Academic literature on the topic 'Spice trade – Mediterranean Region'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spice trade – Mediterranean Region"
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Gilboa, Ayelet, and Dvory Namdar. "On the Beginnings of South Asian Spice Trade with the Mediterranean Region: A Review." Radiocarbon 57, no. 2 (2015): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_rc.57.18562.
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When did the trade in lucrative spices from South Asia to the West commence? Recent organic residue analyses performed on small early Iron Age (11th–late 10th century BCE) Phoenician clay flasks provide the first concrete archaeological evidence that such sustainable trade took place much earlier than hitherto suspected. The analysis shows that several of the flasks contained cinnamon, which in this period could only have originated in South/Southeast Asia. Here, we first summarize the rationale and results of that study. Subsequently, we provide an updated review of all sources of data relevant to the question at hand—archaeological, analytical, and textual. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research on the Asian spice trade with the West.
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Tsailas, Demetrios. "Amidst Considerable Challenges, Maritime Cooperation Is A Pillar Of Stability And Security In The Mediterranean." Security science journal 3, no. 1 (March 26, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.3.1.2.
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The Mediterranean has never been, conceptually or politically, a homogenous and organic space. From antiquity till the modern era, the surrounded littoral nations looked at their neighborhood through the lenses of a cooperative Euro-Mediterranean region, seeking to extend their norms, rules, and values through the deployment of soft power, from trade and aid to security cooperation and political dialogue. Today, instead, there is a great power competition that divided the region between North Africa and the Middle East especially in the eastern Mediterranean, heavily prioritizing the latter over the former in diplomatic and military outreach and viewing it through the prism of the strategic relationship, of EU nations and NATO allies. In addition, the Arab state system of the region is in standoff now, with many (if not most) states featuring existential fragilities or have collapsed altogether. State fragility has created areas of limited statehood, in which alternative forms of governance—from militias to municipalities, international donors to civil society—have stepped in and in which foreign powers have meddled. Through such interference, global and regional rivalries have exacerbated and have found fertile ground. All major global and regional cleavages are now tragically on display in the region: from the Russia-West and Israel-Iran confrontation in Syria to the Turkish-Greece tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, from the Turkey-UAE/Egypt struggle over political Islam in Libya, to the Iran-Saudi conflict in Yemen, or the Gulf and Israeli skepticism of the Iran nuclear deal. Also, energy has become a proxy for confrontation—as evident in the configuration of the East Med Gas Forum from which Turkey is excluded—and migration has become both a dramatic consequence of fragility and conflict, as well as a tool through which origin and transit countries have arm-twisted Europe. The only cleavage that appears to have temporarily abated is the Arab-Israeli one, with the Abraham accords crystallizing normalization between Israel and some Arab states. Consequently, the region has become far more porous than it once was. It has become impossible to read conflicts in the Mediterranean in isolation, as regional powers like Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Greece, France, and Turkey weigh in across the region. Likewise, illegal migration, energy, security, terrorism, and climate dynamics have generated indissoluble ties to the Eastern Mediterranean and the broader Middle East.
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Tagliacozzo, Eric. "Trade, Production, and Incorporation. The Indian Ocean in Flux, 1600–1900." Itinerario 26, no. 1 (March 2002): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300004952.
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Historians have approached the Indian Ocean from a variety of vantages in their attempts to explain the modern history of this huge maritime arena. Some scholars have concentrated on predation as a linking theme, charting how piracy connected a broad range of actors for centuries in these dangerous waters. Others have focused on environmental issues, asking how patterns of winds, currents, and weather allowed trade to flourish on such a vast, oceanic scale. These latter historians have appropriated a page out of Braudel, and have grafted his approaches to the Mediterranean to fit local, Indian Ocean realities, such as the role of cyclones and mangrove swamps in both helping and hindering long-distance commerce. Still other scholars have used different tacks, following trails of commodities such as spices or precious metals, or even focusing on far-flung archaeological remains, in an attempt to piece together trans-regional histories from the detritus civilisations left behind. All of these epistemological vectors have shed light on the region as a whole, though through different tools and lenses, and via a variety of techniques of inquiry.
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Lev, Efraim. "Botanical view of the use of plants in medieval medicine in the Eastern Mediterranean according to the Cairo Genizah." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 62, no. 1-2 (May 18, 2015): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.887380.
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This article presents the medicinal plants that were used by the inhabitants of the medieval Eastern Mediterranean (mainly tenth to thirteenth centuries AD) and analyzes their geographical/phyto-botanical origin and their frequency of use at the medieval time. It also discusses various issues such as their historical trade and the continuation of their use in present-day Middle Eastern traditional medicine.The Cairo Genizah is an historical source containing about 250,000 documents, found in a semi-archeological context (synagogue and graves). Since Cairo became the capital and consequently the economic and administrative center of the Muslim empire, the Jewish community had close connections with the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa, Southern Europe, Sicily and India. Therefore, these highly valued documents record every aspect of life and reflect on the whole Mediterranean region and beyond.The inventory of the practicalmateria medicawas reconstructed thanks to hundreds of documents such as prescriptions, list of drugs, and medical letters. It consists of 278 drugs, 223 of which are of plant origin. Asian medicinal plants became highly used in medieval Mediterranean medicine; the vast majority of them are still sold in Middle Eastern markets, although not with the same importance. It is important to note that some of them are sold today mainly for their other uses as spices, perfumes, incense, etc.
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Karsiwan. "PENDAMPINGAN PENGUATAN KAPASITAS PELAKU BUDAYA JALUR REMPAH DI LAMPUNG." Mafaza : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32665/mafaza.v2i1.460.
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The Spice Route is a spice trade route in the archipelago and leaves traces of civilization heritage, including in the Lampung region. Assistance in strengthening the capacity of the Spice Route cultural actors is carried out in order to support the government's efforts to propose the Spice Route as an intangible cultural heritage by Unesco. interest in the history of the spice route in the Southern Sumatra region, especially the Lampung area. In addition, mentoring activities to strengthen the capacity of the cultural actors of the spice route are also intended as a promotion and socialization of the existence of the spice route in Lampung to cultural actors from outside Lampung. The partners for this service are the Directorate of Cultural Protection, Kemendikbudristek, the Education and Culture Offices of West Lampung and East Lampung Regencies, students and history teachers in Jakarta, Bandung and Banten. The method of devotion is a direct mentoring method to the perpetrators of the spice path culture. The results of the service were the recording of spice knots in the Lampung area, especially in Bandar Lampung with the location of the spice route in the form of Panjang port and Jami Al Anwar Mosque. For the East Lampung area, it is located at the Pugung Rahardjo Archaeological Site and the remains of the Sultanate of Banten in Lampung in the form of the Dalung Charter which supports the existence of pepper plantations. West Lampung is located at Wisma Sindalapai, Tomb of King Selalau, Lamban Pesagi, Dalom Belunguh Building. Lampung as a spice-producing area that has close relations with the spice route, especially with the Sultanate of Banten can be information that provides an illustration that Lampung was once a spice-producing center and had an important role in the spice trade node in the region that connected the West and East. Archipelago.
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MOŻDŻEŃ, KATARZYNA, BEATA BARABASZ-KRASNY, and EWA SZPYTMA. "Spice raw material available in the domestic grocery trade." Agronomy Science 73, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asx.2018.3.6.
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Spices are a group of plants represented in every corner of the world by numerous species and used in a variety of ways. The analyses show that over 80 spice ingredients from plants belonging to 33 families are available in grocery trade in Poland. The most numerous families are: Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Zingiberaceae. Both spices based on domestic plants and those found naturally in other climatic zones can be found on markets. The most spice raw materials come from plants that grow naturally and are grown in Asia and the Mediterranean countries. Some of the species, e.g. caraway (Carum carvi L.), wild celery(Angelica archangelica L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), occur in the wild state in Central and Eastern Europe. In Polish grocery trade, spices are available mainly in dried and ground form, and the most sold ones are: black pepper, bay leaf, allspice, cumin, garlic, paprika, marjoram, fennel, parsley, nutmeg and cinnamon. Recently, mixtures of spices for specific meals such as pizza, fish, chicken, barbecued dishes and sauces, are also eagerly bought.
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Mufrodi, Ali. "The Spice Route and The Sub-Urban Muslim Community in South East Asia." Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v5i1.2151.
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The spice route is the route that the spice trade passes from its home country, the Maluku Islands in particular, and the Archipelago Islands in general to other countries in the world. The spice route is thought to have existed for several centuries BC. The spice route stretches from the Maluku Islands/Nusantara to Malaya, India, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, to Europe. The Arabs took part in the spice trade from the Archipelago and the Persians, Indians, Malays, and the Chinese. When the Arabs embraced Islam and followed by the Persians and Indians, they passed and controlled the trade in the spice route. Since the first century to the twelfth century AD, Indian civilization with Hinduism and Buddhism dominated society and politics in Southeast Asia. Even the still Hindu solid kingdom in Java lasted until the end of the fifteenth century. During such a period, the Muslims became members of the marginalized communities on the spice route under the shadow of Hinduistic hegemony. However, they can play a role in the Islamization of the Southeast Asian Region through the spice route. Gradually the Muslims can shift the Hindu/Buddhist civilization and establish political power and build Islamic civilization. Islamic civilization includes, among others, the development of Islamic religious knowledge, shaping Islamic traditions in society, advancing education, and establishing political power. The writer used the 4-step historical method in this study, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. He also applied acculturation theory to discuss this theme. Given the limited time, secondary sources were used to write this research.
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Kunnappilly, Anitta G. "The trade of the port of Muziris in ancient times." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 3 (August 2018): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418784241.
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The ancient port-town of Muziris was situated on the western coast of Kerala in present-day India. It was famed for its spice trade, notably the shipment of pepper and cinnamon, which were indigenous to the Malabar region. The significance of this port town in the ancient spice route is evident in literary sources, from Pliny (Natural History) and Strabo (Geographica) to the Sangam epic works of Chithalai Chathanar (Silapadikaram) and Illango Adigal (Manimekalei). The Muziris economy depended on the spice trade. The Sangam works describe the wars that were waged between Chera and the Pandyan kingdoms to win monopoly rights to the ancient spice routes. The Muziris-Vienna Papyrus, a second century AD parchment, speaks of the huge quantity of pepper that was traded from Muziris to Alexandria through Koptos and Berneike in a ship named Hermopollen. The parchment also describes the taxes that were imposed on these commodities, and the well-organised merchant guilds based at Muziris. This substantiates the claims of the Peutinger Tablet regarding Roman soldiers being stationed at Muziris to protect their commodities from pirates. Literary sources are therefore invaluable to an understanding of the trans-oceanic trade of Muziris, which not only conveyed goods, religion, architecture and culture to and from the port, but also underpinned the state and economy of this particular place.
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Kepaptsoglou, Konstantinos, Dimitrios Tsamboulas, Matthew G. Karlaftis, and Vittorio Marzano. "Free Trade Agreement Effects in the Mediterranean Region." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2097, no. 1 (January 2009): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2097-11.
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Shngreiyo, A. S. "The Beginning of Dutch and English Conflict in Banda and Moluccas in the Early Seventeenth Century." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v8.n2.p4.
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Why Christopher Columbus did discovered America the new world, why did Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to reach India. They went and risk their life if search of the Spice Islands. The spices that European was searching were found in Indonesia Archipelago, Bandas famous for nutmeg and mace and Moluccas for its clove. After the formation of the East India Company in the early seventeenth century both the Dutch and English were competing against each other and outmaneuver one another for control of the islands. In the end, it was the Dutch who emerge victories. The Dutch established a monopoly on the spice trade from the Moluccas. They gained control over the clove trade through an alliance with the sultan of Ternate. Dutch occupation of the Banda’s gave them control of the nutmeg trade. Dutch control of the region was fully realized when Malacca was captured from the Portuguese in 1641. The Dutch were quite merciless when it suited their purposes; sometime obliterate the whole native population. By its brutal conquest over the Spice Islands they were able to control over the spice trade. Nevertheless, the English were not left behind whenever there is opportunity they set in to take the advantage of the sour relation between the native and Dutch, as the English played a role of more mercantile communities than occupation. The beginning of the seventeenth century is very important for the two companies as it decide the fate of the spices trade. Both companies were not willing to back out.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spice trade – Mediterranean Region"
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Parra, Robles María Dolores. "International trade and competitiveness in the Mediterranean region." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669062.
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La tesis pretende analizar aspectos relacionados con la integración de los países mediterráneos en el contexto económico internacional, aspectos que resultan de especial interés para esta región puesto que son claves para su desarrollo económico, su estudio es particularmente relevante para evaluar las políticas llevadas a cabo, así como para rediseñar aquellas que no están siendo todo lo efectivas que se preveía.
En un primer lugar se analizan el impacto que han tenido los acuerdos de libre comercio celebrados por diez países del Norte de África y Oriente Próximo sobre su comercio exterior, con el objetivo de comparar los efectos de una mayor integración Sur-Sur con una vinculación más estrecha con los mercados del Norte. Se diferencia entre productos industriales y agrícolas, ya que permite llevar a cabo un estudio más profundo y especifico del contenido de dichos acuerdos.
Los resultados muestran que la integración entre países árabes está generando ya resultados positivos, en particular el acuerdo GAFTA está intensificando el intercambio bilateral entre los países miembros. Esta apuesta hacia una mayor integración árabe representa una nueva oportunidad para muchos países y puede servir de puente para promover el dialogo y establecer nuevas oportunidades en la región. Sin embargo, los acuerdos Norte-Sur celebrados no han ayudado a incrementar en la medida esperada las exportaciones entre ambas regiones. En el caso del acuerdo de libre comercio con la Unión Europea, los resultados muestran que se han obtenido mejoras en las exportaciones de la UE hacia la región MENA, pero no en sentido inverso, en línea con lo que obtienen estudios anteriores. Lo novedoso de nuestros resultados aparece con el acuerdo firmado entre Estados Unidos y Jordania y entre Estados Unidos y Marruecos, dicho acuerdo muestra un efecto positivo para las exportaciones de ambos países incluidos para el caso de los productos agrícolas. Así pues, de los resultados empíricos obtenidos se extrae que los países de la cuenca sur del Mediterráneo deberían considerar una estrategia de negociación en la liberalización de su comercio que concentre la misma en aquellos productos donde su competitividad es mayor. Ello requerirá un mayor equilibrio en la articulación de dichos acuerdos, en los que la producción agrícola e industrial configure un patrón sectorial de exportaciones acordes con su estructura productiva. Del mismo parece razonable apostar por una mayor integración intra-árabe, a pesar de las dificultades evidentes que esto conlleva, especialmente en un contexto político y social tan turbulento como el actual.
Otro aspecto analizado es el papel que tiene el comercio internacional en la competitividad de las empresas. Tal y como se ha desarrollado en el segundo capítulo, entender las estrategias de internacionalización de las empresas es de particular relevancia, en especial si se quiere diseñar políticas efectivas que sirvan de apoyo a las industrias nacionales. En el estudio llevado a cabo se ha analizado la relación existente entre las actividades de importación y exportación de las empresas manufactureras egipcias. Los resultados muestran que las empresas cuando exportan o importan mejoran su competitividad y alcanzan un mayor tamaño en comparación con las empresas que únicamente operan en el mercado nacional. Se observa igualmente un alto grado de histéresis, donde el posicionamiento previo en los mercados internacionales explica una buena parte de la actividad internacional actual, en este sentido si la empresa tiene experiencia exportadora en los años anteriores, esto afectará de forma positiva a que la consolide en la actualidad y lo mismo ocurre para el caso importador. Con los datos y análisis realizado en este segundo capítulo no podemos establecer un nexo de causalidad entre ambas actividades dejando esto para futuras líneas de investigación, aun así se constata que los costes hundidos para las importaciones son mayores que los que se deben hacer frente para la exportación. A pesar de que este resultado parece poco intuitivo ante la lógica del comercio internacional donde la actividad de exportación aparece como algo más costoso para las empresas que la importación, para el caso concreto de Egipto parece tomar sentido desde un punto de vista donde las exportaciones de las empresas del país se han liberalizado completamente desde la entrada en vigor de los acuerdos de libre comercio mientras que la liberalización de las importaciones se ha producido de forma progresiva. Un análisis más exhaustivo resulta necesario para llegar a resultados más concluyentes, aun así parece tener solidez la argumentación de que las empresas que se incorporan en el comercio internacional aprovechan dicha apertura y las relaciones comerciales que esto conlleva para desarrollar operaciones en ambos sentidos.
Después de analizar en los capítulos anteriores aspectos relacionados con el comercio internacional, consideramos necesario abordar cómo el entorno político-institucional está influyendo sobre el comportamiento de las empresas en la región. En el tercer y último capítulo se analizan los obstáculos a los que las empresas egipcias han tenido que hacer frente en los años anteriores a la revolución. De los resultados obtenidos se constata que el acceso y coste a la financiación, los altos impuestos, el precio de la tierra, la situación de inestabilidad política o suministros básicos como el agua o la luz son los principales obstáculos para llevar a cabo la actividad empresarial en Egipto, especialmente en el caso de las empresas más pequeñas y que no cuentan con capital extranjero. En términos de política económica las conclusiones parecen evidentes, se hace indispensable una estrategia de mejora en las infraestructuras básicas como el agua o la electricidad y de la modernización del sistema fiscal, así como del sistema financiero, con los efectos positivos que esto supondrá en términos de financiación empresarial donde los resultados a medio y largo plazo serán un incremento de la competitividad empresarial que favorecerá el crecimiento económico y la generación de empleo.
En definitiva los estudios llevados a cabo y que configuran el núcleo de esta tesis doctoral pretenden analizar y evaluar la integración de los países del Norte de África y Oriente Próximo en el contexto económico internacional y examinar aspectos clave para la mejora de la competitividad de las empresas de la región, concretamente centrando los dos últimos capítulos en Egipto, debido al interés que despierta el país por la situación política actual.
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Egbe, Daniel Enonnchong. "The Global Mediterranean Policy : the evolution of the EU-Mediterranean countries relations during 1976-1998 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9998481.
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Ghaleb, Joey Raymond. "The European-Mediterranean Free Trade Agreement with Lebanon : tariffs, taxes and welfare /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Calcagno, Claire. "Aspects of seafaring and trade in the Central Mediterranean region, ca. B.C. 1200-800." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390282.
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Serradilla, Avery Dan Manuel. "Seville: between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1248-1492 : pre-Columbus commercial routes from and to Seville /." St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/340.
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Yorulmaz, Naci. "Arms trade in the shadow of personal influence : German style of war business in the Ottoman market (1876-1909)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2908/.
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The main question of this thesis originated from the following observation: during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (r.1876-1909) - especially after the 1880s - the German armament firms (GAFs) obtained a monopoly position in the Ottoman military market and maintained their position for decades. Based upon this observation the question of this thesis is: How did the Germans manage to get this status and protect it for decades, in particular, in a quite competitive market, where the American, British, and the French firms had been dominant for years? This thesis, which has fundamentally relied on multi-national archival research, does not seek the answer with reference to the ordinary theory of supply and demand but in the realm of the inter-personal relations and the personal influence of some influential personalities/statesmen who somehow intervened themselves into the war business from both sides (i.e. the Ottoman Empire and Germany). In the line with this argument, the principal aim of this thesis is to examine the impact of the non-commercial factors of the arms trade on the GAFs’ successful war business in the Ottoman military market. For that purpose throughout the dissertation the acts and doings of Bismarck; Kaiser Wilhelm II; Von der Goltz Pasha and the other German military advisors who were employed in the Ottoman Army; Sultan Abdülhamid II and the Ottoman bureaucrats/officers will be discussed within the context of their contribution to the German armament firms’ successful war business in the Ottoman market.
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Kotarba-Morley, Anna Maria. "The Port of Berenike Troglodytica on the Red Sea : a landscape-based approach to the study of its harbour and its role in Indo-Mediterranean trade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dc80167b-8b1e-499d-9b7c-038e10b2e782.
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The port site of Berenike Troglodytica - located on the Egyptian Red Sea coast - served the spice and incense routes that linked the Mediterranean World (specifically the Roman Empire) to India, Southern Arabia and East Africa. In the Greco-Roman period the site was at the cutting edge of what was then the embryonic global economy, ideally situated as a key node connecting Indian Ocean and Mediterranean trade for almost 800 years. It is now located in an arid, marginal, hostile environment but the situation must have been very different 2300 years ago, at the time of its founding. At the time of elephant-hunting trips during the Hellenistic period before the inception of its important role in the global markets of the day in the Roman period Berenike would have to have looked much different to what we can now imagine. What was it like then, when the first prospectors visited this location at the time of Ptolemy II? Why this particular place, and this particular landscape setting seemed such a propitious location for the siting of an important new harbour? Given the importance of the port over almost a millennium it is perhaps surprising that very little is known about the different factors impacting on the foundation, evolution, heyday and subsequent decline of the city; or the size, shape, and capacity of its harbour. The intention of this research is to address this shortfall in our knowledge, to examine the drivers behind the rise and fall of this port city, and to explore the extent to which the dynamics of the physical landscape were integral to this story. Using an innovative Earth Science approach, changes in the archaeological 'coastscape' have been reconstructed and correlated with periods of occupation and abandonment of the port, shedding light on the nature, degree and directionality of human-environment interactions at the site. This work has revealed profound changes in the configuration of the coastal landscape and environment (including the sea level) during the lifespan of Berenike, highlighting the ability of people to exploit changes in their immediate environment, and demonstrating that, ultimately, the decline of the port was partly due to these landscape dynamics. To further explore these themes the landscape reconstructions have been supplemented by semi-quantitative analyses of a suite of variables likely to influence the initial siting of new ports of trade. These have shown that although the site of Berenike was ideal in terms of its coastal landscape potential, possessing a natural sheltered bay and lagoon system, the choice of location was not solely influenced by its environmental conditions. Additionally, a detailed review of vessels that plied Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes is presented here in order to better understand the design and functioning of Berenike's harbour. This serves the purpose of identifying unifying features that provide more detail about the size and draught of vessels and the potential capacity of the harbour basin. By using this multi-scalar approach it has been possible to reconstruct the 'coastscape' of the site through the key periods of its occupancy and those phases immediately before and after its operation. This has wide-ranging implications for researchers studying ancient ports along this trade network as a larger database will tease out more details about how influential the landscape was in the initial siting of the port and its subsequent use and decline.
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APELLANIZ, RUIZ DE GALARRETA Francisco Javier. "Pouvoir et finance en méditerranée pré-moderne : le deuxième Etat Mamelouk et le commerce des épices." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6593.
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Defence date: 25 September 2006Examining board: Prof. Anthony Molho (IUE, Directeur) ; Prof. Jean-Claude Garcin (Université d'Aix-Marseille I) ; Prof. Mercè Viladrich (Universitat de Barcelona) ; Prof. Diogo Curto (IUE)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Simmons, Jeremy A. "Beyond the Periyar: A History of Consumption in Indo-Mediterranean Trade (100 BCE – 400 CE)." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-fwdq-ga41.
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This dissertation draws inspiration from one of most iconic exchanges across the Indian Ocean in antiquity: that of Indian spices for Roman gold coins on the Periyar River in Malabar. While previous scholarship has outlined how these goods arrived at various entrepots like that on the Periyar, the larger impacts of Indian Ocean imports within new socio-cultural environments have yet to be explored. "Beyond the Periyar" articulates these impacts from a new perspective, the commodities themselves and the rippling patterns of consumption and industries that contribute to or arise from their importation. Roman coins changed functions as they changed hands, and surviving specimens often show the multiple stages of their long lives as objects through physical adaptations by Indian consumers. Their superficial design further held aesthetic value, provided useful idioms for Indian die-cutters, and inspired an industry of high-quality imitations. Indian spices like black pepper, cinnamon leaf, and ginger contributed to Roman culinary and cosmetic practices, as attested by Roman authors and associated utensils. These products have been discussed in the context of notions of “luxury” in reactionary texts—however, such critiques must be balanced against larger considerations of literary genre and known economic factors like prices vis-à-vis real wages. A hive of human activity throughout the Indian Ocean world underpinned these acts of consumption, which often stands behind the veil of consumer apathy. Human agents range from the investors financing transoceanic ventures and the traders manning oceangoing vessels, to state interests and regional security personnel, to the processors, craftsmen, and vendors who marketed these products to consumers. When we look beyond the Periyar, the consumption of long-distance imports appears not as a marginal force, but as a transformative component of ancient economies and societies with a far wider reach than previously assumed.
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Smith, Anne Marie (Biblical archaeologist). "Phoenician ships : types, trends, trade and treacherous trade routes." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10344.
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Phoenician ships in the broadest sense of the word are the focus of this dissertation
and it encompasses the entire period of both Phoenician and Punic seafaring. The
study is quantitative, largely historical and archaeological, with the use of secondary
sources as well as iconography. The origins of the Phoenician construction technique,
the mortise-and-tenon joints, are investigated as well as the various types of
Phoenician ships. These are analysed under the headings Merchant ships, Warships
and Utility ships.
The materials mentioned in Ezekiel’s prophecy about ‘The Ship Tyre’, are analysed,
whether they fit the purpose for which they are mentioned. The production process of
purple cloth with the use of Murex molluscs is described in detail including an analysis
of the boats used to catch the molluscs.
The possibility is investigated of whether the Ashkelon Dog Burials could be related to
the Phoenician trade in dogs, and whether they could have served as ship dogs.
Lastly the difficulties encountered in sailing through the narrow sea straits of the
Mediterranean Sea are described, which are subject to Internal waves, affecting the
surface water.Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies
M. A. (Biblical Archaeology)
Books on the topic "Spice trade – Mediterranean Region"
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David, Abulafia, ed. The Mediterranean in history. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2003.
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Fund, International Monetary, ed. Trade liberalization and tax reform in the Southern Mediterranean Region. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1998.
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Shipping, trade and crusade in the medieval Mediterranean. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2012.
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Jacoby, David. Trade, commodities and shipping in the medieval Mediterranean. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Variorum, 1997.
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David, Abulafia, ed. The Mediterranean in history. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2003.
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Copper and trade in the South-Eastern Mediterranean: Trade routes of the Near East in antiquity. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2015.
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Trade in the Western Mediterranean, AD 400-700--the ceramic evidence. Oxford, England: Tempus Reparatum, 1995.
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Romagnoli, Alessandro. Développement économique et "libre-échange" euro-méditerranéen. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 2003.
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Romagnoli, Alessandro. Développement économique et libre-échange euro-méditerranéen. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 2003.
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Smith, Thyrza R. Mycenaean trade and interaction in the west central Mediterranean, 1600-1000 B.C. Oxford, England: B.A.R., 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Spice trade – Mediterranean Region"
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Hancock, James F. "Golden age of Byzantium." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 122–34. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0010.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the reign of the Eastern Roman Empire as well as the state of the international trade during its golden era. It consists of thirteen subchapters which are about the Shift of Roman Power, the rule of Constantine, the drastic transition of world trade after the fall of the West Roman Empire, the exotic luxuries of Byzantium, the golden age of the Eastern Roman Empire under Justinian, Byzantine attitudes about trade. Trade in the Byzantine world was highly regulated by the state, the empire was essentially a huge trading organization. It continues with the subchapters, The Dollar of the Middle Ages, Trading with the Enemy, Aksum and Byzantium's Indian Ocean Connections, Christians Surrounded by Muslims, The Secret of Silk Escapes, which is about the mid-sixth century when most silk found its way to Europe through the Silk Routes across China and the northern steppes of Central Asia, the Justinian's Plague that spread along the great trade routes, emerging first in China and north-east India, travelling to Ethiopia, moving up the Nile to Alexandria and then east to Palestine and across the entire Mediterranean region, and lastly, The End of the Red Sea Portal. Some 1000 years of Greek and Roman rule over Egypt had ended and with it the Red Sea link of Europe with the Asian spice trade.
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Hancock, James F. "Spice trade in the dark ages of Europe." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 146–56. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0012.
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Abstract This chapter narrates the state of world trade during the fall of the Western Roman Empire under waves of Germanic tribe movements during the 'Völkerwanderung' or Migration Period. It contains nine subchapters that are about the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, spice use in Europe during the dark ages, the level of western trade in the early medieval age, Mediterranean trade in the early medieval period, early medieval trade in Europe, the Radhanites: medieval tycoons, the rise of the Gotlanders, Rus' trade with the Muslims and Byzantines through Khazaria, and lastly, Rus' attacks on the Islamic and Byzantine Worlds.
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Hancock, James F. "The eastern Roman Empire and the rise of Venice." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 157–71. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0013.
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Abstract Providing a situation of the eastern Roman Empire after Emperor Justinian died, the chapters also gives summary of the economic growth of various European countries in the middle ages. There were many other maritime republics that arose in Italy during the Middle Ages other than Venice. These included Genoa, Pisa, Ragusa (now Dubrovnik), Gaeta, Ancona and Noli. The most powerful were Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi, who carried on extensive trade across the Mediterranean and built strong navies for protection and conquest. Venice came to dominate Adriatic trade, while Pisa and Genoa focused their trade more heavily on Western Europe. Aside from these, it was also high time for the western maritime trade since the Black Sea area was particularly important to Constantinople as a source of grain, fish and salt, and to a much lesser extent spices and silks. Its importance as a source of spices and silk had been greatly diminished over the last century due to the unrest in Central Asia leading to the breakup of the Silk Routes and the shift in the spice trade from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea resulting from the political instability of the Abbasid Caliphate. The chapters also gave a summary how the economic relations between Venice and the Byzantine Empire led to war and the sacking of Constantinople.
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"The Mediterranean Spice Trade: Further Evidence of its Revival in the Sixteenth Century." In Spices in the Indian Ocean World, 149–58. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315242637-13.
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Kleppinger, Kathryn. "The Mediterranean." In Postcolonial Realms of Memory, 128–36. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620665.003.0012.
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This essay demonstrates how unique geographic characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea dramatically shaped European colonial policy throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Mediterranean Sea created critical trade routes made the colonization of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco not only politically useful for establishing and maintaining France’s power relative to other European nations but also economically vital for France’s industrial production. After the decline of the French colonial empire, national immigration policies were dictated by the desire to maintain France’s economic strength and political influence in the region by controlling its surroundings in the Mediterranean. While the Mediterranean once represented the possibility of expanded control and geopolitical power, it now represents just the opposite, a source of anarchy and chaos that is frequently seen as requiring strong border control.
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De Romanis, Federico. "Contrasts." In The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus, 251–74. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842347.003.0015.
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This chapter examines three pertinent comparisons arising from the reconstruction of the Hermapollon’s cargo. The first concerns the size of the ships involved in the pepper trade and its relationship to both the region from which the spice was exported and the sea route by which it was transported. The pepper trade can take different forms, and the pattern detailed by the Muziris papyrus proves to be unique in the long history of the South Indian pepper trade. The second comparison concerns the Periplus’ list of the commodities available in the Limyrike emporia and the Hermapollon’s cargo as itemized in the verso of the Muziris papyrus. Finally, the third comparison concerns the size of the elephant tusks. When compared with the average weight of some sixteenth-century East African cargoes, the average weight of the tusks carried by the Hermapollon reveals the overall fine quality of the batch and, ultimately, the distinctiveness of the human–elephant relationship in India compared to East Africa.
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O'Brien, William. "Eastern and Central Mediterranean." In Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199605651.003.0008.
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Copper objects first circulated on the Greek mainland during the fifth millennium BC and shortly after in the islands of the southern Aegean (Zachos 2007). The earliest metalwork of Late Neolithic date comprised small objects such as awls, beads, and bracelets. Metal use gradually expanded during the Chalcolithic stage that followed, with production of larger items such as axeheads. There are parallels with the development of early metallurgy in the Balkans, however there was much less copper in circulation. This may be explained by the absence of early copper mines comparable to Rudna Glava or Ai Bunar in either Greece or the Aegean islands. The use of metal in the Aegean expanded significantly during the third millennium BC, with the emergence of a flourishing culture that had extensive seafaring contacts (Renfrew 1972). The importance of maritime trade in this region dates from the Neolithic when the island of Melos was a major source of obsidian across the east Mediterranean. Lead isotope analysis confirms that the copper, lead, and silver used by the Cycladic culture of the Early Bronze Age came from ore sources on many of those islands (Stos-Gale 1989). These metals were traded widely across the Aegean, with supply also into mainland Greece. While no copper mines have been identified, lead/silver workings of this period are recorded at Lavrion and at Ayios Sostis on Siphnos (Wagner et al. 1980). There are numerous deposits of copper ore and other metals in mainland Greece. No prehistoric copper mines have been identified; however, the potential has been examined by lead isotope analysis. An examination of various ore deposits in northern Greece, including examples in Thrace and eastern Macedonia, Thasos, the Pangeon Mountains, and Chalkidki did not reveal any likely sources of copper in prehistory. Samples were also taken in east-central Greece, from mineralization in the Othrys Mountains where there are several indications of ancient mining. Radiocarbon dates indicate copper mining at various locations there during the first millennium BC (Gale and Stos-Gale 2002: table 3).
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Tuchscherer, Michel. "1. Trade and Port Cities in the Red Sea–Gulf of Aden Region in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century." In Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, 1890-1920, edited by Leila Fawaz, C. A. Bayly, and Robert Ilbert. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/fawa11426-004.
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Gale, Noël H., and Zofia A. Stos-Gale. "The role of the Apliki mine region in the post c. 1400 BC copper production and trade networks in Cyprus and in the wider Mediterranean." In Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy in the Second Millennium BC, 70–82. Oxbow Books, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dvpm.13.
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Marzagalli, Silvia, James R. Sofka, and John J. McCusker. "Rough Waters: American Involvement with the Mediterranean in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: An Introduction." In Rough Waters, 1–6. Liverpool University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497346.003.0001.
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In his path-breaking study of the sixteenth-century Mediterranean world, Fernand Braudel identified the “invasion” by Atlantic ships and merchants as one of the major, long-lasting events in the history of the Mediterranean Sea in early modern times.2 According to Braudel, the arrival of English, Flemish and French Atlantic vessels and their captains began discretely in the early sixteenth century as a result of an increased Mediterranean demand for cheap transport services. Within a few decades, however, northern Europeans evolved from a complementary to a commanding position in the region. Atlantic shipping and trade came to dominate the most lucrative Mediterranean trades, and the Atlantic powers steadily imposed their rules and politics on Mediterranean countries, progressively subordinating the region to Atlantic interests. Their ...
Conference papers on the topic "Spice trade – Mediterranean Region"
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Gron, Silvia, and Eleni Gkrimpa. "Le città nelle fortificazioni: le isole ioniche in Grecia. Conoscenza e valorizzazione di un patrimonio." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11533.
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The cities in the fortifications: the Ionian islands in Greece. Knowledge and enhancement of a heritage Residing in the Mediterranean Sea, Ionian islands signify the passage from the west to the east. A constantly sought-after region due to the trade routes, was for a long time garrisoned and under the authority of the Venetian Republic (fourteenth-eighteenth centuries) that hindered with its fleet the Turkish invasions. The bigger islands that constitute the cluster of the Eptanisa: Corfu, Lefkada or Santa Maura, Ithaka, Kefalonia, Kythira, Zakinthos and more, that had strategic positions with respect to the usual routes, had since the middle ages fortifications like walls, towers and castles, that over the time were expanded and restructured by the Venetians in order to defend those islands from the enemy attacks. The rich iconographic historic material, considering the Ionian Islands, allows to document the characteristics of those wide spread defensive structures and to identify each strong part of this big and unique fortification cluster. It has to be noted that every one of those structures gives us clues about the urban history of the city it resides since they were part of the urban landscape revealing this way the urban layout. The compelling story of the architectural consistency of those fortresses, as it is described in the historic documents, cannot be always verified. Many of those structures are nowadays completely destroyed and only a few remains are left. There are many ways to organize a project for saving those structures and in particular one that will be related with the cultural tourism.
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Kuşçu, Ayşe Dudu. "Role of Seljuk Maritime Trade on the Integration of Anatolian Economy with World Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01533.
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It was not only Turkish history to be changed when Seljuk conquered Anatolia but also the destiny of Anatolia changed. Anatolia that was the center of east – west and north – south trade since Assyria trade colonies was lost its commercial importance during the conquer by Turks, long time ago. Before Seljuk, the region was a part of the Byzantine Empire and it lost its commercial activities.
It was a long time for Seljuk to revitalise the Anatolian trade. The war in Myriokephalon reduced the problems of Turkish Seljuk and enabled the establishment of a strong state in Anatolia. Myriokephalon War deeply impacted Byzantine and the Seljuk Sultan Kılıç Arslan focused on to develop the economy of the county and made very important achievements. He was the first who tried to conquer Antalya that is a port city.
Kılıç Arslan and succeeding Sultans of Seljuk State followed the same path. Izeddin Keykavus conquered Sinop. Alâeddin Keykubâd conquered Alanya, so Seljuk had its third port city. The volume of domestic and international trade of Seljuk made it very powerful economy of the region.
In this study, the factors which made for Seljuk to conquer these port cities in the Black Sea and Mediterranean easy, and the contribution of maritime trade to Seljuk economy, with reference to the sources form the era.
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Falcidieno, Maria Linda, and Maria Elisabetta Ruggiero. "The Castle of Paraggi and its “double life”: evolutions and metamorphosis of a “suspended” architecture." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11480.
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Eastern Liguria, a sometimes harsh and inhospitable place, encompasses some of the most beautiful landscape realities of the region, thanks to the presence of the sea and of an unexpected scenery. In some cases, land and water are connected, clearly showing the challenges that Man had to face in order to dominate Nature. In these cases, these forms of anthropization can turn their constraints into potentials. In this context, in a gulf such as the one between Rapallo and Portofino, outposts arose as observers to protect the neighboring territory, characterized by docks and, consequently, a suitable area for trade and for pirate incursions. For these reasons, military-style architectural structures arose, both defensive and of sighting, depending on the building site, then, in the sixteenth century coordinated and transformed into a real defensive system, by the will of the Republic of Genoa. Here, then, we can find the castle of Rapallo, the tower of Saint Michael of Pagana, the Castle of Santa Margherita, the Castle of Paraggi and finally that of Portofino, each one with its own identity and events, but connectable to the others, if only for the territorial belonging to an extremely particular site as for organicity and homogeneity. This is what the study of the Castle of Paraggi underlines, as it was built on the cliff overlooking the sea that has enjoyed a “double life” based on highlighting the latent diametrically opposed potential: born for the defense of the land from sea incursions, later on it was converted into a residence, conceptually transforming its position from a dominating into a reserved one, from an outpost on the sea clearly visible, to a place hidden on the land, from public to private. Over the centuries, the change in the function and life of the castle, has therefore been introducing changes to the facies and the composition of its appearance through the different stages of its evolution.
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Голофаст, Л. А., and С. В. Ольховский. "Glass Assemblage from the Underwater Quay in the Harbour of Phanagoria." In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-307-7.43-72.
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В статье представлен комплекс стекла 56 вв.н.э., выявленный в ходе подводных раскопок фундамента причального сооружения в акватории Фанагории. Благодаря довольно длительному периоду формирования комплекса находок в нем отразились изменения в ассортименте бытовавшей стеклянной посуды: от весьма разнообразного в 5 в. до скудного набора 6 в., в котором безраздельно доминировали рюмки . Набор сосудов в полной мере отражает сложившуюся в рассматриваемое время ситуацию, характеризующуюся открытостью торговых маршрутов, которые связывали различные регионы Европы: одинаковые стеклянные изделия, производившиеся в одних и тех же центрах Восточного Средиземноморья, находят как в довольно удаленных друг от друга, так и от центров производства регионах. Благодаря активной торговле быстро распространялась мода на одни и те же сосуды и приемы их орнаментации, что служило стимулом для появления производства популярных сосудов в разных точках средиземноморско-причерноморского региона. Таким образом, представленная коллекция стекла, как и комплекс керамики этого времени, продемонстрировала включенность Фанагории рассматриваемого периода в обширный средиземноморско-причерноморский рынок. The article presents the glass assemblage of the 5th6th centuries found in the course of underwater excavations of the quay in the harbour of Phanagoria. The collection presents a great variety of forms and reflects changes in the assortment of glass vessels in the course of time. The 5th century is characterized by the extensive assortment of forms and various types of decoration (relief mold-blown, blue blobs and polished ornament). In the 6th century most kinds of ornamentation disappeared, the range of vessel types were reduced to 2-3 main forms with considerable predominance of stemmed goblets. All these changes occurred in terms of process common for the entire MediterraneanPontic region in the Late Antiquity. This period is characterized by the well-developed network of trade routes that connected sometimes very remote regions with production centers of the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe. The intensive trade promoted the spread of fashion for various forms of vessels and ornamentation that in its turn stimulated the appearance of new manufacturing centers that produced popular glass vessels in different points of the Mediterranean-Pontic region.