Journal articles on the topic 'Speech acts (Linguistics) Semantics. Sociolinguistics'

A study of Thai linguistics works in 2005 shows that most are MA. theses and doctoral dissertations done by Thai students in five universities in Thailand and a few universities in the U.S.. and the UK.. Only three works analyse foreign languages, while the rest investigate the Bangkok Thai dialect. Five main areas are identified: sound and orthography, sociolinguistics, utterance semantics, lexical semantics and syntax-semantic interface. More works focus on the last two areas. With regard to the frameworks used in the analyses, pragmatics, discourse, and speech acts are found most often. Several topics such as village names, politeness, and slang, which have been studied previously, were investigated again in 2005 with different locations or different groups of speakers. Although such investigations may yield additional information on the topics, new questions or new probes into similar data may be preferable.

Recognizing that developing the competences needed to appropriately use linguistic resources according to contextual characteristics (pragmatics) is as important as the cultural-imbedded linguistic knowledge itself (semantics) and that both are equally essential to form competent speakers of English in foreign language contexts, we feel this research relies on corpus linguistics to analyze both the scope and the limitations of the sociolinguistic knowledge and the communicative skills of English students at the university level. To such end, a linguistic corpus was assembled, compared to an existing corpus of native speakers, and analyzed in terms of the frequency, overuse, underuse, misuse, ambiguity, success, and failure of the linguistic parameters used in speech acts. The findings herein describe the linguistic configurations employed to modify levels and degrees of descriptions (salient sematic theme exhibited in the EFL learners´ corpus) appealing to the sociolinguistic principles governing meaning making and language use which are constructed under the social conditions of the environments where the language is naturally spoken for sociocultural exchange.

Culture and language are connected in a myriad ways. Proverbs, rules of turn-taking in conversations, pronouns of power and solidarity, background knowledge to the understanding of conversations, politeness, linguistic relativity, the principle of cooperation, metaphor, metonymy, context, semantic change, discourse, ideology, print culture, oral culture, literacy, sociolinguistics, speech acts, and so forth, are just some of the concepts in which we find obvious connections between culture and language. Several disciplines within the language sciences attempt to analyze, describe, and explain the complex interrelations between the two broad areas. (For a brief and clear survey, see Kramsch 1998). Can we approach this vast variety of topics from a more unified perspective than it is traditionally done and currently available? The present paper focus on such possibilities.

ABSTRACTThe function of apologies is discussed within the context of a model of interaction with two intersecting dimensions – affective and referential meaning. Apologies are defined as primarily social acts conveying affective meaning. The syntactic, semantic, and sociolinguistic features of apologies are described, based on a corpus of 183 apologies. While apology exchanges divided equally between those which used a combination of strategies and those where a single strategy sufficed, almost all apology exchanges involved an explicit apology. An account is provided of the kinds of social relationships and the range of offenses which elicited apologies in this New Zealand corpus.Apologies are politeness strategies, and an attempt is made to relate the relative “weightiness” of the offense (assessed using the factors identified as significant in Brown and Levinson's model of politeness) to features of the apology strategies used to remedy it. Though some support is provided for Brown and Levinson's model, it is suggested that Wolf-son's “bulge” theory more adequately accounts for a number of patterns in the data. In particular, the functions of apologies between friends may be more complex than a simple linear model suggests. (Apologies, politeness, speech functions, New Zealand English, sociolinguistics, pragmatics)

The article deals with the role of the experiment in the study of the language material. As it is known the learning of voices is very difficult, and it requires great attention. In this case it is necessary to use the opportunities of experimental phonetics. It should be stressed that the role of experiment in the investigation of the language facts through experiment has long been proved. The author uses expedient to investigate the acoustic peculiarities of the language voices. The intonation is used to be closely related to the various emotions of a person in the speech acts. In recent years, the application of principles, conceptual schemes, ideas and concepts derived from psycho- and sociolinguistics and linguistic pragmatics in the field of intonation has become widespread. Intonation must be studied at the communicative level. Semantic categories expressed in intonation units usually refer to the communicative components of speech. In the grammatical structure of the sentence, they can correspond to the composition of any length. Accordingly, the "sphere of activity" of intonation units can have different components from word to sentence at the hierarchical level.

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses a number of speech acts and speech genres from English, Polish, and Japanese, approaching them through the words which name them. It is claimed that folk names of speech acts and speech genres are culture-specific and provide an important source of insight into communicative routines most characteristic of a given society; and that to fully exploit this source one must carry Out a rigorous semantic analysis of such names and express the results of this analysis in a culture-independent semantic metalanguage. The author proposes such a metalanguage and illustrates her approach with numerous detailed semantic analyses. She suggests that analyses of speech acts and speech genres carried out in terms of English folk labels are ethnocentric and unsuitable for crosscultural comparison. She tries to show how folk labels of speech acts and speech genres characteristic of a given language reflect salient features of the culture associated with that language, and how the use of the proposed semantic metalanguage, derived from natural language, helps to achieve the desired double goal of insight and rigor in this area of study. (Speech acts, speech genres, semantics, lexicography, language and culture)

This paper discusses the methodology of conceptual history, a branch of the study of the history of political thought which focuses on the changing meanings of political concepts over the course of time. It is suggested here that methodological disputes among historians of political thought frequently arise out of differing theories of language and meaning and that historians should be more open-minded to the idea of combining various research strategies in their work. Conceptual history, for instance, can be viewed as the combination of historical versions of semantics and pragmatics. While the study of the macro-level semantic changes in the language of politics can reveal interesting long-term trends and innovative uses of language, a contextual analysis of speech acts is also needed when the rhetorical aspects of conceptual change are traced. This interaction of semantic and pragmatic analysis in conceptual history is illustrated by examples originating from eighteenth-century political preaching.

The article states that communication in Old Russian as well as in modern Russian discourse is characterized by the use of mono-functional and poly-functional indirect speech acts. Moreover, the important aspect that helps to specify the illocutive functions of indirect speech acts in Old Russian is their verifiability: the verbal or non-verbal response of the interlocutor as well as the frame constructions, which introduce direct speech (preposition). These constructions are also used in the middle of the utterance (interposition) or at the end of the utterance (postposition). The author of the chronicles observes the communicative purposes of both the speaker and the interlocutor, indicating that the given utterance should be regarded as an indirect speech act. By analyzing the use of mono-functional indirect speech acts in the original dialogue fragments of the Tale of Bygone Years, the author works out their typology. The groups of interrogative and non-interrogative indirect speech acts have been singled out, each of them having certain typical characteristics. The semantics of non-interrogative utterances in most cases is connected with the expression of indirect meanings of time and aspect of verbal forms. The use of interrogative utterances as indirect speech acts is mostly connected with the changes not only in the illocutive function, but also in the propositional meaning of the predicative unit: interrogative utterances with negations should be interpreted as affirmative non-interrogative utterances and vice versa. The author comes to the conclusion that the use of modern mono-functional indirect speech acts is traditional, since it is identical to their functioning in Old Russian.

ABSTRACTThis article has two purposes. The first is to examine the relationship between topic and gender on the basis of observation of naturally occurring conversations among all-male, all-female, and mixed gender groups. The second is to undertake an analysis of the relative importance or triviality of these conversations as perceived by the conversants themselves. Several unexpected agreements and differences were found. (Sociolinguistics, conversational topic, gender-related language differences, intuition versus data-based investigation in the study of language, speech acts, English, United States)

The paper discusses a concept of general meaning with reference to various relevant semantic and pragmatic theories. It includes references to Slavic axiological semantics (e.g. Krzeszowski (1997); Puzynina (1992)), Wierzbicka’s (e.g. 1980, 1987) atomic expressions and classical pragmatics theories, such as speech acts, Gricean theory of conversational implicature, politeness theory and and relevance theory.

We explore here what happens in conversation when listeners encounter variation as well as change in semantics. Working within a general Gricean framework, and in ways somewhat akin to the “Cheap Talk” model of Crawford and Sobel (1982) and the “Rational Speech Act” model of Goodman and Frank (2016), we develop here a transactional view of communicative acts, based largely on insights drawn from economics. Taking a novel perspective, we build on what happens when communication misfires rather than examining what makes for successful communication. We see this effort as a demonstration of the utility of taking an economic perspective on linguistic issues, specifically the analysis of communicative acts.

The paper addresses different approaches to the interpretation of the notion ‘interrogativity’ in science. This notion is under constant study in different fields of knowledge, such as philosophy, logics, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, linguistics, literature studies, etc. The paper aims to study approaches to the interpretation of the notion ‘interrogativity’ in linguistics in its different aspects; therefore, the above notion is analyzed in grammar, semantics, stylistics, functional stylistics, pragmatics, theory of speech acts. The author also analyzes the notion in a historical retrospective, providing philosophical and logical background of its appearance in linguistics, where it preserves its epistemological sense. From the linguistic point of view, the semantics, functions and formal ways of representation of the above notion in language are considered in the paper. In the aspect of grammar, formal ways of representation of the above category are analyzed. In the aspect of semantics, the content and various functions are under consideration. From the stylistic point of view, the role of interrogativity in texts of various functional styles (e. g. literary text, scientific text, official documents, journalistic text) is analyzed. Numerous research works concerning the notion of linguistic interrogativity claim that it may be either explicit or implicit. Explicit interrogativity means that the semantics of interrogation is presented in the text by formal means of a question (word order, intonation, question words), while implicit interrogativity presupposes interrogative semantics in statements.

This paper presents a critique of politeness theories. As such, it aims to show the shortcomings and defects of the different theoretical foundations and pragmatic models of politeness. This work is hopefully supposed to be significant for the specialists and analysts in the field of pragmatics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics and conversational analysis, ethnomethodology and communication studies. On the basis of the results of the criticism, it has been concluded that politeness theories suffer from different shortcomings and problems that lessen their efficiency in the successful analysis of interactive communication. Universalism, for instance, is not well-defined by Brown and Levinsons’ theory. Leech’s model is limited to some speech acts. Besides, his model is not clear whether to cover culture-specific as well as cross-cultural aspects of communication.

This paper reports the results of a quasi-experimental effects-of-instruction study examining the efficacy of applying a Cognitive Linguistic (CL) approach to L2 learning of the semantics of English modals. In spite of their frequency in typical input, modal verbs present L2 learners with difficulties, party due to their inherent complexity — modals typically have two divergent senses — a root1 sense and an epistemic sense. ELT textbooks and most grammar books aimed at L2 teachers present the two meanings as homophones, failing to address any systematic semantic patterning in the modal system as a whole. Additionally, ELT texts tend to present modals from a speech act perspective. In contrast, CL analyses (e. g., Langacker 1991; Nuyts 2001; Sweetser 1990; Talmy 1988) offer both a systematic, motivated representation of the relationship between the root and epistemic meanings and a rather precise representation of the semantics of each modal. To test the pedagogical effectiveness of a CL account of modals, an effects-of-instruction study was conducted with three groups of adult, high-intermediate ESL learners: a Cognitive treatment group, a Speech Acts2 treatment group, and a Control group. Results of an ANCOVA indicated that the Cognitive treatment group demonstrated significantly more improvement than the Speech Acts treatment group. The experiment thus lends empirical support for the position that CL, in addition to offering a compelling analytical account of language, may also provide the basis for more effective grammar instruction than that found in most current ELT teaching materials.

Since the era of Greece and Rome in the 4-2 century BC, until this Postmodern one, language has been one of the most central and core issues of philosophical studies. Language and Philosophy both focus on issues related to structure and meaning in natural language, as discussed in the philosophy of language and other disciplines, among others; philosophical theories about meaning and truth, presuppositions, implicatures, speech acts, etc. This article discusses several case studies that illustrate the relationship between the philosophy of language through three branches of linguistics; syntax (Stanley, 2000), semantics (von Fintel, 2001), and pragmatics (Potts, 2005). The results of the study reveal a significance and interdependence between philosophy and language. Philosophy requires language as a means of communicating ideas and also as an object of study in philosophy. Meanwhile, language also badly needs philosophy as a means or method to analyze systematically to get solutions to solving linguistic problems.Keywords: linguistics, philosophy, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

In this paper, I analyze two clause combining strategies in Ossetic that exhibit mixed properties between coordination and subordination. I argue that the ‘mismatch approach’ proposed by Culicover & Jackendoff (1997) and Yuasa & Sadock (2002) is best suited to account for their properties. However, in order to adequately describe the behavior of these constructions in terms of the mismatch approach, appealing to three levels of grammar is required instead of two levels (syntax and semantics) discussed in previous works. This provides a clear argument in favor of models of grammar such as Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), where the syntactic level is split between constituent structure (c-structure) and functional structure (f-structure). The properties of semantic coordination and subordination that have been proposed in earlier work mostly belong to the level of f-structure, and not semantics proper. I argue that the only substantial semantic difference between coordination and adverbial subordination is that the former introduces discourse relations between speech acts, while the latter introduces asserted predicates that link two propositions within the same speech act. I provide definitions of coordination and subordination at all the three levels of grammar formalized in terms of the LFG framework, and discuss the tests that can be used for each of these levels.

Abstract This paper discusses Akan Advice under ethnopragmatics. It adopts persuasion, speech acts of directives and expressives, and Akan proverbs to discuss advice with the insight from Akan culture. The adviser expresses some feelings and emotions and directs the advisee to act and behave towards the benefits of the individual, the group or society. The paper taps data from participant observations and audio taped recordings at arbitrations, marriage and naming ceremonies. There is another data from Adi’s (1973) Akan literature book, Brako that covers pieces of advice on travelling, settlement and occupation. The Akan texts are translated into English and analysed. The analysis covers semantics, pragmatics, stylistic devices, and proverbs.

The paper deals with analysis of verbal and nonverbal information in dialogues about bribes. The dialogue about bribes is one of the types of so called "closed" discourse in which explicit expression of communicative intention is forbidden or at any case legally restricted. Closed discourses are opposed to open ones, in which there are no significant prohibitions on the expression of certain meanings. The restriction on explicit verbalization of bribes leads to contradiction between the need for speakers to express their thoughts clearly, on one hand, and prohibitions of a legal nature – on another. One of the ways to solve this problem is to use non-verbal channels to transfer information – in particular gestures. In dialogues about bribes gesture often replaces and complements speech acts of participants. Examples of interaction between speech of participants of dialogues and their non-verbal behavior are considered. Linguistic semantics and linguistic pragmatics are shown as a metalanguage that allows to transfer sense at the non-verbal level of communication in dialogues about bribes. For this purpose, it is proposed to use metalanguages of non-verbal semiotics and the formal representation of the plot, based on the narrative grammars. The study and description of the interaction between the level of speech and the level of non-verbal communication (primary gestures) is necessary for forensic linguistics in bribery cases. The study of the rules of interaction between verbal and non-verbal is necessary not only for applied linguistics – in particular forensic linguistics, but also for linguistic theory.

Summary In the 1930s lexical semantics came under the influence of Saussurean structuralism and Gestalt psychology. The study of whole lexical fields and the structure of these fields replaced a historical semantics focusing on single words and the classification of the transitions between the meanings of these words over time according to different sets of criteria. At the same time contextualism, the study of meaning in its pragmatic context of language use, began to attract the attention of linguists, philosophers, and psychologists of language. Fully aware of the emergence of structuralism and contextualism, Volo‰inov and Baxtin began to develop their theories of meaning, society and literature, later called dialogism. All three movements dealt with the relativity of meaning, as relativity in a semantic field, as relativity in social context, and as relativity in social interaction and dialogue. This article demonstrates how, in a sometimes hidden dialogue with their Western contemporaries, Valentin Nikolaeviã Volo‰inov (1895–1936) and Mixail Mixajloviã Baxtin (1895–1975) developed new ‘relativistic’ theories of meaning, novel theories of pragmatics (speech acts), and modern theories of verbal interaction.

AbstractMukbang is a Korean livestream where a host eats while interacting with viewers. The eater ‘speaks’ to the viewers while eating and the viewers ‘type’ to each other and to the eater through a live chat room. Using interactional sociolinguistics along with insights from conversation analysis (CA) studies, the present study examines how sociable eating is jointly and multimodally achieved in mukbang. Analyzing sixty-seven mukbang clips, I find that mukbang participants coordinate their actions through speech, written text, and embodied acts, and that this coordination creates involvement and, by extension, establishes both community and social agency. Specifically, recruitments are the basic joint action of eating, as participants, who are taking turns, assume footings of the recruit and the recruiter. The host embodies viewers’ text recruitments through embodied animating and puppeteering. As in street performance, the viewers often offer voluntary donations, and the host shows entertaining gratitude in response. (Mukbang, footing, recruitments, agency, involvement, constructed action, multimodal interaction, computer-mediated discourse)*

Effective communication between people from different cultures requires not only the ability to speak a common language but also an awareness of sociocultural rules and sociolinguistics features, an important one being speech acts the realization of which realization by Emirati non-native speakers of English has not been studied sufficiently. This paper investigates a particularly face-threatening speech act - refusals. It explores Emiratis comfort level and the use of the refusal speech act in communicative exchanges with unknown tourists. The data set consisted of 94 participant responses to a pre-instructional activity in an introductory linguistics class. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data sets. The key findings suggest that both male and female participants were rather comfortable conversing with a tourist couple that they had never met, but male participants reported being more at ease accepting the couples request to take a photo with the tourists at a statistically significant level. While more than half of the participants reported willingness to take the photo with the tourists, approximately 41.5% would decline such a request, with significantly more females declining the request. The most frequent components of the refusal speech act included a statement of regret, a thank-you note, and an excuse, reason, or explanation. Results also showed that linguistic devices for positive politeness purposes were used rather sparingly, and it was mainly the females who used them. Based on the results, it is helpful for visitors to the UAE to be mindful of Emiratis' sociocultural and sociolinguistic behaviors so that the nuances of communication can be understood and responses are appropriate, which can reduce the likelihood of communication breakdowns and increase the well-being of all involved in the interaction.

Without making any reference to traditional linguistic disciplines such as presupposition, implicature and indirect speech acts, this article analyzes how and what implicit meanings were constructed, structured and negotiated through an ambulance request call to the119 call center in Yamagata, Japan in 2011, while enhancing the cogency of the empirical approach independent from analytical theories. Through the occasioned taxonomic analysis of the occasioned semantics of the caller and the call-taker regarding the dispatch, the analysis captured definitive evidence on how a negative response was created from the call-taker’s categorization process. It reveals the process in which the rejection was determined from the talk by the call-taker that was oriented toward and constructed by the conceptual knowledge of motion, which was formulated as ‘walk’. A three-part-list structure was created, which formulated ‘emesis’ into the category of a symptom, but not into that of an illness. The analysis reports that the call-taker’s method of occasioned semantics was operative and systematically patterned. Based on the results of the analysis, with linguistic evidence, the article critically argues that the rejection of an ambulance request was due in large part to the call-taker’s method of categorization when asking questions, which provides an alternative account to that of a previously reported analysis.

Most information systems that deal with natural language texts do not tolerate much deviation from their idealized and simplified model of language. Spoken dialog is notoriously ungrammatical, however. Because the MAREDI project focuses in particular on the automatic analysis of scripted dialogs, we needed to develop a robust capacity to analyze transcribed spoken language. This paper summarizes the current state of our work. It presents the main elements of our approach, which is based on exploiting surface markers as the best route to the semantics of the conversation modelled. We highlight the foundations of our particular conversational model, and give an overview of the MAREDI system. We then discuss its three key modules, a connectionist network to recognise speech acts, a robust syntactic analyzer, and a semantic analyzer.

Abstract Any conception in linguistics and linguistic philosophy that prioritizes the world-disclosing function over the world-representing function of language can be regarded as a kind of linguistic hermeneutics. The paper tries to specify this general thesis by picking up and analysing historical trends in the philosophy of language. It spells out the relationship between the situatedness of locutors in the medium of linguistic practices and the way in which they (through their speech acts) articulate this medium by actualizing possibilities for personal expressivity and interpersonal communication. It is argued that the starting point from the medium that always already transcends the particular speech acts offers an alternative to inferential semantics. From the perspective of linguistic hermeneutics, the world is disclosed and exposed to ongoing articulation in characteristic hermeneutic situations of language use. The concepts of linguistic medium and discursive articulation of the world are treated in terms of hermeneutic trans-subjectivity as enabling all forms of communicative intersubjectivity. If one ignores the fore-structuring role of the former, one would hypostatise the latter. With regard to this claim, the theory of formal pragmatics is critically discussed.

The universality of human language above the diversity of vernaculars as theorized by Noam Chomsky creates the temptation to adapt the same idea to law. There are parallels between language and law, e.g., Latin language and Roman law, the universality, formality, and generativity of the two and the embeddedness of law in language. Chomsky’s universal generative grammar is applicable to law in a direct way but the theory is still extendable to semantics and pragmatics of law. The claim is that generating constructions of elemental constituents is an approved technique of law and jurisprudence as much as of linguistics. The pragmatic dimension of semiotics of law shows the significant contribution of law to consolidating social role of speech acts.

У статті досліджується актоіллокутивний потенціал англійського побутового дискурсу виправдання шляхом зіставлення іллокутивних характеристик частотних у дискурсі виправдання мовленнєвих актів. Спираючись на змодельовані конструкти змісту виправдання, дифенсивну інтенцію мовця визначено передумовою породження дискурсу виправдання. У результаті вивчення наявних у науковій літературі класифікацій мовленнєвих актів визначено, що домінантна іллокутивна сила дискурсу виправдання включає складові інформування та переконування, що типово представлено констативом та асертивом. Власне мовленнєвий акт виправдання визначено як кредитив з включеною перлокуцією винесення виправдального вердикту, яким регулюється міжсуб’єктна взаємодія. Література References Вендлер З. Причинные отношения // Новое в зарубежной лингвистике. – Вып. 18:Логический анализ естественного языка. – М.: Прогресс, 1986. – С. 264–277.Vendler, Z. (1986). Prichinnije otnoshenija [Causal Relations]. 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This paper surveys the research methods and approaches used in the multidisciplinary field of applied language studies or language education over the last fourty years. Drawing on insights gained in psycho- and sociolinguistics, educational linguistics and linguistic anthropology with regard to language and culture, it is organized around five major questions that concern language educators. The first is: How is cultural meaning encoded in the linguistic sign? It discusses how the use of a symbolic system affects thought, how speakers of different languages think differently when speaking, and how speakers of different discourses (across language or in the same language) have different cultural worldviews. The second question is: How is cultural meaning expressed pragmatically through verbal action? It discusses the realization of speech acts across cultures, culturally-inflected conversation analysis, and the use of cultural frames. The third question is: How is culture co-constructed by participants in interaction? It discusses how applied linguistics has moved from a structuralist to a constructivist view of language and culture, from performance to performativity, and from a focus on culture to a focus on historicity and subjectivity. The fourth question is: How is research on language and culture affected by language technologies? The print culture of the book, the virtual culture of the Internet, the online culture of electronic exchanges all have their own ways of redrawing the boundaries of what may be said, written and done within a given discourse community. They are inextricably linked to issues of power and control. The last section explores the current methodological trends in the study of language and culture: the increased questioning and politicization of cultural reality, the increased interdisciplinary nature of research, the growing importance of reflexivity, and the noticeable convergence of intercultural communication studies and applied language studies in the study of language and culture.

The paper explores the key problems of establishing the type of negative information and differentiating between facts and opinions. This is one of the most challenging problems of forensic linguistics that requires a robust methodological framework to be tackled successfully. When faced with this problem, the expert has to deal with the ambiguity of terminology and wording of questions, as well as the complexity of the object of study – the semantics of statements encountered in acts of speech. The paper analyzes the content of key terms traditionally used to address this forensic problem, and offers a possible solution. The so-called “factual square” is a method based on analyzing a statement against four semantic parameters: presence of statement of past action; verifiability of this statement on the basis of specificity of description of the action and its potential observability; lack of alternative, i.e. indication of a different possibility; the purpose of conveying negative information. The paper also analyzes the basic types of factual information and offers specific examples of semantic analysis of statements using the proposed approach.

The article deals with the investigation of fundamentals and present state of multyparadigmal analyses of language units representing the system of coordinates of communication in the Ukrainian, Russian and English languagess. Coordinates of communication are presented in the work as a deictic start-point of communication “I – here – now”, defined by K. Buhler in his “Language Theory” as well as the related language units of the same semantics and functions in the languages. The specifics of these words and word combinations is in their possibility to express different types of reference changing them in frames of a certain context of communication act. Multy-paradigmality is described in the present article as a basis of complex methodology of modern researches on linguistics, in particular, contrastive linguistics and linguistics of translation. Many works of modern linguists have been done based on semantic or / and structural aspects of linguistic and pragmatic analyses of the system of communication coordinates at all or its particular representations (see works by Yu. Apresyan, N. Arytyunova, K. Buhler, K. Brugman, J. Lions, N. Kirvalidze, Ch. Fillmore, etc.). But there has not been done any complex multy-paradigmal researches of communication coordinate system before. Works of such a kind (see the ones by M. Avdonina, N. Zhabo, S. Terekhova, etc.) mainly characterize allomorphic and isomorphic features of the analyzed language units in Russian, English, French, and Ukrainian. This article represents roots, origin and patterns of multy-paradigmality of the characterized language units which are important for the future development of both contrastive linguistics and translation theory. It describes the procedure of multyparadigmal analyses of language units that is appropriate for the above mentioned fields of science. Lexical centric approach and textual centric one, being involved in the investigation, contain complex methodology of functional and semantic categories study that is appropriate for such language categories as deixis, reference, anaphor, etc. It contains complex, multy-paradigmal analyses of units of different language levels denoting “place or direction in space”, “time” and “person” indication. Multy-paradigmal approach provided in the research includes the following stages: 1) conceptual / logical and semantic analyses; 2) language units analyses (including structural, lexical and grammatical, functional and semantic ways of analyses); 3) psycholinguistic analyses (in particular, free associative experiment and its verifying). The results of the above mentioned procedure are supplied additionally with some extra-lingual facts complementing it. They essentially help to simplify the correct comprehension, understanding and learning of communication coordinates representations in speech for foreigners. The tendency to complex analyses of language units of different types has become regular for modern researches on contrastive linguistics as well as linguistics of translation for the last decades, although multyparadigmal investigations are yet less regular than other ones nowadays. The methodology and procedure of multy-paradigmal analyses can be varied partially in accordance with the material and purpose of the research however the principles of multy-paradigmality of both the above mentioned fields of science are out of changes, they are universal for Indo-European languages. The further investigations of multy-paradigmality in languages and translation appear in functional semantics, cognitive linguistics, language and culture studies, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, especially if they are developed based on the contrastive analyses.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the verbal influence (also known as suggestion) realization phenomenon in political discourse, which is usually understood as a holistic combined image of the text (be it an advertisement slogan, a political program, a speech, or an interview) itself and the emotions of its recipient and addressee. and is aimed at a a political subject’s (politics, political force, power) influencing a political object (audience, electorate, voter). The political discourse is studied from the standpoint of Psychology, Communicative Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Speech Acts Theory, Advertisement Theory, PR / GR, Political Linguistics and other related sciences, but it is the involvement of such new methods of studying the linguistic and extralinguistic implementation of suggestion in political discourse, influence being its basic function, that emphasizes the relevance of the work, aimed at studying the manifestations of suggestion in political discourses with the help of NLP’s Milton-model analysis. Contemporary political discourse as an array, which, given the specificity of its functioning in today's information society, is characterized by immanent suggestogenicity is the object of the research; while the essential linguistic features of political discourse as a tool for the realization of its programmed suggestibility are the subject. The factual data of the research is represented by recorded media speeches, political advertisement, political programs and press conference speeches of the politicians heading the governments of Ukraine, USA, France, Spain, Italy, Canada, Germany (about 200 items of each class). The author involves the meta- and Milton-model analysis of the text having been researched and developed in the NLP paradigm in order to isolate the actual linguistic influential patterns (markers of language metamodeling processes, simple, complex and indirect inductions). The linguistic algorithm of Milton-model analysis of political discourses having been researched and visually illustrated with relevant examples combines a complex scientific approach within such multisubstrate science as NLP, and thus it will allow not only to single out dominant strategies of constructing texts and mechanisms of these discourses, but also to highlight the ways to counteract their negative effect, as well as serve in the construction of appropriate planning decisions in the field of optimizing the effectiveness of political communication, emphasized the prospects of the research having been presented in the article, as well as its essential practical value.

The Routledge Handbook of language and culture represents a comprehensive study on the inextricable relationship between language and culture. It is structured into seven parts and 33 chapters. Part 1, Overview and historical background, by Farzad Sharifian, starts with an outline of the book and a synopsis of research on language and culture. The second chapter, John Leavitt’s Linguistic relativity: precursors and transformations discusses further the historical development of the concept of linguistic relativity, identifying different schools’ of thought views on the relation between language and culture. He also tries to demystify some misrepresentations held towards Boas, Sapir, and Whorf’ theories (pp. 24-26). Chapter 3, Ethnosyntax, by Anna Gladkova provides an overview of research on ethnosyntax, starting from the theoretical basis laid by Sapir and Whorf and investigates the differences between a narrow sense of ethnosyntax, which focuses on cultural meanings of various grammatical structures and a broader sense, which emphasises the pragmatic and cultural norms’ impact on the choice of grammatical structures. John Leavitt presents in the fourth chapter, titled Ethnosemantics, a historical account of research on meaning across cultures, introducing three traditions, i.e. ‘classical’ ethnosemantics (also referred to as ethnoscience or cognitive anthropology), Boasian cultural semantics (linguistically inspired anthropology) and Neohumboldtian comparative semantics (word-field theory, or content-oriented Linguistics). In Chapter 5, Goddard underlines the fact that ethnopragmatics investigates emic (or culture-internal) approaches to the use of different speech practices across various world languages, which accounts for the fact that there exists a connection between the cultural values or norms and the speech practices peculiar to a speech community. One of the key objectives of ethnopragmatics is to investigate ‘cultural key words’, i.e. words that encapsulate culturally construed concepts. The concept of ‘linguaculture’ (or languaculture) is tackled in Risager’s Chapter 6, Linguaculture: the language–culture nexus in transnational perspective. The author makes reference to American scholars that first introduced this notion, Paul Friedrich, who looks at language and culture as a single domain in which verbal aspects of culture are mingled with semantic meanings, and Michael Agar, for whom culture resides in language while language is loaded with culture. Risager himself brought forth a new global and transnational perspective on the concept of linguaculture, i.e. the use of language (linguistic practice) is seen as flows in people’s social networks and speech communities. These flows enhance as people migrate or learn new languages, in permanent dynamics. Lidia Tanaka’s Chapter 7, Language, gender, and culture deals with research on language, gender, and culture. According to her, the language-gender relationship has been studied by researchers from various fields, including psychology, linguistics, and anthropology, who mainly consider gender as a construct that preserves inequalities in society, with the help of language, too. Tanaka lists diachronically different approaches to language and gender, focusing on three specific ones: gender stereotyped linguistic resources, semantically, pragmatically or lexically designated language features (including register) and gender-based spoken discourse strategies (talking-time imbalances or interruptions). In Chapter 8, Language, culture, and context, Istvan Kecskes delves into the relationship between language, culture, and context from a socio-cognitive perspective. The author considers culture to be a set of shared knowledge structures that encapsulate the values, norms, and customs that the members of a society have in common. According to him, both language and context are rooted in culture and carriers of it, though reflecting culture in a different way. Language encodes past experience with different contexts, whereas context reflects present experience. The author also provides relevant examples of formulaic language that demonstrate the functioning of both types of context, within the larger interplay between language, culture, and context. Sara Miller’s Chapter 9, Language, culture, and politeness reviews traditional approaches to politeness research, with particular attention given to ‘discursive approach’ to politeness. Much along the lines of the previous chapter, Miller stresses the role of context in judgements of (im)polite language, maintaining that individuals represent active agents who challenge and negotiate cultural as well as linguistic norms in actual communicative contexts. Chapter 10, Language, culture, and interaction, by Peter Eglin focuses on language, culture and interaction from the perspective of the correspondence theory of meaning. According to him, abstracting language and culture from their current uses, as if they were not interdependent would not lead to an understanding of words’ true meaning. David Kronenfeld introduces in Chapter 11, Culture and kinship language, a review of research on culture and kinship language, starting with linguistic anthropology. He explains two formal analytic definitional systems of kinship terms: the semantic (distinctions between kin categories, i.e. father vs mother) and pragmatic (interrelations between referents of kin terms, i.e. ‘nephew’ = ‘child of a sibling’). Chapter 12, Cultural semiotics, by Peeter Torop deals with the field of ‘semiotics of culture’, which may refer either to methodological instrument, to a whole array of methods or to a sub-discipline of general semiotics. In this last respect, it investigates cultures as a form of human symbolic activity, as well as a system of cultural languages (i.e. sign systems). Language, as “the preserver of the culture’s collective experience and the reflector of its creativity” represents an essential component of cultural semiotics, being a major sign system. Nigel Armstrong, in Chapter 13, Culture and translation, tackles the interrelation between language, culture, and translation, with an emphasis on the complexities entailed by translation of culturally laden aspects. In his opinion, culture has a double-sided dimension: the anthropological sense (referring to practices and traditions which characterise a community) and a narrower sense, related to artistic endeavours. However, both sides of culture permeate language at all levels. Chapter 14, Language, culture, and identity, by Sandra Schecter tackles several approaches to research on language, culture, and identity: social anthropological (the limits at play in the social construction of differences between various groups of people), sociocultural (the interplay between an individual’s various identities, which can be both externally and internally construed, in sociocultural contexts), participatory-relational (the manner in which individuals create their social–linguistic identities). Patrick McConvell, in Chapter 15, Language and culture history: the contribution of linguistic prehistory reviews research in this field where historical linguistic evidence is exploited in the reconstruction and understanding of prehistoric cultures. He makes an account of research in linguistic prehistory, with a focus on proto- and early Indo-European cultures, on several North American language families, on Africa, Australian, and Austronesian Aboriginal languages. McConvell also underlines the importance of interdisciplinary research in this area, which greatly benefits from studies in other disciplines, such as archaeology, palaeobiology, or biological genetics. Part four starts with Ning Yu’s Chapter 16, Embodiment, culture, and language, which gives an account of theory and research on the interplay between language, culture, and body, as seen from the standpoint of Cultural Linguistics. Yu presents a survey of embodiment (in embodied cognition research) from a multidisciplinary perspective, starting with the rather universalistic Conceptual Metaphor Theory. On the other hand, Cultural Linguistics has concentrated on the role played by culture in shaping embodied language, as various cultures conceptualise body and bodily experience in different ways. Chapter 17, Culture and language processing, by Crystal Robinson and Jeanette Altarriba deals with research in the field of how culture influence language processing, in particular in the case of bilingualism and emotion, alongside language and memory. Clearly, the linguistic and cultural character of each individual’s background has to be considered as a variable in research on cognition and cognitive processing. Frank Polzenhagen and Xiaoyan Xia, in Chapter 18, Language, culture, and prototypicality bring forth a survey of prototypicality across different disciplines, including cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology. According to them, linguistic prototypes play a critical part in social (re-)cognition, as they are socially diagnostic and function as linguistic identity markers. Moreover, individuals may develop ‘culturally blended concepts’ as a result of exposure to several systems of conceptual categorisation, especially in the case of L2 learning (language-contact or culture-contact situations). In Chapter 19, Colour language, thought, and culture, Don Dedrick investigates the issue of the colour words in different languages and how these influence cognition, a question that has been addressed by researchers from various disciplines, such as anthropology, linguistics, cognitive psychology, or neuroscience. He cannot but observe the constant debate in this respect, and he argues that it is indeed difficult to reach consensus, as colour language occasionally reveals effects of language on thought and, at other times, it is impervious to such effects. Chapter 20, Language, culture, and spatial cognition, by Penelope Brown concentrates on conceptualisations of space, providing a framework for thinking about and referring to objects and events, along with more abstract notions such as time, number, or kinship. She lists three frames of reference used by languages in order to refer to spatial relations, i.e. a) an ‘absolute’ coordinate system, like north, south, east, west; b) a ‘relative’ coordinate system envisaged from the body’s standpoint; and c) an intrinsic, object-centred coordinate system. Chris Sinha and Enrique Bernárdez focus on, in Chapter 21, Space, time, and space–time: metaphors, maps, and fusions, research on linguistic and cultural concepts of time and space, starting with the seminal Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), which they denounce for failing to situate space–time mapping within the broader patterns of culture and world perspective. Sinha and Bernárdez further argue that although it is possible in all cultures for individuals to experience and discuss about events in terms of their duration and succession, the specific words and concepts they use to refer to temporal landmarks temporal and duration are most of the time language and culture specific. Chapter 22, Culture and language development, by Laura Sterponi and Paul Lai provides an account of research on the interplay between culture and language acquisition. They refer to two widely accepted perspectives in this respect: a developmental mechanism inherent in human beings and a set of particular social contexts in which children are ‘initiated’ into the cultural meaning systems. Both perspectives define culture as “both related to the psychological make-up of the individual and to the socio-historical contexts in which s/he is born and develops”. Anna Wierzbicka presents, in Chapter 23, Language and cultural scripts discusses representations of cultural norms which are encoded in language. She contends that the system of meaning interpretation developed by herself and her colleagues, i.e. Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), may easily be used to capture and convey cultural scripts. Through NSM cross-cultural experiences can be captured in a thorough manner by using a reduced number of conceptual primes which seem to exist in all languages. Chapter 24, Culture and emotional language, by Jean-Marc Dewaele brings forth the issue of the relationship between language, culture, and emotion, which has been researched by cultural and cognitive psychologists and applied linguists alike, although with some differences in focus. He considers that within this context, it is important to see differences between emotion contexts in bilinguals, since these may lead to different perceptions of the self. He infers that generally, culture revolves around the experience and communication of emotions, conveyed through linguistic expression. The fifth part starts with Chapter 25, Language and culture in sociolinguistics, by Meredith Marra, who underlines that culture is a central concept in Interactional Sociolinguistics, where language is considered as social interaction. In linguistic interaction, culture, and especially cultural differences are deemed as a cause of potential miscommunication. Mara also remarks that the paradigm change in sociolinguistics, from Interactional Sociolinguistics to social constructionism reshaped ‘culture’ into a more dynamic as well as less rigid concept. Claudia Strauss’ Chapter 26, Language and culture in cognitive anthropology deals with the relationship between human society and human thought/thinking. The author contends that cognitive anthropologists may be subdivided into two groups, i.e. ones that are concerned with the process of thinking (cognition-in-practice scholars), and the others focusing on the product of thinking or thoughts (concerned with shared cultural understandings). She goes on to explore how different approaches to cognitive anthropology have counted on units of language, i.e. lexical items and their meanings, along with larger chunks of discourse, as information, which may represent learned cultural schemata. Part VI starts with Chapter 27, Language and culture in second language learning, by Claire Kramsch, in which she makes a survey of the definition of ‘culture’ in foreign language learning and its evolution from a component of literature and the arts to a more comprehensive purport, that of culturally appropriate use of language, along with an appropriate use of sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic norms. According to her, in the postmodern era, communication is not only mere transmission of information, it represents construal and positioning of the self and of self-identity. Chapter 28, Writing across cultures: ‘culture’ in second language writing studies, by Dwight Atkinson focuses on the usefulness of culture in second-language writing (SLW). He reviews several approaches to the issue: contrastive rhetoric (dealing with the impact of first-language patterns of text organisation on writers in a second language), or even alternate notions, like‘ cosmopolitanism’, ‘critical multiculturalism’, and hybridity, as of late native culture is becoming irrelevant or at best far less significant. Ian Malcolm tackles, in Chapter 29, Language and culture in second dialect learning, the issue of ‘standard’ Englishes (e.g., Standard American English, Standard Australian English) versus minority ‘non-standard’ speakers of English. He deplores the fact that in US specialist literature, speaking the ‘non-standard’ variety of English was associated with cognitive, cultural, and linguistic insufficiency. He further refers to other specialists who have demonstrated that ‘non-standard’ varieties can be just as systematic and highly structured as the standard variety. Chapter 30, Language and culture in intercultural communication, by Hans-Georg Wolf gives an account of research in intercultural education, focusing on several paradigms, i.e. the dominant one, investigating successful functioning in intercultural encounters, the minor one, exploring intercultural understanding and the ‘deconstructionist, and or postmodernist’. He further examines different interpretations of the concepts associated with intercultural communication, including the functionalist school, the intercultural understanding approach and a third one, the most removed from culture, focusing on socio-political inequalities, fluidity, situationality, and negotiability. Andy Kirkpatrick’s Chapter 31, World Englishes and local cultures gives a synopsis of research paradigm from applied linguistics which investigates the development of Englishes around the world, through processes like indigenisation or nativisation of the language. Kirkpatrick discusses the ways in which new Englishes accommodate the culture of the very speech community which develops them, e.g. adopting lexical items to express to express culture-specific concepts. Speakers of new varieties could use pragmatic norms rooted in cultural values and norms of the specific new speech community which have not previously been associated with English. Moreover, they can use these new Englishes to write local literatures, often exploiting culturally preferred rhetorical norms. Part seven starts with Chapter 32, Cultural Linguistics, by Farzad Sharifian gives an account of the recent multidisciplinary research field of Cultural Linguistics, which explores the relationship between language and cultural cognition, particularly in the case of cultural conceptualisations. Sharifian also brings forth illustrations of how cultural conceptualisations may be linguistically encoded. The last chapter, A future agenda for research on language and culture, by Roslyn Frank provides an appraisal of Cultural Linguistics as a prospective path for research in the field of language and culture. She states that ‘Cultural Linguistics could potentially create a paradigm that “successfully melds together complementary approaches, e.g., viewing language as ‘a complex adaptive system’ and bringing to bear upon it concepts drawn from cognitive science such as ‘distributed cognition’ and ‘multi-agent dynamic systems theory’.” She further asserts that Cultural Linguistics has the potential to function as “a bridge that brings together researchers from a variety of fields, allowing them to focus on problems of mutual concern from a new perspective” and most likely unveil new issues (as well as solutions) which have not been evident so far. In conclusion, the Handbook will most certainly serve as clear and coherent guidelines for scholarly thinking and further research on language and culture, and also open up new investigative vistas in each of the areas tackled.

Evidential constructions have two main semantic effects: They contribute information about an individual's source of evidence, and they potentially modify the force of a sentence. In this article, I review the at-issue status of the evidential information, the indexical and anaphoric properties of evidentials, their force-modifying effect, and the connection throughout to epistemic modality. In some languages, evidentials occur as part of the grammatical morphology, but evidential information can be expressed through a variety of constructions across languages. As such, the study of evidentiality highlights the important role of cross-linguistic semantics and the collaboration between language typology and linguistic semantics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 7 is January 14, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

AbstractThis article discusses how stylization sheds light on the role of authenticity as an increasingly relevant concept in sociolinguistics. Building on research on style, crossing, and mock language use, the article demonstrates how multilingual stylization provides speakers with a wider range of resources for navigating and negotiating borders and identities. Stylization is increasingly important since modernist linkages between language and the categories of nation and ethnicity still exert authority over how authenticity is ascribed. At the same time, transcultural flows offer speakers more opportunity to cross and challenge borders linguistically. When speakers begin to stylize one another’s languages, however, the thorny issue of interpretation arises since stylized speech can be understood as mocking the speakers of the language being stylized. While studies of dialect stylization have explored these issues for over a decade, research on multilingual stylization is less developed. Accordingly, this special issue examines the role that authenticity plays in the production and interpretation of stylization. A continuum of stylization is presented that places mocking on one end (to refer to stylization that leads to insult) and style on the other (to represent acts of identity), while keeping open the possibility that all acts of stylization can ultimately be understood as acts of identity, given the right framings and stances expressed by the speakers.

Abstract This paper focuses on the sociolinguistic effects of tightening job markets in applied linguistics, and situates the discussion within the time-space compression of late modernist capitalist enterprises using frameworks in the sociolinguistics of mobility, political economy and raciolinguistics. The paper focuses on single-utterance speech acts of reservation conspicuously invoked to frame the discourse of dissent on the part of committee members in high-stakes interview encounters. Focusing on locally-sourced data collected in a publicly-funded, U.S. university, the paper examines how macro-contexts of skill oversaturation in the job market serve to frame enactments of stance in these high-stakes interactional microcosms while pointing to novel epistemological trending in complexity, conviviality and cosmopolitan encounter.

AbstractWesterners are often depicted in intercultural communication literature as direct and Asians indirect when they communicate. If their communication styles are so different, however, how can they understand each other and collaborate in the workplace? The present article looks at internal e-mail communication in the workplace. More specifically, the aim of this article is twofold: first, to analyze the way Western employees formulate three different speech acts (request, criticism, and disagreement) when writing internal work e-mails to their Asian colleagues, and second, to examine the way these e-mails are perceived by the Asian employees in terms of politeness, friendliness, and clarity. The data consists of 182 elicited e-mails produced by Western employees using role enactment and 33 perception questionnaires collected in different Asian business units of an international company. The procedure to analyze the elicited e-mails is inspired by the CCSARP while the questionnaires are analyzed following sociolinguistics studies. Last, the discussion of the results is anchored partly in the ongoing East-West politeness debate.

“Never swear even if you are righteous” is an inherent statement that reflects the psychological, sociological, as well as structural characteristics of swearing and oath making in the individual’s life. This paper tries to present an introduction to the speech act of swearing and oath making. Pragmatics is a moderately new order whose nature of request crosses with that of various other sociologies, like phonetics, applied etymology, basic talk examination, semantics, sociolinguistics, human science, brain research and humanities. Pragmatics does not have its procedure; however, it draws upon the system utilized in other sociologies. As the field of pragmatics is expansive and covers an assortment of strands, from the investigation of contextualized sentence meaning to the investigation of significance in the manner by which information is gathered and examined relies upon the sober-minded viewpoint received by the specialist, just as on the object of study. This paper has zeroed in on socio-pragmatics as its approach to handling the selected subject; to be specific, on the investigation of the basic standards of speaker and listener significance as reflected in the (fitting) acknowledgement of discourse acts, the association of discussion, affableness appearances and socio-pragmatic variety. It hypothesizes that swearing, oaths are deeds that are socially influenced, and so that they should, socio- pragmatically studied. It aims to show the socio-pragmatics insight of the use of swearing and oaths by answering the raised questions. The questions are as follows; Do swearing and oaths have significance in “Othello”? Do Swearing and oaths differ from one person to another? Does the position of the individual influence the swearing and the oaths of the person? Does sex affect the use of swearing and oaths? The paper is limited to Shakespeare’s “Othello” as a text that has many reflections for the use of swears and oaths. It ends with a conclusion that sums up the results of the discussion.

Актуальность рассматриваемой проблемы в общелингвистическом аспекте связана с региональным варьированием русского языка, а в частноязыковедческом плане с недостаточной его изученностью на территории РСО-А. Такое изучение дает возможность познакомиться с особенностями его функционирования в поликультурном пространстве, взаимодействием с различными сферами осетинской языковой картины мира, а также выявить региональные культурные маркеры. Цель исследования состоит в изучении в коммуникативном пространстве РСО-А лексико-семантических особенностей регионального варианта русского языка, обусловленных лексическими заимствованиями из осетинского языка, отражающими воздействие осетинской культуры на русскую региональную культуру. Для достижения поставленной цели использовались следующие методы: описательный (сбор материала, обработка, интерпретация и обобщение), включающий приемы сопоставления, типологизации анализируемого материала; социолингвистический (методика наблюдения, включающая анкетирование, интервьюирование, эксперимент); лингвокультурологический, предусматривающий исследование языковых явлений в тесной связи с культурой носителей языка. Научная новизна работы заключается в том, что в ней исследованы актуальные, социально и культурно значимые для современного местного русскоязычного социума осетинские регионализмы, выявлены сферы языковой картины мира носителей русского языка, наиболее подверженные влиянию со стороны осетинского языка. Установлено, что функционирование осетинских локализмов носителями русского языка обусловлено психологическим, социальным, культурным взаимодействием с носителями осетинского языка. Динамика функционирования регионализмов зависит не только от их собственного языкового «веса», но и культурной значимости. Доказано, что использование русскоязычными говорящими осетинских регионализмов не ощущается ими в качестве непрестижного, а рассматривается как средство их идентификации в культурном пространстве своего региона, что обусловлено как историческими, так и социокультурными причинами. В результате исследования авторы пришли к выводу о связи регионального варианта русского языка на территории РСО-А с процессом заимствования, который демонстрирует различную степень освоения и тем самым устойчивого и ситуативного употребления заимствованного из осетинского языка слова в русском высказывании. Лексико-семантическая специфика регионального варианта русского языка на территории РСО-А заключается в том, что он включает в свой состав определенное количество осетинских регионализмов, заполняющих существующие лакуны в основном в сфере бытового общения. Употребление осетинских регионализмов носителями русского языка всегда мотивировано: регионализм выступает в качестве единицы особого номинативного, семантического, экспрессивного содержания, функционирующей в ситуации непринужденного общения, когда социальный контроль за речью проявляется в меньшей степени. Именно эти качества обеспечивают устойчивость региональных явлений в русском языке. Регионализмы неоднородны в лексико-грамматическом и семантико-тематическом аспектах. The relevance of the problem under consideration in the general linguistic aspect is associated with regional variation of the Russian language, and in the special linguistic plan with insufficient knowledge of it in the territory of North Ossetia-Alania. Such study makes it possible to get acquainted with the features of its functioning in a multicultural space, interaction with various areas of the Ossetian language picture of the world, as well as identify regional cultural markers. The purpose of the study is to study in the communicative space of North Ossetia-Alania the lexical and semantic features of the regional version of the Russian language, due to lexical borrowings from the Ossetian language, reflecting the impact of Ossetian culture on Russian regional culture. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: descriptive (collection of material, processing, interpretation and generalization), including methods of comparison, typology of the analyzed material; sociolinguistic (observation technique, including questioning, interviewing, experiment); linguoculturological, involving the study of linguistic phenomena in close connection with the culture of native speakers. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it investigated the Ossetian regionalisms that are relevant, socially and culturally significant for the modern local Russian-speaking society, identified areas of the linguistic picture of the world of native speakers of the Russian language that are most affected by the Ossetian language. It is established that the functioning of Ossetian localisms by native speakers of the Russian language is due to psychological, social, cultural interaction with native speakers of the Ossetian language. The dynamics of the functioning of regionalisms depends not only on their own linguistic "weight", but also on cultural significance. It is proved that the use of Ossetian regionalisms by Russian-speaking speakers is not perceived by them as non-prestigious, but is considered as a means of identifying them in the cultural space of their region, which is due to both historical and sociocultural reasons. As a result of the work done, the following results were obtained. The regional version of the Russian language in the territory of the North Ossetia-Alania is associated with the borrowing process, which demonstrates a different degree of development and thereby the sustainable and situational use of the word borrowed from the Ossetian language in the Russian utterance. The lexical and semantic specificity of the regional version of the Russian language on the territory of North Ossetia-Alania lies in the fact that it includes a certain number of Ossetian regionalisms that fill the existing gaps mainly in the field of everyday communication. The use of Ossetian regionalisms by native speakers of the Russian language is always motivated: regionalism acts as a unit of special nominative, semantic, expressive content, functioning in a situation of informal communication, when social control over speech is manifested to a lesser extent. It is these qualities that ensure the sustainability of regional phenomena in the Russian language. Regionalisms are heterogeneous in the lexical-grammatical and semantic-thematic aspects.

Warnings and Prohibitions as Means of Exerting Influence on the Addressee in Seventeenth– Eighteenth-Century Ukrainian SermonsIn religious communication, psychological influence – as a result of which a person should change their subjective features (value orientations, ways of conduct, etc.) – is aimed at fostering compliance with religious norms. The tasks of a priest include religious education and correcting people’s behaviour, warning them against acts which contradict Christian values, in other words: preventing people from committing sins. This task is best achieved by means of verbal persuasion used in sermons.This paper offers a diachronic analysis of speech acts of warning and prohibition (preventives and prohibitives) on the basis of written monuments of the Ukrainian language: Ukrainian sermons from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the analysed sermons, they are used in order to achieve the aim of preventing sinful conduct. They refer both to everyday situations and to moral attitudes in general.In the texts under consideration, the semantics of warning and prohibition is conveyed using means of expression from different levels. At the lexical level, they are verbs with the general meaning ‘to warn’, ‘to be afraid’, and verbs of action creating a distance between the individual and sinful feelings, thoughts and actions: ‘to escape’, ‘to reject’. Words and phrases denoting cognitive processes play the role of discourse markers: ‘to know’, ‘to be aware of’, ‘to remind’.The speech acts of warning and prohibition are most frequently expressed with verbs in the form of negative imperative. One specific aspect of the use of preventives is that they are supplemented with recommendations which the addressee may accept of his/her own will.The preacher uses various rhetorical strategies to enhance the convincing function of warnings, such as references to widely known cases from the past (precedential phenomena), quotations from the Holy Scripture, and preventive exhortations. In order to better convince the congregation and urge them to follow the model of proper conduct, the preacher uses various means of expression: epithets conveying negative valuation, and stylistic figures: amplification, gradation, pairs of synonyms.The material under consideration makes it possible to conclude that the Ukrainian language of the seventeenth–eighteenth centuries had a considerable potential in terms of verbal persuasion, and opens prospects for the study of its dynamics. Ostrzeżenia i zakazy jako środki wywierania wpływu na adresata w XVII–XVIII-wiecznych kazaniach ukraińskich W komunikacji religijnej psychologiczne oddziaływanie na osobę nastawione na zmianę subiektywnych cech (wyznawanych wartości, zachowania itp.) ma na celu propagowanie życia w zgodzie z normami religijnymi. Do zadań kapłana należy wychowanie i poprawa ludzkich zachowań, ostrzeganie przed czynami i działaniami sprzecznymi z wartościami chrześcijańskimi, a więc zapobieganie grzechowi. Najskuteczniejszym środkiem realizacji tego celu w działalności homiletycznej jest zastosowanie perswazji słownej.Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę diachroniczną dwóch typów aktów mowy o charakterze dyrektywnym: ostrzeżeń i zakazów (prewentywów i prohibitywów), przeprowadzoną na materiale zabytków piśmiennictwa ukraińskiego – XVII–XVIII-wiecznych kazaniach ukraińskich. W analizowanych kazaniach środki te odnoszą się zarówno do sytuacji życia codziennego, jak i ogólnych postaw moralnych, a ich zastosowanie ma na celu zapobieganie grzesznemu zachowaniu.W badanych tekstach semantyka zakazu i ostrzeżenia jest wyrażana na różnych poziomach. Na poziomie słownictwa są to czasowniki o ogólnym znaczeniu ‘ostrzegać’, ‘bać się’, a także czasowniki oznaczające działania wprowadzające dystans pomiędzy adresatem a grzesznymi uczuciami, myślami i działaniami: ‘uciekać’, ‘odrzucać’. Rolę znaczników dyskursu pełnią słowa i frazy oznaczające procesy kognitywne: ‘znać’, ‘wiedzieć’, ‘przypominać’. Ostrzeżenia i zakazy są najczęściej wyrażane czasownikami w formie przeczącej trybu rozkazującego. Jednym ze szczególnych aspektów ich zastosowania jest to, że są one uzupełniane zaleceniami, które adresat może zaakceptować z własnej woli.Kaznodzieja stosuje różne strategie retoryczne, żeby wzmocnić perswazyjną funkcję ostrzeżeń. Należą do nich odwołania do znanych zjawisk (zjawisk precedensowych), cytaty z Pisma Świętego czy zapobiegawcze zaklinania. Aby lepiej przekonać wiernych i nakłonić ich do przestrzegania modelu właściwego zachowania, stosuje różne środki wyrazu: epitety wyrażające negatywną ocenę, jak również figury stylistyczne: amplifikację, gradację czy pary synonimów.Badany materiał skłania do wniosku, że język ukraiński XVII–XVIII wieku miał znaczny potencjał w zakresie perswazji słownej i otwiera perspektywy badań nad dynamiką jej rozwoju.

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