Polykleitos the Elder: Experience of Reconstruction”, the team of authors, K. Gavrilin, I. Akilov, N. Akilov, proposes and substantiates a new graphical reconstruction of the chryselephantine colossus of Hera in Argos, created by Polykleitos the Elder in 400 BC. The combination of art sources, archaeological data and ancient documents by Pausanias, Tertullian and Maximus of Tyre describing the lost throne statue of the goddess allows us to recreate it in sufficient detail, completely discarding the speculative methods of the past. In the article “Sculptures of the Head of Beheaded John the Baptist”, M. Burganova considers the appearance and spread of the iconography of the plot “the Head of Beheaded John the Baptist”. The article analyses the works created by masters in the major cultural centres of Western and Eastern Europe. On the examples of works made by masters in different European art centres, the author analyzes the evolution of the image of the head of John from the image-symbol in the 13th century to the imageillustration of a real action, which became a reflection of a special religious sensibility in the culture of Europe of the 16th‑17th centuries. The article also provides a comparative analysis of the characteristic features of Eastern and Western Christianity in the iconographic renderings of the plot of the Beheaded John the Baptist. The multicultural and multiethnic integration and unprecedented flourishing of trade during the Mongol-Yuan period in the context of the Silk Road is analyzed by Ding Liang in the article “The Influence of the Grassland Silk Road on the Porcelain Styles of the Yuan Dynasty Вuring the Mongol-Yuan Period”. The culture, technology, materials, and craftsmen of the western regions dispersed throughout this space had a greater influence on the decorative modeling of Yuan Dynasty porcelain. Yuan Dynasty porcelain was inclusive, open and innovative, not only absorbing the culture of the western regions, grassland culture, and the culture of the Central Plains but also integrating and developing multiple cultures, forming unique decorative modeling characteristics, which contributed to the rapid development of porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty. In the article “The Mediterranean as a Сontext and Concept in the Art of Modernism”, N. Getashvili examines the role of the Mediterranean in the context of the antinomy of Nordicism and Greco-Latin civilization. Examples that confirm this postulate from the works of representatives of Fauvism (Braque, Derain, Matisse), cubism, Maillol, Picasso, de Chirico, Dali, and Klee, are given. In the article “Relevance of the Study of Forgotten and Little-known Artists of the Russian Landscape School on the Example of Mikhail Germashev”, T. Bocharov and P. Kozorezenko consider the issues of studying the work of little-known Russian artists. The authors analyse why this or that artist came to the periphery of the attention of culture lovers and art historians, highlighting the merits of the artistic manner of one of the forgotten Russian masters. The article describes the distinctive features of Germashev’s creative style and his strong artistic connection with the Moscow region and the capital. The creative method of sculptors of the midtwentieth century and the historical context of the construction of the Stalin skyscrapers are analysed by P. Dobrolyubov in the article “Soviet Sculptors and the Stalinist Empire Style. High-rise Building on Kotelnicheskaya Embankment”. The author tells in detail about the creative team of wonderful, talented Soviet architects, sculptors, engineers, designers who decorated Moscow with their monumental works during the construction of the Stalin skyscrapers, using the example of the construction of the high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment. In the article “Dubai Expo 2020. A Look Into the Future”, J. Smolenkova examines the innovative, constructive and artistic features of the main pavilions of the World Expo 2020, which became the basis of the concept of the fair. Gerardo Picardo presents a review of artist A. Kurakina’s work, tracing the formation of the creative path and the influence of different cultures on the artist’s style. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.
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Hemer, K. A., J. A. Evans, C. A. Chenery, and A. L. Lamb. "Evidence of early medieval trade and migration between Wales and the Mediterranean Sea region." Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 5 (May 2013): 2352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.01.014.
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Escribano, Gonzalo, and Josep María Jordán. "Sub‐regional integration in the MENA region and the euro‐mediterranean free trade area." Mediterranean Politics 4, no. 2 (June 1999): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629399908414690.
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Noé, Clothilde. "Towards an Economic History of the Horse in the Mediterranean Area during the Middle Ages: What Perspectives?" Cheiron: The International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History 1, no. 1 (November 2021): 120–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22618/tp.cheiron.20211.1.233006.
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Studying the economic and non-economic exchanges of the horse in the Mediterranean area during the Middle Ages is a recent phenomenon in history. Indeed, while the trade and circulation of many products in the Mediterranean region, notably sugar, for example, have received substantial attention, equids have remained of surprisingly marginal interest. However, many indicators reveal their historical trading patterns as well as other reasons for the exchange of equids throughout the Mediterranean region. Economic, political, military, and diplomatic histories merge to provide precious information which helps to explain the commercialization of this emblematic animal of the Middle Ages. The aim of this paper is to establish an inventory of historical studies about the exchange of horses in the Mediterranean area, and to contextualise the horse as a real object of historical interest within the topics of exchange and movement of commodities.
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Raman, Vijayasankar, Rainer Bussmann, and Ikhlas Khan. "Which Bay Leaf is in Your Spice Rack? – A Quality Control Study." Planta Medica 83, no. 12/13 (March 1, 2017): 1058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103963.
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AbstractThe accurate identification of bay leaf in natural products commerce may often be confusing as the name is applied to several different species of aromatic plants. The true “bay leaf”, also known as “bay laurel” or “sweet bay”, is sourced from the tree Laurus nobilis, a native of the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the leaves of several other species including Cinnamomum tamala, Litsea glaucescens, Pimenta racemosa, Syzygium polyanthum, and Umbellularia californica are commonly substituted or mistaken for true bay leaves due to their similarity in the leaf morphology, aroma, and flavor. Substitute species are, however, often sold as “bay leaves”. As such, the name “bay leaf” in literature and herbal commerce may refer to any of these botanicals. The odor and flavor of these leaves are, however, not the same as the true bay leaf, and for that reason they should not be used in cooking as a substitute for L. nobilis. Some of the bay leaf substitutes can also cause potential health problems. Therefore, the correct identification of the true bay leaf is important. The present work provides a detailed comparative study of the leaf morphological and anatomical features of L. nobilis and its common surrogates to allow for correct identification.
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Neves, Bruno, and Iva Miranda Pires. "The Mediterranean Diet and the Increasing Demand of the Olive Oil Sector: Shifts and Environmental Consequences." REGION 5, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v5i1.219.
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Mediterranean countries play a crucial role as olive oil producers and consumers compared to other world regions. This work focusses on the development of the world production, trade and consumption where the Mediterranean region stands out from the rest of the world, in particular, the Northern Mediterranean countries. Aspects such as how communication emphasizes the benefits of the Mediterranean diet - which is a distinctive characteristic of the Mediterranean culture and identity - the Slow Food Movement, the International Olive Council campaigns, and the successive Common Agricultural Policies, that have triggered production, trade and consumption around the world, are here discussed. Such increases and stimuli brought and is still bringing changes to the olive oil sector such as a shifting tendency in production modes as well as modernization of the sector, responding to the increasing demand. These shifts and demand are changing landscapes and are being referred as environmentally harmful to the ecosystems as the production of olive oil is shifting to more intensive production systems and monoculture plantations. These issues are here debated and illustrated with case study examples, referring to the Mediterranean countries, particularly, referring to the Iberian Peninsula.
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Akar, Kadir, Farah Tatar, Gernot Schmoock, Gamal Wareth, Heinrich Neubauer, and Osman Erganiş. "Tracking the diversity and Mediterranean lineage of Brucella melitensis isolates from different animal species in Turkey using MLVA-16 genotyping." German Journal of Veterinary Research 2, no. 1 (May 2022): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2022.1.0037.
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Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with a high prevalence in humans and farm animals in Turkey. However, data on the genetic diversity of Brucella spp. circulating in Turkey and parts of the Mediterranean region are limited. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 50 B. melitensis isolates from seven regions of Turkey was investigated using multi-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA-16). The profiles were compared with 163 B. melitensis isolates recovered from the Mediterranean basin. B. melitensis strains from Turkey contain 46 different genotypes and consist of two main clusters. B. melitensis isolates from Turkey were closely related to isolates from Greece and some Portuguese strains. The same genotypes isolated from different sites show the spread between sites. Therefore, uncontrolled animal movements and the trade of imported animals can be important factors for the spread of brucellosis. The endemic occurrence of B. melitensis in the Mediterranean basin is a result of socio-historical links between Mediterranean countries. Turkish strains belong to the Eastern Mediterranean line. Eradicating brucellosis in countries of the Mediterranean basin with high prevalence is a demanding need to reduce trade barriers and, more importantly, prevent human suffering
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Delimatsis, Panagiotis. "A Partnership of Equals? ‘Deeper’ Economic Integration Between the EU and Northern Africa." European Foreign Affairs Review 26, Issue 4 (December 1, 2021): 507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2021040.
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Strengthening ties with Africa has become a top priority for the current geopolitical European Commission. The focus on Africa is not new: Since 2004, the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) has gradually developed a framework for political dialogue and reforms in Northern African countries, which form part of the Southern Neighbourhood. The conclusion of association agreements and free trade agreements (FTAs) at the end of the previous century brought these countries closer to the European Union (EU) in commercial terms. In February 2021, the EU launched a renewed agenda for the South Mediterranean with a view to integrating these economies further to the EU edifice. Against this backdrop, this Article discusses how economic integration manifests itself in the region. It further pinpoints the economic fundamentals and political realities that will shape further economic integration between the EU and Northern Africa. A central element of EU’s renewed strategy in the region is the conclusion of deep and comprehensive free trade agreements (DCFTAs) with Northern African countries. It is argued that the conclusion of such agreements will constitute a litmus test for EU’s new assertive approach in trade matters in line with the newly adopted concept of open strategic autonomy. European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), Southern Neighbourhood, Northern Africa, EU trade policy, EU foreign policy, strategic autonomy, deep and comprehensive free trade agreements (DCFTAs), South Mediterranean, economic integration
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Munin, Nellie. "Israel's Trade Alliances Strategy: Enjoying the Best of All Worlds." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 4, no. 2 (November 25, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v4i2.5409.
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This article revisits Israel's trade and political alliance with the European Union – its major trade partner. The article examines the position calling to water down Israel-EU trade relations, considering EU's insistence on linking economic benefits with political advancement in the region, insights gained by the COVID-19 pandemic and substantial recent regional developments: Israel's trade diversification policy, the conclusion of Abraham Accords and the discovery of gas in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. Concluding that such a strategy may not serve the parties' interests best, the article explores ways to leverage these developments to further enhance EU-Israel partnership.
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Boms, Nir, and Kivanç Ulusoy. "Rival American Allies: Turkey and Israel in the Eastern Mediterranean." Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 8, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2020v8n4p151-165.
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The contemporary dynamics between Israel and Turkey have been confrontational at recent times though this doesn’t seem to affect the relations in other areas as the trade balance advancing towards the $8 million shows. This article focuses on the relations between Israel and Turkey within the context of the East Mediterranean geopolitics. Reviewing its shift from a quasi-alliance to a stiff geopolitical rivalry in the region, the article explores scenarios for near future.
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Nikolaou, Georgios, Damianos Neocleous, Anastasis Christou, Polycarpos Polycarpou, Evangelini Kitta, and Nikolaos Katsoulas. "Energy and Water Related Parameters in Tomato and Cucumber Greenhouse Crops in Semiarid Mediterranean Regions. A Review, Part I: Increasing Energy Efficiency." Horticulturae 7, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120521.
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Countries located in the Mediterranean region share many common features in terms of agricultural sustainability and economic realities of modern farming, as they are affected by water scarcity, energy use and climate suitability. Greenhouses are considered as a mitigation measure to combat climate change and as a sustainable production system. The majority of greenhouses in the Mediterranean region are rudimentary, while those in Central and North Europe are characterized by equipment of a high technological level for greenhouse climate and fertigation management. However, the technological innovations and research originating from Central and North Europe glasshouses may not be appropriate for use in Mediterranean plastic greenhouses when considering the trade-off between agronomic needs and potential energy savings. Identifying energy measures suitable for the local climate will improve energy efficiency and crop performance toward the goal of greenhouse sustainability. This review mainly focuses on renewable and energy-efficient control systems in Mediterranean greenhouses, where crops such as tomato and cucumber are widely grown.
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Kandogan, Yener. "Regionalism versus Multilateralism: Evidence for the Natural Trade Partners Theory from the Euro-Mediterranean Region?" Journal of Economic Integration 23, no. 1 (March 15, 2008): 138–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2008.23.1.138.
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Ancellet, G., J. Pelon, J. Totems, P. Chazette, A. Bazureau, M. Sicard, T. Di Iorio, F. Dulac, and M. Mallet. "Long range transport and mixing of aerosol sources during the 2013 North American biomass burning episode: analysis of multiple lidar observations in the Western Mediterranean basin." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 22 (November 18, 2015): 32323–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-32323-2015.
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Abstract. Long range transport of biomass burning (BB) aerosols between North America and the Mediterranean region took place in June 2013. A large number of ground based and airborne lidar measurements were deployed in the Western Mediterranean during the Chemistry-AeRosol Mediterranean EXperiment (ChArMEx) intensive observation period. A detailed analysis of the potential North American aerosol sources is conducted including the assessment of their transport to Europe using forward simulations of the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model initialized using satellite observations by MODIS and CALIOP. The three dimensional structure of the aerosol distribution in the ChArMEx domain observed by the ground-based lidars (Menorca, Barcelona and Lampedusa), a Falcon-20 aircraft flight and three CALIOP tracks, agree very well with the model simulation of the three major sources considered in this work: Canadian and Colorado fires, a dust storm from Western US and the contribution of Saharan dust streamers advected from the North Atlantic trade wind region into the Westerlies region. Four aerosol types were identified using the optical properties of the observed aerosol layers (aerosol depolarization ratio, lidar ratio) and the transport model analysis of the contribution of each aerosol source: (I) pure BB layer, (II) weakly dusty BB, (III) significant mixture of BB and dust transported from the trade wind region (IV) the outflow of Saharan dust by the subtropical jet and not mixed with BB aerosol. The contribution of the Canadian fires is the major aerosol source during this episode while mixing of dust and BB is only significant at altitude above 5 km. The mixing corresponds to a 20–30 % dust contribution in the total aerosol backscatter. The comparison with the MODIS AOD horizontal distribution during this episode over the Western Mediterranean sea shows that the Canadian fires contribution were as large as the direct northward dust outflow from Sahara.
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Ancellet, Gerard, Jacques Pelon, Julien Totems, Patrick Chazette, Ariane Bazureau, Michaël Sicard, Tatiana Di Iorio, Francois Dulac, and Marc Mallet. "Long-range transport and mixing of aerosol sources during the 2013 North American biomass burning episode: analysis of multiple lidar observations in the western Mediterranean basin." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 7 (April 15, 2016): 4725–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4725-2016.
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Abstract. Long-range transport of biomass burning (BB) aerosols between North America and the Mediterranean region took place in June 2013. A large number of ground-based and airborne lidar measurements were deployed in the western Mediterranean during the Chemistry-AeRosol Mediterranean EXperiment (ChArMEx) intensive observation period. A detailed analysis of the potential North American aerosol sources is conducted including the assessment of their transport to Europe using forward simulations of the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model initialized using satellite observations by MODIS and CALIOP. The three-dimensional structure of the aerosol distribution in the ChArMEx domain observed by the ground-based lidars (Minorca, Barcelona and Lampedusa), a Falcon-20 aircraft flight and three CALIOP tracks, agrees very well with the model simulation of the three major sources considered in this work: Canadian and Colorado fires, a dust storm from western US and the contribution of Saharan dust streamers advected from the North Atlantic trade wind region into the westerlies region. Four aerosol types were identified using the optical properties of the observed aerosol layers (aerosol depolarization ratio, lidar ratio) and the transport model analysis of the contribution of each aerosol source: (i) pure BB layer, (ii) weakly dusty BB, (iii) significant mixture of BB and dust transported from the trade wind region, and (iv) the outflow of Saharan dust by the subtropical jet and not mixed with BB aerosol. The contribution of the Canadian fires is the major aerosol source during this episode while mixing of dust and BB is only significant at an altitude above 5 km. The mixing corresponds to a 20–30 % dust contribution in the total aerosol backscatter. The comparison with the MODIS aerosol optical depth horizontal distribution during this episode over the western Mediterranean Sea shows that the Canadian fire contributions were as large as the direct northward dust outflow from Sahara.
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Pomar García, Marta, Luis Antonio González-Mendoza, and Federico Díaz Rodríguez. "Analytic characteristics of red wine from the Canary Islands (Spain)." OENO One 28, no. 2 (June 30, 1994): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1994.28.2.1151.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">This note presents the analysis of seventy-one red wines of the same vintage (90) from twenty different private wineries in the Tacoronte-Acentejo region, located on the northern slope of the island of Tenerife. This region has a basically Mediterranean climate, tempered by the mild, damp trade winds, and a volcanic soil, very rich in minerals and highly fertile.</p>
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BUJSKYKH, A. V. "Levantine Import in Borysthenes." Ancient World and Archaeology 18 (2017): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0320-961x-2017-18-193-205.
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Ceramic assemblage from Borysthenes (excavations conducted by V. Lapin, 1960-1980) contains a number of unusual and rare imports – fragments of trading amphoras fabricated at Cyprus and at the numerous cites at Levantine coast. Import from Cyprus is attributed by fragments of two massive and high rounded handles and one rounded base attributed with so called basket-handle amphoras. The parts of some similar amphoras were excavated in Borysthenes in the later times. Import from Levantine coast is represented by four upper parts of jars with small twisted handles and carinated shoulders. This specific type of trading amphoras (Phoenician amphoras) in Borythenes’ ceramic collection is attested for the first time. Their common dating covers the second half of 7th – the very beginning of 6th c. BCE. Studying of these unusual imports for the entire Pontic region provokes a number of questions connected with general problem of Mediterranean sea trade in the archaic period. For Borysthenes it’s an actual question about the presence of direct trading connections with the South-Eastern part of Mediterranean or the use of middle traders and middle ports of trade. The role of Levantine production in the trade via Aegean is not clear yet. Borysthenes emporion opens a new topic for discussion about its role in the Mediterranean and Aegean sea trade, common organisation of this trade and the final customers of wine production, distributed in trading amphoras.
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Mansyur, Syahruddin. "Sistem Perbentengan dalam Jaringan Niaga Cengkih Masa Kolonial di Maluku." Kapata Arkeologi 10, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v10i2.225.
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In numbers of colonial archaeological research conducted by Balai Arkeologi Ambon, fort has been identified as the main archaeological remains in the Moluccas. The inventory shown that forts distributed in almost every islands of the Moluccas.Various research that has been conducted in the past are still unable to explain the historical context in this region. This situation was mainly based on the fact that these research only identify singluar fort in one area and not the larger spatial context. Adopting the historical-arcaheological perspective,this paper tries to understand the historical context of the forts spatial distribution in the moluccas in the relation to the spice monopoly in the region. This research found that the success of the spice trade monopoly is related to the fortification system developed by VOC in this region. Rangkaian hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Balai Arkeologi Ambon khususnya bidang arkeologi kolonial menempatkan benteng sebagai salah satu tinggalan arkeologi yang dominan di wilayah Maluku. Hasil inventarisasi menunjukkan bahwa bangunan benteng tersebar di hampir setiap pulau di Maluku. Berbagai hasil penelitian yang bersifat eksploratif tersebut dirasakan tidak mampu menjelaskan konteks sejarah sebaran benteng yang ada di wilayah ini. Hal ini disebabkan karena setiap penelitian yang dilakukan hanya mengidentifikasi bangunan benteng dalam suatu daerah sehingga sebaran benteng tidak dipandang sebagai satu kesatuan konteks ruang wilayah tertentu. Melalui perspektif arkeologi-sejarah, tulisan ini berupaya memperoleh gambaran tentang konteks sejarah sebaran benteng khususnya dalam kaitannya dengan masa monopoli cengkih di Maluku. Dengan demikian, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa keberhasilan sistem monopoli cengkih masa kolonial di Maluku tidak lepas dari sistem perbentengan yang telah dibangun oleh Belanda (VOC) sejak awal penguasaan mereka di wilayah ini.
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Gale, Noel. "Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade: a contribution to the debate." European Journal of Archaeology 4, no. 1 (2001): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2001.4.1.113.
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The current consensus is outlined about the application of lead isotope analyses to metal provenance studies and to the unravelling of the Mediterranean Bronze Age copper trade, with special reference to copper oxhide ingots. Various misconceptions, especially some of those contained in Knapp (1999, 2000), are corrected. It is shown that there is no need to fall back on hypotheses based upon the Mediterranean-wide mixing/recycling of copper metals to explain the lead isotope characteristics of post-1250 BC copper oxhide ingots, since there is a good isotopic coincidence between these ingots and the Apliki region ore deposits in Cyprus. Weaknesses are exposed in the hypotheses of direct or indirect pooling of Cypriot ores, and of the proposed widespread recycling of metals in a Mediterranean-widekoine, particularly since there is no evidence for a homogeneity of lead isotope composition in artefacts and no tin in the oxhide ingots.
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Вотинов, A. Votinov, Афанасьев, and Valentin Afanasev. "Working Out Strategies for the Russian Vertically Integrated Oil Companies in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Region." Administration 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2820.
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The paper considers the major problems of integrating the RF oil companies in modern international
transport infrastructure of foreign oil and gas trade. Efficiency of diversification of export strategy and of
modernizing export capacities strategy are assessed as exemplified by the Rosneft company.
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Zoidov, Kobiljon. "The evolution of Eurasian relations in the spirit of Great Silk Road: Review of the scientific materials." Economics and the Mathematical Methods 58, no. 1 (2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s042473880018965-0.
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In the review article, based on the methods of evolutionary and institutional theory, system paradigm, analytical assessment and historical approach, a comprehensive review of scientific materials concerning the evolution of trade, economic and military-political Euro-Asian relations and organizational and institutional directions of the revival of the spirit of the Great Silk Road (GSR) as an instrument of innovation and integration interaction in the space of global Eurasia, including without the participation of China, is given. The study is a continuation of the authors' work on the analysis of the consequences of the PRC's Belt and Road Initiative as a "soft power" for the spread of Chinese global influence. The review, classification and analysis of scientific materials concerning various forms of geopolitical confrontation between states and regions for control over trade routes, which can be carried out both through the formation of a huge empire and the creation of interstate-corporate partnership in order to ensure the economic security of long-distance trade from the Mediterranean and Northern Europe to East Asia, are presented. It is shown that the establishment of Euro-Asian relations took place in various nodal points and territories of the world economy: Central Asia, the Italian trade republics, the Nordic countries, as well as through the creation of global trade empires and quasi-state corporate structures by European states. The systematization of risks and negative consequences of the functioning of modern trade routes, the revival of the spirit of the GSR on the political and economic situation of Russia is given. Special attention is paid to scientific research, which warns against overly active involvement of the country in world trade. The vectors of Russia's participation as a leader in the innovative and industrial development of trade routes of the XXI century, primarily in the North-South direction, are determined.
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Tungkagi, Donald Qomaidiansyah. "Islam di Bolaang Mongondow Utara, Sulawesi Utara: Dinamika Islamisasi di Kerajaan Kaidipang Besar dan Bintauna Abad ke-7-19 M." Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan 17, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 461–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.31291/jlk.v17i2.747.
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The position of North Bolaang Mongondow is very strategic for trade routes as a former coastal kingdom region. Even this area is included in the spice routes to Maluku as the center of the Islamic kingdom in the eastern archipelago. The dynamics of Islamization in North Bolaang Mongondow occur through various channels of Islamization, the most striking is the influence of the trade route in the Sulawesi Sea region and its relations with the tetanga kingdoms, especially the Sultanate of Ternate. Unlike other regions, Catholicism became the religion of the kings in the North Bolaang Mongondow region before the entry of Islam. The important dynamics of Islamization in North Bolaang Mongondow are: in the beginning Islamization in the North Bolaang Mongondow region was bottom up, and from the 17th to the 19th centuries it was structured in the bureaucracy of the royal government (top down). This paper is a historical writing, using the historical method; heuristics, criticisms, interpretations, and historiography that are qualitative-analysis and are able to show a series of Islamization processes that took place in North Bolaang Mongondow in the 17th century to the 19th century. The results of this study indicate that the influence of Islam begins with the trade network in the Sulawesi Sea region, for traders who connect to Maluku as a pattern of Islamization. This network has an impact on social change in North Bolaang Mongondow which occurred in the 17th century until the 19th century since the first time Islam’s encounter with the kingdoms in the northern coast of the Sulawesi Sea peninsula was tracked.Keywords: Islamization, Sulawesi Sea, Kaidipang Besar, Bintauna, North Bolaang Mongondow Sebagai wilayah bekas kerajaan pesisir, posisi Bolaang Mongondow Utara sangat strategis untuk rute perdagangan. Bahkan wilayah ini termasuk dalam jalur rempah-rempah (spice routes) menuju Maluku sebagai pusat kerajaan Islam di bagian timur Nusantara. Dinamika Islamisasi di Bolaang Mongondow Utara terjadi melalui berbagai saluran Islamisasi, yang paling mencolok adalah pengaruh jalur niaga di kawasan Laut Sulawesi dan serta hubungan dengan kerajaan-kerajaan tetanga, terutama Kesultanan Ternate. Berbeda dengan daerah lain, agama Katolik menjadi agama raja-raja di wilayah Bolaang Mongondow Utara sebelum masuknya Islam. Dinamika Islamisasi di Bolaang Mongondow Utara yang penting dicatat diantaranya: pada mulanya Islamisasi di wilayah Bolaang Mongondow Utara melalui jalur bawah (bottom up), dan sejak abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-19 terstruktur dalam birokrasi pemerintahan kerajaan (top down). Tulisan ini merupakan tulisan sejarah, dengan menggunakan metode sejarah; heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi yang bersifat analisis-kualitatif dan mampu menunjukkan satu rangkaian proses Islamisasi yang terjadi di Bolaang Mongondow Utara abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-19. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh Islam diawali dari jaringan perdagangan di kawasan Laut Sulawesi, bagi pedagang yang menghubungkan ke Maluku sebagai satu pola Islamisasi. Jaringan ini memberi dampak terhadap perubahan sosial di Bolaang Mongondow Utara yang terjadi pada abad ke-17-19 M.Kata kunci: Islamisasi, Laut Sulawesi, Kaidipang Besar, Bintauna, Bolaang Mongondow Utara
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Bazzana, Davide, Nicola Comincioli, Cristina El Khoury, Fernando Nardi, and Sergio Vergalli. "WEF Nexus Policy Review of Four Mediterranean Countries." Land 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020473.
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The Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus describes natural resource use in the context of social needs and economic development, addressing food, water, and energy security. Population growth and rising economic prosperity will increase the demand for energy, food, and water in the Mediterranean region, compromising the sustainable use of resources. As governments are required to make decisions in order to cope with increasing demands for resources, this paper performs a review of the legislation and WEF policies, identifying the main political and institutional actors involved and the possible policy (in)coherence in four MED countries located on two continents: Egypt, Italy, Spain, and Tunisia. This choice will allow the identification of the barriers and catalysts influencing the implementation of WEF policies and will improve our understanding of the WEF trade-offs and synergies by exploring them on national, regional, and local scales.
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Kinki, Abdela Befa. "Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Released and Improved Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) Varieties." World Scientific Research 7, no. 1 (April 13, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.510.2020.71.1.4.
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Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is an annual herb of the Ranunculaceae family, which is growing in Mediterranean region and Ethiopia. In Ethiopia the most people are used as household spice preparation and medicinal purpose. In Ethiopia, black cumin varieties are now days released, but there is no as such work on their physiochemical properties avail. This work presents the investigation of the physicochemical properties of the three-black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) verities (Derbera, Dershaye, and Edan). The results of physicochemical properties Derbera is highest in essential oil content (0.7%) and Edane is lowest (0.3%) than other verities and Dershaye is highest in refractive index of essential oil(1.49), refractive index of oleoresin( 1.52%), moisture(8.0%),fat(24.0%),ash(10.45%), protein(20.61%) and lowest in fiber(16.7%) content than other varieties. From this result, Dershaye black cumin Variety, verities show the superior quality in physicochemical properties than the two black cumin verities (Derbera and Edane).
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Forcina, Giovanni, Monica Guerrini, Hein van Grouw, Brij K. Gupta, Panicos Panayides, Pantelis Hadjigerou, Omar F. Al-Sheikhly, et al. "Impacts of biological globalization in the Mediterranean: Unveiling the deep history of human-mediated gamebird dispersal." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 11 (March 2, 2015): 3296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500677112.
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Humans have a long history of moving wildlife that over time has resulted in unprecedented biotic homogenization. It is, as a result, often unclear whether certain taxa are native to a region or naturalized, and how the history of human involvement in species dispersal has shaped present-day biodiversity. Although currently an eastern Palaearctic galliform, the black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) was known to occur in the western Mediterranean from at least the time of Pliny the Elder, if not earlier. During Medieval times and the Renaissance, the black francolin was a courtly gamebird prized not only for its flavor, but also its curative, and even aphrodisiac qualities. There is uncertainty, however, whether this important gamebird was native or introduced to the region and, if the latter, what the source of introduction into the western Mediterranean was. Here we combine historical documentation with a DNA investigation of modern birds and archival (13th–20th century) specimens from across the species’ current and historically documented range. Our study proves the black francolin was nonnative to the western Mediterranean, and we document its introduction from the east via several trade routes, some reaching as far as South Asia. This finding provides insight into the reach and scope of long-distance trade routes that serviced the demand of European aristocracy for exotic species as symbols of wealth and prestige, and helps to demonstrate the lasting impact of human-mediated long-distance species dispersal on current day biodiversity.
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Sestieri, Anna Maria Bietti. "Italy in Europe in the Early Iron Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63 (1997): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002498.
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In the field of European recent prehistory it is generally agreed that, from the Early Orientalising period, Etruria played a central role in long distance trade, also acting as a link between the Aegean and east Mediterranean and trans-Alpine Europe. A widely acknowledged implication is that this primary status of the Etruscans among the indigenous peoples of Italy was a secondary effect of the Greek and Phoenician colonisation in the central Mediterranean. It is the aim of this paper to show that, as early as the Late Bronze Age, Etruria emerged as a complex territorial, political, and economic entity and was able to participate in an interregional network of trade reaching as far as northern Germany and the Aegean. By the beginnings of the Italian Iron Age, this region was organised as a federation of early states, with important extensions in the southern Po plain, along the Adriatic coast, and in Campania.
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Sandberg, Erin, Allen WA Gallagher, and Raouf Alebshehy. "Tobacco industry commissioned reports on illicit tobacco trade in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: how accurate are they?" Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 26, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.20.131.
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Esch, Arnold. "New sources on trade and dealings between Christians and Muslims in the Mediterranean region (ca.1440–1500)." Mediterranean Historical Review 33, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518967.2018.1535802.
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Kizilov, Mikhail. "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources." Journal of Early Modern History 11, no. 1-2 (2007): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006507780385125.
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AbstractThe Crimea, a peninsula on the border between the Christian West and the Muslim East, was a place where merchants from all over the Black Sea region, East and West Mediterranean, Anatolia, Turkey, Russia, and West European countries came to buy, sell, and exchange their goods. In this trade "live merchandise"—reluctant travellers, seized by the Tatars during their raids to adjacent countries—was one of the main objects to be negotiated. Numerous published and archival sources (accounts of European and Ottoman travellers, letters and memoirs of captives, Turkish defters [registers], Russian and Ottoman chronicles to mention some of them) composed by Muslim, Christian, and Jewish authors provide not only a detailed account of the slave trade in the region in the Early Modern times, but also a discussion of some moral implications related to this sort of commercial activity. While most of the authors expressed their disapproval of the Tatar predatory raids and cruel treatment of the captives, none of them, it seems, objected to the existence of the slave trade per se, considering it just another off shoot of the international trade. Another issue often discussed in the sources was the problem of the slaves' conversion.
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Bisbal-Chinesta, Josep Francesc, Karin Tamar, Ángel Gálvez, Luís Albero, Pablo Vicent-Castelló, Laura Martín-Burgos, Miguel Alonso, et al. "Trade and stowaways: molecular evidence for human-mediated translocation of eastern skinks into the western Mediterranean." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191249.
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Abstract Human movements in the regions surrounding the Mediterranean Sea have caused a great impact in the composition of terrestrial fauna due to the introductions of several allochthonous species, intentionally or not. Reptiles are one of the groups where this anthropic impact is most evident, owing to the extensive intra-Mediterranean dispersals of recent chronologies. Chalcides ocellatus is a widespread skink with a natural distribution that covers almost the entire Mediterranean Basin. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain its origin: natural dispersions and human translocations. Previous molecular data suggest the occurrence of a recent dispersal phenomenon across the Mediterranean Sea. In this study we present the first record of this species in the Iberian Peninsula, in Serra del Molar (South-east Spain). We combined molecular analyses and archaeological records to study the origin of this population. The molecular results indicate that the population is phylogenetically closely related to specimens from north-eastern Egypt and southern Red Sea. We suggest that the species arrived at the Iberian Peninsula most likely through human-mediated dispersal by using the trade routes. Between the Iron to Middle Ages, even now, the region surrounding Serra del Molar has been the destination of human groups and commercial goods of Egyptian origins, in which Chalcides ocellatus could have arrived as stowaways. The regional geomorphological evolution would have restricted its expansion out of Serra del Molar. These findings provide new data about the impact of human movements on faunal introductions and present new information relating to mechanisms of long-distance translocations.