Journal articles: 'Spells'

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Asmara, Andri, Yessi Fitriani, and Arif Ardiansyah. "The Structure and Function of Healing And Charm Spells." Jadila: Journal of Development and Innovation in Language and Literature Education 1, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.52690/jadila.v1i2.60.

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This study aimed to determine the structure and function of healing and charm spells in Makarti Jaya village, Banyuasin District. This research used a qualitative descriptive method. The source of the data was 22 healing and charm spells which are taken from three informants. The data analysis used was content analysis. The results of this study indicated that not all spells mention a name component because some spells do not have a name element but still do not reduce the magical value of the spell, for a name is not a measure of whether the spell is effective. In the component of the opening greeting, The suggestions received in the analyzed spell are aimed at making the spell look pleasing. In the objective component, all spells have the same goal, which is to captivate the opposite sex. Whereas the closing element of all spells uses words from Arabic such as laillahailallah muhamadarasulullah. From the analysis of the seven healing spells and fifteen charm spells, it showed that the spell has a different structure and function according to the verse contained in the spell.

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Cox, Nicholas J. "Speaking Stata: Identifying Spells." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 7, no. 2 (June 2007): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0700700209.

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Spells in time series (and more generally in any kind of one-dimensional series) may be defined as sequences of observations that are homogeneous in some sense. For example, a categorical variable may remain in the same state, or values of a measured variable may satisfy the same true–false condition. Devices for working with spells in Stata include marking the start of each spell with indicator variables and tagging spells with integer codes. Panel data are easy to handle with the by: prefix. Some kinds of spell identification require two passes through the data, as when only spells of some minimum length are of interest or short gaps are tolerable within spells. Many questions concerning spells are easy to answer given careful use of by: and appropriate sort order, selection of just 1 observation from each panel or spell, and appreciation of the many functions written for egen. Gaps before, between, and after spells can also be important, and I suggest a convention for handling them.

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Rao, T. Narayana, K. Saikranthi, B. Radhakrishna, and S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao. "Differences in the Climatological Characteristics of Precipitation between Active and Break Spells of the Indian Summer Monsoon." Journal of Climate 29, no. 21 (October 10, 2016): 7797–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0028.1.

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Abstract Climatological characteristics of precipitation during the active and break spells of the monsoon are studied using 15 years of TRMM measurements. The spatial variation of rain fraction suggests that most of the seasonal rainfall occurs in spells of active monsoon over India, except for the zones along the east coast. The broader reflectivity distribution at higher altitudes and larger average storm height during active spells indicate the high prevalence of deep systems during this spell. The spatial distribution of the occurrence and fraction of different types of rain exhibits large variability from land to ocean and between the spells. The higher occurrence and fraction of stratiform rain during the active spell, particularly over the core monsoon zone, is due to the prevalence of organized mesoscale systems with large stratiform portions. The break spells are characterized by higher occurrence of shallow rain and larger fraction of convective rain. While an evening peak is observed over land during the break spell, the phase of the diurnal cycle exhibits large spatial variability during the active spell. The rainfall peaks from late night to midnight in southeastern India and in the morning near the foothills of the Himalayas during the active spell. The diurnal and semidiurnal components together explain more than 90% of total variance over many of the zones during both spells. The observed differences in precipitation between the spells are discussed in light of the differences in synoptic- and mesoscale mechanisms responsible for the production of precipitation.

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Agus, Afdal, Bakhtaruddin Nasution, and Muhammad Ismail Nasution. "SASTRA LISAN MANTRA PENGOBATAN DI KENAGARIAN TALU KECAMATAN TALAMAU KABUPATEN PASAMAN BARAT." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 1, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/821910.

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This research aims to describe the (1) the structure of the text spells treatment, (2) supporting aspects spells reading of treatment, (3) the treatment of inheritance spells. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and recording. The results showed that the structure of the text spells treatment consists of: the opening section, part of the contents, and the end. Supporting aspects spells reading of treatment in Kenagarian Talu found: (1) time: free, wherever, (2) actors: shaman himself, (3) events: be seated, standing and kneeling, (4) where: in shaman home and patient home, (5) clothing: white clothes and free, (6) fixtures: medicine fit the type of illness, medicine is attached and drunk, (7) how to bring spell: slowly, cautiously, and whispered. Inheritance process of treatment spell is divided into two, (1) spells obtained from the parents, but some are obtained from family members, such as brothers, and (2) generally passed on to children.

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Preblick–Salib, Chris, and Andy Jagoda. "SPELLS." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 15, no. 3 (August 1997): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70322-9.

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Murdoch, Ian A., Shakeel A. Qureshi, Rue Dos Anjos, Jonathan M. Parsons, Edward J. Baker, and Michael J. Tynan. "Hypercyanotic spells caused by antegrade catheterization of the pulmonary arteries in tetralogy of Fallot: fact or fiction?" Cardiology in the Young 1, no. 2 (April 1991): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100000251.

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SummaryBetween January 1985 and March 1990, 66 children with the tetralogy of Fallot underwent 85 cardiac catheterization procedures. The mean age at first procedure was 2.5 years (range 0.1–;14.4 years) and the mean weight was 10.4 kg ( range 2.4–36.0 kg). Diagnostic cardiac catheterization was performed in 60 procedures and balloon dilatation in 25. Hypercyanotic spells had occurred prior to 24 (28%) of the procedures (all the patients being on propranolol) and a systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt had been constructed before 28 (33%) procedures. Of the procedures, 54 (64%) were performed under local and 31(36%) under general anesthesia. The pulmonary trunk was entered antegradely in 52 procedures, retrogradely through a shunt in 6 and not entered in 27. Balloon dilatation was performed under general anesthesia on 25 occasions. No procedure was abandoned because of a cyanotic spell. Nine (11%) spells occurred during 86 procedures, one of the procedures being postponed because ofa spell occurring after premedication, the procedure and not, therefore, continuing to catheterization. Five spells occurred before the catheter was positioned in the heart, 2 spells occurred during catheterization. Of the spells, eight occurred during procedures in children who had not had previous shunts. Antegrade entry into the pulmonary trunk in the group with shunts was associated with no spells compared with 6/38 (18%) in the group not having undergone surgery (p<0.l). In the group not undergoing surgery, when the pulmonary trunk was not entered, 1 (5%) spell occurred during 19 procedures compared with 6/38 (18%) when the pulmonary trunk was entered (p<0.4). The only clinically important factor which significantly influenced the incidence of spells was the use of general anesthesia, which was associated with 6/31 (19%) spells compared with local anesthesia which was associated with 2/54 (4%) spells (p<0.026).

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Thomas, T., P. C. Nayak, and N. C. Ghosh. "Irrigation planning for sustainable rain-fed agriculture in the drought-prone Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, India." Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, no. 3 (February 14, 2014): 408–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.025.

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The recent spells of recurrent and consecutive droughts in the Bundelkhand region in Central India have led to uncertain rain-fed agriculture and its sustainability. Adequate knowledge of starting dates and lengths of dry spells has a considerable importance in rain-fed agriculture, irrigation planning, and various decision-making processes. The long dry spells incur heavy costs to the affected communities in the form of lost crop production and reduced crop yield, particularly in semi-arid regions. The sustainability of agriculture very much depends on the provision of supplemental irrigation during droughts, for which a detailed analysis of dry spells is a pre-requisite. An attempt has been made to study the temporal variation of dry spell lengths to identify whether it can be related to climate change. The dry spell analysis revealed that two critical dry spells with spell lengths of 10 days and more occurs invariably every year and therefore rain-fed agriculture needs adequate supplemental irrigation backup for sustainable operations under such a scenario. The supplemental irrigation requirements have been estimated for each critical dry spell period for all development blocks in each district, which will provide useful inputs to decision-makers for planning agricultural operations during an impending drought scenario.

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Zhao, Siyu, Yi Deng, and Robert X. Black. "Warm Season Dry Spells in the Central and Eastern United States: Diverging Skill in Climate Model Representation." Journal of Climate 29, no. 15 (July 19, 2016): 5617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0321.1.

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Abstract Warm season dry spells over the central and eastern United States are classified into three canonical types via a hierarchical cluster analysis for the period 1950–2005. Four CMIP5 models exhibit diverging skill in representing the observed behavior, ranging from southern Great Plains dry spells that are reasonably simulated by all four models to southeastern U.S. dry spells that are only accurately captured by one model. A model’s skill in representing a particular dry spell cluster is positively correlated with the model’s ability to simulate the large-scale meteorological patterns (LMPs) accompanying the dry spell. The interannual variability and overall observed decreasing trend in dry spell days are represented with varying degrees of accuracy by the four models. The results 1) highlight existing shortcomings in the climate model representation of regional dry spells and 2) illustrate the importance of properly simulating the observed spectrum of LMPs in minimizing these shortcomings.

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Usman, Ahmad Aboki, and Mustapha Baba Aji Mamman. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Dry Spell for Agricultural Decision Support in North-Central Nigeria." Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.090101.

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This study aims to examine the trend and geospatial variability of dry spells for agricultural decision support. Daily precipitation data spanning from 1981 to 2020 was analyzed using the Instat climatic software to calculate rainfall onset, onset plus 50, length of the growing season, cessation, dry spell 1, and dry spell 2. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the trend in maximum dry spell length. Kriging method in Surfer 13 software was used to interpolate and plot dry spell distribution into a spatial grid in the study region. Based on records of daily rainfall data obtained from eight meteorological stations, the spatial distribution of dry spells was generated for the beginning and end of the season. The results obtained revealed a decreasing trend for maximum dry spell length during onset, meaning its recurrence is declining except in Bida, Minna, and Jos that show a positive trend. While the trend for maximum dry spell length at end of the season appears to be positive except for Lafia and Minna that shows a negative trend. The result further indicates that dry spells towards the end of the season are more severe than dry spells at beginning of the season.

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Liu, Yanbo, Yuxiong Chen, Dehui Kong, Xiaole Liu, Jia Fu, Yongqiao Zhang, Yakun Zhao, et al. "Short-term effects of cold spells on hospitalisations for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a time-series study in Beijing, China." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e039745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039745.

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ObjectivesOur work aimed at exploring the relationship between cold spells and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) hospitalisations in Beijing, China, and assessing the moderating effects of the intensities and the durations of cold spells, as well as identifying the vulnerable.DesignA time-series study.SettingWe obtained time-series data of AECOPD hospitalisations, meteorological variables and air quality index in Beijing, China during 2012–2016.ParticipantsAll AECOPD hospitalisations among permanent residents in Beijing, China during the cold seasons (November–March) of 2012–2016 were included (n=84 571).Primary and secondary outcome measuresA quasi-Poisson regression with a distributed lag model was fitted to investigate the short-term effects of cold spells on AECOPD hospitalisations by comparing the counts of AECOPD admissions during cold spell days with those during non-cold spell days.ResultsCold spells under different definitions were associated with increased risk of AECOPD hospitalisations, with the maximum cumulative relative risk (CRR) over 3 weeks (lag0–21). The cumulative effects at lag0–21 increased with the intensities and the durations of cold spells. Under the optimal definition, the most significant single-day relative risk (RR) was found on the days of cold spells (lag0) with an RR of 1.042 (95% CI 1.013 to 1.072), and the CRR at lag0–21 was 1.394 (95% CI 1.193 to 1.630). The elderly (aged ≥65) were more vulnerable to the effects of cold spells on AECOPD hospitalisations.ConclusionCold spells are associated with increased AECOPD hospitalisations in Beijing, with the cumulative effects increased with intensities and durations. The elderly are at particular risk of AECOPD hospitalisations triggered by cold spells.

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Ropponen, Annina, Katalin Gémes, Paolo Frumento, Gino Almondo, Matteo Bottai, Emilie Friberg, and Kristina Alexanderson. "Predicting the duration of sickness absence spells due to back pain: a population-based study from Sweden." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-106129.

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ObjectivesWe aimed to develop and validate a prediction model for the duration of sickness absence (SA) spells due to back pain (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision: M54), using Swedish nationwide register microdata.MethodsInformation on all new SA spells >14 days from 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2012 and on possible predictors were obtained. The duration of SA was predicted by using piecewise constant hazard models. Nine predictors were selected for the final model based on a priori decision and log-likelihood loss. The final model was estimated in a random sample of 70% of the SA spells and later validated in the remaining 30%.ResultsOverall, 64 048 SA spells due to back pain were identified during the 2.5 years; 74% lasted ≤90 days, and 9% >365 days. The predictors included in the final model were age, sex, geographical region, employment status, multimorbidity, SA extent at the start of the spell, initiation of SA spell in primary healthcare and number of SA days and specialised outpatient healthcare visits from the preceding year. The overall c-statistic (0.547, 95% CI 0.542 to 0.552) suggested a low discriminatory capacity at the individual level. The c-statistic was 0.643 (95% CI 0.634 to 0.652) to predict >90 days spells, 0.686 (95% CI 0.676 to 0.697) to predict >180 spells and 0.753 (95% CI 0.740 to 0.766) to predict >365 days spells.ConclusionsThe model discriminates SA spells >365 days from shorter SA spells with good discriminatory accuracy.

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Mandapaka, Pradeep V., Xiaosheng Qin, and Edmond Yat-Man Lo. "Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Wet and Dry Spells over Two Urban Regions in the Western Maritime Continent." Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 1579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0100.1.

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Abstract Daily rainfall data from two urban regions in Southeast Asia are analyzed to study seasonal and interannual variability of wet and dry spells. The analysis is carried out using 35 years of data from Singapore and 23 years of data from Jakarta. The frequency distribution of wet (dry) spells and their relative contribution to the total number of wet (dry) days and to the total rainfall are studied using 15 statistical indicators. At the annual scale, Singapore has a greater number of wet spells and a larger mean wet spell length compared to Jakarta. However, both cities have equal probability of extreme wet spells. Seasonal-scale analysis shows that Singapore is drier (wetter) than Jakarta during boreal winter (summer). The probability of extreme wet spells is lower (higher) for Singapore than Jakarta during boreal winter (summer). The results show a stronger contrast between Singapore and Jakarta during boreal summer. The study also examined the time series of Singapore wet and dry spell indicators for the presence of interannual trends. The results indicate statistically significant upward trends for a majority of wet spell indicators. The wet day percentage and mean wet spell length are increasing at 2.0% decade−1 and 0.18 days decade−1, respectively. Analysis of dynamic and thermodynamic variables from ERA-Interim during the study period indicates a strengthening of low-level convergence and vertical motion and an increase in specific humidity and atmospheric instability (convective available potential energy), which explain the increasing trends observed in Singapore wet spell indicators.

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Sirangelo, Caloiero, Coscarelli, and Ferrari. "A Stochastic Approach for the Analysis of Long Dry Spells with Different Threshold Values in Southern Italy." Water 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2019): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102026.

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A non-homogeneous Poisson model was proposed to analyze the sequences of dry spells below prefixed thresholds as an upgrade of a stochastic procedure previously used to describe long periods of no rainfall. Its application concerned the daily precipitation series in a 60-year time span at four rain gauges (Calabria, southern Italy), aiming at testing the different behaviors of the dry spells below prefixed thresholds in two paired periods (1951–1980 and 1981–2010). A simulation analysis performed through a Monte Carlo approach assessed the statistical significance of the variation of the mean values of dry spells observed at an annual scale in the two 30-year periods. The results evidenced that the dry spells durations increased passing from the first 30-year period to the second one for all the thresholds analyzed. For instance, for the Cassano station, an increase of about 10% of the maximum dry spell duration was detected for a threshold of 5 mm. Moreover, the return periods evaluated for fixed long dry spells through the synthetic data of the period 1981–2010 were lower than the corresponding ones evaluated with the data generated for the previous 30-year period. Specifically, the difference between the two 30-year periods in terms of the return period of long dry spells occurrence increased with the growing thresholds. As an example, for the Cosenza rain gauge with a threshold of 1 mm, the return period for a dry spell length of 70 days decreased from 20 years (in 1951–1980) to about 10 years (in 1981–2010), while for a threshold of 5 mm, the return period for the dry spell lengths of 120 days decreases from 70 years to about 20 years. These results show a higher probability of the occurrence of long dry spells in the more recent period than in the past.

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Muhsyanur, Muhsyanur. "TYPES AND TRUST SYSTEMS BASED ON THE IDEOLOGY OF BUGIS COMMUNITY CULTURE ON LOCAL INTEREST VALUES IN CENNING RARA SPELLS." International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) 4, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v4i1.2652.

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This research analyzes the type and belief system based on the Bugis cultural ideology of the values of local wisdom in the cenning rara spells. This research is a descriptive qualitative research by having two sources of data, which are spells and responses or opinions of Bugis people about spells. This type of research data in the form of words, phrases, expressions, and statements, both from the contents of the spell and from the opinion of the Bugis community about spells. The approach used in research, namely the ethnographic approach. The work method of ethnographic approach is that the researcher is directly involved in the field or the Bugis community environment to obtain more accurate data. The data analysis technique used for the data collected is a cultural interpretation technique. The results showed that there are three types and cultural ideology contexts of the Bugis community in the cenning rara spells, namely (1) the enchanting cenning rara spells that is considered effective in capturing the hearts of the opposite sex, (2) the power cenning rara spells which is considered as a thickener, and (3 ) cenning rara spells treatment that is considered a young preservative.

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Uma, K. N., K. Kishore Kumar, Siddarth Shankar Das, T. N. Rao, and T. M. Satyanarayana. "On the Vertical Distribution of Mean Vertical Velocities in the Convective Regions during the Wet and Dry Spells of the Monsoon over Gadanki." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 2 (February 2012): 398–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00044.1.

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The Indian Mesosphere–Stratosphere–Troposphere (MST) radar observations of vertical distribution of mean vertical velocities w in convective regions during the wet and dry spells of the Indian summer monsoon over a tropical station at Gadanki, India (13.5°N, 79.2°E) are discussed. The composite w profile during the wet spell consistently shows a single peak at ~13 km whereas during the dry spell it shows two peaks, one at 5 km and another at 11–13 km. The characteristics of this altitudinal distribution in w are discussed in terms of background wind and thermal structure during both spells of the monsoon. Background w obtained from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis shows subsidence throughout the depth of the troposphere during the dry spell of the monsoon over Gadanki. Analysis of background wind and thermal structure clearly reveal that wind shear and temperature inversion in the midtroposphere are different in the dry spell compared to that of the wet spell, which may be the possible reason for the observed double-peak w structure during the dry spell of the monsoon. The present analysis for the first time brought out the distinct vertical distribution in w and the background meteorological conditions during the wet and dry spells of the monsoon over Gadanki, which may have implications in understanding the monsoon convective systems during the wet and dry spells of the Indian summer monsoon.

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Fall, Cheikh Modou Noreyni, Christophe Lavaysse, Mamadou Simina Drame, Geremy Panthou, and Amadou Thierno Gaye. "Wet and dry spells in Senegal: comparison of detection based on satellite products, reanalysis, and in situ estimates." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1051–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1051-2021.

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Abstract. In this study, the detection and characteristics of dry/wet spells (defined as episodes when precipitation is abnormally low or high compared to usual climatology) drawn from several datasets are compared for Senegal. Here, four datasets are based on satellite data (TRMM-3B42 V7, CMORPH V1.0, TAMSAT V3, and CHIRPS V2. 0), two on reanalysis products (NCEP-CFSR and ERA5), and three on rain gauge observations (CPC Unified V1.0/RT and a 65-rain-gauge network regridded by using two kriging methods, namely ordinary kriging, OK, and block kriging, BK). All datasets were converted to the same spatio-temporal resolution: daily cumulative rainfall on a regular 0.25∘ grid. The BK dataset was used as a reference. Despite strong agreement between the datasets on the spatial variability in cumulative seasonal rainfall (correlations ranging from 0.94 to 0.99), there were significant disparities in dry/wet spells. The occurrence of dry spells is less in products using infrared measurement techniques than in products coupling infrared and microwave, pointing to more frequent dry spell events. All datasets show that dry spells appear to be more frequent at the start and end of rainy seasons. Thus, dry spell occurrences have a major influence on the duration of the rainy season, in particular through the “false onset” or “early cessation” of seasons. The amplitude of wet spells shows the greatest variation between datasets. Indeed, these major wet spells appear more intense in the OK and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) datasets than in the others. Lastly, the products indicate a similar wet spell frequency occurring at the height of the West African monsoon. Our findings provide guidance in choosing the most suitable datasets for implementing early warning systems (EWSs) using a multi-risk approach and integrating effective dry/wet spell indicators for monitoring and detecting extreme events.

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Nduru, Siti Ayu Mardiah. "AN ANALYSIS OF MAGIC SPELLS IN HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE." LINGUA LITERA : journal of english linguistics and literature 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55345/stba1.v6i1.96.

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Abstract This research aims to analyze the magic spells uttered by the characters in Harry Potter and The Half-Blood Prince movie and identify the meaning and functionsof the magic spells in the movie. To come to the analysis, the writer applied literal meaning and non-literal meaning based on Griffiths’s theory. Meanwhile, thefunction of magic spells analyzes based on Searle's theory. This research employed qualitative research and descriptive method. The data were collected by the nonparticipant method and taking notes, selecting dialogues containing magic spells while watching the video. The result finally found the functions of each spell and its meaning, whether it has literal or non-literal meaning.

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Hampshire, Mary. "Dry spells." Nursing Standard 16, no. 23 (February 20, 2002): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.16.23.18.s31.

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Cooperman, Sharon S., Aashit K. Shah, and Kumar Rajamani. "Amyloid spells." Neurology: Clinical Practice 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): e17-e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000579.

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O'Donovan, Cormac A. "Diagnosing spells." Neurology: Clinical Practice 10, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000760.

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FERRY, PEGGY C. "'Shuddering Spells'." American Journal of Diseases of Children 140, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140150021022.

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Daniel, Siphamandla, Michael G. Mengistu, Cobus Olivier, and Alistair D. Clulow. "Analysis of Dry-Spells in the Western Maize-Growing Areas of South Africa." Water 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061056.

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Crop yield in rainfed agriculture is directly influenced by rainfall patterns, which vary from one growing season to another. The failure or success of such crops can depend on the amount and distribution of the rainfall and, particularly, on the occurrence of dry- and wet-spells during the growing season. The aim of this study was to investigate the initial and conditional probabilities of dry-spell pentads using the Markov chain model in the western maize-growing region of South Africa, as well as to determine the direction and magnitude of dry-spell trends using the Mann–Kendal monotonic trend test and Sen’s slope estimator. The results revealed that all the rainfall districts are affected by dry-spells during the mid-January-to-end-of-February period. This finding is significant because maize is usually planted during late November to late December in this region, and dry-spells may coincide with the flowering stage of the maize crop. When dry-spells occur during the flowering stage of maize, they significantly affect yield. The Mann–Kendal analysis revealed that most of the districts (7 out of 11 districts) have a decreasing trend in dry-spell occurrences except for districts 86, 87, 91 and 93. However, the decreasing trend is statistically insignificant in all the rainfall districts, and, thus, this reveals that there is no change or there is a minor change in dry-spell occurrence across all the districts. Furthermore, Sen’s slope estimator signalled a decrease in dry-spell magnitude or occurrence over the study period. Information from this study will inform farmers of the various districts regarding changes in their particular risk profile for dry-spells.

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Tuel, Alexandre, and Olivia Martius. "Persistent warm and cold spells in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics: regionalisation, synoptic-scale dynamics and temperature budget." Weather and Climate Dynamics 5, no. 1 (February 22, 2024): 263–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-263-2024.

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Abstract. Persistent warm and cold spells are often high-impact events that may lead to significant increases in mortality and crop damage and can put substantial pressure on the power grid. Taking their spatial dependence into account is critical to understand the associated risks, whether in present-day or future climates. Here, we present a novel regionalisation approach of 3-week warm and cold spells in winter and summer across the Northern Hemisphere extratropics based on the association of the warm and cold spells with large-scale circulation. We identify spatially coherent but not necessarily connected regions where spells tend to co-occur over 3-week timescales and are associated with similar large-scale circulation patterns. We discuss the physical drivers responsible for persistent extreme temperature anomalies. Cold spells systematically result from northerly cold advection, whereas warm spells are caused by either adiabatic warming (in summer) or warm advection (in winter). We also discuss some key mechanisms contributing to the persistence of temperature extremes. Blocks are important upper-level features associated with such events – co-localised blocks for persistent summer warm spells in the northern latitudes; downstream blocks for winter cold spells in the eastern edges of continental landmasses; and upstream blocks for winter cold spells in Europe, northwestern North America and east Asia. Recurrent Rossby wave patterns are also relevant for cold and warm spell persistence in many mid-latitude regions, in particular in central and southern Europe. Additionally, summer warm spells are often accompanied by negative precipitation anomalies that likely play an important role through land–atmosphere feedbacks.

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Gonzalez Corcia, M. Cecilia, Adrien Bottosso, Isabelle Loeckx, Françoise Mascart, Guy Dembour, and Geneviève François. "Efficacy of treatment with belladonna in children with severe pallid breath-holding spells." Cardiology in the Young 28, no. 7 (May 11, 2018): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951118000458.

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AbstractIntroductionPallid breath-holding spells are common and dramatic forms of recurrent syncope in infancy. They are very stressful despite their harmless nature and sometimes require treatment.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of belladonna in severe breath-holding spells.MethodsThis is a multicentric, retrospective series involving 84 children with severe pallid breath-holding spells. Inclusion criteria were >1 pallid breath-holding spell with loss of consciousness, paediatric cardiology evaluation, and follow-up >6 months. In total, 45 patients received belladonna and 39 patients did not receive treatment, according to physician preference.ResultsMean age was 11 months, ranging from 4 to 18 months, with 54% of males. Mean spell duration was 30 seconds (interquartile range 15, 60), and the frequency was four episodes per month (interquartile range 0.5, 6.5). Comparison of baseline characteristics between groups showed similar demographics, with the single difference in the severity of the spells, being more severe in the treated group. When comparing the treated and non-treated groups at 3 months, only two (5%) patients had a complete remission in the first group, whereas 20 (44%) had remission in the belladonna group (p<0.01). When considering the characteristics of the spells before and after the initiation of treatment with belladonna, 75% of the patients presented a positive response, with 44% of the patients presenting with complete resolution of the spells (p<0.01). No major adverse reaction was reported, with only 5% minor adverse events.ConclusionsBelladonna is highly effective to alleviate severe breath-holding spells in young children, without any major adverse effects.

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N. Kumar, Abhishika Sonal John, A. K. Thakur P. K. Salam, and T. Chandrakar D. P. Singh. "Effect of Dry Spells on Growth and Yield of Wheat Under Irrigated Condition." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1101.051.

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The experiment was conducted in Rabi 2020 at the Instructional cum Research Farm, Shaheed Gundadhoor College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh to study the effect of dry spells on growth and yield of wheat under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid on Randomized Complete Block Design (RBD) with replicated 4 times and involved 5 treatments i.e., T1 (25 days dry spell at 45 days after sowing), T2 (20 days dry spell after flower initiation), T3 (20 days dry spell after 50% flowering), T4 (Irrigation at 30% moisture in soil) and T5 (Control) were applied. Dry spells significantly decreased the plant height, panicle length, number of panicles plant-1, test weight, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum reduction of all these parameters were recorded in treatment T5 (Control). However, there was no significant effect of dry spells on the number of seeds panicle-1. It was concluded that treatment T4 with irrigation at 30% moisture in soil performed better and gave higher yield.

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Moskvina, V. A. "Сharms and spells from a dislocation in the oral tradition of the Middle Irtysh region." Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, no. 38 (2019): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2019-2-26-32.

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The article deals with the spells of one functional-thematic group recorded in the Middle Irtysh region. The features of existence of these spells in the regional tradition of the Middle Irtysh region and versification of their plots are re- vealed. The prevalence of spells in cause of a wrench in the two Northern districts of Omsk region is caused by the settle- ment of Belarusians in these places in the late XIX – early XX centuries. This suggests that the place of the exodus tra- dition of the spells from a wrench is in Belarus. The analysis of the plots of these spells confirms this assumption. The method of examining the Siberian plots is based on the systematization of structural elements of plots proposed by T. A. Agapkina and A. L. Toporkov which researchers call episodes. The article compares the episodes of the second Mersebourg spell in Belarusian spells with Siberian texts. The comparison shows that the language of this spells being subjected to Russification. On the one hand, this leads to the loss of some motives and formulas, i.e. the violation of the integrity of the plot, on the other hand, the rhythm of the text is enhanced, the rhyme appears. These processes open the way to the penetration of verbal components from other functional groups into the considered spells. As the result, one can observe the extension of ideas that this disease is not necessarily associated with the violation of integrity of the body.

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Kurmalasari, Tety, Abdul Rahim Hamdan, and Satria Agust. "The Role of Mantra in Theater Makyong." Asian Culture and History 9, no. 2 (August 10, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v9n2p71.

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The research is based on the study of literature. The problem of this research was uses of the spell in theater makyong. The study of uses of the spell in theater makyong is assumed so interesting, because until now theater makyong has still been using spell used by the Panjak chairman to chase away the evil and averse evil before the show begins which is well-known as the ceremony of the"discard wet" or "open land". The spell in theater makyong consists of swearing, the evil, and averse evil spells related to ceremonies open land or discard wet, installing fabric spell, advanced series spell, make-up spell, perindang voice spell and pembungkam (speechless) spell. The sources of the data in this research were obtained from litelature and the Tanjungpinang Art Conservatory Foundation which has kept preserving Theater Makyong till now. The technique of collecting data was done by using the observation technique, interview, and recording elicited from the Panjak chairman, especially about the spell. The data were analyzed by using the collecting data technique. Relating to the research findings, there were seven spells associated with the stage opening ceremony and wet soil or waste opening ceremony and five spells associated with inner preparations existing in theater makyong. The use or the role of spell was as a protection.

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Prosyannikova, O., and K. Skorik. "Pagan characters in the Anglo-Saxon and Slavic texts of spell." Rhema, no. 1, 2019 (2019): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2019-1-36-47.

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The article examines the question of pagan evidences in the texts of Anglo-Saxon and Slavic spells. Spell as a genre of magical folklore has its own peculiarities, due to the syncretism of the pagan mind-set as a reflection of ancient people's perception of the ancient world by an ancient person that caused the emergence of spells in the culture of various ethnic groups. In the course of the development of this genre, the changes in the representation of the characters took place under the influence of Christianization, that was reflected in the texts of the spells.

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Alam, Md Mahbub, A. S. M. Mahtab, M. Razu Ahmed, and Quazi K. Hassan. "Characterizing Cold Days and Spells and Their Relationship with Cold-Related Mortality in Bangladesh." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 5, 2023): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052832.

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This research examined the characteristics of cold days and spells in Bangladesh using long-term averages (1971–2000) of maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperatures (Tmin) and their standard deviations (SD). Cold days and spells were calculated and their rate of change during the winter months (December–February) of 2000–2021 was quantified. In this research, a cold day was defined as when the daily maximum or minimum temperature is ≤−1.5 the standard deviations of the long-term daily average of maximum or minimum temperature and the daily average air temperature was equal to or below 17 °C. The results showed that the cold days were more in the west-northwestern regions and far less in the southern and southeastern regions. A gradual decrease in cold days and spells was found from the north and northwest towards the south and southeast. The highest number of cold spells (3.05 spells/year) was experienced in the northwest Rajshahi division and the lowest (1.70 spells/year) in the northeast Sylhet division. In general, the number of cold spells was found to be much higher in January than in the other two winter months. In the case of cold spell severity, Rangpur and Rajshahi divisions in the northwest experienced the highest number of extreme cold spells against the highest number of mild cold spells in the Barishal and Chattogram divisions in the south and southeast. While nine (out of twenty-nine) weather stations in the country showed significant trends in cold days in December, it was not significant on the seasonal scale. Adapting the proposed method would be useful in calculating cold days and spells to facilitate regional-focused mitigation and adaptation to minimize cold-related deaths.

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Balikienė, Monika, and Vytautas Navickas. "Love Magic: Spells Using Menstrual Blood in Lithuania." Yearbook of Balkan and Baltic Studies 6 (2023): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ybbs6.08.

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Among menstrual superstitions circulating in Lithuania a belief that it is possible to put a spell on a man using menstrual blood is the least examined. Our article proposes to describe and analyse this superstition. Analysis is based on individual interview data collected in between 2000 and 2020. The number of respondents totals 323. All of them are women. Respondents were asked about the use of menstrual blood for love magic. Only 67 replied that they knew nothing about it. Respondents who learned about blood spells in their youth many decades ago stated that rumours of bewitchment are still circulating even now. The attitude to blood spells is strictly negative. Respondents who thought that the spells were absolutely ineffective regarded them as something stupid and dirty; believers in the power of menstrual blood magic thought that the spells were dangerous, immoral or even equivalent to witchcraft. Adding a few drops of blood to a drink or other liquid is a well-known practice in Lithuania. Less often blood is added to food. The consequences can be tragic: a handsome and bright youth becomes addicted to an old hag; a model husband and father leaves his family. Unfavourable physical effects are also common with spells, for example, triggering serious diseases. Relationships with the seductress are unsuccessful. The removal of a love spell based on menstrual blood is intricate; the techniques of doing so that we recorded are scant, filthy and risky.

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Rao, T. Narayana, K. N. Uma, T. Mohan Satyanarayana, and D. Narayana Rao. "Differences in Draft Core Statistics from the Wet to Dry Spell over Gadanki, India (13.5°N, 79.2°E)." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 4293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3057.1.

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Abstract The Indian mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar observations during the passage of 37 convective systems are utilized to investigate the characteristics of vertical air velocity w in different convection categories (shallow, deep, and decaying) and also the differences in draft core statistics from the wet to dry spell. The radar and optical rain gauge measurements show pronounced differences in core statistics (in terms of their vertical structure, draft strength, size, number, and the elevation angle) and surface rainfall characteristics from the dry to wet spell. The shallow convective cores are preponderant in the dry spell. Composite w profiles, retrieved from all deep cases and also from individual convection cases, depict an upper-tropospheric peak in the wet spell and a bimodal distribution (peaks at 5 and 11–13 km) in the dry spell, illustrating that they are characteristic features of wet and dry spells. The average vertical extents of the cores are nearly equal (about 8 km) in both spells of the monsoon; however, the core-base (and top) altitudes are different. In both wet and dry spells, the composite w profile for all cores show similar vertical variation to that of for updraft cores, while the composite w for downdraft cores do not show much variation with altitude, indicating that the updraft cores dictate the vertical structure of composite w. The core size varies considerably (a factor of 2) with altitude in both spells of the monsoon. Although nearly equal in the lower troposphere in both phases of the monsoon, the core size is larger by 1–2 km in the dry spell in the middle and upper troposphere. Consistent with the longer lifetime (bigger core size) of cores in the dry spell, the cores are more inclined (with a mean elevation angle of 30°) in the dry spell. The surface rainfall distribution is wider and has large number of intense rainfall rates in the wet spell. The mean rainfall rate for the wet spell is also larger by a factor of 2, consistent with earlier studies.

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Idris, U. D., O. J. Mudiare, H. E. Igbadun, and A. A. Ramalan. "Prediction of long dry spells for appropriate cropping system in Gusau Northwestern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Technology 40, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): 976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v40i5.23.

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The objective of this study was to predict the probabilities of occurrences of long dry spells and their lengths during the planting period in rainfed farming season for future planning in Gusau and its environs North-Western Nigeria. Markov chain and probability distribution models were used to help predict in advance the longtime dry spells occurrences in the study area. Daily rainfall amount for each year was used to determine the probabilities of wet and dry days at different orders of Markov Chain. Gamma distribution was used with the help of INSTAT plus statistical package to estimate the length of dry spells in May, June and July. The early season dry spells were determined to occur usually between the first and the last decades of May. The Longest dry spells for the month of May were determined to be 26, 25 and 21 days in 2020, 2022 and 2030 respectively. Low frequencies of dry spells are to be anticipated in June with only 10 days in 2026 and July with only 12 days in 2024. The month of May from 2011 to 2020 with mean dry days of measured and predicted data were found to be 14 and 15 days respectively while coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.3, shows a stable dry spell in the coming years in May. The R between the observed and the predicted values were averagely good, mean error (ME) -1.25,-1.00 and 1.63 between the longest monthly observed and predicted dry spell were less than all the observed data. The root mean square error (RMSE) indicated that the month of June has the highest measure of precision 3.18, followed by the month of July4.46 and May 5.50. Since, early season rainfall is uncertain and erratic than the mid-season, early planting of moisture sensitive crop like maize in Gusau without supplementary irrigation would be highly risky.

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Adane, Girma Berhe, Birtukan Abebe Hirpa, Chul-Hee Lim, and Woo-Kyun Lee. "Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Dry and Wet Spells in Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Water 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113051.

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This study aimed to analyze the probability of the occurrence of dry/wet spell rainfall using the Markov chain model in the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. The rainfall analysis was conducted in the short rainy (Belg) and long rainy (Kiremt) seasons on a dekadal (10–day) scale over a 30-year period. In the Belg season, continuous, three-dekad dry spells were prevalent at all stations. Persistent dry spells might result in meteorological, hydrological, and socio-economic drought (in that order) and merge with the Kiremt season. The consecutive wet dekads of the Kiremt season indicate a higher probability of wet dekads at all stations, except Metehara. This station experienced a short duration (dekads 20–23) of wet spells, in which precipitation is more than 50% likely. Nevertheless, surplus rainwater may be recorded at Debrezeit and Wonji only in the Kiremt season because of a higher probability of wet spells in most dekads (dekads 19–24). At these stations, rainfall can be harvested for better water management practices to supply irrigation during the dry season, to conserve moisture, and to reduce erosion. This reduces the vulnerability of the farmers around the river basin, particularly in areas where dry spell dekads are dominant.

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Crockford, Susannah. "Spells of belonging." Journal of Legal Anthropology 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2019.030210.

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Anna Tuckett’s piece on the paper trails left, created and curated by migrant streams crossing Europe raises questions on how social personhood is legally affirmed or undermined by legal paperwork. As is now a well aired fact, those UK citizens affected by the ‘hostile environment’ instituted by the British Home Office (HO) from 2012 onwards were disproportionately black and descended from former Caribbean colonies (Olusoga 2019). I consider my experience relating to immigration practices and assumptions to indicate aspects of this environment in the making. In 2004, I spent six months working for the civil service in the UK as a blandly labelled ‘presenting officer’. A presenting officer presented the Home Secretary’s case for refusing immigration and asylum claims that the applicant had appealed. In such cases, it was common strategy to draw attention to the lack of consistency, in terms of both narrative and between a person and their papers. Narrative consistency was required: the same story had to be told to the case officer on presenting a claim and in the courtroom to the adjudicator and in any and every opportunity to retell the tale the applicant had. Any inconsistency was taken as evidence of deceit. A person had to be able to document their birth, entries and exits to the UK, schooling, workplaces, income and family relationships. The requirements of consistency reified relationships that had documentary existence over those that did not. Lack of documents undermined a person’s ability to make their case.

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Perkins, Sid. "Long, Dry Spells." Science News 162, no. 6 (August 10, 2002): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4013651.

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Green, Gary. "Dyslexia spells trouble." Nursing Standard 8, no. 15 (January 5, 1994): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.8.15.52.s62.

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Whitehouse, William. "Breath holding spells." Journal of Pediatric Neurology 08, no. 01 (July 30, 2015): 049–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jpn-2010-0353.

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Schlegel, Robert W., Sofia Darmaraki, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Karen Filbee-Dexter, and Eric C. J. Oliver. "Marine cold-spells." Progress in Oceanography 198 (November 2021): 102684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102684.

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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Breath-Holding Spells." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 10, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-10-5-4.

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Paulson, George W., and Bradford Hale. "BREATH-HOLDING SPELLS." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 13, no. 1 (November 12, 2008): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1971.tb03036.x.

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Evans, Owen B. "Breath-Holding Spells." Pediatric Annals 26, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19970701-05.

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Holland, James Cunning. "Art Spells Survival." Afterimage 40, no. 4 (January 1, 2013): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2013.40.4.28.

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Charidimou, Andreas, Ruth Law, and David J. Werring. "Amyloid “spells” trouble." Lancet 380, no. 9853 (November 2012): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61333-6.

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Luks, Samantha, and Henry E. Brady. "Defining Welfare Spells." Evaluation Review 27, no. 4 (August 2003): 395–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x03254345.

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Carrico, C. "Pharmacognostic Gold Spells." Molecular Interventions 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mi.5.4.8.

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GORDON, NEIL. "Breath-holding Spells." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 29, no. 6 (November 12, 2008): 811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1987.tb08831.x.

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Breningstall, Galen N. "Breath-holding spells." Pediatric Neurology 14, no. 2 (February 1996): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-8994(96)00006-9.

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van Spanje, Isabelle, Arie Knuistingh Neven, and Just Eekhof. "Breath-holding spells." Huisarts en Wetenschap 53, no. 10 (October 2010): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03089292.

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Casim, NFR Casim. "LEKSIKOLOGI SASTRA DALAM MANTRA CARA MENANAM TEMBUNI." Multilingual 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/multilingual.v18i2.119.

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Lexicology has a very important role in the study of spells, especially in the study of meaning (style). This paper focuses on: 1) the vocabulary used in the spell how to Cara Menanam Tembuni and translation; 2) mantra studies how to Cara Menanam Tembuni by examining meaning in language style. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research methods of text analysis. The data obtained are examined using descriptive analysis approach. From the results of a study on how to plant the placenta spells found: 1) the vocabulary used in the spell of how to grow the afterbirth is the Java Language Ngoko-Chromo among: meneng, jabang bayi, siro, beko, marang, bopo, biyung, sedulur, inggih; 2) spells by planting the placenta contained a tautolog-style parallelism assertion language (meneng-meneng, sugih-sugih, wani-wani, siro-siro, sedulur-sedulur, inggih inggih inggih; alliteration (meneng-meneng, wani-wani, sedulur-sedulur); and inversion (meneng-meneng jabang bayi siro).Keywords: Lexicology Literature, Mantra, Vocabulary, Meaning

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OKA, Sumiaki. "Zhiyi on Spells: The Spells of the Fangdeng Repentence Ritual." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 47, no. 1 (1998): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.47.45.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spells'

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