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Journal articles on the topic 'Sperm whale biology'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Zheng, Yue-Liang. "Recent progress in reproduction of whale oocytes." Zygote 21, no. 3 (August 15, 2011): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199411000475.

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SummaryWhale oocytes recovered from follicles can be matured in vitro. Whale sperm and mature oocytes can be used for in vitro fertilization (IVF), and IVF embryos have the ability to develop to morula stage. Whale sperm injected into bovine or mouse oocytes can activate the oocytes and form pronucleus. Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos have been reconstructed with whale somatic cell nucleus and enucleated bovine or porcine oocytes, and interspecies cloned embryos can develop in vitro. This paper reviews recent progress in maturation, fertilization and development of whale oocytes.

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2

Pennisi, E. "SOCIETY FOR INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY MEETING: Whale Worm Sperm Factories." Science 315, no. 5811 (January 26, 2007): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.315.5811.457.

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3

Alayash, Abdu I., Beth A. Brockner Ryan, Raymond F. Eich, John S. Olson, and Robert E. Cashon. "Reactions of Sperm Whale Myoglobin with Hydrogen Peroxide." Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, no. 4 (January 22, 1999): 2029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.4.2029.

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4

Asada, Masatsugu, Hong Wei, Rie Nagayama, Masafumi Tetsuka, Hajime Ishikawa, Seiji Ohsumi, and Yutaka Fukui. "An attempt at intracytoplasmic sperm injection of frozen-thawed minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) oocytes." Zygote 9, no. 4 (November 2001): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199401001344.

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Little is known about the characteristics of fertilisation events in minke whales. Cryopreserved minke whale oocytes and spermatozoa do not fertilise in a standard IVF. This study was conducted to investigate the pronucleus formation ability of cryopreserved minke whale oocytes and their subsequent development following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In experiment 1, frozen-thawed minke whale immature oocytes were cultured for in vitro maturation (IVM) in a maturation medium (TCM199) supplemented with either porcine follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH)/estradiol-17β(E2) or pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). After 120 h of IVM, oocyte survival was examined before ICSI, and showed no significant difference in morphological normality (24-36%) between the two IVM media. Two-cell embryos (two oocytes from 21 sperm-injected oocytes) were obtained when the maturation medium was supplemented with pFSH/E2 or PMSG/hCG. In experiment 2, cryopreserved maturing oocytes were investigated for the effects of repeat-culture (2 h or 24 h) on survival before ICSI. Pronuclear formation and development were examined for the effects of sperm pretreatment with dithiothreitol (DTT) and oocyte activation with ethanol at ICSI. A frequency of 49-69% of frozen-thawed maturing oocytes was used for ICSI. Although oocyte activation did not produce a significant difference in survival, pronucleus formation and embryonic development, 2- and 4-cell cleaved oocytes were observed after injection of sperm pretreated with DTT.

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5

Li, Chang, Xiaoxuan Tan, Jie Bai, Qiwu Xu, Shanshan Liu, Wenjie Guo, Cong Yu, et al. "A survey of the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) commensal microbiome." PeerJ 7 (July 4, 2019): e7257. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7257.

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Background Mammalian commensal microbiota play important roles in the health of its host. In comparison to terrestrial mammals, commensal microbiota of marine mammals is mainly focused on the composition and function of skin and gut microbiota, with less attention paid to the health impact of bacteria and viruses. Previous studies on sperm whales (Physeter catodon) have affirmed their important phylogenetic position; however, studies on their commensal microbiota have not been published, due to difficulty in sample collection. Methods Here, we sequenced the metagenomes of blood, muscle and fecal samples from a stranded sperm whale using the BGISEQ-500 platform. We compared the diversity and abundance of microbiomes from three different tissues and tried to search pathogenic bacterial and virulence genes probably related to the health of the sperm whale. We also performed 16S rDNA sequencing of the fecal sample to compare to published gut metagenome data from other marine mammals. Results Our results demonstrated notable differences in species richness and abundance in the three samples. Extensive bacteria, including Enterococcus faecium, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus suis, and five toxigenic Clostridium species usually associated with infection, were found in the three samples. We also found the taxa composition of sperm whale gut microbiota was similar to that of other whales, suggesting co-evolution with its host. This study is the first report of the sperm whale gut microbiome, and provides a foundation for the pathogen detection and health assessment of the sperm whale.

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6

Lecomte, JULIETTE T. J., Steven F. Sukits, Shibani Bhattacharya, and Christopher J. Falzone. "Conformational properties of native sperm whale apomyoglobin in solution." Protein Science 8, no. 7 (1999): 1484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.8.7.1484.

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7

Light, W. R., R. J. Rohlfs, G. Palmer, and J. S. Olson. "Functional effects of heme orientational disorder in sperm whale myoglobin." Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, no. 1 (January 1987): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)75885-2.

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8

Gibson, Q. H., J. S. Olson, R. E. McKinnie, and R. J. Rohlfs. "A kinetic description of ligand binding to sperm whale myoglobin." Journal of Biological Chemistry 261, no. 22 (August 1986): 10228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67514-3.

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9

Ascenzi, Paolo, Elisabetta De Marinis, Alessandra di Masi, Chiara Ciaccio, and Massimo Coletta. "Peroxynitrite scavenging by ferryl sperm whale myoglobin and human hemoglobin." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 390, no. 1 (December 2009): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.050.

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10

Melnikov, V. V. "The arterial system of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)." Journal of Morphology 234, no. 1 (October 1997): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199710)234:1<37::aid-jmor4>3.0.co;2-k.

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11

Martinez-Pastor, F., V. Garcia-Macias, J. Garcia, M. Alvarez, E. Anel, P. Herraez, P. de Paz, and L. Anel. "223 DESCRIPTION OF GENITALIA AND SPERM RECOVERED POSTMORTEM FROM A PYGMY SPERM WHALE, KOGIA BREVICEPS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab223.

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A pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps; adult male; 350 kg) was stranded and died on a beach near Cabo Bustos (Asturias, North of Spain) on March 12th, 2005. Finding specimens of this species is a rare event on Spanish shores, although this whale is not considered endangered. Postmortem examination was performed 24 h later. Genitalia (testicles and epididymides) were extracted. The postmortem report indicated that vas deferens and seminal glands seemed to contain an important amount of semen, which was not recovered. Refrigerated genitalia were send to our laboratory, arriving around 40 h postmortem. The refrigerated testicles were in poor physical condition upon arrival, indicating advanced tissue detoriation. The epididymides (very long) were not closely attached to the testicles, but were connected by a loose conjunctive membrane. We divided the epididymides into four regions that approximated the (1) caput, (2) mid-region, (3) corpus, and (4) cauda. Physical characteristics of the genitalia are described in Table 1. The left testicle was larger, and possibly more active, than the right one. A sperm sample was obtained from the cauda region after incising the tissue. Osmolality and pH of the sample were 428 mOsm/kg and 6.62, respectively (maybe due to tissue breakdown) and the sperm concentration was 1194 × 106/mL. Spermatozoa were immotile, even after diluting in buffered medium; it is possible that postmortem damage occurred quickly. However, using flow cytometry we determined that 57% of cauda spermatozoa had intact plasma membranes and acrosomes (determined by staining with 37 mmol/mL propidium iodide and 1 μg/mL PNA-FITC; Sigma, Madrid, Spain). Examination by phase contrast microscopy (×600) showed many spermatozoa with abnormal heads and bent midpieces and flagella, even in the cauda (13% and 21%, respectively). Sperm head morphometry was studied using DiffQuick staining and an automated analysis system (SCA2000; Microptic, Barcelona, Spain). Mean sperm head size was 3.71 ± 0.19 × 2.61 ± 0.12 μm in width and length, respectively. Computer analysis (AnalySiS-GmbH, Cologne, Germany) of phase contrast images revealed that the mean size of the sperm midpiece and flagellum were 3.44 ± 0.19 and 40.95 ± 2.02 μm, respectively. The information obtained after postmortem recovery of the testes and epididymis should be useful to future conservation efforts of the pygmy sperm whale and similar species. The rapid deterioration of the testicular tissue by 40 h postmortem was not expected since good quality sperm samples have been obtained at similar postmortem intervals in other species. Therefore, we recommend that postmortem sperm recovery should be accomplished as rapidly as possible in this species. Table 1. Genitalia measurements

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12

Madsen, P. T., R. Payne, N. U. Kristiansen, M. Wahlberg, I. Kerr, and B. Møhl. "Sperm whale sound production studied with ultrasound time/depth-recording tags." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 13 (July 1, 2002): 1899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.13.1899.

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SUMMARYDelphinoids (Delphinidae, Odontoceti) produce tonal sounds and clicks by forcing pressurized air past phonic lips in the nasal complex. It has been proposed that homologous, hypertrophied nasal structures in the deep-diving sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) (Physeteridae, Odontoceti) are dedicated to the production of clicks. However, air volumes in diving mammals are reduced with increasing ambient pressure, which seems likely to influence pneumatic sound production at depth. To study sperm whale sound production at depth, we attached ultrasound time/depth-recording tags to sperm whales by means of a pole and suction cup. We demonstrate that sperm whale click production in terms of output and frequency content is unaffected by hydrostatic reduction in available air volume down to less than 2% of the initial air volume in the nasal complex. We present evidence suggesting that the sound-generating mechanism has a bimodal function, allowing for the production of clicks suited for biosonar and clicks more suited for communication. Shared click features suggest that sound production in sperm whales is based on the same fundamental biomechanics as in smaller odontocetes and that the nasal complexes are therefore not only anatomically but also functionally homologous in generating the initial sound pulse.

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13

Watanabe, H., H. Tateno, H. Kusakabe, T. Matsuoka, Y. Kamiguchi, Y. Fujise, H. Ishikawa, S. Ohsumi, and Y. Fukui. "Fertilizability and chromosomal integrity of frozen-thawed Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) spermatozoa intracytoplasmically injected into mouse oocytes." Zygote 15, no. 1 (February 2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199406003923.

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SUMMARYPrior to attempting the in vitro production of embryos in the Bryde's whale (Balaenoputera edeni), we investigated whether spermatozoa can retain the capacity for oocyte activation and pronucleus formation as well as chromosomal integrity under cryopreservation by using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) into mouse oocytes. Regardless of motility and viability, whale spermatozoa efficiently led to the activation of mouse oocytes (90.3–97.4%), and sperm nuclei successfully transformed into male pronucleus within activated ooplasm (87.2–93.6%). Chromosome analysis at the first cleavage metaphase (M) of the hybrid zygotes revealed that a majority (95.2%) of motile spermatozoa had the normal chromosome complement, while the percentage of chromosomal normality was significantly reduced to 63.5% in immotile spermatozoa and 50.0% in dead spermatozoa due to the increase in structural chromosome aberrations. This is the first report showing that motile Bryde's whale spermatozoa are competent to support embryonic development.

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14

Pichler, F. B., M. L. Dalebout, and C. S. Baker. "Nondestructive DNA extraction from sperm whale teeth and scrimshaw." Molecular Ecology Notes 1, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8278.2001.00027.x.

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15

Gero, Shane, and Hal Whitehead. "Critical Decline of the Eastern Caribbean Sperm Whale Population." PLOS ONE 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2016): e0162019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162019.

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16

Regis, Wiliam C. B., Juliana Fattori, Marcelo M. Santoro, Marc Jamin, and Carlos H. I. Ramos. "On the difference in stability between horse and sperm whale myoglobins." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 436, no. 1 (April 2005): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2005.01.016.

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17

MORIN, PHILLIP A., NICOLA C. AITKEN, NADIA RUBIO-CISNEROS, ANDREW E. DIZON, and SARAH MESNICK. "Characterization of 18 SNP markers for sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)." Molecular Ecology Notes 7, no. 4 (December 5, 2006): 626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01654.x.

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18

Quillin, Michael L., Robert M. Arduini, John S. Olson, and George N. Phillips. "High-Resolution Crystal Structures of Distal Histidine Mutants of Sperm Whale Myoglobin." Journal of Molecular Biology 234, no. 1 (November 1993): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1993.1569.

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19

Watanabe, H., H. Tateno, H. Kusakabe, Y. Kamiguchi, Y. Fujise, H. Ishikawa, S. Ohsumi, and Y. Fukui. "381 FERTILIZABILITY AND CHROMOSOMAL INTEGRITY OF FROZEN - THAWED BRYDE's WHALE (BALAENOPTERA EDENI) SPERMATOZOA INTRACYTOPLASMICALLY INJECTED INTO MOUSE OOCYTES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab381.

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In this study, we applied intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to mouse oocytes to evaluate the fertilizability and chromosomal integrity of the three types of frozen–thawed Bryde's whale spermatozoa. B6D2F1 female mice (7–11 weeks of age) were superovulated by injections of PMSG followed by hCG 48 h later. The oocytes recovered from oviducts between 14 and 16 h after hCG injection were denuded of their cumulus cells. Sperm samples were obtained from a Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) captured under the Japanese Whale Research Program with Special Permit in the Western North Pacific between May and August 2003 (presumptive feeding season). The whale was killed by an explosive harpoon which has been recognized as the best humane method for whales by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and stipulated by Schedule III (Capture) of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. Spermatozoa collected from vasa deferentia were cryopreserved. Frozen Bryde's whale spermatozoa were thawed at 37�C and washed with HEPES-TYH by centrifugation at 500g for 5 min. Motile and immotile spermatozoa were obtained, and some spermatozoa in HEPES-TYH were refrozen without cryoprotectant at -20�C to be completely killed. Within 24 h, they were thawed at 37�C and prepared for ICSI. Comparison of group values was performed by either Fisher's exact probability test or chi-square test where necessary. Differences at P d 0.05 were considered significant. Chromosomal normality was determined by analyses of karyotyped haploid chromosomes (n = 22) of the whale sperm. Regardless of motility and viability, whale spermatozoa efficiently led to the activation of mouse oocytes (90.3–97.4%), and sperm nuclei successfully transformed into male pronuclei within activated ooplasm (87.2–93.6%). Chromosome analysis at the first cleavage metaphase of the hybrid zygotes revealed that a majority (95.2%) of motile spermatozoa had the normal chromosome complement, whereas the percentage of chromosomal normality was significantly (P ≤ 0.001) reduced to 63.5% in immotile spermatozoa and 50.0% in dead spermatozoa, due to the increase in structural chromosome aberrations such as chromosome fragments. This is the first report showing that motile Bryde's whale spermatozoa are competent to support embryonic development. Furthermore, we have shown that chromosomal analysis of whale spermatozoa is a useful technique for measuring the influences of marine pollution on reproduction in cetacean species that occupy the top niche in the marine ecosystem.

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20

Sato, F., Y. Shiro, Y. Sakaguchi, T. Suzuki, T. Iizuka, and H. Hayashi. "New transient species of sperm whale myoglobin in photodissociation of dioxygen from oxymyoglobin." Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, no. 4 (February 1990): 2004–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39931-4.

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21

Shosheva, Alexandra Ch, Petya K. Christova, and Boris P. Atanasov. "pH-dependence of photo-induced electron transfer in zinc-substituted sperm whale myoglobin." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 957, no. 2 (November 1988): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4838(88)90273-7.

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22

Kobayashi, Toshihiro, Kazue Amemiya, Kana Takeuchi, Tomomi Tsujioka, Keiichiro Tominaga, Masumi Hirabayashi, Hajime Ishikawa, Yutaka Fukui, and Shinichi Hochi. "Contribution of spermatozoal centrosomes to the microtubule-organizing centre in Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)." Zygote 14, no. 1 (February 2006): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199406003522.

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Using an interspecies microinsemination assay with bovine oocytes, it was examined whether centrosomes of Antarctic minke whale spermatozoa function as the microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC). Bull and rat spermatozoa were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Vitrified-warmed bovine mature oocytes were subjected to immunostaining against α-tubulin 4–6 h after intracytoplasmic injection (ICSI) of 5 mM dithiothreitol-treated spermatozoa. Aster formation occurred from whale spermatozoa (33%) and bull spermatozoa (33%), but very little from rat spermatozoa (3%). Activation treatment for the microinseminated oocytes with 7% ethanol + 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine resulted in a similar proportion of oocytes forming a whale sperm aster (35% vs 27% in the non-treated group; 4 h after ICSI) but a significantly larger aster (ratio of aster diameter to oocyte diameter, 0.57 vs 0.30 in the non-treated group). These results indicate that the centrosome introduced into bovine oocytes by whale spermatozoa contributes to the MTOC and that assembly of the microtubule network is promoted by oocyte activation.

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23

Pinker, Rachel J., Laura Lin, Neville R. Kallenbach, and George D. Rose. "Effects of alanine substitutions inα-helices of sperm whale myoglobin on protein stability." Protein Science 2, no. 7 (July 1993): 1099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560020704.

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24

Marino, L., K. Sudheimer, D. A. Pabst, W. A. McLellan, and J. I. Johnson. "Magnetic resonance images of the brain of a dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus)." Journal of Anatomy 203, no. 1 (July 2003): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00199.x.

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25

Yamamoto, Yasuhiko. "1H-NMR Study of Inter-Segmental Hydrogen Bonds in Sperm Whale and Horse Apomyoglobins." European Journal of Biochemistry 243, no. 1-2 (January 1997): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.0292a.x.

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26

Fujihira, Takuma, Mariko Kobayashi, Shinichi Hochi, Masumi Hirabayashi, Hajime Ishikawa, Seiji Ohsumi, and Yutaka Fukui. "Developmental capacity of Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) vitrified oocytes following in vitro maturation, and parthenogenetic activation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection." Zygote 14, no. 2 (May 2006): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199406003601.

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SummaryThe present study investigated the effects of the sexual maturity of oocyte donors on in vitro maturation (IVM) and the parthenogenetic developmental capacity of fresh minke whale oocytes. The effects of cytochalasin B (CB) pretreatment and two types of cryoprotectant solutions (ethylene glycol (EG) or ethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide (EG + DMSO)) on the in vitro maturation of vitrified immature whale oocytes were compared, and the developmental capacity of vitrified immature whale oocytes following IVM and intracytoplasmic sperm injection examined (ICSI). The maturation rate did not differ significantly with sexual maturity (adult, 60.9%; prepubertal, 53.1%), but the parthenogenetic activation rate of oocytes from adult donors (76.7%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of oocytes from prepubertal donors (46.4%). The maturation rates after vitrification and warming were not significantly different between the EG (22.2%) and EG + DMSO groups (30.2%), or between the CB-treated (30.4%) and non-CB-treated groups (27.3%). These results indicate that parthenogenetic activation of in vitro matured oocytes from adult minke whales was superior to that from prepubertal whales, but that the developmental capacity of the whale oocytes after parthenogenetic activation or ICSI was still low. The present study also showed that CB treatment before vitrification and two kinds of cryoprotectants did not improve the IVM rate following the vitrification of immature whale oocytes.

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27

Hirsch, Rhoda Elison, and Jack Peisach. "A comparison of the intrinsic fluorescence of red kangaroo, horse and sperm whale metmyoglobins." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 872, no. 1-2 (July 1986): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4838(86)90158-5.

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28

Gebe, J. A., D. H. Peyton, and J. A. Peyton. "Optical spectroscopic observation of a metastable form of sperm whale myoglobin generated by reconstitution." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 161, no. 1 (May 1989): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)91594-5.

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29

Gordon, Jonathan, Douglas Gillespie, Russell Leaper, Arthur Lee, Lindsay Porter, Joanne O'Brien, Rossa Meade, Oliver Ã“ Cadhla, and Simon Berrow. "A first acoustic density estimate for sperm whales in Irish offshore waters." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 21, no. 1 (November 26, 2020): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v21i1.187.

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Previous studies off western Ireland have suggested that substantial numbers of, mainly male, sperm whales may be found in these habitats. Whaling vessels operating from shore stations in Ireland in the early 20th century frequently caught sperm whales in oceanic waters. It is likely that this North Atlantic region contains important foraging habitats for this species, and that mature males must also migrate through this area moving between breeding grounds to the south and other feeding areas further north. Increasingly, these offshore waters are being utilised and potentially impacted by human industrial activities. For example, as inshore resources are depleted and technology improves, both the commercial fishing and the oil and gas industry are becoming more active in deeper waters beyond the continental margin. It is important therefore to better understand the biology and ecology of sperm whales in these more remote areas. However, their offshore location and deep diving habits, together with weather constraints in the exposed Atlantic, make research difficult. New sperm whale density estimates are reported using data from six seasonal passiveacoustic surveys carried out in two successive years (2015 and 2016). These covered a corridor approximately 110km wide which bounded a major portion of Ireland’s continental shelf break. Towed hydrophone line-transect methodologies were used, which have proven to be highly effective for surveying sperm whales in offshore waters and in poor weather conditions. Target motion analysis was applied to calculate the ranges of vocalising whales from the survey tracklines and the effective strip half-width calculated across all surveys was 7,958m. The study area was surveyedin three blocks and animal densities within these blocks varied between 1 and 4.6 individuals per 1,000km2 (CV 0.34 and 0.21 respectively) with an overall mean density in waters deeper than 300m of 3.2 individuals per 1,000km2(CV 0.04). These robust density estimates are the first of their kind for Irish waters and are similar to those reported in other Atlantic areas considered significant for this species. These results emphasise the significance of this region as sperm whale habitat. The results of this study should be used to inform the future sustainable development and management of Ireland’s offshore Atlantic.

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30

Gero, Shane, Jonathan Gordon, and Hal Whitehead. "Calves as social hubs: dynamics of the social network within sperm whale units." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1763 (July 22, 2013): 20131113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1113.

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It is hypothesized that the primary function of permanent social relationships among female sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ) is to provide allomothers for calves at the surface while mothers make foraging dives. In order to investigate how reciprocity of allocare within units of sperm whales facilitates group living, we constructed weighted social networks based on yearly matrices of associations (2005–2010) and correlated them across years, through changes in age and social role, to study changes in social relationships within seven sperm whale units. Pairs of association matrices from sequential years showed a greater positive correlation than expected by chance, but as the time lag increased, the correlation coefficients decreased. Over all units considered, calves had high values for all measured network statistics, while mothers had intermediate values for most of the measures, but high values for connectedness and affinity. Mothers showed sharp drops in strength and connectedness in the first year of their new calves' lives. These broad patterns appear to be consistent across units. Calves appeared to be significant nodes in the network of the social unit, and thus provide quantitative support for the theory in which communal care acts as the evolutionary force behind group formation in this species.

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31

Zhao, Xuefeng, K. Vyas, Bao D. Nguyen, Krishnakumar Rajarathnam, Gerd N. La Mar, Tiansheng Li, George N. Phillips, et al. "A Double Mutant of Sperm Whale Myoglobin Mimics the Structure and Function of Elephant Myoglobin." Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, no. 35 (September 1, 1995): 20763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.35.20763.

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32

Alves, Luís Q., Raquel Ruivo, Raul Valente, Miguel M. Fonseca, André M. Machado, Stephanie Plön, Nuno Monteiro, et al. "A drastic shift in the energetic landscape of toothed whale sperm cells." Current Biology 31, no. 16 (August 2021): 3648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.062.

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33

Whitehead, Hal. "Gene–culture coevolution in whales and dolphins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 24, 2017): 7814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620736114.

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Whales and dolphins (Cetacea) have excellent social learning skills as well as a long and strong mother–calf bond. These features produce stable cultures, and, in some species, sympatric groups with different cultures. There is evidence and speculation that this cultural transmission of behavior has affected gene distributions. Culture seems to have driven killer whales into distinct ecotypes, which may be incipient species or subspecies. There are ecotype-specific signals of selection in functional genes that correspond to cultural foraging behavior and habitat use by the different ecotypes. The five species of whale with matrilineal social systems have remarkably low diversity of mtDNA. Cultural hitchhiking, the transmission of functionally neutral genes in parallel with selective cultural traits, is a plausible hypothesis for this low diversity, especially in sperm whales. In killer whales the ecotype divisions, together with founding bottlenecks, selection, and cultural hitchhiking, likely explain the low mtDNA diversity. Several cetacean species show habitat-specific distributions of mtDNA haplotypes, probably the result of mother–offspring cultural transmission of migration routes or destinations. In bottlenose dolphins, remarkable small-scale differences in haplotype distribution result from maternal cultural transmission of foraging methods, and large-scale redistributions of sperm whale cultural clans in the Pacific have likely changed mitochondrial genetic geography. With the acceleration of genomics new results should come fast, but understanding gene–culture coevolution will be hampered by the measured pace of research on the socio-cultural side of cetacean biology.

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34

Cavagnero, Silvia, Yves Thériault, Surinder S. Narula, H. Jane Dyson, and Peter E. Wright. "Amide proton hydrogen exchange rates for sperm whale myoglobin obtained from 15N-1H NMR spectra." Protein Science 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2008): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.9.1.186.

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35

Tse, Wilford, Nathan Whitmore, Myles R. Cheesman, and Nicholas J. Watmough. "Influence of the heme distal pocket on nitrite binding orientation and reactivity in Sperm Whale myoglobin." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 4 (February 26, 2021): 927–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200596.

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Nitrite binding to recombinant wild-type Sperm Whale myoglobin (SWMb) was studied using a combination of spectroscopic methods including room-temperature magnetic circular dichroism. These revealed that the reactive species is free nitrous acid and the product of the reaction contains a nitrite ion bound to the ferric heme iron in the nitrito- (O-bound) orientation. This exists in a thermal equilibrium with a low-spin ground state and a high-spin excited state and is spectroscopically distinct from the purely low-spin nitro- (N-bound) species observed in the H64V SWMb variant. Substitution of the proximal heme ligand, histidine-93, with lysine yields a novel form of myoglobin (H93K) with enhanced reactivity towards nitrite. The nitrito-mode of binding to the ferric heme iron is retained in the H93K variant again as a thermal equilibrium of spin-states. This proximal substitution influences the heme distal pocket causing the pKa of the alkaline transition to be lowered relative to wild-type SWMb. This change in the environment of the distal pocket coupled with nitrito-binding is the most likely explanation for the 8-fold increase in the rate of nitrite reduction by H93K relative to WT SWMb.

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Rizzi, Menico, Martino Bolognesi, Alessandro Coda, Francesca Cutruzzolà, Carlo Travaglini Allocatelli, Andrea Brancaccio, and Maurizio Brunori. "Crystal structure of a distal site double mutant of sperm whale myoglobin at 1.6 Å resolution." FEBS Letters 320, no. 1 (March 29, 1993): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)81647-i.

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37

Lionetti, Claudia, Maria Grazia Guanziroli, Francesco Frigerio, Paolo Ascenzi, and Martino Bolognesi. "X-ray crystal structure of the ferric sperm whale myoglobin: Imidazole complex at 2.0 Å resolution." Journal of Molecular Biology 217, no. 3 (February 1991): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(91)90744-q.

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38

Simonneaux, Gérard, Arnaud Bondon, Patrick Sodano, and Sourisak Sinbandhit. "Proton nuclear overhauser effect investigation of the heme pocket expansion in trimethyl phosphine sperm whale myoglobin." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 999, no. 1 (November 1989): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4838(89)90027-7.

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39

Schmidt, Felix N., Maximilian M. Delsmann, Kathrin Mletzko, Timur A. Yorgan, Michael Hahn, Ursula Siebert, Björn Busse, Ralf Oheim, Michael Amling, and Tim Rolvien. "Ultra-high matrix mineralization of sperm whale auditory ossicles facilitates high sound pressure and high-frequency underwater hearing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 12, 2018): 20181820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1820.

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The auditory ossicles—malleus, incus and stapes—are the smallest bones in mammalian bodies and enable stable sound transmission to the inner ear. Sperm whales are one of the deepest diving aquatic mammals that produce and perceive sounds with extreme loudness greater than 180 dB and frequencies higher than 30 kHz. Therefore, it is of major interest to decipher the microstructural basis for these unparalleled hearing abilities. Using a suite of high-resolution imaging techniques, we reveal that auditory ossicles of sperm whales are highly functional, featuring an ultra-high matrix mineralization that is higher than their teeth. On a micro-morphological and cellular level, this was associated with osteonal structures and osteocyte lacunar occlusions through calcified nanospherites (i.e. micropetrosis), while the bones were characterized by a higher hardness compared to a vertebral bone of the same animals as well as to human auditory ossicles. We propose that the ultra-high mineralization facilitates the unique hearing ability of sperm whales. High matrix mineralization represents an evolutionary conserved or convergent adaptation to middle ear sound transmission.

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40

Garcia-Moreno, B., L. X. Chen, K. L. March, R. S. Gurd, and F. R. Gurd. "Electrostatic interactions in sperm whale myoglobin. Site specificity, roles in structural elements, and external electrostatic potential distributions." Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, no. 26 (November 1985): 14070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38685-4.

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41

Lardinois, Olivier M., and Paul R. Ortiz de Montellano. "Intra- and Intermolecular Transfers of Protein Radicals in the Reactions of Sperm Whale Myoglobin with Hydrogen Peroxide." Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, no. 38 (July 10, 2003): 36214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m304726200.

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42

Wilks, A., and P. R. Ortiz de Montellano. "Intramolecular translocation of the protein radical formed in the reaction of recombinant sperm whale myoglobin with H2O2." Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, no. 13 (May 1992): 8827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50354-4.

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43

Lai, Henry H., Tiansheng Li, Daniel S. Lyons, George N. Phillips, John S. Olson, and Quentin H. Gibson. "Phe-46(CD4) orients the distal histidine for hydrogen bonding to bound ligands in sperm whale myoglobin." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 22, no. 4 (August 1995): 322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340220404.

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Luo, Yongzhang, and Robert L. Baldwin. "Trifluoroethanol stabilizes the pH 4 folding intermediate of sperm whale apomyoglobin 1 1Edited by P. E. Wright." Journal of Molecular Biology 279, no. 1 (May 1998): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1998.1774.

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45

Ascenzi, Paolo, Giovanni Petrella, and Massimo Coletta. "Ferricyanide-mediated oxidation of ferrous nitrosylated sperm whale myoglobin involves the formation of the ferric nitrosylated intermediate." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 359, no. 4 (August 2007): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.196.

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46

Fabian, Marian, Eileen W. Singleton, Jayashree Soman, and John S. Olson. "S13.37 A sperm whale myoglobin as protein model of cytochrome a3: The role of heme propionates." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1777 (July 2008): S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.05.380.

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Dasmeh, Pouria, and Kasper P. Kepp. "Bridging the gap between chemistry, physiology, and evolution: Quantifying the functionality of sperm whale myoglobin mutants." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 161, no. 1 (January 2012): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.07.027.

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48

Carrier, David R., Stephen M. Deban, and Jason Otterstrom. "The face that sank the Essex: potential function of the spermaceti organ in aggression." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 12 (June 15, 2002): 1755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.12.1755.

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SUMMARY `Forehead to forehead I meet thee, this third time, Moby Dick!' [Ahab (Melville, 1851)] Herman Melville's fictional portrayal of the sinking of the Pequodwas inspired by instances in which large sperm whales sank whaling ships by ramming the ships with their heads. Observations of aggression in species of the four major clades of cetacean and the artiodactyl outgroup suggest that head-butting during male—male aggression is a basal behavior for cetaceans. We hypothesize that the ability of sperm whales to destroy stout wooden ships, 3-5 times their body mass, is a product of specialization for male—male aggression. Specifically, we suggest that the greatly enlarged and derived melon of sperm whales, the spermaceti organ, evolved as a battering ram to injure an opponent. To address this hypothesis, we examined the correlation between relative melon size and the level of sexual dimorphism in body size among cetaceans. We also modeled impacts between two equal-sized sperm whales to determine whether it is physically possible for the spermaceti organ to function as an effective battering ram. We found (i) that the evolution of relative melon size in cetaceans is positively correlated with the evolution of sexual dimorphism in body size and (ii) that the spermaceti organ of a charging sperm whale has enough momentum to seriously injure an opponent. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the spermaceti organ has evolved to be a weapon used in male—male aggression.

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Wang, Chunxue, Leslie L. Lovelace, Shengfang Sun, John H. Dawson, and Lukasz Lebioda. "Structures of K42N and K42Y sperm whale myoglobins point to an inhibitory role of distal water in peroxidase activity." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 70, no. 11 (October 16, 2014): 2833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1399004714017787.

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Sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) functions as an oxygen-storage protein, but in the ferric state it possesses a weak peroxidase activity which enables it to carry out H2O2-dependent dehalogenation reactions. Hemoglobin/dehaloperoxidase fromAmphitrite ornata(DHP) is a dual-function protein represented by two isoproteins DHP A and DHP B; its peroxidase activity is at least ten times stronger than that of Mb and plays a physiological role. The `DHP A-like' K42Y Mb mutant (K42Y) and the `DHP B-like' K42N mutant (K42N) were engineered in sperm whale Mb to mimic the extended heme environments of DHP A and DHP B, respectively. The peroxidase reaction rates increased ∼3.5-fold and ∼5.5-fold in K42Y and K42NversusMb, respectively. The crystal structures of the K42Y and K42N mutants revealed that the substitutions at position 42 slightly elongate not only the distances between the distal His55 and the heme iron but also the hydrogen-bonding distances between His55 and the Fe-coordinated water. The enhanced peroxidase activity of K42Y and K42N thus might be attributed in part to the weaker binding of the axial water molecule that competes with hydrogen peroxide for the binding site at the heme in the ferric state. This is likely to be the mechanism by which the relationship `longer distal histidine to Fe distance – better peroxidase activity', which was previously proposed for heme proteins by Matsuiet al.(1999) (J. Biol. Chem.274, 2838–2844), works. Furthermore, positive cooperativity in K42N was observed when its dehaloperoxidase activity was measured as a function of the concentration of the substrate trichlorophenol. This serendipitously engineered cooperativity was rationalized by K42N dimerization through the formation of a dityrosine bond induced by excess H2O2.

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Miller, P. J. O., M. P. Johnson, and P. L. Tyack. "Sperm whale behaviour indicates the use of echolocation click buzzes ‘creaks’ in prey capture." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271, no. 1554 (November 7, 2004): 2239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2863.

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