Relevant bibliographies by topics / Speed of Adjustment (SOA)

Academic literature on the topic 'Speed of Adjustment (SOA)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Speed of Adjustment (SOA)"

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Ataünal, Levent, and Aslı Aybars. "Testing Target-Adjustment and Pecking Order Models of Capital Structure and Estimating Speed of Adjustment." International Journal of Corporate Finance and Accounting 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcfa.2017010101.

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This article examines the explanation power of the pecking order and target adjustment models on 148 Borsa Istanbul (BIST) firms' capital structure over the period of 2005 to 2015. The article also estimates the speed of adjustment (SOA) to the targeted leverage level. Although a firm's capital structure is jointly determined by both theories, target adjustment model appear to have relatively higher power in explaining capital structures of BIST firms. Estimates of the adjustment speeds suggests that firms move toward their target debt ratios at a fast pace. Adjustment speeds estimated with market leverage were significantly higher (44% - 83%). Share price volatility was found to have a rather short-term impact on market leverage. Firms rapidly revert back to their targets and offset these fluctuations within few years. Adjustment speed estimates vary with the estimation method. System generalized methods of moment estimator (GMM-SYS) provided the slowest SOA estimation whereas firm-fixed effects estimators imparted the fastest adjustment speed.
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Outla, Adil, and Moustapha Hamzaoui. "Speed of adjustment over entry and exit dynamics." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 26, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 470–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-07-2017-1193.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a theoretical conception that establishes growth rate dynamics for co-operatives and studies Moroccan co-operatives’ start-ups and closures, by analyzing the co-operatives’ growth rate speed of adjustment (SOA). Design/methodology/approach This paper documents the basic patterns of entry and exit flow for agricultural, artisanal, housing and fishery co-operatives; highlights, with econometric tests, whether co-operatives’ growth rate is mean reverting or a unit root random walk; and estimates the growth rate adjustment speed, using a quadratic interval reverting model to capture both the upward and downward speeds of adjustment. Findings The empirical results indicate that co-operatives’ growth rate is significantly mean reverting for all sectors. Also, it concludes that the upward and downward adjustment speeds are significantly different within and between sectors, with negative indicator for artisanal co-operatives. The paper discusses these results, which are of interest to academics and policymakers. Research limitations/implications The study does not investigate the causes of the growth rate SOA. Further, in-depth work with the results of this study would help scholars and policymakers to get close to the accurate research questions that characterize the mean reverting and affects the adjustment processes for Moroccan co-operatives. Practical implications The suggested model – with upward and downward adjustment speeds– could be valuable for policymakers’ strategies on co-operatives’ emergence. Social implications The paper moves policymakers closer to social work and socio-economic trends to explain the empirical regularities of co-operatives’ dynamics. The model could be of value to avoid a volatile rate of entries and exits, to ensure continuity, to avoid fast failure of co-operative memberships and then to achieve the social inclusion. Originality/value The paper provides empirical evidence and results for co-operatives’ start-ups and closures adjustment speed and determines the conditions in which government policy must be clarified and specified. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first empirical analysis for the co-operatives’ SOA over entry and exit dynamics.
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Kim, Mi-Ok, Sangkwon Cha, and Hyung-Rok Jung. "Cash Holding Policy and Competitive Strategy." Korean Accounting Information Association 40, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29189/kaiaair.40.3.1.

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[Purpose] We investigated the relation between competitive strategy and cash holding process, focusing on the level of cash holdings, the speed of adjustment in cash, and the direction of SOA. [Methodology] From 2002 to 2017, empirical analysis was conducted targeting the domestic capital market. Here, the research methodology of Bentley et al.(2013) was used for the competitive strategy, and the method of Opler et al.(1999) was used for the cash holding policy. [Findings] we find that competitive strategy is associated with cash holding process including cash holding levels, speed of adjustment in cash, and the direction of SOA. Firms pursuing differentiation strategy is negatively associated with cash holding level, which indicates the strategy partially affect the cash holding level. Secondly, we find that average firms’ SOA is 37.7% and the SOA of firms with competitive is 43.8.%. Lastly, we find that asymmetry speed of adjustment in cash depending on the direction of deviation from the target as we expected. [Implications] This study contributes to expanding the perception of the field of management accounting research in that it empirically analyzes the strategy execution premium as the relationship between the competitive strategy measurable by corporate financial information and the cash holding policy, which is one of the operational processes.
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Yin, Qie Ellie, and Jay R. Ritter. "The Speed of Adjustment to the Target Market Value Leverage Is Slower Than You Think." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, no. 6 (August 6, 2019): 1946–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109019000516.

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In the capital structure literature, speed of adjustment (SOA) estimates are similar whether book or market leverage is used. This robustness is suspect, given the survey evidence that firms target their book leverage and the empirical evidence that they don’t issue securities to offset market leverage changes caused by stock price changes. We show that existing market SOA estimates are substantially upward biased due to the passive influence of stock price fluctuations. Controlling for this bias, the SOA estimate is 16% for book leverage and 10% for market leverage, implying that the trade-off theory is less important than previously thought.
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Imas Iyoha, Agbonrha-Oghoye, Godwin Ohiokha, David Umoru, Sadiq Oshoke Akhor, and Grace Abohiri Igele. "Target capital structure for managerial decision making: Dynamics and determinants." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 19, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.19(3).2022.27.

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The study examines the dynamics and determinants of target capital structures among manufacturing firms listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange during the period from 2012 to 2021. The study is motivated by the disparity in the Speed of Adjustment (SOA) to target leverage, which is influenced by firm-specific attributes largely dependent on macroeconomic indices. Therefore, understanding the determinants of SOA to target leverage is germane because no two macro-economic environments are the same. A longitudinal research design is used with a population of 75 manufacturing firms. The sample consists of 42 firms, drawn using a simple random technique. Secondary data is sourced from the annual report. Generalized Method of Moments is the estimation technique. The result shows that manufacturing firms adjust to a target capital structure with a high speed of 72%. This confirms the application of dynamic trade-off theory among listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Profitability, firm size, and asset tangibility are significant determinants of SOA to a target capital structure, confirming pecking order, agency, and static trade-off theories, respectively. Tax shelter and growth were not significant determinants. The study concludes that there is evidence of dynamic adjustment to the optimal capital structure of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Governments and policymakers in firms should make effective policies that aid speedy access to long-term funds by these firms to increase their SOA to target capital structure.
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Rani, Neelam, Surendra S. Yadav, and Naliniprava Tripathy. "Capital structure dynamics of Indian corporates." Journal of Advances in Management Research 17, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jamr-12-2017-0125.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the capital structure determinants and speed of adjustment (SOA) toward the target capital structure of firms. Design/methodology/approach The study has used the generalized method of moments (GMM) model and two-stage least squares (TSLS) to the panel data of 3,310 Indian firms, from January 2000 to March 2018, to determine the adjustment speed toward target capital structure. Further, the study employed a fully modified ordinary least square technique to shed light on the dynamic nature of the adjustment process. Findings The results of the GMM estimations indicate that Indian firms are adjusting their capital structure toward the target rate of 10.38 percent per year. Similarly, the findings of TSLS estimate specify a SOA of 15.49 percent per year. The low adjustment speed suggests the prevalence of higher adjustment costs of Indian firms. Research limitations/implications Future research can be undertaken by including certain macroeconomic factors such as GDP, inflation and the interest rate, which also affect the SOA since firms are pretentious by market conditions while designing capital structure for firms. Practical implications In the current financial and regulatory set-up when there are frequent perturbations in the capital market, the study will be valuable for regulators, firms and academicians. The work would enable the concerned stakeholders to manage their scare resources and capital effectively by a better way to make informed decisions. It will facilitate managers of young companies to identify and regulate the factors that are more pertinent for them to make flexible financial decisions concerning the capital structure. Originality/value The study amplifies on previous studies and provides new insights on the speed of the adjustment process of Indian firms, helping to modify and refine their capital structures toward the optimum capital structure. This will not only enhance the financial flexibility in the capital structure of Indian corporates but also be of great value to the policymakers and other stakeholders.
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Mirota, Fryderyk. "The use of meta-analysis in research on corporate cash holdings speed of adjustment." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 64, no. 5 (May 28, 2019): 48–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8505.

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In empirical research significant diversity of corporate cash holdings speed of adjustment (SOA) estimates can be observed. It is possible that some of the results are affected by publication selection bias. Articles whose results are clearly in line with economic theories may be preferred by authors and reviewers and, consequently, conclusions from this area can be published more frequently. The aim of this article is to verify whether there is a publication selection bias with respect to studies related to corporate cash holdings adjustments and to investigate the sources of heterogeneity in cash holdings SOA estimates. The statistical method used in the study was meta-analysis, which allows a combined analysis of the results from independent research. Meta-analysis enables to verify the occurrence of the publication selection bias and to explain the heterogeneity of the results presented in articles. The study was based on data collected asa result of a review of the literature published between 2003 and 2017. On the basis of information on 402 estimates from 58 different studies it has been shown that the publication selection bias does not occur. The Bayesian Model Averaging was used for modelling. It was identified that the characteristics associated with the data set used in the study, model specification and the estimation method significantly affect the hetero-geneity of corporate cash holdings SOA estimates. This diversity is determined, among others, by the choice of estimation method, length of the period covered by the analysis and characteristics of the market environment of the concerned entities.
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Karpates, Akbar Aldino, and Viverita Viverita. "Speed of Adjustment and Leverage Deviation - Cost of Equity Nexus: Evidence from Emerging Markets and Crisis." GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 27, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2022.27.6.1.

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Purpose: This study investigates the impact of leverage deviation on the cost of equity under the specifically mentioned condition in ASEAN-5 considering the global financial crisis and the sensitivity of the cost of equity on leverage deviation. Design/methodology/approach: This study employs the Generalized Least Square (GLS) model and the dynamic panel estimation based on the two-step difference GMM to analyze the data. Findings: The regression analysis found deviated from the target leverage impact unfavorably on the firm's cost of equity. The results also show that the more sensitive the cost of equity is to the leverage deviation from the target, the faster the adjustment. However, firms will adjust their capital structure for a lower cost during the crisis. Additionally, it shows a compelling behavior in the relation between the sensitivity of the cost of equity to leverage deviation on the leverage speed of adjustments. Research limitations/implications: The higher sensitivity of the cost of equity is to the leverage deviation from the target, the faster the adjustment. It implies that the disregard of heterogeneity in SOA will mislead the adjustment period to the target leverage. Originality/value: Using manually collected data, this study provides empirical evidence on the importance of leverage deviation and the sensitivity of the cost of equity and the speed of adjustment to the target debt level to analyze capital structure decision in an enormous leverage usage in ASEAN. Second, this paper presents new evidence of the effect both in normal economic conditions and crisis periods, which is rarely examined in the ASEAN emerging market.
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Warmana, G. Oka, I. Ketut Rahyuda, Ida Bagus Anom Purbawangsa, and Ni Luh Gede Sri Artini. "Investigating Capital Structure Speed of Adjustment (SOA) of Indonesian Companies for Corporate Value." Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management 21, no. 3 (May 24, 2020): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40171-020-00235-9.

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Widodo, Puwanto. "DETERMINAN STRUKTUR MODAL DINAMIS : STUDI EMPIRIS DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA." Inovator 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/inovator.v8i1.2506.

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<p><em>Research on dynamic capital structure basically wants to know the existence of targeted leverage as hypothesized by Trade-Off Theory and Speed off Adjustment (SOA). Later developments, the magnitude of the speed of adjustment can be used as a determinant of capital structure theory used by the company. Another problem in dynamic capital structure research is the use of analytical tools that can produce biased and inconsistent predictors. To overcome this, this study uses dynamic panel data with the General Method of Moment (GMM) approach. Samples were taken from non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2009-2015 period. The results of the inference show the existence of Dynamic Trade Off Theory and the variables of company characteristics and macroeconomic significantly influence the dynamic capital structure. In addition, it is known that there is an influence of company size and growth Opportunity on the speed of adjustment. Another finding is that he knows that managing profitability follows and Pecking Order Theory.Keyword</em><em>s</em><em> : capital structure, static model, dynamic model</em></p>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Speed of Adjustment (SOA)"

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Lopes, Natalia Cristina. "Speed of adjustment of capital structure: empirical study." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13493.

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Submitted by Natalia Lopes (nati_lopes1@hotmail.com) on 2015-03-06T12:36:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Natalia Lopes_Final.pdf: 1150711 bytes, checksum: 79a8982512192755c02ea2a9b32168e4 (MD5)
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We analyze the impact of firm-specific characteristics as well as economic factors on the speed of adjustment to the target debt ratio. Using different methods, we document speeds of adjustment ranging from 14.4% to 37%. The results indicate that the speed of adjustment is affected by business-cycle variables: The interaction term related to term spread reveals, as expected, faster adjustment in booms than in recessions and a negative relationship between short term spread and adjustment speed. We also show that the speed of adjustment becomes stationary when the increasing fractions of zero-debt firms are considered.
Analisamos o impacto de características específicas da empresa, bem como os fatores econômicos sobre a velocidade de ajustamento para alcançar o ponto ótimo da dívida. Usando métodos diferentes, encontramos velocidades de ajustamento que variam de 14,4% a 37%. Os resultados indicam que a velocidade de ajustamento é afetada por variáveis do ciclo de negócios: O termo de interação relacionado ao term spread revela, como esperado, um ajustamento mais rápido em booms do que em recessões e uma relação negativa entre o spread de curto prazo e velocidade de ajustamento. Mostramos também que a velocidade de ajustamento torna-se estacionária quando o aumento das de firmas com dívida zero é considerado.
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Fong, Wai-Ming. "Trading halts and the speed of adjustment of the market." Connect to resource, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1269525391.

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Husodo, Za??fri Ananto Banking &amp Finance Australian School of Business UNSW. "Speed of adjustment, volatility and noise in the Indonesia Stock Exchange." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Banking & Finance, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41860.

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This research contains three essays that explore the speed of adjustment, volatility and noise in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The first essay explores the speed of adjustment in the Indonesia Stock Exchange at daily interval from 2000 to 2004. The model employed is the speed of adjustment with noise. Firstly, I work on the estimation of the speed of adjustment. The estimated speed of adjustment coefficient concludes that the large size leads the smaller size group to adjust to new information. Secondly, I analyse the component in the noise that contributes significantly to the speed of adjustment level. It is confirmed that the factor determining the noise is bid-ask fluctuations. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer the component in the noise from bid-ask component. The decomposition of bid-ask spread into transaction cost and asymmetric information reveals that the latter is found to be a significant component determining the speed of adjustment level. The second essay analyses the fine grain dynamics of the speed of price adjustment to new information from 2000 to 2007. The exact time of adjustment is estimated at intraday frequency instead of at daily frequency. In this work, as an alternative of first moment estimation, second moment model-free estimation using volatility signature plot to estimate of the speed of adjustment is proposed. Both first and second moment estimation of the speed of adjustment provide consistent result of 30 minute adjustment period. Negative relation after 5-minute return interval between speed of adjustment estimate and realized variance is found implying lower noise leads to smaller deviation between observed and equilibrium price. In the third essay, I concentrate the work on the second moment of continuously compounded returns from 2000 to 2007 in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The main purpose of the last essay is to estimate the noise and efficient variance in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The realized variance based estimator is employed in the third essay. During the period of the study, noise variance decreases indicating smaller deviation between the observed and equilibrium price, hence improving market quality in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The optimal frequency to estimate the efficient variance, on average, is nine minutes. The variance ratio of daily efficient variance to daily open-to-close reveals significant private information underlying price process in the Indonesia Stock Exchange.
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Zhu, Ting Ting. "Capital structure in Europe : determinants, market timing and speed of adjustment." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33020.

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In broad terms, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the determinants of capital structure in European-listed firms. More specifically, it examines the existence of market timing effects in European firms and the speed of adjustment towards optimal capital structure as well as its determinants. Over the last two decades, Europe has undergone an intriguing experience involving changes in the political geography, financial liberalization, financial integration, a financial crisis and, most recently, financial reform. These exogenous shocks have taken their toll on European capital markets and banking sectors. In particular, the recent financial crisis has unveiled a number of inefficiencies in the incomplete financial integration process in terms of weak governance and ineffective regulations. The crisis period witnessed an increase in the following: the probability of bankruptcy; the number of banks and firms failing; illiquidity; and a significant loss in firms’ values. This in turn affected the flow of funds into firms either from bank lending channels or from capital markets. Indeed, such financial turmoil calls for further investigation into the determinants of firms’ capital structure in the European markets. This thesis contributes to the literature in two ways. First, this is the first study that empirically tests the market timing theory in 15 European countries. Second, it adds to the scant literature on comparative studies that examine the target capital speed of adjustment and its determinants. The thesis employs various econometric models to analyse the unbalanced panel data collected from 15 European countries. The generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator (among other panel data techniques) is deemed appropriate to estimate the models. It is designed to accommodate the unbalanced panels, multiple endogeneity and the autoregressive properties in the dependent variable. The new evidence provided by the findings of this study will be of great interest to the literature and policy-makers. The results confirm the effect of market valuation. However, it is negative in Europe, rather than positive as theory suggests. The results provide evidence that partially supports both pecking order and trade-off theories. For European firms, the annual speed of adjustment towards target capital is, on average, one quarter for book leverage and one half for market leverage. Firms in the Netherlands and Finland are the fastest to adjust their capital while firms in France and Spain are the slowest. The driving forces of the adjustment speed reveal that firms adjust more rapidly in wealthier and healthier environments such as those which involve a stable economy, a concentrated banking system and a promising future.
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Boulter, Terry. "The efficiency of currency markets: Studies of volatility and speed of adjustment." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16472/1/Terry_Boulter_Thesis.pdf.

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Whether or not currency markets may be regarded as efficient or not has been a hotly debated issue in the academic literature over recent decades. Economic theory would suggest that these markets should be efficient because they are apparently good examples of a perfectly competitive market structure. On the other hand, empirical tests of the efficient market hypothesis within these currency markets unequivocally find them to be inefficient. There is still no good explanation for this conundrum and as a result a fair amount of effort is still expended on refining the empirical studies of market efficiency, a task which is taken up in the four empirical studies that comprise this thesis. Within efficient markets, prices are predicted to respond "quickly" with the arrival of new information and the empirical work in the thesis focuses on these issues by identifying three key areas for research, namely, price adjustment and volatility, volatility and the "news", and the speed of price adjustment. In essence, the studies examine whether there is inefficient adjustment to news in terms of excessive volatility, whether or not news is actually the main driver of exchange rate volatility and whether or not "quickly" can be measured empirically. The empirical results reported within this thesis confirm that the Australian dollar has not been an excessively volatile currency, even though the level of volatility has been increasing; that the pattern of information flow explains a significant degree of the non constant variance in the returns of the world's most actively traded currencies, (i.e. information explains price innovation); that the reaction time to macroeconomic news occurs within seconds of a pre-scheduled announcement, and that the bulk of adjustment to fundamental value occurs within the hour. These findings are consistent with what would be expected within an efficient market. The results reported within this thesis therefore suggest that the currency markets studied are efficient, at least for the sample periods of the data used in the studies. Exchange rates adjust rapidly with information arrival albeit not completely. It is also the case that a number of additional research questions emerge from this research. For example we know that volatility is not excessive and that it is increasing. What we do not know is the point at which increasing volatility becomes excessive. We know that exchange rates react quickly with the arrival of macroeconomic news, but we do not know precisely how long it takes for volatility to return to preannouncement levels, or why the reaction to news is inconsistent. We also do not know what type of information best explains volatility above that which is explained by the systematic dissemination of information or why full adjustment to fundamental value does not occur? Answers to these questions provide a future research agenda. Answers may provide insight that will help financial economists explain the apparent failure of the speculative efficient hypothesis.
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Boulter, Terry. "The efficiency of currency markets : studies of volatility and speed of adjustment." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16472/.

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Whether or not currency markets may be regarded as efficient or not has been a hotly debated issue in the academic literature over recent decades. Economic theory would suggest that these markets should be efficient because they are apparently good examples of a perfectly competitive market structure. On the other hand, empirical tests of the efficient market hypothesis within these currency markets unequivocally find them to be inefficient. There is still no good explanation for this conundrum and as a result a fair amount of effort is still expended on refining the empirical studies of market efficiency, a task which is taken up in the four empirical studies that comprise this thesis. Within efficient markets, prices are predicted to respond "quickly" with the arrival of new information and the empirical work in the thesis focuses on these issues by identifying three key areas for research, namely, price adjustment and volatility, volatility and the "news", and the speed of price adjustment. In essence, the studies examine whether there is inefficient adjustment to news in terms of excessive volatility, whether or not news is actually the main driver of exchange rate volatility and whether or not "quickly" can be measured empirically. The empirical results reported within this thesis confirm that the Australian dollar has not been an excessively volatile currency, even though the level of volatility has been increasing; that the pattern of information flow explains a significant degree of the non constant variance in the returns of the world's most actively traded currencies, (i.e. information explains price innovation); that the reaction time to macroeconomic news occurs within seconds of a pre-scheduled announcement, and that the bulk of adjustment to fundamental value occurs within the hour. These findings are consistent with what would be expected within an efficient market. The results reported within this thesis therefore suggest that the currency markets studied are efficient, at least for the sample periods of the data used in the studies. Exchange rates adjust rapidly with information arrival albeit not completely. It is also the case that a number of additional research questions emerge from this research. For example we know that volatility is not excessive and that it is increasing. What we do not know is the point at which increasing volatility becomes excessive. We know that exchange rates react quickly with the arrival of macroeconomic news, but we do not know precisely how long it takes for volatility to return to preannouncement levels, or why the reaction to news is inconsistent. We also do not know what type of information best explains volatility above that which is explained by the systematic dissemination of information or why full adjustment to fundamental value does not occur? Answers to these questions provide a future research agenda. Answers may provide insight that will help financial economists explain the apparent failure of the speculative efficient hypothesis.
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Hablas, Hossam El-Din Abdel Moneim. "A Study of Inclement Weather Impacts on Freeway Free-Flow Speed." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33880.

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The research presented in this thesis attempts to investigate the impact of detector failure frequency and failure duration on the accuracy of loop detector speed, flow, and density measurements using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The inputs to the model are the frequency of failures and failure duration. Several regression models were developed to relate loop detector accuracy to detector failure data. The results showed that the models were consistent and similar for the same location with an R square that ranged between 86% and 94% for all models and in comparing two locations, the differences between the regression models were minor except for the flow model errors, the location had the same trend but the magnitude of the flow RMSE increased by 7.5 to 15%.

The second part of the research effort attempts to quantify the impact of inclement weather (precipitation and visibility) on traffic stream free-flow speeds along freeway sections. The analysis is conducted using weather (precipitation and visibility) and loop detector data (speed) obtained from Baltimore, Minneapolis/St. Paul, and Seattle, US. The results demonstrate that visibility alone has a minimum impact on free-flow speed with reductions in the range of 1 to 3%. These reductions only appear as the visibility level falls below 1.2 km. The study demonstrates that the impact of snow is more significant than that of rain for similar intensity levels. Reductions caused by rain are in the neighborhood of 2 to 5% depending on the precipitation intensity while reductions caused by snow are in the neighborhood of 6 to 20%. With regards to freezing rain, higher reductions in free-flow speed were observed when compared to rain and snow. Specifically, the free-flow speed was reduced by 14% at the onset of freezing rain precipitation with a maximum decrease of 27% at freezing rain intensity of about 0.53 cm/h for Baltimore and as the case of Seattle the reduction was found to be constant with 31%.

Finally, the paper derives free-flow speed reduction factors that vary as a function of the precipitation type and intensity level. These reduction factors can be incorporated within the Highway Capacity Manual's procedures.


Master of Science
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ESCRAGNOLLE-TAUNAY, HENRIQUE D. "A SPATIAL PARTITIONING HEURISTIC FOR AUTOMATIC ADJUSTMENT OF THE 3D NAVIGATION SPEED IN MULTISCALE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=33439@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Com a evolução tecnológica, ambientes virtuais em 3D crescem continuamente em complexidade; este é o caso de ambientes multiescala, i.e., ambientes que contêm grupos de objetos com níveis de escala extremamente divergentes. Tal variação em escala dificulta a navegação interativa neste tipo de ambiente dado sua demanda repetitiva e não-intuitiva de ajustes em tanto velocidade quanto escala, levando em consideração os objetos que estão próximos ao observador, para garantir uma navegação estável e confortável. Esforços recentes tem sido desenvolvidos trabalhando com soluções fortemente baseadas na GPU que nem sempre podem ser viáveis dependendo da complexidade de uma cena. Nós apresentamos uma heurística de particionamento espacial para o ajuste automático de velocidade de navegação 3D em um ambiente multiescala virtual, minimizando o esforço computacional e transferindo este para a CPU, permitindo que a GPU possa focar na renderização. Nossa proposta descreve uma estratégia geométrica durante a fase de pré-processamento que nos permite estimar, em tempo real, qual é a menor distância entre o observador e o objeto mais próximo dele. A partir desta informação única, somos capazes de ajustar automaticamente a velocidade de navegação de acordo com a caraterística de escala da região na qual o observador se encontra. Com a informação topológica da cena obtida na fase de pré-processamento, somos capazes de responder, em tempo real, qual é o objeto mais próximo assim como o objeto visível mais próximo, que nos permite propor duas diferentes heurísticas de velocidade de navegação automática. Finalmente, com o objetivo de verificar o ganho de usabilidade alcançado com as abordagens propostas, foram realizados testes de usuário para avaliar a eficiência e precisão da navegação, assim como a satisfação subjetiva do usuário. Os resultados foram particularmente significantes ao demonstrar o ganho em precisão da navegação ao utilizar as abordagens propostas, tanto para usuários experientes quanto para leigos.
With technological evolution, 3D virtual environments continuously increase in complexity; such is the case with multiscale environments, i.e., environments that contain groups of objects with extremely diverging levels of scale. Such scale variation makes it difficult to interactively navigate in this kind of environment since it demands repetitive and unintuitive adjustments in either velocity or scale, according to the objects that are close to the observer, in order to ensure a comfortable and stable navigation. Recent efforts have been developed working with heavy GPU based solutions that are not feasible depending on the complexity of the scene. We present a spatial partitioning heurístic for automatic adjustment of the 3D navigation speed in a multiscale virtual environment minimizing the workload and transferring it to the CPU, allowing the GPU to focus on rendering. Our proposal describes a geometric strategy during the preprocessing phase that allows us to estimate, in real-time phase, which is the shortest distance between the observer and the object nearest to him. From this unique information, we are capable to automatically adjusting the speed of navigation according to the characteristic scale of the region where the observer is. With the scene topological information obtained in a preprocessing phase, we are able to obtain, in real-time, the closest object and the visible objects, which allows us to propose two different heurístics for automatic navigation velocity. Finally, in order to verify the usability gain in the proposed approaches, user tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy and echiency of the navigation, and users subjective satisfaction. Results were particularly significant for demonstrating accuracy gain in navigation while using the proposed approaches for both laymen and advanced users.
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Tan, Lin Chiang Thomas C. "Empirical analysis of Chinese stock market behavior : evidence from dynamic correlations, herding behavior, and speed of adjustment /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/514.

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Anagnosti, Maria. "Design and fabrication of a photonic integrated circuit comprising a semi-conductor optical amplifier and a high speed photodiode (SOA-UTC) for >100 Gbit/s applications." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TELE0022.

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Ce travail porte sur la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation d’une photodiode très haut débit (UTC PD) et son intégration avec un préamplificateur optique à semi-conducteur (SOA) pour les liaisons optiques à courte distance à 100 Gbit/s en bandes C et O. Il porte également sur la conception d'un duplexeur (Tx / Rx) avec liaison montante en bande C et liaison descendante en bande O. L'intégration monolithique d’un SOA avec une photodiode haut débit sans filtre optique entre les deux présente des avantages majeurs parmi lesquels: - Augmentation de la distance de transmission. - Augmentation du nombre d'utilisateurs connectés. - Diminution des coûts globaux de fabrication incluant l’assemblage. La première partie de cette étude porte sur l'optimisation SOA pour un fonctionnement à forte puissance (Psat). Un faible facteur de bruit (NF) et une faible dépendance à la polarisation (PDL) sont requis pour les récepteurs préamplifiés. De plus, un fonctionnement du et opérer en régime linéaire est nécessaire pour les schémas de modulation complexes. Le SOA actuel possède un gain de 18 dB avec un facteur de bruit de 8 dB, une faible PDL (<2 dB), et une bonne puissance de saturation en entrée (-8 dBm). Grâce à l’optimisation de la structure verticale du SOA et de son couplage avec la fibre les performances attendues sont améliores : Psat >-5 dBm, NF <8 dB, PDL et gain similaire. D'autre part, les interconnexions électriques de la photodiode ont été optimisées ce qui a permis de démontrer des photodiodes avec une bande passante supérieure à 100 GHz. Les photodiodes présentent un fort coefficient de réponse (R) (0,6 A/W à 1,3 μm et 0,55 A/W à 1,55 μm) et une faible PDL <1 dB. Un fort courant de saturation de 14 mA à 100 GHz a aussi été démonté. Enfin, la caractérisation des SOA-UTC réalisés a montré simultanément une très forte responsivité (95 A/W), une faible dépendance à la polarisation PDL (<2 dB), un faible NF (8 dB) et une large bande passante à 3 dB (> 95 GHz), qui placent nos composants au meilleur niveau de l’état de l’art avec un produit gain-bande record de 6,1 THz. Les Mesures numériques à 64 Gbit/s montrent que notre récepteur atteint une sensibilité de -17 dBm pour un taux d'erreur de 10-9, et la sensibilité attendue à 100 Gbit/s est de -14 dBm
This work focuses on the design, fabrication and measurements of a uni-travelling carrier high speed photodiode (UTC PD) and its integration with a semiconductor optical preamplifier (SOA) for short reach 100 Gbit/s optical links, in O- and C- bands. This work also focuses on the design of a duplexer (Tx/Rx) with downstream in O-band and upstream in C-band. The SOA monolithic integration with a high speed PD without an optical filter in between yields major benefits among which: - Increase in the transmission distance. - Increase in the split ratio correlated to the number of connected users. - Decrease of the overall fabrication and assembling cost. The first part of this work is dedicated to optimizing the SOA for high power operation (Psat). The low noise figure (NF), and polarization dependence loss (PDL) are critical parameters for a preamplified receiver. Also complex modulation formats require linear gain regime of the SOA. The current SOA presents 18 dB gain with NF (8 dB), low PDL (<2 dB), and good input power saturation (-8 dBm). Thanks to further optimization of the SOA vertical structure and coupling with the optical fiber, the expected SOA performance is higher Psat >-5 dBm, NF <8 dB, similar PDL and gain. Secondly, the electrical interconnects of the photodiode is optimized to increase the photodiodes’ bandwidth, which allows to demonstrate photodiode with >100 GHz bandwidth. The PD presents high responsivity (R) (0,6 A/W at 1,3 μm and 0.55 A/W at 1,55 μm) and low PDL <1 dB. Also the saturation photocurrent is high (14 mA at 100 GHz). Finally, the SOA-UTC demonstrates high responsivity (95 A/W), low PDL (<2 dB), low NF (8 dB) and a wide 3 dB bandwidth (>95 GHz), which yields a record gain-bandwidth product of 6.1 THz. Large signal measurements at 64 Gbit/s show that our receiver reaches a low sensitivity of -17 dBm for a bit error rate of 10-9, and is expected to reach -14 dBm at 100 Gbit/s
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Books on the topic "Speed of Adjustment (SOA)"

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Driffield, Nigel. Inward investment, industry concentration and the speed of adjustment. Cardiff: Cardiff Business School, 1999.

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Bivin, David. Multi-product firms and the speed of adjustment in inventory models. Antwerpen: Universiteit Antwerpen, 1992.

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Modeling wind adjustment factor and midflame wind speed for Rothermel's surface fire spread model. Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture/Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2012.

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Nsouli, Saleh M. The speed of adjustment and the sequencing of economic reforms: Issues and guidelines for policymakers. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 2002.

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United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend part C of title XVIII of the Social Security Act to speed up by 1 year the application of risk adjustment factors under the Medicare+Choice Program. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1997.

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M, Hyde G., Washington State University. Cooperative Extension., and United States. Dept. of Agriculture., eds. Potato harvester chain speed adjustment. Pullman: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Washington State University, 1990.

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Naseer, Abdul, S. M. Ali Abbas, and Kenji Moriyama. Fiscal Adjustment in Sudan: Size, Speed and Composition. International Monetary Fund, 2010.

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Naseer, Abdul, S. M. Ali Abbas, and Kenji Moriyama. Fiscal Adjustment in Sudan: Size, Speed and Composition. International Monetary Fund, 2010.

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Naseer, Abdul, S. M. Ali Abbas, and Kenji Moriyama. Fiscal Adjustment in Sudan: Size, Speed and Composition. International Monetary Fund, 2010.

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FANG, LU. Psychological adjustment Quick-speed Roms: Case practical version. China Legal Publishing House, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Speed of Adjustment (SOA)"

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Musgrave, Richard. "The Speed of Adjustment." In Economic Theory, Dynamics and Markets, 133–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1677-4_10.

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Davidson, Louise. "Did Keynes Reverse the Marshallian Speed of Adjustment?" In Uncertainty, International Money, Employment and Theory, 392–410. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14991-9_28.

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Korkmaz, Turhan, and Aslı Yıkılmaz Erkol. "Capital Structure Adjustment Speed: Evidence from Borsa Istanbul Sub-Sectors." In Handbook of Research on Emerging Theories, Models, and Applications of Financial Econometrics, 437–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54108-8_18.

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Tran, Trung Vinh, Tha Thi Bui, Trang Doan Thuy Nguyen, Cam Ngoc Thi Huynh, and Phuoc Vinh Tran. "Block-Moving Approach for Speed Adjustment on Following Vehicle in Car-Following Model." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 100–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77818-1_10.

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Calderón-Madrid, Angel. "Stock-Flow Adjustment and the Speed of Convergence of the Economy towards its Long-run Equilibrium." In The Role of Private Financial Wealth in a Portfolio Model, 67–116. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230375543_3.

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Saltanovs, Rodion, and Alexander Krainyukov. "The Dynamic Adjustment Capabilities of the Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Process Using High-Speed Power Inverter Micro Modules." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 521–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44610-9_51.

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Worthington, B. S., J. L. Firth, R. Ordidge, M. K. Stehling, R. Coxon, P. Gibbs, A. Blamire, and P. Mansfield. "The value of real time adjustment of T1 weighting in ultra high speed IR-EPI of the brain." In Proceedings of the XIV Symposium Neuroradiologicum, 278. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49329-4_89.

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Natalinova, Natalya, Sergei Nizkii, and Aleksanov Vladislav. "Control Method for Calibration Interval Adjustment of Speed Meters Based on the Statistical Analysis of Previous Calibrations Data." In Recent Developments in the Field of Non-Destructive Testing, Safety and Materials Science, 19–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99060-2_3.

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Michael, Margarat, and B. Elizabeth Caroline. "All-optical Logic Gate Using Photonic Crystals for Ultra-Fast Telecommunication Applications." In Photonic Materials: Recent Advances and Emerging Applications, 21–42. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049756123010005.

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Most major high-speed applications, such as communications, environmental monitoring, transportation, smart homes, industries and gadgets are enabled by recent photonic technology. Basic all-optical logic gates are used in the development of image sensors, ultra-fast optical devices, and positioning equipment in high-speed applications. Among different technologies proposed for all-optical implementation, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) have been widely adopted. They have attractive features such as wide gain bandwidth, low power consumption, compactness and strong non-linearity. SOA still has a limitation that its spontaneous emission noise restricts the performance. The semiconductor optical amplifiers with quantum dots exhibit higher saturation output power, lower current density threshold, wider gain bandwidth, and low noise figure than conventional SOA. Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (QDSOAs) also have limitations like large size, high power consumption and spontaneous emission of noise. Photonic Crystal (PhC) is an artificial material that is suitable to overcome all drawbacks of SOA and QDSOA due to its simple structure and compactness, high speed, low power consumption, and low loss. PhC-based structures allow propagation of light in a controlled manner with its periodic crystal arrangements having dissimilar diffraction index. PhCs are considered to be a suitable structure for designing all-optical devices with compactness. In this chapter, an all-optical XOR is designed. Initially, the XOR gate is designed and simulated by using the FDTD method. The proposed XOR logic is achieved without nano-resonators and then with nanoresonators to get enhanced performance metrics in the form of high contrast ratio. The contrast ratio is 260 dB for the XOR gate with a delay time of 0.19 ps. The proposed XOR logic gate has potential practical applications for high speed applications of telecommunication systems.
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Molina, Juan Ramón, Macarena Ortega, Juan Antonio Navarro, and Francisco Rodríguez y. Silva. "Modeling wind adjustment factor in Mediterranean stands of Southern Europe." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1714–18. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_264.

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Conference papers on the topic "Speed of Adjustment (SOA)"

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Karri, Krishna M., and Naresh K. Koyyapu. "Noise Measurements and Mitigation for a Foil Assisted Catamaran." In SNAME International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation. SNAME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/fast-2021-021.

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Noise control recommendations and mitigation approaches for a foil-assisted catamaran become very sensitive when it comes to weight tradeoff. While weight control on a fast marine craft is critical, it reaches the uppermost limit when it comes to a foil-assisted catamaran. A foil-assisted catamaran is very sensitive to weight growth as well as the Longitudinal Center of Gravity (LCG) of the vessel in terms of reaching foil-assisted planing speeds. An increase in weight leads to a slow pre-planing speed which does not generate sufficient foil lift to transition the vessel into full planing speed. Whereas incorrect LCG of the vessel leads to wrong foil attack angle and thus leading to insufficient foil lift. This paper covers design philosophy, risk management, onboard measurements, weight management, mitigation approaches, and recommendations associated with the design of a 61 ft foil-assisted catamaran designed to reach 38+ knots and meet specific noise criteria limits at the maximum cruising speed as well as other operational conditions. An initial solution was applied, and the noise reduced at intermediate design speeds, however, at design cruising speeds the noise levels still exceeded the limits. Further computational analyses and mitigation methods such as insulation, mass-loaded vinyl, joiner barriers, viscoelastic coatings, trim adjustment, and floating floors were implemented on a trial-and-error basis to minimize the overall weight added to the vessel while achieving vessel design speed.
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Cunningham, Violet, Alexander Tilton, Dylon Maertens, and Shawn Duan. "Innovative Design of Indoor-Outdoor Powerchair." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23497.

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Abstract People with disabilities often struggle with mobility issues, so there is a strong desire for devices such as powerchairs, which can provide more freedom. Currently, wheelchair demand in the US is increasing due to an upsurge in the elderly population. Often electric powerchairs suitable for outdoor use are extremely expensive, cannot be used indoors, and are not covered by medical insurance. In this project, these problems are addressed through the design of a chair which is suitable for both rough outdoor terrain and indoor use. This project is based on a request for a powerchair which our client’s son, who has cerebral palsy, can use on family trips in outdoor environments including grass, gravel, and sand. A photo of a previous nonfunctional prototype was provided to the team as a reference, and a full redesign was performed to resolve the problems identified. Before proceeding with the design, various sources were consulted to gain a thorough understanding of currently available technology and design methods. Many different adjustment methods and features were considered, including an adjustable frame, tracks, and a lifting system for curb mounting. The overall design selected is a welded sheet metal frame with wheels, and it was determined that the chair should have an adjustable wheelbase width to provide both outdoor stability and indoor maneuverability. Key considerations for the design include battery life, motor torque, maximum load, seat size, door width, and cost. The final specifications are based on the needs of the client, Kevin Sample, as well as an analysis of the wider consumer market. The width adjustment design uses an axle above the driving wheels, which are connected to it by sliding sleeves. Automatic adjustment is accomplished using a linear actuator. The drive wheels are large and run at low pressure to surmount obstacles and damp vibrations. Differential steering combined with rear caster wheels gives the chair a small turning radius, and its length is comparable to that of standard manual wheelchairs. The seat can be easily removed to access the battery and control system or to load the chair into a vehicle. A joystick is used to control the speed and direction of the chair, while a separate momentary switch is used for the linear actuator. Throughout the modeling process, stress analysis was performed using simulations in Inventor. Any necessary adjustments were made to ensure that none of the parts will fail, considering both failure theory and fatigue. Various grades of aluminum were selected for the majority of the manufactured parts, due to their corrosion resistance and light weight. The device is currently in the prototype manufacturing stage. If it is later marketed, a curb mounting device may also be included; this was decided against mainly due to cost and time restrictions. Space has also been left for a carrying basket, which will likely be added to the first prototype. The initial goal is to produce a single chair for our client, although the design may later be submitted for Medicare and ADA approval.
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Yu, John J. "Onset of 1/2X Vibration and Its Prevention." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59591.

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This paper discusses real cases on three different machines where subsynchronous vibration occurred suddenly at a frequency exactly equal to one-half (1/2X) of the operational speed of 3600 rpm. In two cases, vibration amplitude increased from around 2 mils (51 μm) pp to over 12 mils (305 μm) pp, causing the machine to trip unexpectedly. The 1/2X vibration was even sustained during shutdown at speed below 3600 rpm after trip. Unlike other reported experimental results, shaft orbit measured by proximity probes was fairly circular and dominantly composed of the 1/2X component without significant components at multiple orders of the 1/2X. The onset of the subsynchronous 1/2X vibration was sometimes triggered by changes in bearing lube oil temperature and supply pressure, which would typically be believed to be caused by oil whirl that could occur at close to the 1/2X frequency. An upward shift in shaft centerline plot was observed to occur prior to the onset of the subsynchronous vibration. The 1/2X vibration was successfully prevented by changing bearing clearance or adjustment of bearing oil temperature and supply pressure. Parametric excitation analysis on 1/2X vibration is also given in this paper. The main purpose of this paper, unlike previously published papers on analytical or experimental results, is to show shaft orbital and centerline plots as well as spectrum data due to the 1/2X vibration, including effects of operating conditions in real rotating machines.
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"ADJUSTMENT NEEDS IN SOA BASED E-LEARNING APPLICATIONS." In 3rd International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0001261901230127.

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Zhang, Hui, and Hongwei Ma. "Study of Sloped Trench Casing Treatment on Performance and Stability of a Transonic Axial Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28140.

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This paper presents a numerical investigation of effects of sloped trench casing treatment over the rotor tip on the aerodynamic performance and stability of a transonic axial compressor rotor (NASA Rotor 37). The axially cutting tip of blade is the marked characteristic of the casing treatment which is differ with casing treatments without adjustment of the blade tip. The numerical method has been verified by experimental results in the case of the smooth casing with the tip clearance of 0.356 mm at the design wheel speed (17188.7 rpm). The simulation results are well consistent with the measurement results. The experiment results of NASA Rotor 37 cite from NASA Lewis Research Center. The simulation results show a performance improvement of the compressor on the sloped trench casing. The flow fields of the smooth and sloped trench casings were compared, and results show the sloped trench geometry provides a barrier to minimize the forward flow from the tip clearance vortex. In addition, the sloped trench allows the forward facing step at the aft end to be replaced by an aerodynamically smooth transition to guide the flow from the recess into the mainstream. These results show a performance improvement of the compressor.
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Kim, Sogkyun, Sean Ellis, and Mark Challener. "Real-Time Engine Modelling of a Three Shafts Turbofan Engine: From Sub-Idle to Max Power Rate." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90656.

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Real-Time Engine Models are required for operation with engine electronic control systems and/or aircraft simulators for functional demonstration. The challenge for Rolls-Royce has been to establish the sub-idle speed behaviour of the engine. This paper covers the development steps by the Civil Aerospace Modelling and Simulation team to resolve this limitation in the models. The real-time engine model is now generated using two non-linear thermodynamic engine models. One of the thermodynamic engine models, normal range, covers the idle to max power range and the other is for sub-idle operation. Previously sub-idle operation was established by extrapolation from the normal range model. However, this method limited control system development by simulation for altitude starting adding time to altitude test programmes in high cost facilities. The requirement for the technique is to obtain the partial derivatives and steady-state data for the whole operating range. For the partial derivative estimation in sub-idle region, a variable perturbation size is introduced and changed according to the different shaft speed so that the sensitivity issue of using a fixed perturbation size in this operating range is resolved. Furthermore, the partial derivative of each parameter from the non-linear models is fine tuned by comparing with the steady-state values for each parameter. The summation of the integrated partial derivatives should be same as the steady-state value of each engine parameter. If an error exists then an adjustment of each integrated partial derivative is conducted according to the relative weight of each integrated partial derivatives contribution to the whole. It is highlighted that error sharing between the integrated partial derivative parameters results in less error during the validation process. The real-time engine model is constructed in state-space modular subsystems in SIMULINK, which include an engine shaft block to generate the engine shaft speeds, and fuel block to generate a signal of engine lit, etc. The database generated by the process of partial derivatives is then used in calculation of engine’s shaft speeds, temperatures and pressures. For the test of the real-time engine model obtained in this study, simulation of engine starting from stationary is conducted. Using a starter torque as the input to the engine model, starter-assisted starting can be achieved. In addition, engine relighting in flight is also conducted. The output of the real-time engine model has been compared with flight test data for engine relight and agreement has been demonstrated.
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Adiba, Salmadhia Putri. "Leverage Adjustment Speed: Evidence in Indonesia." In 7th Sriwijaya Economics, Accounting, and Business Conference (SEABC 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220304.034.

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Sudhapriya, K., A. Amudha, S. Divyapriya, M. Aravind, S. Devaraj, N. Durairaj, and T. Prakash. "Wireless Vehicle Control with Speed Adjustment." In 2022 6th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccmc53470.2022.9753688.

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Schinko, Norbert, Martin Marx, Martin G. Rose, Stephan Staudacher, Jochen Gier, and Norbert Hu¨bner. "“Online Throughflow”: Automatic Simultaneous Simulation of an Axial Flow Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22240.

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A new turbine rig analysis method has been developed at the Institute of Aircraft Propulsion Systems (ILA) at Stuttgart University. This technique is known as “Online Throughflow” and involves the optimized adjustment of the input parameters of a Throughflow Method. The calculation is run whilst the turbine is being tested, achieving a match to measured data in about five minutes. The match between predicted and measured data is expressed as a chi-squared value. This provides a target parameter for a linear optimization procedure. Measured parameters such as inter-row static pressures, torque, mass-flow and rotational speed are used in this context. Input parameters such as row deviation and row loss are adjusted to give an optimized turbine simulation in close to real time. Less than five minutes after taking a data scan of the experimental parameters at inlet to exit from and within the turbine, a converged simulation of the turbine is available. This simulation evaluates many other parameters within the turbine that are not directly measured, e.g. circumferential exit flow angles for all rows of aerofoils. Furthermore the single values of chi-squared from every measured variable can be used to decide if there is an error in the individual measurements. The complete optimizer is programmed in LabView® and is integrated into the data acquisition system of the two-stage “Advanced Turbine Research and Demonstration Rig” (ATRD-Rig), which has been developed in a cooperation of ILA and the MTU Aero Engines (MTU). The testbed, as well as the instrumentation of the specific specimen from which all measurement values for the optimization have been taken, will additionally be described in the paper.
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Dou, Yifang, Yifei Zhao, and Feiquan Li. "Evaluation on Operating Speed of Expressway Sign Speed Adjustment." In 20th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483053.122.

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Reports on the topic "Speed of Adjustment (SOA)"

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Blinder, Alan. More on the Speed of Adjustment in Inventory Models. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1913.

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Menikoff, Ralph. Explosive Products EOS: Adjustment for detonation speed and energy release. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1154960.

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Andrews, Patricia L. Modeling wind adjustment factor and midflame wind speed for Rothermel's surface fire spread model. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-266.

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