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Journal articles on the topic 'Speculaur reflection'

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Published: 20 July 2024

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1

Wendt, Florian, and Robert Höldrich. "Precedence effect for specular and diffuse reflections." Acta Acustica 5 (December 16, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2020027.

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Studies on the precedence effect are typically conducted by presenting two identical sounds simulating direct sound and specular reflection. However, when a sound is reflected from irregular surface, it is redirect into many directions resulting in directional and temporal diffusion. This contribution introduces a simulation of Lambertian diffusing reflections. The perceptual influences of diffusion are studied in a listening experiment; echo thresholds and masked thresholds of specular and diffuse reflections are measured. Results show that diffusion makes the reflections more easily detectable than specular reflections of the same total energy. Indications are found that this mainly due to temporal diffusion, while the directional diffusion has little effect. Accordingly, the modeling of the echo thresholds is achieved by a temporal alignment of the experimental data based on the energy centroid of reflection responses. For the modeling of masked threshold the temporal masking pattern for forward masking is taken into account.

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2

Balakhonova, N. A., A. A. Kats, I. S. Spevak, and A. V. Kats. "Suppression of Specular Reflection from a Well-Reflecting Surface." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 52, no. 12 (1998): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v52.i12.40.

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3

Kempic, Joy, Gary S. Olacsi, and Robert J. Beaton. "Human Factors Assessment of ISO 9241-7, “Requirements for Displays with Reflections.”." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 22 (October 1998): 1555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804202205.

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This work evaluated the recently-published ISO 9241-7 “Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part 7: Requirements for display with reflections” technical standard in terms of the readability of text passages presented on CRT displays. The effects of five illumination conditions and two screen contrast polarities on Tinker Reading Test scores (i.e., reading times and errors) were assessed for seven CRT/anti-reflection filter configurations. The readability scores were compared to ISO 9241-7 compliance classifications obtained for the seven CRT displays, as well as to two contrast metrics underlying the ISO 9241-7 compliance classifications: screen image luminance ratio and specular reflection luminance ratio. The findings show that only the specular reflection luminance ratio for large-area, negative polarity correlated with reading times. The present findings, along with those in a companion work (Olacsi, Kempic, and Beaton, 1998), contribute to the understanding of CRT viewability in glare environments and point out some shortcomings of ISO 9241-7. In particular, the findings indicate that specular reflections from CRTs degrade image quality more than do diffuse reflections, and, therefore, the importance of specular reflections is underemphasized in the ISO 9241-7 standard.

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Olacsi, Gary S., Joy Kempic, and Robert J. Beaton. "Human Factors Assessment of ISO 9241-7, “Requirements for Displays with Reflections”." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 22 (October 1998): 1560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804202206.

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This work evaluated the recently-published ISO 9241-7 “Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) - Part 7: Requirements for display with reflections” technical standard in terms of perceived image quality judgments for CRT displays. The effects of five illumination conditions and two screen contrast polarities on image quality were assessed for seven CRT/anti-reflection filter configurations. Participants judged the image quality of the displays after reading text passages on the screen. Image quality judgments then were compared to ISO 9241-7 compliance classifications, as well as to two metrics inherent to the standard: screen image luminance ratio and specular reflection luminance ratio. The findings of this work (along with Kempic, Olacsi, and Beaton, 1998) contribute to a human factors justification of ISO 9241-7 and point up several shortcomings in this international standard. In particular, the findings indicate that specular reflections from CRTs degrade image quality more than do diffuse reflections, and, therefore, the importance of specular reflections is understated in the ISO 9241-7 standard.

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5

Yang, Xin Mi, Ge Lan Jiang, Xue Guan Liu, and Cheng Xiang Weng. "Suppression of Specular Reflections by Metasurface with Engineered Nonuniform Distribution of Reflection Phase." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/560403.

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We make preliminary investigations on a new approach to reducing radar cross section (RCS) of conducting objects. This approach employs novel planar metasurfaces characterizing nonuniform distribution of reflection phase. The operation principle of this approach and the design rule of the associated metasurfaces are explained using a simplified theoretical model. We then present a design example of such metasurfaces, in which three-layer stacked square patches with variable sizes are utilized as the reflecting elements. The proposed RCS-reduction approach is verified by both numerical simulations and measurements on the example, under the assumption of normal plane wave incidence. It is observed that, in a fairly wide frequency band (from 3.6 to 5.5 GHz), the presented example is capable of suppressing the specular reflections of conducting plates significantly (by more than 7 dB) for two orthogonal incident polarizations.

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6

Kopanas, Georgios, Thomas Leimkühler, Gilles Rainer, Clément Jambon, and George Drettakis. "Neural Point Catacaustics for Novel-View Synthesis of Reflections." ACM Transactions on Graphics 41, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3550454.3555497.

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View-dependent effects such as reflections pose a substantial challenge for image-based and neural rendering algorithms. Above all, curved reflectors are particularly hard, as they lead to highly non-linear reflection flows as the camera moves. We introduce a new point-based representation to compute Neural Point Catacaustics allowing novel-view synthesis of scenes with curved reflectors, from a set of casually-captured input photos. At the core of our method is a neural warp field that models catacaustic trajectories of reflections, so complex specular effects can be rendered using efficient point splatting in conjunction with a neural renderer. One of our key contributions is the explicit representation of reflections with a reflection point cloud which is displaced by the neural warp field, and a primary point cloud which is optimized to represent the rest of the scene. After a short manual annotation step, our approach allows interactive high-quality renderings of novel views with accurate reflection flow. Additionally, the explicit representation of reflection flow supports several forms of scene manipulation in captured scenes, such as reflection editing, cloning of specular objects, reflection tracking across views, and comfortable stereo viewing. We provide the source code and other supplemental material on https://repo-sam.inria.fr/fungraph/neural_catacaustics/

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7

Lim, Wooju. "Robust specular reflection removal and visibility enhancement of endoscopic images using 3-channel thresholding technique and image inpainting." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 7 (December 15, 2020): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i7.2164.

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Specular reflections create artifacts in endoscopic images, which may lead to misdiagnosis. In this paper, we propose a method for robust removal of specular reflections by using a thresholding technique in each of the RGB channels to segment the specular reflections from images. We further use dilation to ensure full local segmentation and inpainting to replace the areas of reflections with non-specular regions. Our method also provides a visibility enhancement feature to improve the decreased brightness due to the reflection removal by using the gamma-correction, histogram shift, and histogram equalization. On the Iparkmall Clinic dataset, our method has achieved average Peak-to-Signal-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 42.62dB with a standard deviation of 5.80 dB and a minimum value of 23.3 dB. The average processing time was 219ms, enabling average 4 5 frames per second (FPS) processing speed on an Intel i7 processor.

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8

Niemitz, Lorenzo, Stefan D. van der Stel, Simon Sorensen, Walter Messina, Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Sekar, Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Theo J. M. Ruers, and Ray Burke. "Microcamera Visualisation System to Overcome Specular Reflections for Tissue Imaging." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2023): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051062.

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In vivo tissue imaging is an essential tool for medical diagnosis, surgical guidance, and treatment. However, specular reflections caused by glossy tissue surfaces can significantly degrade image quality and hinder the accuracy of imaging systems. In this work, we further the miniaturisation of specular reflection reduction techniques using micro cameras, which have the potential to act as intra-operative supportive tools for clinicians. In order to remove these specular reflections, two small form factor camera probes, handheld at 10 mm footprint and miniaturisable to 2.3 mm, are developed using different modalities, with line-of-sight to further miniaturisation. (1) The sample is illuminated via multi-flash technique from four different positions, causing a shift in reflections which are then filtered out in a post-processing image reconstruction step. (2) The cross-polarisation technique integrates orthogonal polarisers onto the tip of the illumination fibres and camera, respectively, to filter out the polarisation maintaining reflections. These form part of a portable imaging system that is capable of rapid image acquisition using different illumination wavelengths, and employs techniques that lend themselves well to further footprint reduction. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system with validating experiments on tissue-mimicking phantoms with high surface reflection, as well as on excised human breast tissue. We show that both methods can provide clear and detailed images of tissue structures along with the effective removal of distortion or artefacts caused by specular reflections. Our results suggest that the proposed system can improve the image quality of miniature in vivo tissue imaging systems and reveal underlying feature information at depth, for both human and machine observers, leading to better diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

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9

Marcinczak, Jan Marek, and Rolf-Rainer Grigat. "Closed Contour Specular Reflection Segmentation in Laparoscopic Images." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/593183.

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Segmentation of specular reflections is an essential step in endoscopic image analysis; it affects all further processing steps including segmentation, classification, and registration tasks. The dichromatic reflectance model, which is often used for specular reflection modeling, is made for dielectric materials and not for human tissue. Hence, most recent segmentation approaches rely on thresholding techniques. In this work, we first demonstrate the limited accuracy that can be achieved by thresholding techniques and propose a hybrid method which is based on closed contours and thresholding. The method has been evaluated on 269 specular reflections in 49 images which were taken from 27 real laparoscopic interventions. Our method improves the average sensitivity by 16% compared to the state-of-the-art thresholding methods.

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10

Schleicher, J., P. Hubral, and M. Tygel. "Nonspecular reflections from a curved interface." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 8 (August 1991): 1203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443140.

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If an incident wavefield hits a curved interface that possesses certain inflection points, there may exist “nonspecular” events in the reflected field that cannot be explained by real ray theory. The magnitude of such events can reach the order of the specular ones and can be expressed in terms of specular reflections at certain points on the analytic continuation of the interface. In fact, specular reflected “complex rays,” connecting complex reflection points with the observation point, are used to explain such events. Previous results obtained for acoustic calculations, involving an incident plane wave and a perfectly soft reflector, are extended to arbitrary velocity and density contrasts, as well as to an incident far‐field cylindrical wavefield. Moreover, the agreement between analytic results and independent computations using a finite‐differences scheme is shown. It confirms the existence of nonspecular reflections. The interpreter of a seismic section should, therefore, be aware of not attributing a subsurface interface to a nonspecular reflection, e.g., at a flank of a saltdome.

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11

El hani, Rachid, and Jean-Jacques Laurin. "Specular Reflection Analysis for Off-Specular Reflectarray Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 61, no. 7 (July 2013): 3575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2013.2243095.

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12

Marston, Philip L., Timothy D. Daniel, and Auberry R. Fortuner. "Specular reflection contributions to dynamic radiation forces on highly reflecting spheres (L)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150, no. 1 (July 2021): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0005438.

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13

Tygel, M., J. Schleicher, P. Hubral, and C. Hanitzsch. "Multiple weights in diffraction stack migration." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 12 (December 1993): 1820–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443397.

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Three‐dimensional (3-D) prestack diffraction‐stack migration methods (often called Kirchhoff migration/inversion) play a fundamental role in seismic imaging. In addition to estimating the location of arbitrarily curved reflectors and the angle‐dependent reflection coefficients upon them, they can also be used to provide useful kinematic and dynamic information about the specular reflection ray that connects the source and receiver via the unknown reflecting interface. This is achieved by performing a diffraction stack more than once upon the same seismic data set using identical stacking surfaces but different weights. Some of these weights can be applied simultaneously, i.e., as a weight‐vector. The approach offers the possibility of determining various useful quantities that help to compute and interpret migrated reflections. The vector‐weighted diffraction stack is principally intended to economize the amplitude‐preserving migration that normally would require a large amount of dynamic ray tracing. A simple 2-D synthetic example shows how the method works in principle.

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14

Jo, Sangho, Ohtae Jang, Chaitali Bhattacharyya, Minjun Kim, Taeseok Lee, Yewon Jang, Haekang Song, Hyukmin Kwon, Saebyeol Do, and Sungho Kim. "S-LIGHT: Synthetic Dataset for the Separation of Diffuse and Specular Reflection Images." Sensors 24, no. 7 (April 3, 2024): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24072286.

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Several studies in computer vision have examined specular removal, which is crucial for object detection and recognition. This research has traditionally been divided into two tasks: specular highlight removal, which focuses on removing specular highlights on object surfaces, and reflection removal, which deals with specular reflections occurring on glass surfaces. In reality, however, both types of specular effects often coexist, making it a fundamental challenge that has not been adequately addressed. Recognizing the necessity of integrating specular components handled in both tasks, we constructed a specular-light (S-Light) DB for training single-image-based deep learning models. Moreover, considering the absence of benchmark datasets for quantitative evaluation, the multi-scale normalized cross correlation (MS-NCC) metric, which considers the correlation between specular and diffuse components, was introduced to assess the learning outcomes.

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15

Toperverg, B. P. "Specular reflection and off-specular scattering of polarized neutrons." Physica B: Condensed Matter 297, no. 1-4 (March 2001): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(00)00865-6.

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16

Babovsky, Hans. "Derivation of stochastic reflection laws from specular reflection." Transport Theory and Statistical Physics 16, no. 1 (February 1987): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00411458708204299.

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17

Wen, Sijia, Yinqiang Zheng, and Feng Lu. "Polarization Guided Specular Reflection Separation." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 30 (2021): 7280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3104188.

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18

Currie, Pamela. "Specular Moment: Moment for Reflection." Oxford German Studies 32, no. 1 (January 2003): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ogs.2003.32.1.105.

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19

Lipperheide, R., H. Fiedeldey, H. Leeb, G. Reiss, and S. A. Sofianos. "Inversion in neutron specular reflection." Physica B: Condensed Matter 213-214 (August 1995): 914–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(95)00321-y.

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20

Irawan, Piti, and Steve Marschner. "Specular reflection from woven cloth." ACM Transactions on Graphics 31, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2077341.2077352.

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21

Thomas, R. K. "The specular reflection of neutrons." Neutron News 2, no. 1 (January 1991): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448639108260736.

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22

Zhao, Zhiqiang. "Modulation functions of the reflective optical fiber sensor for specular and diffuse reflection." Optical Engineering 33, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.178259.

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23

Martinelli, Sheri L. "Numerical Boundary Conditions for Specular Reflection in a Level-Sets-Based Wavefront Propagation Method." Communications in Computational Physics 14, no. 2 (August 2013): 509–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.130312.301012a.

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AbstractWe study the simulation of specular reflection in a level set method implementation for wavefront propagation in high frequency acoustics using WENO spatial operators. To implement WENO efficiently and maintain convergence rate, a rectangular grid is used over the physical space. When the physical domain does not conform to the rectangular grid, appropriate boundary conditions to represent reflection must be derived to apply at grid locations that are not coincident with the reflecting boundary. A related problem is the extraction of the normal vectors to the boundary, which are required to formulate the reflection condition. A separate level set method is applied to pre-compute the boundary normals which are then stored for use in the wavefront method. Two approaches to handling the reflection boundary condition are proposed and studied: one uses an approximation to the boundary location, and the other uses a local reflection principle. The second method is shown to produce superior results.

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24

Hertel, Dirk, and Edward F. Kelley. "78‐1: Specular Reflection Measurements on Reflective E‐paper Using a Variable Aperture Source." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 50, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 1118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.13125.

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25

Moran, Mark L., Roy J. Greenfield, and Steve A. Arcone. "Modeling GPR radiation and reflection characteristics for a complex temperate glacier bed." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 2 (March 2003): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1567225.

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We demonstrate that ground penetrating radar (GPR) reflection data from a temperate glacier are accurately modeled using a Helmholtz‐Kirchhoff diffraction integration technique that incorporates the radiation characteristics of point dipoles on a half‐space interface. This is accomplished by comparing field data to simulated data. Our 40‐MHz field data are from a 100 × 340 m (x‐ and y‐dimensions, respectively) survey grid containing 51 parallel survey lines. The field data were collected with the dipole oriented perpendicular to the survey line (x‐dipole). The synthetic data used isotropic, x‐dipole, and y‐dipole antennas, and reflections were calculated using a bed topography previously defined by 3D Kirchhoff migration. The comparisons between the real and synthetic waveforms show excellent agreement, including reflection arrival times, amplitude trends, interference patterns, and false layering from out‐of‐plane reflections. The location of reflectors determined from exploding reflector rays explains that bed reflections rapidly sink below background noise levels when reflections originate in the antenna's E‐plane. This occurs in both the simulated data and field data. Our results are of general importance for radio‐glaciology because they demonstrate that inappropriate dipole orientation with respect to the specular reflection point can lead to more than 12‐dB reduction in bottom reflection strength. Furthermore, a complicated bottom topography readily generates secondary, out‐of‐plane reflections that are easily confused with basal till layers.

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26

Zhao, Shen You, Kai Da Xu, Su Qiu, Wei Qi Jin, Hui Guo, Xia Wang, and Kai Jia Jin. "Forward Reflection Characteristics of Typical Smooth Building Walls and the Simulation Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3601.

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Non-line-of-sight optical imaging technology is a novel application of imaging technology developed recently, achieving the effective imaging of the corner, basements and other scenes which are difficult to be directly observed by traditional vision with intermediate reflective surface. Smooth building walls, such as tiles and marbles, are typical intermediate reflective surfaces. Because reflecting surface is neither ideal specular reflective nor Lambertian reflective, the reflection characteristics of the intermediate reflective surface have a significant impact on the non-line-of-sight imaging. Based on the test data of the spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of common smooth tiles, the surface transfer function and angle spread function of smooth tiles are established according to the Harvey-Shack surface scatter theory in the paper. And the descriptions of the characteristics of specular reflection and forward scattering are implemented. Furthermore, according to the measured BRDF data at a certain wavelength for a certain angle of incidence, we can predict the reflection and scattering distribution at any other wavelengths or for other incident angles. The simulation results indicate that the curves fitted by the model basically are in agreement with the measured data, so that the simulation of the specular reflection and the forward scattering in the model is valid.

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27

Fakhruddin, Hasan. "Specular Reflection from a Rough Surface." Physics Teacher 41, no. 4 (April 2003): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1564499.

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28

Balzer, J., and S. Werling. "Principles of Shape from Specular Reflection." Measurement 43, no. 10 (December 2010): 1305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2010.07.013.

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29

Penttilä, Antti. "Quasi-specular reflection from particulate media." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 131 (December 2013): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.03.007.

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30

Reiss, G., and R. Lipperheide. "Thick samples in neutron specular reflection." Physics Letters A 196, no. 1-2 (December 1994): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(94)91058-8.

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31

Leeb, H., M. Weber, J. Kasper, and R. Lipperheide. "Unique analysis of specular reflection data." Physica B: Condensed Matter 276-278 (March 2000): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(99)01354-x.

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32

Qi, Qisong, Gening Xu, Xiaoning Fan, and Jun Wang. "A new specular reflection optimization algorithm." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 10 (October 14, 2015): 168781401561047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814015610475.

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33

Yasuda, Kensei, Alvin Kim, Hayley Cho, Timofej Timofejev, Wojciech J. Walecki, James Klep, Amy S. Edelson, Abigail S. Walecki, Eve S. Walecki, and Peter S. Walecki. "Specular Reflection from Rough Surfaces Revisited." Physics Teacher 54, no. 7 (October 2016): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4962772.

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34

Wu, Wen‐li. "Off‐specular reflection from flat interfaces." Journal of Chemical Physics 101, no. 5 (September 1994): 4198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.468464.

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35

Franz, Geoffrey, William Pfeister, J. Arney, and P. Anderson. "Color Properties of Specular Reflections." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 50, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.(2006)50:3(228).

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Arney, J. S., P. G. Anderson, and William Pfeister. "Color Properties of Specular Reflections." NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-4451.2004.20.1.art00098_1.

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37

Li, Yinrui, Dan Jian, Haitang Yang, Lei Zheng, Xian Wang, and Rongzhou Gong. "Impedance matching characteristic parameters of microwave absorbing materials for specular reflection and non-specular scattering suppression." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 12 (March 28, 2023): 125301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0139804.

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The impedance matching characteristic parameters (IMCPs) of microwave absorbing materials for specular reflection under oblique incidence and surface wave attenuation are first proposed and defined. A microwave absorbing sheet was fabricated and its electromagnetic parameters were measured. The specular reflection suppression characterized by reflection loss and non-specular scattering suppression described by surface wave attenuation constants were studied with the change in thickness, polarization, and incident angle. The present results demonstrate that the definition of IMCPs for both specular reflection and non-specular scattering is effective. Meanwhile, the curves of IMCPs share the same shape and have the same peak frequency in specular reflection and non-specular scattering cases. In addition, Brewster angle properties are also consistent with the IMCPs under oblique incidence. Thus, this work develops a pathway for the design of microwave absorbing sheets suppressing both the specular reflection and non-specular scattering by adjusting the IMCPs.

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38

Gleason, Scott, Andrew O’Brien, Anthony Russel, Mohammad M. Al-Khaldi, and Joel T. Johnson. "Geolocation, Calibration and Surface Resolution of CYGNSS GNSS-R Land Observations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081317.

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This paper presents the processing algorithms for geolocating and calibration of the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) level 1 land data products, as well as analysis of the spatial resolution of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) coherent reflections. Accurate and robust geolocation and calibration of GNSS-R land observations are necessary first steps that enable subsequent geophysical parameter retrievals. The geolocation algorithm starts with an initial specular point location on the Earth’s surface, predicted by modeling the Earth as a smooth ellipsoid (the WGS84 representation) and using the known transmitting and receiving satellite locations. Information on terrain topography is then compiled from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) generated Digital Elevation Map (DEM) to generate a grid of local surface points surrounding the initial specular point location. The delay and Doppler values for each point in the local grid are computed with respect to the empirically observed location of the Delay Doppler Map (DDM) signal peak. This is combined with local incident and reflection angles across the surface using SRTM estimated terrain heights. The final geolocation confidence is estimated by assessing the agreement of the three geolocation criteria at the estimated surface specular point on the local grid, including: the delay and Doppler values are in agreement with the CYGNSS observed signal peak and the incident and reflection angles are suitable for specular reflection. The resulting geolocation algorithm is first demonstrated using an example GNSS-R reflection track that passes over a variety of terrain conditions. It is then analyzed using a larger set of CYGNSS data to obtain an assessment of geolocation confidence over a wide range of land surface conditions. Following, an algorithm for calibrating land reflected signals is presented that considers the possibility of both coherent and incoherent scattering from land surfaces. Methods for computing both the bistatic radar cross section (BRCS, for incoherent returns) and the surface reflectivity (for coherent returns) are presented. a flag for classifying returns as coherent or incoherent developed in a related paper is recommended for use in selecting whether the BRCS or reflectivity should be used in further analyses for a specific DDM. Finally, a study of the achievable surface feature detection resolution when coherent reflections occur is performed by examining a series of CYGNSS coherent reflections across an example river. Ancillary information on river widths is compared to the observed CYGNSS coherent observations to evaluate the achievable surface feature detection resolution as a function of the DDM non-coherent integration interval.

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39

Marston, Philip L., and Auberry R. Fortuner. "Radiation forces on highly reflecting circular cylinders in two slanted plane waves: Specular-reflection contributions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 3 (September 2022): 1337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0013828.

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Situations arise where it is desirable to understand and estimate the radiation force on large smooth highly reflecting objects in water illuminated by beams of ultrasound. The approach examined here is to extend a formulation experimentally confirmed by Herrey [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 27, 891–896 (1955)] for tilted reflecting surfaces in fluids that are modeled as being inviscid. The formulation applies Brillouin's analysis of the Langevin-like radiation force on objects in open containers. The specular reflection contributions to the radiation force of two slanted plane waves incident on a rigid cylinder is approximated and compared with a full partial wave series (PWS) solution for an infinitely long cylinder in an inviscid fluid. The availability of the PWS solution gives support to approximations introduced in the geometric analysis, provided k a (the wave number-cylinder-radius product) is sufficiently large. The normalized force projection is plotted as a function of the wave slant angle relative to the symmetry axis. Deviations between the specular and PWS analysis for k a of 7.5 are diminished for k a of 15 and 25. A region of enhanced force associated with constructive interference narrows with increasing k a.

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Dafni, Raanan, and William W. Symes. "Kinematic artifacts in the subsurface-offset extended image and their elimination by a dip-domain specularity filter." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 6 (November 2016): S477—S495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0115.1.

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Common-image gathers in the dip-angle domain may be computed in relation to wave-equation migration methods, extended by the subsurface offset. They involve the application of a postmigration local Radon transform on the subsurface-offset extended image. In the dip-angle domain, seismic reflections are focused around the specular dip angle of reflection. This focusing distinguishes them from any other event in the image space. We have incorporated the dip-angle information about the presence of specular reflections into the computation of the conventional scattering-angle-dependent reflection coefficient. We have designed a specularity filter in the dip-angle domain based on a local semblance formula that recognizes and passes events associated with specular reflections, while suppressing other sorts of nonspecular signal. The filter is remarkably effective at eliminating either random or coherent noises that contaminates the prestack image. In particular, our dip-angle filter provides a method for the suppression of kinematic artifacts, commonly generated by migration in the subsurface-offset domain. These artifacts are due to an abrupt truncation of the data acquisition geometry on the recording surface. We have studied their appearance and devised an appropriate formation mechanism in the subsurface-offset and scattering-angle domains. The prominent presence of the kinematic artifacts in image gathers usually impairs the quality of the postmigration analysis and decelerates the convergence of wave-equation inversion techniques. We have determined from testing on synthetic and field data that using the proposed dip-angle-domain specularity filter efficiently eliminates the kinematic artifacts in the delivered gathers. We expect involvement of the specularity filter to increase the reliability and quality of the seismic processing chain and provide a faster convergence of iterative methods for seismic inversion.

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Nguyen, Anh Hong, Michael Rath, Erik Leitinger, Khang Van Nguyen, and Klaus Witrisal. "Gaussian Process Modeling of Specular Multipath Components." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155216.

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The consideration of ultra-wideband (UWB) and mm-wave signals allows for a channel description decomposed into specular multipath components (SMCs) and dense/diffuse multipath. In this paper, the amplitude and phase of SMCs are studied. Gaussian Process regression (GPR) is used as a tool to analyze and predict the SMC amplitudes and phases based on a measured training data set. In this regard, the dependency of the amplitude (and phase) on the angle-of-arrival/angle-of-departure of a multipath component is analyzed, which accounts for the incident angle and incident position of the signal at a reflecting surface—and thus for the reflection characteristics of the building material—and for the antenna gain patterns. The GPR model describes the similarities between different data points. Based on its model parameters and the training data, the amplitudes of SMCs are predicted at receiver positions that have not been measured in the experiment. The method can be used to predict a UWB channel impulse response at an arbitrary position in the environment.

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Nee, Soe-Mie F. "Polarization of specular reflection and near-specular scattering by a rough surface." Applied Optics 35, no. 19 (July 1, 1996): 3570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.35.003570.

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de Boer, D. K. G., A. J. G. Leenaers, M. W. J. van der Wielen, M. A. Cohen Stuart, G. J. Fleer, R. P. Nieuwhof, A. T. M. Marcelis, and E. J. R. Sudhölter. "Specular and non-specular X-ray reflection from inorganic and organic multilayers." Physica B: Condensed Matter 248, no. 1-4 (June 1998): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(98)00248-8.

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Burton, Timothy, Gennadi Saiko, and Alexandre Douplik. "Towards Development of Specular Reflection Vascular Imaging." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082830.

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Specular reflection from tissue is typically considered as undesirable, and managed through device design. However, we believe that specular reflection is an untapped light-tissue interaction, which can be used for imaging subcutaneous blood flow. To illustrate the concept of subcutaneous blood flow visualization using specular reflection from the skin, we have developed a ray tracing for the neck and identified conditions under which useful data can be collected. Based on our model, we have developed a prototype Specular Reflection Vascular Imaging (SRVI) device and demonstrated its feasibility by imaging major neck vessels in a case study. The system consists of a video camera that captures a video from a target area illuminated by a rectangular LED source. We extracted the SRVI signal from 5 × 5 pixels areas (local SRVI signal). The correlations of local SRVIs to the SRVI extracted from all pixels in the target area do not appear to be randomly distributed, but rather form cohesive sub-regions with distinct boundaries. The obtained waveforms were compared with the ECG signal. Based on the time delays with respect to the ECG signal, as well as the waveforms themselves, the sub-regions can be attributed to the jugular vein and carotid artery. The proposed method, SRVI, has the potential to contribute to extraction of the diagnostic information that the jugular venous pulse can provide.

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Voronin, V., E. Semenishchev, A. Zelensky, and S. Agaian. "Specular reflection detection algorithm for endoscopic images." Electronic Imaging 2019, no. 11 (January 13, 2019): 222–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2019.11.ipas-222.

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Ren, Weihong, Jiandong Tian, and Yandong Tang. "Specular Reflection Separation With Color-Lines Constraint." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 26, no. 5 (May 2017): 2327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2017.2675204.

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Miller, Allen R., and Emanuel Vegh. "Computing the grazing angle of specular reflection." International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (March 1990): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739900210213.

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Wolff, L. B. "Polarization-based material classification from specular reflection." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12, no. 11 (1990): 1059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.61705.

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Raudsepp, Allan, Christian Fretigny, François Lequeux, and Laurence Talini. "Two beam surface fluctuation specular reflection spectroscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 83, no. 1 (January 2012): 013111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3678317.

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Dowling, Jonathan P., and Julio Gea‐Banacloche. "The specular reflection of light off light." American Journal of Physics 60, no. 1 (January 1992): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17038.

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