Relevant bibliographies by topics / Speculation Case studies

Academic literature on the topic 'Speculation Case studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Speculation Case studies"

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Bhattacharyya, Debjani. "Speculation." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 40, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-8186038.

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Abstract From the beginning of the twentieth century, new urban housing forms, including social housing, land pooling, and building syndicates, began to emerge as products of housing rights and labor movements. Yet this emergence cannot simply be accounted for by a history of workers' rights and housing movements but must also take into consideration the political economy of land and housing created by new forms of real estate speculation. This article situates the history of urban speculation and the new fiduciary innovations pertaining to urban land and housing markets within the scholarship on the development of architectural and town-planning theories during the early decades of the twentieth century. Focusing on Calcutta and Bombay—two central cities of the British Empire—as case studies, I will trace the history of how the housing market became a tradeable object of speculation through colonial policies that disentangled housing from its singular history and abstracted it out of its nonmonetizable attachments. Indeed, it is by understanding how the land and housing market became a site for future investments and ultimately was structured through new social relations and values following World War I that we might get a fuller understanding of how we arrived at our contemporary “residential capitalism” and landscapes of accumulation and homelessness.
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Deacon, Leith, Kristof Van Assche, Jacob Papineau, and Monica Gruezmacher. "Speculation, planning, and resilience: Case studies from resource-based communities in Western Canada." Futures 104 (December 2018): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2018.06.008.

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Reed, Sada, and Guy Harrison. "“Insider Dope” and NBA Trade Coverage: A Case Study on Unnamed Sourcing in Sport Journalism." International Journal of Sport Communication 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0012.

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Past research has examined the use of anonymous sources in news content and its impact on perceived credibility. Studies applying these theories in the context of sport media consumption, however, are scant and outdated. This matters because sport media is consumed for different reasons from news and has a historically symbiotic relationship with the people and events it covers. The current case study explores sources in National Basketball Association (NBA) trade stories in both national news and sport-specific publications. The study found that about 82% of trade speculation was not credited to a source. Unnamed and named sources’ trade predictions were cross-referenced with the NBA transaction log to determine if the trades actually manifested before the trade deadline. Neither sources predicted trades well: Of the 95 unsourced, speculated trades, 14 actually took place. Of the 20 sourced speculations, four took place. There was no statistically significant difference between how well named and unnamed sources predicted trades.
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Forges Davanzati, Guglielmo, Andrea Pacella, and Angelo Salento. "Financialisation in context: the case of Italy." Cambridge Journal of Economics 43, no. 4 (June 5, 2019): 917–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bez019.

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AbstractThis paper aims at analysing the causes and effects of increasing financial accumulation by Italian firms, within a radical Institutional theoretical framework. It will be argued that financialisation can be imputed to the fact that the biggest Italian companies aim to increase their profits through speculation after the cycle of class struggle of the 1970s. It will also be shown that financial accumulation has contributed to the reduction of economic growth and to the increase of income inequalities. Since very few research studies have dealt with the Italian case, this paper fills a gap.
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BUGYIS, KATIE ANN-MARIE. "The Author of the Life of Christina of Markyate: The Case for Robert de Gorron (d. 1166)." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 68, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 719–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046916002815.

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The authorship of the Life of the twelfth-century English holy woman, Christina of Markyate (c. 1096–after 1155), has inspired considerable scholarly speculation. Though the writer never once positively identifies himself in extant versions of the text, oblique references locate his activity at the Benedictine monastery of St Albans in Hertfordshire during the 1130s under the patronage of the reigning abbot, Geoffrey de Gorron (1119–46), and intimate the close connections that he enjoyed with his narrative's subjects. Building on these references, and incorporating clues from related sources from St Albans and Markyate, this article reconstructs the likeliest candidate for authorship – Robert de Gorron (d. 1166), Geoffrey's nephew, appointed sacristan and later abbatial successor – and assesses his eligibility.
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Lees-Haley, Paul R. "Methodology in Epidemiological Studies of Human Neurobehavioral Toxicity: A Case Study with Critical Review." Psychological Reports 86, no. 1 (February 2000): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.1.85.

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Health care professionals and government decision makers concerned with neurotoxicity increasingly rely on neuropsychological research studies. An example is an article relied upon by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that reported effects on neurobehavioral performance in a group of factory workers exposed to toluene by Foo, Jeyaratnam, and Koh in 1990, which is described as lacking reliability and as having implausible contents. A critical review can serve as an educational tool for neuropsychologists, to emphasize the need to design and document their research and interpret findings without speculation. For example, in the Foo, et al. study the implications of the findings for the general population cannot be interpreted. To conclude that this study has identified toluene as the cause of neurobehavioral deficits is a leap of inference far exceeding the power in their study. The review underscores the need for more critical reviews of research relied upon by decision makers and researchers.
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Lee, Tatia M. C., Crystal C. Y. Cheung, Esther Y. Y. Lau, Amanda Mak, and Leonard S. W. Li. "Cognitive and Emotional Dysfunction after Central Pontine Myelinolysis." Behavioural Neurology 14, no. 3-4 (2003): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/872916.

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The case of a 67-year-old right-handed Chinese man with Central Pontine Myelinolysis [CPM] is described to illustrate the resulting cognitive and emotional disturbances. A comparison of the data in this report with that in published studies suggests that ethnicity does not seem to have much effect on the symptoms of CPM. Possible underlying neural-pathological mechanisms are discussed. This case further substantiates the speculation that the brainstem plays a role in higher cognitive processes and emotional regulation.
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Inzulza-Contardo, Jorge, and Paulina Gatica-Araya. "Subsidiary displacement and empty plots: Dilemmas of original residents and newcomers in the reconstruction of Talca, Chile 2010–2016." Urban Studies 56, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 2040–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018787967.

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Throughout history people have been affected by disaster events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and landslides, with devastating effects for cities and towns around the world. Since the 1990s, post-disaster reconstruction has often been seen as an opportunity to invest in new projects following market forces and property speculation rather than for implementing rehabilitation strategies to address physical, social and psychological effects. Housing subsidies provided by the government seem to be a new issue creating more social disparity in the case of Talca, Chile after the 2010 magnitude 8.8 earthquake. This paper explores the contemporary urban landscape of this intermediate city, shaped between 2010 and 2016, which shows a great number of empty plots being filled by gated community typologies. By using ethnography and semi-structured interviews of residents from four historic neighbourhoods, the results show key patterns of physical and social change such as displacement of original residents by newcomers and lack of social cohesion along with tensions among them. The case of the Talca, Chile reconstruction is educational for understanding the ways in which many inner cities are affected by reconstruction policies with property speculation and gentrification effects. This paper concludes with the criteria that are being applied to redesign historic neighbourhoods and provides reflections for improving urban planning mechanisms to include both original residents and newcomers who are sharing these historic neighbourhoods.
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Jafari, Hamid, Anna Nyberg, and Per Hilletofth. "Postponement and logistics flexibility in retailing: a multiple case study from Sweden." Industrial Management & Data Systems 116, no. 3 (April 11, 2016): 445–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-06-2015-0257.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how postponement is applied in retailing and how such application is connected to logistics flexibility. Design/methodology/approach – An overview of the established typological classifications of postponement and logistics flexibility is presented followed by empirical results from three case studies of retailers of electronics, furniture, and grocery in Sweden. The study relies on primary qualitative data gathered on the retailers as well as secondary material on some suppliers including logistics providers for further insight. Findings – The results of the study show that retailers have different practices when it comes to postponement and speculation; however, there is a growing tendency toward postponement among retailers by exploring new means of applying postponement. The results reveal that retailers that have higher application of postponement seem to be more flexible in their logistics operations. Research limitations/implications – The paper provides direction for further empirical research of the topic, by indicating the application of postponement is not constrained to the point of purchase and could be extended by involving consumers as well as capitalizing on suppliers’ competences and capabilities. Especially, sales services, software, and upgrades could provide opportunity for further expanding the concept. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the existing literature on logistics practices of postponement and speculation, as well as logistics flexibility by focussing on retail firms in Sweden. Most of the prior scholarly work on postponement and flexibility is on the manufacturing context.
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Yang, Myungji. "The rise of ‘Gangnam style’: Manufacturing the urban middle class in Seoul, 1976–1996." Urban Studies 55, no. 15 (February 7, 2018): 3404–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017748092.

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Focusing on the case of urban development in Gangnam, this article explores how middle-class identity based on residence in apartment complexes was created in South Korea beginning in the late 1970s. I argue that state policy, speculation, and exclusion were key ingredients in the making of the middle class in Gangnam. Many white-collar families became apartment owners through a government-subsidised apartment lottery programme, and subsequently climbed the economic ladder more rapidly than others because of skyrocketing housing prices. Their rise to middle-class status, facilitated by chance and furthered by their willingness to engage in real estate speculation, was seen by many as illegitimate. In the face of scepticism about their status, Gangnam residents strived to cultivate cultured, modernised, and Westernised middle-class lifestyles so as to distinguish themselves from non-Gangnam residents and justify their economic success. This paper emphasises the dialectical process – both top-down and bottom-up – of middle class formation during the Gangnam boom. Based on a year of field research conducted in Korea, I analyse the lives and experiences of the middle class and their strategies for upward social mobility in the housing market.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Speculation Case studies"

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Karimi, Manjili Hamid, and Masoud Tabar. "Postponement & Speculation in Electronics Retailing : case studies on Swedish retailers." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15223.

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Ahmed, Kemal, and Syed Mohammed Naqvi. "Postponement in Retailing Industry: A case study of SIBA." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12338.

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Master’s Thesis in Logistics and Supply Chain Management

_____________________________________________________

Title:                 Postponement in Retailing Industry- A case study of SIBA

Authors:         Ahmed Kemal & Naqvi Syed Mohammad

Tutor:               Helgi Valur Fredriksson, Dr.

Date:               May, 2010

Key Words:   Speculation, Postponement, Customer Order Decoupling point,

Retailing, Supply Chain Flexibility, Agility

______________________________________________________________

Abstract

Problem: Today's business environment is characterized by changing customer demands, increasing cost pressures on retailers, shorter product life cycles and products becoming obsolete shortly after their introduction. The above factors make it difficult for electronics retailers to balance the costs of dealing with excessive inventory and not be out of stock. To be competitive, retailers should delay some of their activities until customer demand becomes visible. This brings us to the phenomenon of postponement. Electronics market in Sweden faces continuous growth, although at a declining rate. This is indicative of a saturation that this sector, as a whole, is approaching to. The above problems are due to the speculative approaches and standardized products policies that are in practice. Loss of sales and customers result from these practices. The current study analyses the importance of postponement strategy and the benefits it offers. This study also tries to explore the potential solutions for retailers that postponement may relate to.

 

Purpose: The scope of this study is to identify possible postponement strategies needed for SIBA.

Method: A case study approach has been taken. The choice of the method is qualitative with an inductive approach. This involved personal communications during interviews with the managers of SIBA, using semi structured questions to collect data.

 

Results: The concepts of postponement, supply chain flexibility, agility and customer order decoupling points (CODP) are closely related to one another and it has been shown that as the depth of postponement increase from right to left in the CODP continuum, the CODP changes its position, moving along the CODP continuum from right to left and towards the upstream. With this movement, the flexibility and agility in the chain increases. Our finds suggest that postponement is rather underutilized and that wastes (by way of lost sales and customers, obsolete inventory costs and storage costs) in the retailing process occur due to speculative approaches in application at the retail level. We have suggested logistics postponement for two out of three product categories and enumerated the ensuing benefits that the retailer can derive by way of enhanced flexibility, agility and reductions in wastages and satisfied customers.

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Nawaz, Mohsin, and Munawar Saleem. "Postponement in Fashion Retailing : A Case Study of H&M." Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-11614.

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In fashion industry, customer demand is constantly changing. One of the main reasons is due to the time of delicate fashion awareness among the consumers, which has come into larger variety and frequent assortment changes. The changing trends in fashion industry allow researchers to get into the postponement strategy as a customized operation in order to focus on quality and flexibility. In today’s fashion market the key for success is to keep an eye on and react to the customer demand. H&M is Europe’s second largest fashion retailer in terms of sales and our work will reflect on H&M supply chain particularly. We try to figure out business strategies such as mass customization and standardization, which H&M is using in their entire supplier chain and in his different processes. Keeping this view in mind, we design our research question, which is about mass customization and standardization and we try to relate these business strategies to the postponement. We try to find out the structure and implementation of these strategies in H&M supply chain with the help of our respondent answers in our proposed questionnaire.

For this purpose, an electronic interview with the H&M senior merchandiser in Pakistan liaison office was carried out. The questionnaire contains different questions related to postponement strategy, customization, and standardization and other processes which are used in the supply chain of any fashion industry. The questionnaire consists of 22 major questions. Our research is purely qualitative. We include both types of the data; namely secondary and primary. Secondary data was collected from earlier studies of the literature and related theories of postponement, customization, and standardization and certain areas of fashion retailing, whereas primary data was collected through the electronic interview with Mr. Syed Naqeeb who is working in H&M liaison office as a senior merchandiser in Pakistan.

After receiving the questionnaire, we have tried to highlight our research questions with the help of our proposed Frame of Reference in Chapter 2. The Frame of Reference consists of theories which will help the reader to get the clear picture of fashion retailing and the related theories.

In the Analysis section, we talk about the activities of H&M and its background followed by its business concept. We define H&M SCM model and draw a figure of H&M complementarities, which we developed by the help of electronic interview. In the Conclusion part, we come to the point that customization and postponement affect fashion retailing by choosing raw material, components, and apparel accessories plus logistic management. The other aspect of our research area is standardization. After the analysis we come to know that Standardization and postponement are also used together in the supply chain of H&M, in raw material, cotton and yarn, dying, packaging and in the care instruction of labels (washing instructions).

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Hammond, Ryan M. "Designer as Cultivator: An Exploration in Critical Making for the Care of Interdisciplinary Culture." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1470045585.

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Ashton, Emily. "#AnthropoceneChild: speculative child-figures at the end of the world." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/12030.

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In this dissertation I think-with figures of #AnthropoceneChild in speculative texts that story the end of the world through some form of climate catastrophe. In these post-apocalyptic tales, the child-figures do different things. Firstly, child-figures reflect problematics of the contemporary world without interrupting dominant patterns of thought, materiality, and governance. In these stories, the child is the future and the future is the child. Secondly, some child-figures are tasked with protecting a world in which they have been made disposable. This incites critical questions about distributions of racialized harm and also exposes the limits of survivalist logics. Thirdly, a few child-figures refuse current arrangements of existence and set in motion new worlds, even if the contours, forces, and politics cannot yet be fully described. These are speculative worlds of not this, what if, and not yet. Different aspects of this assemblage are centred at different moments in this dissertation. The looseness of the framework allows me to move between the unsettled complexities of bionormative childhoods, anthropogenic climate change, reproductive futurism, and structures of anti-blackness, settler colonialism, and white supremacy in relation to (1) child-figures at the end of a world, (2) child-figures who save their world, and (3) child-figures who destroy the world. This dissertation is organized into two main sections: Part I provides the theoretical background for the speculative arguments developed over Part II. In Part I, I unpack my proposal that #AnthropoceneChild bookends the Anthropocene. By this I mean that the language of birth, origin, and innocence finds repetitious form in scholarly discussions of Anthropocene beginnings, and that child-figures are pivotal to playing out the end of the world in pop culture performances of Anthropocene pedagogy. Part II consists of three chapters that engage with speculative child-figures that inherit and inhabit a damaged planet. This includes grappling with racialized technologies of care and abandonment, folding parent-child relations into environmental discourses of stewardship, and gesturing towards imaginaries of what might be possible after the end of the (white) world. The conclusion pulls the ideas and figures of previous chapters together in a queer-kin consideration of geos-futurities for #AnthropoceneChild wherein the end of the world might not be a cause for mourning but a possibility for an otherwise.
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Books on the topic "Speculation Case studies"

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The mental strategies of top traders: The psychological determinants of trading success. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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Great financial disasters. London: Arthur Barker, 1985.

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Jeffrey, Williams. Manipulation on trial: Economic analysis and the Hunt silver case. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Chatzky, Jean Sherman. The rich & famous money book: Investment strategies of leading celebrities. New York: J. Wiley, 1997.

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Galbraith, John Kenneth. A short history of financial euphoria. [Knoxville, Tenn.]: Whittle Direct Books, 1990.

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Galbraith, John Kenneth. A short history of financial euphoria. New York: Whittle in association with Penguin, 1994.

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Galbraith, John Kenneth. A short history of financial euphoria. [Knoxville, Tenn.]: Whittle Books in association with Viking, 1990.

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A short history of financial euphoria. New York, N.Y: Whittle Books in association with Viking, 1993.

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Krach.com : Enquête sur la bulle internet. Economica, 2002.

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Chatzky, Jean Sherman. The Rich & Famous Money Book: Investment Strategies of Leading Celebrities. Wiley, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Speculation Case studies"

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Deift, Percy, and Thomas Trogdon. "Universality in Numerical Computation with Random Data: Case Studies, Analytical Results and Some Speculations." In Computation and Combinatorics in Dynamics, Stochastics and Control, 221–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01593-0_8.

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Liu, Daniel. "Scaling from Weather to Climate." In Cultural Inquiry, 93–117. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-17_05.

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One of the theoretical tensions that has arisen from Anthropocene studies is what Dipesh Chakrabarty has called the ‘two figures of the human’, and the question of which of these two figures of the human inheres in the concept of the Anthropocene more. On the one hand, the Human is conceived as the universal reasoning subject upon whom political rights and equality are based, and on the other hand, humankind is the collection of all individuals of our species, with all of the inequalities, differences, and variability inherent in any species category. This chapter takes up Deborah Coen’s argument that Chakrabarty’s claim of the ‘incommensurability’ of these two figures of the human ignores the way both were constructed within debates over how to relate local geophysical specificities to theoretical generalities. This chapter examines two cases in the history of science. The first is Martin Rudwick’s historical exploration of how geologists slowly gained the ability to use fossils and highly local stratigraphic surveys to reconstruct the history of the Earth in deep time, rather than resort to speculative cosmological theory. The second is Coen’s own history of imperial, Austrian climate science, a case where early nineteenth-century assumptions about the capriciousness of the weather gave way to theories of climate informed by thermodynamics and large-scale data collection.
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Blaise, Didier, and Sabine Fürst. "Post-CAR-T Cell Therapy (Consolidation and Relapse): Lymphoma." In The EBMT/EHA CAR-T Cell Handbook, 169–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94353-0_33.

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AbstractEven after a decade of use, CAR-T cell therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is still evolving, and disease control is now the main concern in the majority of experienced centres. Indeed, despite highly appealing objective response (OR) rates in refractory patients, the long-term overall survival (OS) of this population has only slightly improved. Pivotal studies have suggested that 2-year OS rates do not surpass 30%, even though results improve when complete response (CR) is achieved within the first 3 months after treatment (Wang et al. 2020; Schuster et al. 2019; Neelapu et al. 2017). Although achieving this exceptionally high level of OR is praiseworthy, similar improvements have not been made regarding OS, and current OS probabilities are not satisfactory. Of course, there are multiple reasons for this; a substantial proportion of patients either do not achieve an initial response or experience progression very soon after treatment, with poor OS (Chow et al. 2019). Both populations present with disease burden or aggressive cancer prior to CAR-T cell therapy, possibly having been referred too late in the course of treatment or waited too long before CAR-T cells were processed for them. Both of these issues have potential solutions, such as more widely publicizing the efficacy of CAR-T cells, which may increase referrals at an earlier stage, and developing methods, which are already being heavily investigated, for shortening the manufacturing process (Rafiq et al. 2020). In the latter case, the use of allogeneic lymphocytes could allow for already prepared cells to be readily used when needed and would most likely be the most efficient strategy as long as the risk of graft-versus host disease is offset (Graham and Jozwik 2018). Thus, achieving CR is a crucial step in increasing OS, as patients with partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) present with lower OS, while currently, recurrence appears to be rare when CR is maintained for more than 6 months (Komanduri 2021). However, the disease will likely recur in more than half of patients in the months following treatment, possibly due to issues such as the poor persistence of CAR-T cells (which may not be as crucial as once thought for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Komanduri 2021)) or the loss of target antigen expression (which has been regularly documented (Rafiq et al. 2020)). Both of these mechanisms could potentially be used to develop methods that reduce recurrence after CAR-T cell therapy. In fact, the most popular approaches currently being investigated are attempting to either use two CAR-T cell types that each target different antigens or to create CAR-T cell constructs that target either multiple antigens or an antigen other than CD19 (Shah et al. 2020). The concomitant infusion of CAR-T cells with targeted therapies is also being explored in other B-cell malignancies and appears to both increase the CR rate and decrease recurrence (Gauthier et al. 2020). When recurrence does occur, patient OS is rather dismal, and the best remaining option would most likely be inclusion in a clinical trial. If this option is not available, salvage therapy may be attempted, although cytotoxic treatments are extremely limited given that most diseases have been refractory to numerous lines of treatment prior to immunotherapy. A few case reports and studies with a small patient population receiving anti-PD-1 antibodies, ibrutinib, or ImiDs have been reported with largely anecdotal supporting evidence (Byrne et al. 2019). However, even in the case of a new objective response (OR), the subsequent risk of recurrence is substantial and may invite further consolidation with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Byrne et al. 2019), which has already been performed in patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Hay et al. 2019). However, the efficacy of this strategy remains to be validated in NHL patients in clinical trials. Further supporting evidence, although limited, has recently been reported concerning an additional treatment with CAR-T cells inducing an OR. Of the 21 NHL patients included in the study, the OR rate after the second infusion was 52% (CR, n = 4; PR, n = 7), with some durable responses inviting further investigations (Gauthier et al. 2021). Overall, with such poor outcomes after recurrence, current efforts are also focused on predicting the patients most likely to experience disease progression and that are potential candidates for preemptive consolidation therapy, although there is no doubt that patients who do not achieve a rapid CR should be the first candidates. Additionally, immune monitoring should encompass not only CAR-T cell survival but also the detection of circulating tumour DNA (Komanduri 2021) because this could aid in detecting subclinical recurrence and in deciding whether consolidation or maintenance therapy should be administered. However, currently, all these approaches are highly speculative and require further clinical study.
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Harris, Lisa. "Electronic Classroom, Electronic Community." In Social Computing, 439–56. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-984-7.ch030.

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The capacity for online learning environments to provide good quality learning experiences for students has been the focus of speculation and debate in the higher education sector from the late 1990s to the present day. In this area, “quality” has become synonymous with engaging students in a learning community. This chapter reports on a qualitative research project designed to explore the significance of community for students studying online. Using three fundamentally different types of online learning environments as case studies, this research explored the relationship between the constructed online learning environment and the development of learning communities or what the author has termed social learning support networks (SLSN). Exploring the common themes to emerge from these three case studies, this research provides new evidence of the benefit of community for students studying online and argues that future online learning environments should be shaped by five key principles designed to foster a sense of social connection between students.
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Pachpande, Sandeep, Asha Pachpande, and J. A. Kulkarni. "The Common Tragedy in the Non-Banking Financial Corporations (NBFC)." In Indian Business Case Studies Volume I, 69—C8.P34. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869371.003.0008.

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Abstract Financial woes of the Indian economy continue in spite of taking strong measures. In 2009 Satyam fiasco rocked the stock markets and similar type of incident has taken place in 2018. Stock markets were flying high and bullish trend was present in markets in September 2018 up to third week. Then the markets showed a downward trend and speculations were made regarding the reasons for the same. With the future stability of the Indian financial system on the line, executives running a giant infrastructure lender gathered at the company’s headquarters in Mumbai and hammered out an ambitious restructuring plan in September 2018 last week to manage a $12.6 billion debt burden. After a string of defaults (ILFS) leading to near collapse of the Company which was amongst the major Non-Banking Financial Corporations after majority of its lenders turned defaulters who were extended huge loans bypassing the Banking laws and regulations from the Securities Exchange board of India (SEBI) and the rules as per various acts of the Finance Ministry of India. Similar financial scandals were revealed in the scrutiny by the regulatory boards Which was the main cause of unwieldy rise in Loan defaults leading the huge Non-Performing Assets of many a major Non-Banking Finance Companies. The recovery processes guided by the now introduced bankruptcy and Insolvency Clauses in the Finance Act has made some head way in avoiding misuse of rules by such banking companies and the Loanees.
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Murray, Andrew. "12. Copyright infringement in the digital environment." In Information Technology Law, 305–29. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804727.003.0012.

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This chapter analyses cases of copyright infringement in the online environment. It begins by analysing some early cases regarding file-sharing technologies, including A&M Records, Inc. v Napster, Inc., MGM Studios, Inc. v Grokster, Ltd, and Sweden v Neij et al. (the Pirate Bay case). It assesses new techniques for fighting illegal file-sharing, such as blocking access to websites offering file-sharing technology or indexes with a focus on the operation of s. 97A website blocking orders. It examines the recent Supreme Court decision in Cartier International v British Sky Broadcasting which will have substantial implications for costs in these orders. Finally, it describes the slightly controversial process known as speculative invoicing.
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Legenhausen, Lienhard. "The Development of a Dyslexic Learner in the Autonomy Classroom - a Case Study." In 9. The Answer is Learner Autonomy: Issues in Language Teaching and Learning., 118–34. Candlin & Mynard ePublishing Limited, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.47908/9/6.

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Dyslexia has been studied and researched for many decades now, but the underlying causes still remain unknown. There are a host of competing theories many of which focus on various forms of neurobiological impairment. Since therapies would have to start out from the identification of an underlying cause, this means that most treatments are based on speculative theorizing. The more authoritative studies argue the point that dyslexia is a stable condition. This means that the most promising path towards supporting dyslexic learners would be to set up a learning environment in which their personality and especially their self-esteem can develop in a climate of mutual trust and respect. The article summarizes the content of a specific psychological program for developing self-esteem and compares its recommendations with what happens in the autonomy classroom. The logbook entries of a severe dyslexic learner testify to the fact that she feels accepted and respected by teacher and classmates alike, which augurs well for her linguistic development. Text samples covering a span of five years give evidence of a successful learning undertaking.
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Rippon, Stephen. "The native British." In Kingdom, Civitas, and County. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759379.003.0016.

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By the fourth century AD, the landscape of Roman Britain was densely settled and archaeological surveys and excavations have consistently shown that most lowland areas supported farming communities, including on the heavier claylands (Smith et al. 2016). Thereafter the character of the archaeological record changes dramatically with the appearance of settlements, cemeteries, and material culture whose ‘Anglo-Saxon’ cultural affinities lay in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia (Chapters 8–9). All too often, however, ‘Anglo-Saxon’ England is discussed in a way that implies that settlements characterized by Grubenhäuser and cemeteries furnished with Germanic grave goods were characteristic of the whole of eastern England (e.g. Welch 1992; Lucy 2000; Tipper 2004; Hamerow 2012), whereas detailed local studies have suggested that this was not the case. In areas such as Sussex (Welch 1983) and Lincolnshire (Green 2012) evidence for Anglo-Saxon colonization has only been found in certain parts of the landscape, and the potential reasons for ‘blank’ spots in the distribution of Anglo-Saxon settlement are complex: they may in part simply reflect areas where there has been less archaeological investigation, or that these areas were unattractive for settlement. There is, however, another possibility: that these distributions are not a record of where people were and were not living, but a reflection of how the cultural identity of early medieval communities varied from area to area, and that some of these identities are archaeologically less visible than others. There has long been speculation that at least some of the ‘blank areas’ in the distributions of Anglo-Saxon settlements and cemeteries reflect the places where native British populations remained in control of the landscape. West (1985, 168), for example, noted the lack of early Anglo-Saxon settlement on the East Anglian claylands, and speculated that this is where a substantial Romano- British population remained: ‘did they survive somehow, perhaps in a basically aceramic condition, or were they, in the main, drawn to the new settlements on the lighter soils to become slaves or some subordinate stratum of society, as indicated by later documentary evidence, or was the population drastically reduced by pestilence or genocide?’ (West 1985, 168).
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Mitra, Durba. "Circularity." In Indian Sex Life, 99–132. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196350.003.0004.

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This chapter offer glimpses of how women appear in forensic medical descriptions as sexually deviant bodies—often disembodied, always empirically verifiable. It analyzes medico-legal accounts of abortion, descriptions that overlapped with the forensic assessment of rape, virginity testing, and infanticide. Different authorities, including coroners, medical doctors, policemen, state administrators, and social commentators, utilized a circular form of reasoning where anatomical description was united with a speculative sociology of Indian women's sexuality, and then read back onto the body to discern the meaning of the anatomical violence on the body. These case studies of the body utilized typological categories that link women's social status to their sexual behavior. Over the course of individual case studies, social typologies were read back onto parts of women's bodies to comprehend the meaning of physical evidence. This circularity appears in legal medicine as a natural form of reasoning: a logic that seamlessly united anatomical descriptions of sexualized bodies with the ethno-scientific assessment of social identity.
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Korom, Ágoston. "The European Union’s Legal Framework on the Member State’s Margin of Appreciation in Land Policy : The CJEU’s Case Law After the “KOB” SIA Case." In Acquisition of Agricultural Lands : Cross-Border Issues from a Central European Perspective, 77–90. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.jesz.aoalcbicec_4.

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Several studies and scientific workshops have considered the member states’ rules—within the framework of EU law—on the ownership and use of agricultural and forest property, taking into account that this area is significant not only for the member states that acceded after 2004, such as Hungary, but also for the founding members. These examinations have focused on the public interests acknowledged by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), such as the preservation of the rural population; the promotion of small and middle-sized, livable properties; and the easing of the speculative pressure on the land market, which should be achieved in practice without compromising EU law—especially its fundamental freedoms. This characteristic of the CJEU’s relevant case law primarily led to the application of the free movement of capital; nevertheless, the CJEU’s judgment in the “KOB” SIA case resulted in a significant change in this area, which is the main subject of the current examination.
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Conference papers on the topic "Speculation Case studies"

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Wardynski, Kacper, Anthony Battistel, Tom Littleford, Greer Simpson, Stephen Robinson, Morgan Martin, and Pierce Anderson. "High Resolution Acoustic Imaging of Plug Related Casing Damage in Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Wells." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204412-ms.

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Abstract While assessing post-hydraulic-fracture perforation growth using solid-state, high-resolution acoustic imaging tools, it was noted that plug failures were occurring at a high frequency. Though plug failures can be observed from hydraulic fracture surface pressure and flowrate data, the aggregate frequency, causes, and severity of the resulting erosional damage at plug locations was not previously well understood and highly speculative. The sub-millimetric three-dimensional imagery generated from high resolution solid-state acoustic tools significantly improved the industry's awareness of plug failure frequency, mechanisms of failure, and the resulting impact to stimulation efficiency. These acoustic tools helped to uncover the causes and explore possible solutions to failing plugs. This paper presents aggregate data encompassing casing wall loss at over 2700 plug locations and presents emerging trends that appear across the broader dataset. In addition, this paper showcases the usage of high-resolution acoustic imaging in two operator-specific case studies.
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Lin, Fang, Mauli Modi, Briana Reprogle, Mike Bajema, Ziyan Wang, Gordon Kaskin, and Mohsen Makhsous. "A Rat Model for Pressure Induced Deep Tissue Injury." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19567.

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Deep tissue injury (DTI), as a recently emphasized mechanism for PU formation [1], has received increased attention lately and several studies reported findings on newly developed DTI animal models [2]. The clinical view of DTI emphasizes the severity of clinically identified DTI as that a true DTI progresses rapidly even with the most aggressive treatment and its massive tissue necrosis is in a similar nature of a Stage-IV full-thickness wound [3]. Many animal PU models have been developed to test different hypotheses related to deep tissue injury (DTI) [3]. However, none of DTI studies reported that the experimentally induced DTI eventually progressed to be an open wound which affected superficial skin, and the reported histological or imaging data of the induced DTI did not suggest massive tissue necrosis. Although it might be that most studies did not keep their DTI animals long enough to observe the formation of an open wound from the DTI, the results from our own observation and Kwan, et al [4], in which no skin lesion was formed after 7 days of DTI, do not support this speculation. It may be that, in these DTI studies, the injured deep layer had healed. By examination of the existing PU rat models, especially those for DTI research, we came to our assumption that the missing bony prominence may possibly be a flaw that prevents those models from yielding more clinically relevant data. It has long been the understanding that PUs often occur at tissue pressure points around a bony prominence. We believe that, to more accurately simulate the clinical scenario of DTI formation, a bony prominence is necessary for a rat DTI model.
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Dutkiewicz, E., and C. Bentz. "SIGNBASE: A DATA-DRIVEN APPROACH TO ABSTRACT SIGNS IN THE PALEOLITHIC." In Знаки и образы в искусстве каменного века. Международная конференция. Тезисы докладов [Электронный ресурс]. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-308-4.13-14.

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In the Paleolithic around 100,000 to 10,000 years ago, abstract motives also referred to as signs, patterns, or marks are abundant in parietal art as well as on mobile objects. In the case of parietal art, several studies have been dealing with such abstract signs. However, studies scrutinizing signs on mobile objects, such as figurines, tools, or personal ornaments, are rare and mostly limited to either single objects, or to particular assemblages. Our project SignBase aims to enable large-scale comparisons by collecting abstract motives on mobile objects from all over the European Paleolithic, the African Middle Stone Age, as well as further finds of the Near East and South East Asia. In contrast to the chronological difficulties of dating parietal art, abstract motives on mobile objects are usually well dated, at least with reference to the given techno-complexes. Our project ultimately aims to enable quantitative comparative studies on the development of abstract graphical expressions before the emergence of writing systems. This includes the application of classification algorithms allowing us to study the signs in geographical and chronological dimensions. Furthermore, while any inference about their meaning is inevitably speculative, information-theoretic analyses can shed light on the evolution of their information encoding potential and compare it to later graphical behavior such as early written language.
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Strain, Eric, Jose L. S. Gamez, and Shai Yeshayahu. "Double (Hunch) Negative: Blending Practice/Research/Teaching and the Critical Imagination." In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.48.

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In Duckler’s account of Michael Heizer’s Double Negative, the viewer becomes a part of the overall experience of scale, of site, and the knowledge of place. In a sense, perception, feeling, and scale hold a very complex relationship in the eye of the participant, and this brings Heizer’s earthwork closer to architecture than one might expect. This correlation between experience, scale perception, and placemaking can enrich the educational experience, thereby affecting the balance of forces that exist between academia, practice, and research. At least, that is the hunch that drew us to the 2019 Antwerp ACSA/EAAE International Teacher Conference. By discussing how a blend-ed set of practices (practice/teaching/research) enabled a mutually reinforcing dialog between the making of ideas, buildings, and landscapes, this paper will present design practice and the practice of design education as inter-related activities. Through our collaborative efforts, we have worked to make the space of inquiry a continuous field that reaches across conventional divisions between the academy and practice. Within this field, research helps ground “the hunch” while “the hunch” tempers the formality of research.Our hunch is this: that a case study of a recent design think-tank will illustrate how we see:• expertise developed in the academic environment can be incorporated into an inquisitive professional design practice;• the studio (both academic and professional) as a thinker space that should not follow a commercial agenda nor should it become a space absent of craft and speculation, urge and fascination, skill and imagination, criticality and creativity, individual formation and social consciousness.
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Rivera Borrayo, Elisabeth, and Javier Orozco Alvarado. "Grandes proyectos de intervención en la ciudad-metrópoli: Guadalajara, México y los retos en la planeación urbana." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7606.

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El rápido crecimiento presentado en nuestras ciudades desde mediados del siglo XX, ha venido acompañado de diversos y significativos procesos de transformación en su estructura urbana, situación que genera problemas de múltiples complejidades. Una de las estrategias que empiezan a ser incorporadas en las últimas décadas en las formas de intervención urbana, y en particular, en México, es la construcción de grandes proyectos de intervención urbano-arquitectónicos, considerados estos como instrumentos clave en el desarrollo y planeación urbana, mismos que producen a su vez, significativos cambios en la estructura de la ciudad. Este fenómeno ha sido motivo de múltiples reflexiones y enfoques, respecto de las repercusiones que tales proyectos han tenido y tienen en nuestro territorio, no únicamente en el ámbito local, sino en sus alcances y repercusiones a escala regional. En este sentido, la ciudad de Guadalajara y su zona metropolitana, comienza a incursionarse con este tipo estrategias dentro de sus sistemas de planeación. Actualmente, existen en la ciudad, aproximadamente poco más de 30 grandes proyectos urbano-arquitectónicos, que fueron concebidos en las últimas dos décadas, sobrepasando los esquemas urbanos tradicionales que se habían mantenido en la ciudad y que contrastan ahora, tanto en el ambiente urbano como en sus expresiones arquitectónicas. Como casos de estudio se contemplan para su análisis, los siguientes proyectos: las Villas Panamericanas, el Centro Cultural y de Negocios JVC (en proceso de construcción), el museo Guggenhiem y el proyecto Puerta Guadalajara (en proyección). Proyectos que en su mayoría, han sido impulsados por el gobierno, junto con una amplia participación de capital privado, por lo que, los instrumentos actuales de planeación implementados, han jugado un papel importante para que, a través de ellos, se justifiquen y concreten estos ambiciosos proyectos en beneficio principalmente de sectores privados. Para lograr nuestro objetivo, se analizará y reflexionará, sobre los retos que existen en el quehacer urbanístico y de planeación, para dar solución a los diversos conflictos urbanos existentes. De esta forma, se pretende contribuir a la discusión respecto de si la intervención y construcción de grandes proyectos, son o no, un instrumento que constituya una forma de dar respuesta a estos problemas y dar un impulso al desarrollo de la ciudad. Para cumplir con nuestro objetivo, se analizará cada caso, bajo dos puntos medulares: las características generales del proceso de construcción de los proyectos y las políticas e instrumentos de planeación urbana implementados. A partir de estos puntos, se intentará explicar algunos de los diversos procesos de transformación que se presentan en la conformación del espacio urbano. Es innegable, que detrás de estos proyectos y formas de planeación, se disimulan diversos intereses económicos y políticos. Las cuantiosas inversiones que se contemplan, nos llevan a visualizarlos como nuevas formas de especulación, al margen o en contra de los planteamientos urbanísticos anteriores, beneficiando primordialmente a sectores inmobiliarios y dejando a un lado el interés público. The fast growth displayed in our city since the mid-twentieth century, has accompanied with several and significant transformation processes in its urban structure, which generates problems of multiple complexities. One of the strategies that begin to be incorporated in the last decades, in the forms of urban intervention and particularly in Mexico, is the construction of great urban projects of intervention, viewed as key instruments in the development and urban planning, which produce in turn, significant changes in the structure of the city. This phenomenon has been reason for multiple ideas and approaches; regarding the impact that project has been in our territory, not only at the local scope, but in its reaches and repercussions on regional scale. In this sense, the city of Guadalajara and its metropolitan region, begins to incursionar itself with such strategies in their planning systems. At the moment, there are in the city, approximately more than 30 great urban-architectonic projects, that were conceived in last the two decades, exceeding the traditional urban patterns that had been held in the city and now that contrast both, in the urban environment as in their architectonic expressions. As cases studies are for analysis are the following projects: Las Villas Panamericanas, the JVC Center (under construction), the Guggenhiem museum and Puerta Guadalajara (in projection). Projects that have largely been driven by the government, together with a large participation of private capital, so that, implemented the present instruments of planning, have played an important role so that, through them, are justified and realized these ambitious projects in benefit of private sectors. To accomplish our objective, it will be analyze and reflect, on the challenges that exist in the planning, to give solution to the diverse existing urban conflicts. In this way, it is tried to contribute to the discussion about whether the intervention and construction of great projects, are or not, an instrument that constitutes a form to give answer to these problems and to give an impulse to the development of the city. To accomplish ur objective, will analyze each case, under two central points: The general characteristics of the construction process of projects. Policies and instruments of urban planning in place. From these points, will try to explain some of the various transformation processes that appear in the shaping of the urban space. He is undeniable, that behind these projects and forms of planning, are hidden various economic and political interests. The numerous investments which they are contemplated, lead to visualize them as new forms of speculation, outside or against previous the city-planning expositions, benefitting fundamentally to real estate sectors and leaving to a side the public interest.
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Kourtit, Karima, and Peter Nijkamp. "A comparative study on strategic performance management of Dutch firms." In 16th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2008. University of Twente, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268488416.

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Strategic performance management (SPM) has become an important vehicle for business management in today’s turbulent business environment. SPM has in recent years attracted much research interest from the side of both scientists and policy-makers. This interest is warranted because of the fundamental transformations (e.g. increased competition, changes in the regulatory environment, the impact of technology, growing globalization, shifts in customer behaviour and expectations) in industrial systems created a challenging business environment, which prompted firms to call for insight into their business activities and operational performance at all times. The growing importance of these changes has further intensified the need for alternative strategic control and performance measures to allow businesses to stay competitive and profitable. The performance measures should provide a complete picture of a firm’s progress towards the achievement of its mission and goals. The study addresses the need for an efficient SPM and operational Performance Measurement System (PMS) for assessing business performance to cope with continous changing business circumstances, to develop systematic strategic tools/approaches that shape and measure a firm’s capability for continuous competitiveness, to innovate and renew themselves business-oriented climate, which potentially determine the success of the firms. Both the popular and scientific literature indicate that there is evidence that SPM is now implemented (in use) in approximately 70% of medium-to-large firms in the US and Europe, as well as in many governmental departments. There is however, much unjustified belief in the assumed potential offered by the implementation of SPM in Dutch firms. Most studies are anecdotal, case studies, speculative and less based upon empirical facts or solid business management theory. Much work has been carried out on the design and deployment of SPM, but relatively little attention has been paid on the impact of SPM on firms’ results. The paper aims to investigate on an empirical basis whether SPM yield the benefits and/or disbenefits, as predicted by the literature, for Dutch firms. And to provide an insight into the reasons behind the implementation of SPM, as predicted by the literature, because each of the reasons for implementing SPM should yield particular benefits or disbenefits. The overarching analysis framework of this paper is based on SPM, because particular attention is paid to the lessons from the strategic performance management literature for measuring the successes (and failures) of Dutch firms. Much empirical studies provide mixed evidence on the strategic benefits from the implementation of SPM. Various literature sources, case studies and practical experience show that firms that have implemented SPM obtain better financial and non-financial results, and improve more their overall quality than competitors or comparable firms that are less SPM-driven over a longer period of time. But, other literature sources reported that SPM has failed through incorrect identification of non-financial indicators, poorly defines metrics to address the requirements of all the stakeholders, wrong and too little or much measurements, use the metrics ineffectively, no clear existence of the link between nonfinancial and the expected financial results and no clear interactions (correlation(s)) among the benefits, disbenefits and reasons behind the implementation of SPM. The research will deploy sophisticated statistical tools (exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis) to assess systematically the business activities success and (and failures) after implementing SPM in practice.
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Farag, Ashraf, Dan E. Olson, Jeffery Hammersley, and Terry Ng. "Effect of a 3-Dimensional Inlet on the Flow Characteristics in a Symmetric Bifurcation Model of Human Pulmonary System." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0050.

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Abstract Steady inspiratory flow is studied within a symmetric bifurcation with 35° bend at the inlet to the model for two different flow rates which are typical to middle and small human airways. The angle of the bend is chosen to yield with the bifurcation model a geometrical correct two generation model as observed in different casts of human airways. Measurements of the primary and secondary velocity profiles are taken at different axial locations in the model using Laser Doppler in the horizontal and vertical planes. These locations are chosen to follow the expected velocity alterations in the model. The bend is placed in the same plane as the model and at 90° to the plane of the model. Results obtained indicate that the increased degree of mixing involved with the inlet flow due to the secondary current eliminates any potential for flow separation in the parent tube of the model where the area increase occurs. The centrifugal forces at the onset of the daughter branches overwhelm the various entrance conditions to cause similar flow organization within each branch. The resultant flow field typifies that seen in tight bends under similar Reynolds and Dean conditions. The development of circulations within the core and boundary layer of the flow are compared for a series of biological expected entrance conditions. The wall shear distributions are compared and speculations of the stability and biological effects are considered. Figures 1 to 3 show the axial velocity profiles in the model at Re = 1600. In these figures the curvature of the entrance flow, or the bend, is placed in the same plane as the model, case A. Figure 1 shows the axial velocity profiles in the parent tube of the model in the plane of bifurcation. It should be noted that the profile at the end of the parent tube (before bifurcation) is similar to what we observed at the exit of the daughter branches with flat velocity entrance profile. This infers that the simple bend gives similar effect as having a two generation branching model. The flow enters the parent tube of the model with the fast moving fluid particle shifted towards one side (left side) and the slow moving fluid particles towards the other (right side). The inflection point observed on the right side develops to a second peak as the flow proceeds downstream. This second peak picks up speed as it moves downstream and finally the flow bifurcates in an asymmetrical fashion with the faster moving flow entering the left daughter branch and the slower flow entering the right branch. The development of a second velocity peak on the slow moving side of the velocity field eliminates any potential for flow separation towards that side (as might be expected). Figure 4 shows the axial velocity profiles in the plane of the bifurcation at different axial locations l/d = −0.23, −0.60, −0.85, −1.35, and −2.65 upstream the flow divider. In this case, when the bend is placed 90° to the plane of the model, since the fluid with higher velocity is pushed towards the lower wall and is replaced at the upper wall by the slower moving fluid from the vicinity of the outer and inner walls; the M-shaped profile becomes more pronounced as the flow proceeds downstream. The secondary flow in the model showed complex patterns. This complexity is due to the secondary flow carried on from the bend. We believe that this work will improve our understanding to the three-dimensional convective organization of air flow in the human airways. The main objective is to understand the effects of the highly vortex flow at the entrance to a bifurcation.
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Petrykowski, John C. "Analysis of Fuel-Coolant Interaction Potential in Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor Safety Experiments." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54925.

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Improved utilization of nuclear fuels, burning of actinides and advancements in safety have brought about renewed interest in sodium cooled fast reactor technology. In regards to this and in light of recent events which have focused attention on new concerns involving safety, analyses have recently been performed addressing beyond design basis accident conditions for which the existence of large quantities of vaporized fuel and coolant have been postulated. Specifically, for very low probability, but highly energetic core disruptive accidents in sodium cooled fast reactors, molten and vaporized fuel in contact with coolant can bring about a fuel coolant interaction leading to transformation of a significant inventory of coolant from liquid to vaporforme, with a potential for subsequent release of fuel as aerosol from the reactor vessel due to transport of fuel fragments and fuel aerosol by the vaporized fuel and coolant. Because general statements concerning the nature of these events were largely speculative, out-of-reactor experiments were conducted in the mid 1980’s in the FAST-CRI-III facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to study the transport in sodium of aerosol-bearing UO2 vapor bubbles. Although codes featuring detailed multi-physics models [1] were in various stages of development at the time of program cessation, a simplified thermo-mechanical model, free of requirements for detailed thermophysical property data, has recently been developed for purposes of evaluating FAST outcomes. The model consists of a hydrodynamic module which is used to predict the movement of a pulsatile, aerosol-bearing vapor bubble through the surrounding coolant and a heat transfer module which accounts for thermal interactions as the bubble thermally radiates to the surrounding coolant. The model predictions are consistent with key experimental trends, namely: (1) significantly reduced aerosol release as the coolant level increased, (2) greatly reduced aerosol release in sodium tests compared to release levels measured in a series of baseline water tests. The consistency of these trends is discussed in terms of thermo-mechanical characteristics of the respective coolants. Specifically, the inertia of the surrounding coolant impedes bubble transport to the free surface which addresses the first point above, and, relative to the second point, bubble lifetimes are sufficiently short relative to time estimates for transit to the free-surface, due principally to the effectiveness of quenching by radiation which is particularly pronounced in the case of sodium, owing to high reflectivity values. Additionally, pool subcooling was found to have a cross-cutting influence on aerosol release. Only in tests in which pool subcooling was reduced to ∼10 Kelvin was significant aerosol release detected. For those tests, which occurred in water, measurements suggest that coolant vaporization occurred at intensities above 3000 kg/m2-s, well beyond what has generally been reported from fuel coolant interaction studies in which the coolant interactions are with molten fuel forms. This set of findings will permit a more general assessment of the implications of fuel coolant interactions on the progression of core disruptive accidents, particularly with regards to assessing probable modes of in-vessel aerosol transport within sodium cooled reactors.
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Reports on the topic "Speculation Case studies"

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Carty, Anthony, and Jing Gu. Theory and Practice in China’s Approaches to Multilateralism and Critical Reflections on the Western ‘Rules-Based International Order’. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.057.

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China is the subject of Western criticism for its supposed disregard of the rules-based international order. Such a charge implies that China is unilateralist. The aim in this study is to explain how China does in fact have a multilateral approach to international relations. China’s core idea of a community of shared future of humanity shows that it is aware of the need for a universal foundation for world order. The Research Report focuses on explaining the Chinese approach to multilateralism from its own internal perspective, with Chinese philosophy and history shaping its view of the nature of rules, rights, law, and of institutions which should shape relationships. A number of case studies show how the Chinese perspectives are implemented, such as with regards to development finance, infrastructure projects (especially the Belt and Road Initiative), shaping new international organisations (such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), climate change, cyber-regulation and Chinese participation in the United Nations in the field of human rights and peacekeeping. Looking at critical Western opinion of this activity, we find speculation around Chinese motives. This is why a major emphasis is placed on a hermeneutic approach to China which explains how it sees its intentions. The heart of the Research Report is an exploration of the underlying Chinese philosophy of rulemaking, undertaken in a comparative perspective to show how far it resembles or differs from the Western philosophy of rulemaking.
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