Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spectroscopie – Dissertation universitaire'
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Hussain, Shawn. "Développement de méthodes biophotoniques appliquées aux biofluides pour le diagnostic rapide et non-invasif du cancer." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMP201.
Full textVibrational spectroscopy (VS) relates to the specific optical techniques of infrared and Raman spectroscopy (RS). These techniques probe molecular vibrations of the sample when light interacts with it, which present ‘fingerprints’ of the global biochemistry. Both techniques hold great promise in disease diagnostics, especially with ‘liquid biopsies’ for biofluids. This study developed bio-spectroscopic methodologies to query the serum biochemistry towards rapid diagnosis and detection of diseases. The aim was two-fold; i) to develop FTIR and RS methodologies to query sera for pre-analytical variation. Secondly, to use liquid RS combined chemometric analysis to interpret pathological data for its diagnostic and prognostic potential. Beyond proof of concept with investigations in to preanalytical variation (which proved no effect is seen on the serum profile) via serum freeze-thawing and environmental drying, three diagnostic studies were sought; from patient cases, i.e., hepatocellular carcinoma from cirrhotic sera, cirrhosis from fibrotic sera, and varying degrees of gliomas from brain tumour sera. Throughout, a suite of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy techniques were employed/developed, such serum ATR-FTIR, HT-FTIR (high throughput screening), Raman microspectroscopy on liquid and dried human sera, and Raman microspectroscopy on liquid sera. Advanced multivariate analysis and chemometric approaches were employed such as PCA, HCA, PLS-DA, forward LDA, radial basis function SVM-LOOCV, Random forest classifiers, all towards developing a robust disease classifier. Across all diagnostic studies, results showed moderate- good diagnostic ability with one method succeeding the other in various cases. It was shown that spectroscopy combined with advanced chemometric methods can provide a good adjunct to clinical screening settings, such as point-of-care areas
Garcia, Marine. "Développement d’une plateforme d’imagerie pour la caractérisation du transfert de masse dans les microsystèmes : application aux piles à combustible microfluidiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024HESAE007.
Full textFuel cells are devices that convert the energy stored in an oxidant and a reductant into electricity through electrochemical reactions. The most mature technology for this conversion is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), but other alternative systems are emerging. In particular, microfluidic fuel cells (MFCs) have overcome the problems associated with the use of a membrane and gas storage by using liquid reagents at ambient temperature and pressure. The dimensions of the channel (1-5 mm wide and 20-100 µm high) allow co-laminar flow of the two liquid reagents and the electrolyte in a microchannel containing the electrodes. Therefore, PCMs do not need membrane to separate reactants and performances are driven by charge and mass transport.Experimental characterization of all the physical phenomena involved in PCMs is difficult because actuals methods are more based on electrochemical characterisation. These methods provide an overall characterisation of the system but they do not give precise information on the mass transport phenomena occurring in the channel. To investigate concentration field, numerical modelling is generally used. Numerical methods evaluate the impact of the geometry or the operating conditions on MFC performances. However, the use of these models relies on the knowledge of in-situ parameters such as the diffusion coefficient D and the reaction rate k0. In numerical studies, these parameters are generally approximated leading to a qualitative understanding of the transport phenomena. Furthermore, these numerical studies have not yet been verified by experimental studies.Thus, the main scientific challenge of this thesis is to develop quantitative imaging methods for characterising the concentration field in an operating PCM.To meet this need, an imaging platform based on spectroscopy and three characterisation methods were developed in this thesis. First of all, the work focused on developing an experimental setup based on spectroscopy to study the interdiffusion phenomenon. This study reports the estimation of the diffusion coefficient of potassium permanganate in formic acid. These solutions were specifically chosen because they are used in the PCM developed for the rest of the study.The imaging plateform was then adapted to study the in operando MFC 2D concentration field in steady-state. An analytical mass transfer model (advection/reaction/diffusion) coupled to the 2D concentration field was used to determine the reaction rate. As the concentration variations involved can be very small (few micro-moles), another characterisation technique was implemented to reduce the measurement noise.To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, a method based on modulation of the concentration field was developed. Demodulation of the signal significantly reduced the noise and concentrations of 20 µM were estimated. An analytical model describing the modulated field was established in order to implement an inverse method. The proposed method made it possible to recover the reaction rate associated with the concentration variation.To conclude, the proposed characterisation methods enable the estimation of the mass transfer and the reaction kinetics using the 2D concentration field from an in operando MFC. This technique has been applied to the MFC, but it can be transferred to a micrometric system in which diffusion-advection-reaction phenomena take place
Wilhelm, Dafné. "Utilisation du modèle cellulaire ATDC5 pour la caractérisation des mécanismes de maturation des procollagènes et de leurs relations avec le processus de minéralisation matricielle." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0286.
Full textEndochondral ossification is the mechanism by which long bones of Vertebrates grow. It requires the formation of a primary cartilage pattern by chondrogenesis, which is then replaced by bone. Chondrogenesis relies on the production of a dedicated type II collagen rich extracellular matrix (ECM), which will then mineralize, and many aspects of which remain difficult to characterize. The ATDC5 cell line can engage into a differentiation program resembling the multistep chondrogenic differentiation observed in vivo after insulin stimulation. Although this cell line is widely used, its proteome is barely described. In order to define to what extent this model recapitulates the main aspects of cartilage ECM formation, a time-resolved proteome analysis by LC-MALDI-TOF / TOF of the regulation of the proteome of differentiating ATDC5 cells focused on the ECM and the level of maturation of its main components. These cells synthesize and incorporate into their ECM a wide range of cartilage components, including aggrecan and type II collagen, which carry most of the maturations described in vivo. Most importantly, the accumulation of collagen in the MEC is correlated with maturation events: proteolytic cleavage and triple helix hydroxylation. The C-propeptide of type II collagen (CPII), is a component of joint and growth plate cartilage, and has been described as involved in the mineralization process of the latter. On the other hand, to what extent and how CPII would regulate mineralization remains to be specified. We have shown that CPII exhibit a different interactome as its type I and III procollagens (CPI and CPIII) counterparts, suggesting mechanistic differences between their maturation. These results are consolidated by additional in vivo studies of CPII cleavage sites, confirming the coexistence of two cleavage sites and demonstrating for the first time that CPII trimers contain the four possible combinations of the two cleavage sites. These data suggest that each monomer within the trimer is cleaved independently of the others. Overall, this work highlights CPII cleavage mechanism as distinct from that of CPI and CPIII and more complex than anticipated. Functional characterization of key events of ECM elaboration in ATDC5 cells should allow better dissecting the mechanisms of chondrogenesis and cartilage mineralization
Gay, Marion. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation de composes interagissant avec la dégradation des protéines pour le traitement de maladies neurodégénératives." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S056.
Full textTwo physiopathological processes are involved in Alzheimer’s disease: the senile plaques (amyloid pathology) consisting of Aβ peptide aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles (Tau pathology) caused by the accumulation of hyper and abnormal phosphorylated Tau protein. Currently, only symptomatic treatments are available. Therefore, the development of curative drugs is a very active research field. Previous work in the laboratory led to the discovery of a family of compounds (MSBD) which lead-compounds are active on both pathologies of the Alzheimer’s disease. A drug candidate, AZP2006, emerged from that research and is currently in phase 1 clinical trials. Investigations on the identification of the biological target of AZP2006 led to p97/VCP protein, a target that has attracted considerable attention over the last few years for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD).This PhD thesis deals with three main aspects:1) Study of the interactions between p97/VCP and developed compounds. STD-NMR studies have confirmed the interaction between AZP2006 and p97/VCP, though these preliminary results have to be confirmed by complementary techniques. AZP2006-based chemical probes were designed and synthesized to develop a FRET-based binding assay in order to get a more quantitative characterization of the binding.2) Development of new p97/VCP ligands. Based on previous ligands developed in the laboratory, a pharmacophore model was built. Subsequent, virtual screening and de novo design led to the identification of several chemical structures. Four families were synthesized and tested in vitro showing a good effect on Aβ peptides secretion and APP metabolism. These compounds are being tested on Tau hyperphosphorylation. The binding to p97/VCP was confirmed by STD-NMR.3) Development of multi target compounds acting on both the two pathology of Alzheimer disease and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Activities of these compounds were validated in vitro (inhibition of AChE, Aβ peptides secretion, APP metabolism and Tau). In vivo, one of the compounds increased cognitive performance in two mice transgenic models.The results obtained during this PhD confirmed the therapeutic potential of p97/VCP in NDD and proposed new structures for their treatment
Bruguière, Antoine. "Mise au point d’une méthode d’analyse déréplicative par RMN du carbone 13." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0085.
Full textExtraction and isolation of natural products can be a tedious and time-consuming work and can unfortunately lead to molecules presenting little to no interest. That is why dereplication methods have been developed : they allow the identification of molecules within a mixture, without having to separate them, by comparing their signals to those of references, gathered in databases. In this work, we try to focus on polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), molecules that could be used a therapeutic tool to understand mechanisms involved in immune and inflammatory responses. We first were able to conclude that building databases using predicted values, instead of experimental ones, gave quality results for a dereplication work. Predicted databases were thus used for the rest of the experiments. After taking a look at the different kind of published dereplication methods, we decided to develop our own program based on 13C-NMR, in order to make it more discriminating than the current methods. To do so, in addition to 13C data, DEPT (135 and 90) information were added, allowing to narrow the search by carbon type. A graphic user interface was also implemented, making the program easier to use, but also providing the user with the possibility to interact with the results. This new method was first successfully tested on a diverse range of natural products mixtures, allowing the validation of the method. In the end, the method was used on Garcinia bancana extracts, and made possible the quick identification of the PPAPs we were interested in. Molecules were purified for further biological testing
Ermishov, Mikhail. "Etude des complexes de médicaments antiviraux et antitumoraux par spectroscopies Raman et SERS." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMP203.
Full text@The study of mechanisms of interactions of the molecules showing antiviral and/or antitumoral activity represents an essential stage in design of new generations of these agents. In this work, Raman and Raman Surface-Enhanced Scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and other spectroscopic methods were employed for investigation of sialic acid compounds and their supramolecular assemblies as well as for study of complexes of antitumoral drugs bis-netropsins and topotecan, the inhibitors of human DNA topoisomérase I (topo I), with DNA. The results obtained elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiviral and/or antitumoral activity of the compounds studied and can be used as a basis for the development of new molecules possessing higher activity
Kegelaer, Grégory. "Identification et caractérisation du phénotype MDR de cellules cancéreuses par techniques de spectroscopie vibrationnelle infrarouge et Raman et analyse statistique." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMP203.
Full textGrancher, Nicolas. "Vectorisation de la ribavirine par les cyclodextrines : caractérisation physico-chimique des complexes et activité in vitro et in vivo sur le virus de la rougeole." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN11301.
Full textVerzhbitskiy, Ivan. "Spectroscopie de Raman de haute sensibilité dans des gaz à effet de serre : bandes de transitions doubles ou harmoniques." Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE0076.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis was the understanding, viaspontaneous Raman scattering, of two types of transitions relevant to atmospheric gases: simultaneous transitions and overtone transitions. Regarding simultaneous transitions, the effort was mainly on double incoherent Raman scattering by SF6-N2, in which the two molecules simultaneously undergo a Raman-allowed transition. A highly accurate spectrum was recorded and interpreted quantum-mechanically. Agreement both in moments and in shapes was found with predictions made on the basis of a collision-induced polarizabilily model, provid€'d all Si9Sificant lo•9-ran9e contribul‹Ol0S were incorporated. The polarization mechanisms that survive in the simple model of two point-polarizable molecules were sufficient for the description of the anisotropic component, but, for the realistic description of the isotropic remnant, use of the far more sophisticated "atom-linear molecule" model was needed. In the second part of the thesis, the first overtone of the asymmetric stretch vibration, 2v3, of CO2 was studied. Unlike the previous transitions, which are collision-induced, overtones are allowed lransilions yet in the specific case of the 2v3 overtone the band was almost entirely depolarized, in agreement with the assertion (so far stated and checked for fundamental transition only) that asymmetrical vibrations give rise to depolarized lines. A rigorous protocol was applied to the interpretation of the reCOfded spectra, involving electric, optical and mechanical anharmonic effects and intermode couplings. Complete shape analysis was carried out from first principles to simulate the band profiles and the strong line-mixing effects
Ayoub, Ali Samir. "Synthèse, structure et propriétés des amidons modifiés en milieu fondu peu hydraté." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMP202.
Full text@This work presents the settling of starch syntheses modified in medium molten little hydrated, transposable on an industrial scale, and of the techniques of characterization adapted to these polysaccharides. The synthesis was developed starting from native starch of corn and without solvent, the reaction being carried out in the presence of soda and of the reagents. The application of thermomechanical energy showed a significant acceleration of the kinetics of the reaction. The characterization of the modified starches was carried out by several analytical techniques (NMR, MEB, intrinsic viscosity. . . ). These technique made it possible to study the influence of the physicochemical modification in molten medium. The enzymatic degradation of the modified starches showed the influence of the physicochemical modification on the profile of degradation
Brasseur, Laurent. "Caractérisations biochimiques des protéines à répétitions de dipeptides et de leurs assemblages." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS538.
Full textAbstract : The most common genetic factor between familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is the repetition of (GGGGCC)n in the open reading frame 72 of chromosome 9 (C9orf72). FTD is characterized by personality, behavior and language disorders due to neuronal degeneration in the cortex, thalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum. ALS patients, on the other hand, exhibit motor symptoms primarily consisting of paralysis of the skeletal muscles caused by motoneuronal loss in the spinal cord and the central motor system. These pathologies have significant genetic and clinic overlaps suggesting common mechanisms.Large amounts of cytoplasmic inclusions of the Dipeptide Repeat Proteins (DRP), translated from C9orf72 RNA, were found in brains of patients who died from ALS or FTD.These proteins are constituted of repetitions of Dipeptides : glycine-alanine (poly-GA), glycine-proline (poly-GP), glycine-arginine (poly-GR), proline-arginine (poly-PR) and proline-alanine (poly-PA). The toxicity of the aggregated DRP has been shown in various cellular models as well as in drosophila and mice. Nevertheless, few studies have described the biochemistry of the DRP. The aim of my thesis is the in vitro caracterization of the DRP. I have characterized the biochemistry of these proteins and in particular their self-assembly abilities in Ronald Melki’s team « Proteins folding and conformational diseases ».Recombinant DRP of different lengths and nature have been produced to determined the in vitro conditions in which they assemble. The morphology of the related aggregates has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Structure informations of DPR were obtained with Circular Dichroïsm spectrometry for monomers and Infrared spectroscopy for assemblies. Lastly, the toxicity and internalization abilities of these proteins and their assemblies are tested on culture cells in collaboration with Pr. Mimoun Azzouz of the University of Sheffield
Fall, Djibril. "Étude chimique et biologique d'Annonaceae du Sénégal : étude particulière des racines d'Annona senegalensis Pers., des racines et des graines d'Uvaria chamae P. Beauv." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA114829.
Full textChemical and biological studies of two Annonaceous plants collected in Senegal and widely use in traditional medicine, Uvaria chamae (roots and seeds) and Annona senegalensis (roots) is done. Twenty seven acetogenins, two alkaloïds and a kauran diterpen were isolated. Five of the acetogenins have an original structure. Differents chromatographic methods are used for the purification and isolation of the molecules : high performance liquid chromatography, column chromatography on differents supports. Theidentification of the molecules is realised by differents spectroscopic methods : nuclear magnetic resonance; mass spectrometry, infrared, ultraviolet. Activities essay show cytotoxic, acaricid, leishmanicid and anthelminthic properties of some extracts and molecules isolated
Caillet-Saguy, Célia. "Etude de l'interaction de l'hémophore HasAsm avec ses partenaires : l'hème et le récepteur spécifique de membrane externe HasR." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077185.
Full textThe extracellular hemophore HasA from S. Marcescens is a heme carrier protein that extracts heme from host hemoproteins and shuttles it to a specific outer membrane receptor HasR. In HasA, heme iron is ferric and has an original coordination with a Histidine 32/Tyrosine 75 axial ligands pair. A third residue of the binding pocket, H83, forms a tight hydrogen bond with Y75, increasing the tyrosinate character of Y75 and stabilizing the Y75-heme iron coordination. Wild-type and mutated holoproteins, H32A, Y75A and H83A, were characterized by UV, NMR, rR and EPR spectroscopies. Using 13C/15N-direct detection NMR experiments, optimized for paramagnetic proteins, it has been possible to assign backbone nuclei and Cb of holoHasA. Resonances of the axial ligands have been detected by 1D NMR experiments. We have shown that HasA presents a thermal high spin/low spin equilibrium related to the modulation of the strength of the heme iron-Y75 axial ligand coordination bond which is modulated by the Y75-H83 H-bond. In the Y75A mutant, H83 becomes an alternatif ligand. In the H83A mutant, removal of H83 causes detachment of the Y75 ligand, thus giving rise to a series of pH dependent equilibria among species with different axial ligation. The five coordinated species detected at physiological pH, with H32 as axial ligand, may represent a possible intermediate of the heme transfer mechanism to the membrane receptor HasR. The heme release process from HasA to HasR were investigated by CRINEPT-TROSY HSQC NMR experiments on apoHasA-HasR and holoHasA-HasR complexes in DPC micelles allowing the mapping of the regions of HasA involved in the HasA-HasR interaction
Tamraz, Jean. "Morphometrie de l'encephale par resonance magnetique : applications a la pathologie chromosomique humaine, a l'anatomie comparee et a la teratologie." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05S012.
Full textPoissy, Julien. "Glycannes fongiques circulant dans le sérum des patients de réanimation. Analyse de l’intérêt clinique et développement de méthodes physico-chimiques de détection/caractérisation." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S022/document.
Full textThe rapidity of the diagnosis of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis (IC) is crucial to allow the early introduction of antigungal therapy. This one is often delayed because Candida yeasts are found in blood culture, the gold standard diagnostic test, in only 50% of cases of IC and several days are needed to have this result. Complementary methods relie on the detection of Candida cell wall polysaccharids in the serum, β-glucans (BDG) and mannans (Man). Our objectives were to : a) determine the signification and clinical interest of the detection of BDG and Man in intensive care b) take part in the analysis of the interest of a mass spectrometry (MS) technic in development which aim to detect/caracterize circulant fongic glycans. Materials and Methods : a) For the clinical case-control study, the BDG and Man kinetics in relation with candidaemia were evaluated in 41 candidemic patients, and were compared to the kinetic observed in 67 non candidemic patients, hospitalised in the same ward and assessed weekly for yeast colonisation b) a MALDI-MS method was applied to sera after selective extraction of glycans and compared to standards. Results : BDG at the recommanded cut-off is a sensitive and precoce but non specific test for the diagnosis of candidemia in ICU. It does not seem to be affected by the colonisation, but its very slow decrease limits its usefulness for the management of the treatment. At the opposite, Man is very specific but not sensitive. Modulating the cut-off of BDG, it is possible to propose a decisional algorithm for preemptive therapy based on the sequential use of BDG and Man. b) MALDI-MS reveals a signal at position m/z 365, corresponding to a disaccharid (among which is trehalose), associated to human and experimental IC. In preliminary studies this test seems to have good sensitiity and specificity for the diagnosis of IC as well as for other fungal infections. Conclusion : a) BDG is a sensitive test, Man is a specific one, and their joint use could be useful for an early diagnosis of IC and a rationalization of the antifungal treatment. b) The application of MALDI-MS method to the detection/caracterisation of circulating glycans seems to present an important potential to replace or complete the current available diagnostic tools of IC
Zhang, Luqiong. "Magnetic Molecular-based Materials Assembled on Metallic Substrates : Experimental X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Ligand Field Multiplet Calculations." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS587.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the investigation of the magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles and spin crossover complexes assembled as monolayers on different metallic substrates by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at the L₂,₃ edges of the metal atoms. We use X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) and X-ray Natural Linear Dichroism (XNLD) to do so. The simulation of the experimental data is carried out by Ligand Field Multiplet (LFM) calculations. This thesis is divided into two parts.The first part aims at studying the magnetic anisotropy of Prussian blue analog magnetic coordination nanoparticles that were assembled as a single layer on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite. XAS, XNLD and XMCD measurements disclose the presence of electronic and magnetic anisotropy by the opening of a magnetic hysteresis loop at low temperature. Combining experimental data with LFM calculations, we propose a structural model of the surface of the particles that allows accounting for electronic and magnetic anisotropy and that is proposed to be due to the single layer/vacuum interface.In the second part, thermal and light-induced spin crossover behavior of Fe(II) containing molecules have been assembled as a sub-monolayer on metallic substrates. Complementary LFM calculations and experimental XAS data allow unravelling the nature and the magnitude of the spin crossover as a function of the external stimuli (temperature, X-rays, blue and red light). An anomalous blue light effect allowing a crossover at low temperature from the high to low spin states is discovered and analyzed as being due to the interface between the molecules and the metallic substrates
Vignaux, Olivier. "Imagerie tissulaire myocardique par résonance magnétique nucléaire." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05CD05.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Imaging of myocardical tissue. In patients with known or suspected cardiac desease, an "all-in-one" cardiac imaging modality should theoretically include morphological and functional analysis of the heart, but also information on myocardical tissue in order to detect its infiltration by abnormal tissues or substances and to study its perfusion and viability in ischemic disease. The specific magnetic properties with changes of relaxations times (and thereby increased or decreased signal intensities) induced by some tissues such as fatty infiltration, fibrosis, edema or inflammation allow a characterization of the myocardical tissue. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging also offers the potential for a complete functional study of the myocardium including contractility as well as perfusion and viability using cotrasts agents (Gadolinium-DTPA). The aim of this work was to demonstrate the ability of MR imaging to non-invasively characterize myocardical tissue and to assess its function. MR capacities of imaging the myocardical tissue have been applied to myocardical ischemia and to some specific cardiomyopathies
Crublet, Marie-Laure. "Détermination structurale des saponosides et flavonoi͏̈des isolés de trois Lécythidaceae. Activité dermocosmétique des saponosides." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMP201.
Full textExtracts enrichided with saponins, obtained from stem barks of two Lecythidacaea, Foetidia africana and Bertholletia excelsa, showed an activity on human dermal fibroblasts in culture. The first extract stimulates the fibroblastic synthesis of GAG, and the second stimulates the synthesis of type I collagen. These activities should allow a dermocosmetic utilisation of the two extracts. In this work, we studied the chemical composition of these bioactive extracts. The chemical composition of a third species of Lecythidaceae, Planchonia grandis, was also studied. Structures of three prosapogenins, twenty-four saponins and three flavonoi͏̈ds, all newly described, were elucidated using mono and bidimensionnal NMR experiments and mass spectrometry ESI-(MS)n
Oussaidene, Kahina. "Implication de l’oxygénation cérébrale dans les limitations à l’exercice musculaire des personnes non-entraînées et des sportifs d’endurance." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S028/document.
Full textInvolvement of cerebral oxygenation in muscular exercice limitation in untrained and trained endurance men. A decrease in oxygen availability in the brain could be a physiological mechanism limiting aerobic fitness. We first studied the role of cerebral oxygenation measured by Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS ) in maximal cycle ramp exercise limitation. We showed a cerebral oxygenation threshold decline associated with respiratory compensation point (RCP). This threshold appeared for higher exercise intensities -related to performance improvement with hyperoxia in untrained endurance men (study 1). Secondly , we showed that the cerebral oxygenation threshold in athletes occurred for higher sub-maximal exercise intensities than untrained (study 2). Finally , we determined the involvement of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIH) in endurance athletes on cerebral oxygenation during maximal cycle ramp exercice and exercice time to exhaustion. We showed that cerebral oxygenation was improved by EIH suggesting a compensatory effect of EIH during the maximal cycle ramp. This did not occur during exercise time to exhaustion, and does not support the involvment of cerebral oxygenation in this type of exercise (study 3). This work has therefore highlighted the involvement of cerebral oxygenation in maximal cycle ramp exercice limitation in untrained and trained endurance men with or without EIH. However, it was unlikely been the major factor limiting the exercise time to exhaustion
Ghazaly, Christelle. "Développement d’un capteur spectrophotométrique pour la mesure en temps réel des expositions professionnelles à l’ozone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0207.
Full textOzone causes headaches, eye burns and lung damage and serious respiratory diseases such as asthma. Ozone is emitted into the atmosphere of workplaces in various sectors, including printing, water treatment, arc welding, and plastics processing. Exposure of workers to concentrations exceeding national and european ozone occupational exposure limit values (OELs), set at 100 ppbv over 8 hours and 200 ppbv over 15 minutes, may cause severe health alterations. Currently, the determination of ozone concentrations is carried out by using colorimetric tubes, providing spot measurements, or by using commercial sensors. Some studies were carried out on electrochemical cells or semiconductors based sensors and more rarely on optical sensors. The detection limit of these sensors is compatible with ozone OELs, but they are fragile and not selective. There is currently no reliable and robust reference method for the assessment of occupational exposures to ozone. The objective of this study is the development of a real-time ozone measurement method, which is characterized by a stable signal under air, high sensitivity, and selectivity. This measurement system must also make it possible to identify the most exposed phases for employees. We chose visible spectroscopy as a simple, fast and accurate detection system. We have successfully developed the sensitive material, based on an inexpensive dye, methylene blue, adsorbed on a thin film of mesoporous silica deposited on a glass plate by dip-coating. This material is stable for more than 50 days stored under ambient air. The system also includes a Nafion® tube; used to stabilize the relative humidity of the air. The measured sensor signal is the absorbance decrease at 600 nm. This reduction results from the oxidation of the dye in the presence of ozone and is irreversible under air. The developed sensor is characterized by sensitivity to low ozone concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ppbv, reproducible response kinetics and no direct interference in the presence of 500 ppbv of nitrogen dioxide. The temperature dependence of the sensor response is described. The performance of the detection during exposure scenarios for short times and variable concentrations is described. The developed system could be a good candidate for real-time monitoring of occupational ozone exposures. This step will require miniaturization of the test bench components to use the sensor developed in the workplace
Moreau, Magali. "Etude du mécanisme d'oxydation des guanidines par les no-synthases. Recherche de nouveaux précurseurs de No." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S014.
Full textNitric oxide (NO) is an importnat signal molecule in mammalian systems and is produced via the oxidation of L-arginine, a reaction catalyzed by enzimes known as NO synthases (NOS). To adress physipathological conditions associated with NO deficiency, a strategy is to identify exogenous substrates for NOS. For the forst time, we demonstrated that simple guanidines could serve as substrates for inducible NOS. Secondly , we showed the influenceof guanidine on electron decoupling and on the production of recative oxygen species. Studies using stopped-flow kinetics, infrared and resonance Raman spectroscopy enabled us to propose differential mechanisms for the electron- and proton- transfer steps in the NOS-dependent, oxygen-activation process, contingent upon the guanidine derivative. Finally, using NOS mutant constructs, modified in one Valine residue at the active site, we revealed the importance of active site structure in the transformation and recognition of non-aminoacid compositions. In conclusion, our research has led to the characterization of novel molecules useful for studying mechanisms of NOS and that could also serve as novel pharmacological tools in studies associated with NOS dysfunction
Decroix, Lieselot. "Cocoa flavanols, exercise and the brain." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S004/document.
Full textSports performance depends on physical factors, but also on cognitive functioning. Nutritional supplements as potential ergogenic aids can impact muscle, but also the brain. Cocoa flavanols (CF) have antioxidant capacities, can stimulate vascular function, and potentially enhance cognitive function. CF intake might thus improve exercise performance and recovery by reducing oxidative stress, increasing NO availability and/or boosting cognitive function. It is the purpose of this PhD to identify the effects of CF on physical and cognitive performance in healthy athletes at sea level and altitude, as well as in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our systematic review showed that CF can reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, but without improving exercise performance. Combining CF intake and exercise training improves cardiovascular risk factors and vascular function in healthy and overweight participants, but evidence on the synergistic effects of CF and exercise training on oxidative stress, inflammation and fat and glucose metabolism is lacking.In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind cross-over study, we showed that 900 mg CF intake increased prefrontal oxygenation in athletes, but without affecting executive function. BDNF was not affected by CF intake. The effects of high-intensity exercise largely overruled the effects of CF intake: large beneficial effects of exercise on prefrontal oxygenation and cognitive function were observed and CF supplementation did not enlarge these effects. In a 2nd study, the effect of acute CF intake (530 mg CF) on performance on a demanding cognitive test was assessed in normoxia and hypoxia (simulated altitude 4000 m). Electroencephalogram and fNIRS were used to analyse neuronal activity and hemodynamic changes. Acute CF intake improved the neurovascular response, but did not affect neuronal activity and cognitive performance in normoxia and hypoxia. Most cognitive functions, the cerebrovascular response and neuronal activity, were not altered in hypoxia in healthy subjects. In a 3rd study, we found that acute intake of 900 mg CF enhanced cognitive performance on the Flanker test in patients with type 1 diabetes, and their healthy matched controls. CF intake increased the BOLD response in brain areas activated during this specific task. While cognitive performance was not deteriorated in patients with type 1 diabetes, a different brain activation pattern during the cognitive task was observed, compared to healthy controls and this brain activation pattern was altered by CF intake. To conclude, acute CF intake improves prefrontal oxygenation and cerebrovascular responsiveness. This can be associated with better cognitive function in patients with type 1 diabetes, but does not result in improved executive function in healthy persons. Compared to exercise, the magnitude of the CF-induced neurovascular changes is small.Two studies were conducted examining the effects of CF on exercise-induced oxidative stress, NO availability and its implications for exercise performance, in well-trained cyclists. We found that acute CF (900 mg) improved the exercise-induced increase in total antioxidant capacity, but did not reduce the exercise-induced increase in lipid peroxidation. One week CF intake (530 mg CF) improved vascular function at rest, and prefrontal oxygenation at rest and during low-intensity exercise, but did not influence muscular oxygenation. One week CF intake partially restored the hypoxia-induced decline in prefrontal oxygenation during rest and low-intensity exercise, but not during high-intensity exercise. One week CF intake reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but did not alter total antioxidant capacity. Both acute and 1-week CF intake did not improve exercise performance and recovery and do not change NO production during exercise (in normoxia and hypoxia) in well-trained athletes
Ami, Diletta. "Microspectroscopie infrarouge de systèmes biologiques complexes." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMP201.
Full text@In this thesis the application of FT-IR microspectroscopy to the study of complex biological systems has been studied. In addition to the FT-IR studies of microorganisms of clinical interest such as Candida and E. Coli belonging to different strains, in this thesis emphasis has been laid on the power of FT-IR microspectroscopy in biotechnology. In particular, the aggregation of proteins in situ in E. Coli cells as inclusion bodies has been studied with the aim of monitoring the expression of heterologous proteins in intact cells in order to identify the most expressing strain. Furthermore, a preliminary absorption study on the nematode C. Elegans - an important model system in biotechnology - has been performed by FT-IR microspectroscopy. This study has allowed the discrimination of nematodes belonging to different taxa in agreement with classification method based on molecular biology - a result which is of growing interest in environmental, agriculture and clinical sciences
Heckler, Géraud. "Étude de l'effet d'un stress oxydant sur l'activité spliceosomale et sur les RNP à boîtes C/D et H/ACA." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0351.
Full textDuring pre-RNA maturation process, alternative splicing (AS) selectively includes or excludes specific intronic or exonic sequences. This process leads from a given pre-RNA, to different isoforms. Some recent studies estimate that 95% of human genes are alternatively spliced. Then, it is not surprising that stress-induced modifications of splicing profils participate to the establishment of the cell response to stress or to the development of pathologies. Our global transcriptomic analysis has revealed significant splicing variations in response to an oxidative stress (500μM H2O2). That is why we were interested in such stress effects on the spliceosome, responsible for the dynamic catalysis of splicing. The functional spliceosome is composed by different ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), each being composed of a Uridine-rich small nuclear RNA (U snRNA) associated with specific proteins to form the mature UsnRNPs. To be functional, each UsnRNP should be maturated following different steps including the chemical modification of its RNA component. These post-transcriptional modifications are induced by another type of RNPs which are particularly enriched within nuclear Cajal bodies and are named scaRNPs (for small Cajal Bodies RNPs). Our results obtained by fluorescence microscopy techniques show that oxidative stress changes Cajal bodies structure by inducing the nucleoplasmic redistribution of its main structural and functional component, the coilin protein. Interestingly, we highlighted that coilin redistribution is accompanied with changes of the localization of others Cajal Body components: (i) factors involved in the formation of post-transcriptional modifications in UsnRNAs, (ii) factors involved in scaRNPs retention, (iii) UsnRNPs components. Oxidative stress also seems to induce the exclusion of SMN protein from the nucleus, knowing that it plays a central role in UsnRNP nuclear re-import during their maturation. This study has generated a large amount of fluorescence microscopy data, so that I have developed different bio-image analysis protocols in order to optimize the extraction and the processing of these data. In parallel, RNA-Immunoprecipitation (RIP) experiments coupled with high-throughput sequencing have revealed (i) a significant increase of U4, U5 and U6 snRNP fraction suggesting a potential effect of oxidative stress on the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP, (ii) oxidative stress-induced variations of the 2’-O-methylation level directly in mature U snRNPs
Dixneuf, Sophie. "Spectroscopie de diffusion de la lumière dans les mélanges de gaz atomiques." Angers, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01773264.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the study of the interaction-induced polarizabilities by rare gases, in both the coordinate and the frequency representation. For the first time, collision-induced Raman spectra by atomic gaseous mixtures were recorded, computed quantum mechanically, and interpreted. More specifically, anisotropic and isotropic Stokes spectral wings by room-temperature Ne-Ar were investigated up to 300 cm-1 , whereas the anisotropic wing of the Kr-Xe was explored up to 135 cm-1. For Ne-Ar, the best agreement between theory and experiment was found when modern ab initio interaction-induced polarizability input was used, i. E. Models obtained within coupled-custer or symmetry adapted perturbation theory associated to extended orbital basis sets. Nevertheless, none of those models was it able to satisfactorily reproduce the far anisotropic spectral wing of Ne-Ar. For heavier systems such as Ke-Xe, second order Møller-Plesset theory provided a very satisfactory spectral response. On the other hand, a new spectral inversion approach was developed as a device to access polarizability models consistent with experiment. The inversion was applied to pure argon and neon gases for which broad domains of detuning, probed by the group, ensured that the input spectral moments were properly converged. The optimized models were shown to correct the defects of the ab initio ones at short separations, essentially affecting the far wing of the spectra. Finally, a singurality-free anisotropy model for (Ne)2 and Ne-Ar was proposed as a simple but potential candidate to represent the physical anisotropy of atomic gases
Ben, Sellem Dorra. "Métabolomique RMN HRMAS dans les cancers gynécologiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD027.
Full textCancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The search for diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers of response to treatment is crucial in improving the management of this global scourge. We chose a new technique that is HRMAS NMR spectroscopy and robust statistical analysis methods (PCA and PLS-DA), to establish the metabolic profiles ofepithelial ovarian and breast cancers. We have determined, after a theoretical reminder of HRMAS NMR spectroscopy, a state of the art including medical applications of this technique, mainly gynecological in woman and uro-genital in man. We describe the different steps of the process established for spectral analysis : preparation of tissue sample, NMR acquisition and statistical analysis. We showed that this technique, allowing a rapid analysis (20 min) and non-destructive of intact tissue samples, is applicable to the therapeutic management of patients with breast and ovarian carcinomas. It has, in the case of ovarian cancer, characterize metabolically the three histological types (serous, endometrioid and mucinous) and healthy ovarian tissue, generate statistical models to classify borderline tumors and predict survival patients and response to chemotherapy. In the case of breast cancer, it could discriminate metabolically breast carcinomas, fibroadenomas and healthy tissue and study metabolically different histological indicators of these carcinomas. We plan to confirm these very encouraging preliminary results in a larger cohort
Ouattara, Zana Adama. "Contribution de la RMN 13C à la caractérisation des huiles essentielles de cinq Annonacées acclimatées en Côte d'Ivoire." Corté, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CORT0029.
Full textThis thesis contributed to the characterization of five Ivoirian Anonnaceae through the chemical composition of their essential oils. For this purpose , various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques have been used ; particularly 13C NMR , following a computerized method developed by the « Chimie et Biomasse » team, University of Corsica. First, we explicated the analytical method based on 13C NMR analysis through the study of essential oil of leaves, fruit and stem bark of Artabotrys oliganthus. (. . . /. . . )
Moraes, Ventura Ana Paula. "Apport de la spectrométrie de masse à l'élucidation de mécanismes biologiques : de la protéomique à la biologie structurale." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114815.
Full textYapi, Acafou Thierry. "Contribution de la RMN 13C à l'analyse d'huiles essentielles de cinq espèces du genre Xylopia de Côte d'Ivoire : caractérisation de nouvelles molécules." Corté, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CORT0028.
Full textThis thesis concerned the characterization of five species of the genus Xylopia from Côte d’Ivoire through the chemical composition of the leaf , stem bark and root bark oils :X. Villosa, X. Quintasii, X. Aethiopica, X. Rubescens and X. Staudtii. There are two main objectives. Develop our knowledge on the chemical composition of the essential oils of the five investigated species, using analytical strategy based on the use of complementary techniques and adapted to the examination of a large number of samples. (. . . /. . . )
Guérin, Jérémy. "Etude de la dynamique conformationnelle de FhaC, le transporteur membranaire de l'hémagglutinine filamenteuse de Bordetella pertussis." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S032/document.
Full textType V secretion in bacteria mediates the export to the cell surface of proteins, some of which have been identified as important factors of pathogenicity. Type V includes the secretion of autotransporters and the ‘Two-partner Secretion’ (TPS) pathway. Autotransporters consist of a β barrel domain and a passenger domain. The interaction of autotransporters with the Bam complex, of which the BamA transporter is the central component, allows the insertion of the β; barrel in the outer membrane and the secretion of passenger domain. In contrast, the two-partner secretion involves two proteins, the exported ‘TpsA’ protein and its TpsB partner that controls its transport across the outer membrane. TpsB proteins are specific to their associated TpsA(s) and belong to the superfamily of the Omp85 transporters, which carry out the insertion of proteins into the bacterial outer membrane, like BamA, or in the outer membranes of eukaryotic organelles including chloroplasts and mitochondria. For my PhD work, I have been interested in the secretion of filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), which is the major adhesin of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. This adhesin allows the colonization by this bacterium of its host’s respiratory tract. This protein corresponds to a 220kD TpsA protein efficiently secreted by its specific transporter TpsB named FhaC. Crystallographic studies have revealed that FhaC harbours a 16-stranded β;-barrel occluded by both the N-terminal α;-helix, H1, shared by the majority of TpsB proteins, and by a surface loop, L6, that carries a conserved, hallmark motif of the Omp85 superfamilly. This conformation suggests that FhaC is in a resting state in which the channel does not transport its partner. To understand how the FHA passes through the FhaC pore, it is necessary to address the conformational changes undergone by FhaC. During my thesis work, we provided a more dynamic view of the TPS pathway using the FHA/FhaC couple as study model. For this we used Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). This biophysical technique allows to study of FhaC in solution or reincorporated into a lipid bilayer and it reports the mobility at specific sites of the protein by using paramagnetic probes. Thus we have shown that FhaC is in equilibrium between multiple conformations, with H1 in the pore or at the periplasmic side of FhaC. The presence of FHA displaces the conformational equilibrium, promoting the exit of the helix going from the pore. We have also experimentally demonstrated that FHA does transit through the pore formed by FhaC while helix H1 is then in the periplasm. The study of the L6 loop enabled us to show that the mobility of this loop is highly constrained in the pore and remains so upon the recognition of FHA. Its slow mobility is linked to an interaction between an invariant L6 residue and a conserved motif present on the β; strand 13 of the barrel. This interaction affects the size of the FhaC pore.More generally, the study of the dynamics of FhaC contributes to the understanding the molecular mechanisms of the TPS pathway and of transporters of the Omp85 superfamily
Sandt, Christophe. "Identification de micro-organisme pathogènes impliqués dans les infections nosocomiales par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier et méthodes statistiques." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMP204.
Full textWe have used Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to identify pathogenic microorganisms isolated in a clinical set-up. We demonstrated the usefulness of the technique in the typing of Candida albicans. By using this method, four clinical applications have been achieved: the epidemiological follow-up of HIV patients and ICU patients, the demonstration of a nosocomial transmission of a C. Albicans strain among neonates in a maternity ward and the follow-up of strains from a patient with recurrent systemic candidiasis. We have built a database containing more than 245 strains of GRAM- and 270 strains of GRAM+ pathogenic bacteria belonging to 11 genera and 18 species. Validation of the database yielded 84. 2% correct identification for GRAM- and 94. 7% correct identification for GRAM+. We used FTIR microspectroscopy to evaluate the early identification of pathogenic bacteria and yeasts. A total of 100 GRAM- and 60 GRAM+ strains, belonging to 9 genera and 15 species were included
Le, Rhun Émilie. "Recherche de biomarqueurs protéiques dans le but de réaliser une classification moléculaire des gliomes : étude GLIOMIC." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S005/document.
Full textThe annual incidence of gliomas is estimated at 6.6 per 100,000. Suvival varies profoundly by type of glioma, with 5-year survival rates of 48% for World Health Organization (WHO) grade II diffuse astrocytoma, 28% for WHO grade III anaplastic astrocytomas, 80% for WHO grade II oligodendroglioma, 52% for WHO grade III anaplastic oligodendroglioma and 5% for WHO grade IV glioblastoma, the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and the biology of these tumors is required to design better therapies which can ultimately improve the prognosis of patients. The WHO 2016 classification of central nervous system tumors has for the first time integrated molecular data with the histopathological data, in order to improve the classification of the different subgroups of central nervous system tumors and to allow to derive more specific therapeutic strategies for each of the different subgroups.In the present work, we aimed at evaluating the value of a proteomic approach using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry coupled with microproteomic analysis in gliomas through the GLIOMIC clinical study (NCT02473484), we aimed at obtaining a molecular classification of glioblastomas by integrating clinical data to the ones obtained by such technologies. The feasibility of this approach was first demonstrated in a cohort of anaplastic gliomas. In this first analysis, we showed that although proteomic analysis confirmed the heterogeneity of brain tumors already observed with the histological analysis, the two approaches may lead to different and complementary information. Three different groups of proteins of interest were identified: one involved in neoplasia, one related to glioma with inflammation, and one involved neurogenesis. Then, analyses of glioblastomas confirmed the three proteomic patterns of interest already observed in the anaplastic gliomas, which represents new information as compared to histopathological analysis alone. These results have to be confirmed in a larger cohort of patients.We conclude that MALDI mass spectrometry coupled with microproteomic analysis may provide new diagnostic information and may aid in the identification of new biomarkers. The integration of these proteomic biomarkers into the clinical data, histopathological data and data from molecular biology may improve the knowledge on gliomas, their classification and development of new targeted therapies
Olejnik, Cécile. "Modifications de la composition et de la structure moléculaire du tissu osseux sous l'influence des bisphosphonates." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S023/document.
Full textBiphosphonates are known for their anti-resorptive effects in benign (osteoporosis) and malignant bone diseases (myeloma, bone metastasis). Their clinical properties are based on the net increase of bone mass and mineral density. Their strong affinity for biominerals allows them a targeting for specific bone remodeling sites and a prolonged storage within bone. Little is known about molecular changes upon bisphosphonates uptake in high turnover bone sites. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to examine intrinsic bone material properties in a high cumulative bisphosphonates context such as newly-formed bone and bisphosphonates-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Our results show that bisphosphonates could be linked to the overmineralization reported in jaw bones. In addition, bisphosphonates cause ultrastructural disorders of both mineral and collagenic components. These modifications could be attributed to: i) bisphosphonates effects on the duration of mineralization processes, ii) to its mineral binding/interaction consequences, and iii) interestingly to its potential contribution on the osteoblastic function. This work contributes to clarify the molecular impacts of high cumulative bisphosphonates uptake on bone quality
Hulo, Sébastien. "Le condensat d'air exhalé : une nouvelle matrice pour évaluer l'exposition pulmonaire professionnelle." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01060978.
Full textGhose, Avisek. "Etude des propriétés photophysiques de dérivés de l’oxyluciférine et leurs applications à l’étude d’interactions entre biomolécules." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ005/document.
Full textIn this work, we investigated the emission mechanism of the optically active part of the firefly luciferin-luciferase complex. This bioluminescent system is widely used in bioanalytical assay. This amazing natural phenomenon results in the emission of visible light (yellow-green-red) from the photoproduct Oxyluciferin. This color tuning mechanism involves six chemical species, but their active involvement in the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) mechanism was poorly understood so far. One of the main finding presented here relies on the identification of six chemical forms of Oxyluciferin involved in the color tuning fluorescence emission mechanism. This result was obtained by studying the optical properties of different structural analogues of firefly Oxyluciferin in aqueous buffer. Different spectroscopic (steady state and time-resolved) and chemometric approaches have been applied to reveal the emission mechanism. In addition, the photophysical properties of Oxyluciferin in complex with the Luciferase enzyme Luciola cruciata have been studied in aqueous buffer as well. In parallel, derivatives displaying environment sensitive emission were used to monitor biomolecular interactions. In particular, we demonstrated that Oxyluciferin can be employed to map intracellular pH by using fluorescence microscopy within living cells. With the help of another Oxyluciferin derivative we were able to monitor the interaction between a HIV-1 protein and different oligonucleotide sequences by means of ratiometric measurements. Finally we develop an approach based on cysteine labeling to monitor in vitro protein-protein interaction
Berton, Thierry. "Evaluation de l'exposition du fœtus picard et de sa mère aux pesticides, et identification des principales voies d'exposition." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIED009.
Full textRoy, Sandrine. "Analyse des bio-marqueurs de la maladie de Fabry par techniques séparatives couplées et spectrométrie de masse." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114841.
Full textFabry disease in an X-linked inborn error of neutral glycosphingolipids (GSLs) metabolism, caused by a deficiency of the lysomal α-galactosidase A, wich results in high levels of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and galabiosylceramide (Ga2). Different techniques are developed to analyse lipid classes and molecular species in each lipid class. First, we optimised the separation of four major neutral GSLs. An HPLC separation combined with evaporative light-scattering detection allowed the detection of urinary globotriaosylceramide in urinary sediments of patients. Second, we analysed the different molecular species of Gb3 and Ga2 in urinary sediments with tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI Q-TOF and HPLC APPI MS-MS). About twenty molecular species are identified for Gaé and Gb3. Third, these lipids were analysed directly on the surface of tissue sections. MALDI-TOF ond cluster-TOF-SIMS imaging approaches were used to obtain the localization of GSLs on skin and kidney sections of patients affected by the Fabry disease
Lery, François-Xavier. "Synthèse de pyrrolidines fonctionnalisées par cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire d'ylures d'azométhine préparés à partir de benzoxazines." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P603.
Full textDelannoy, Yann. "Caractérisation de la diagénèse osseuse en anthropologie médico-légale : étude macroscopique, spectrométrique et histomorphologique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S052/document.
Full textIntroduction: Determining the postmortem interval in cases of skeletonized remains is a key element of the judicial investigation. However, few methods are applicable for an accurate estimate of this period. This taphonomic study wanted to be performed in a temporality joining the legal requirements applied in forensics. Thus, the main hypothesis of this study was an early organic postmortem bone degradation, particularly a collagen degradation. The latter has been studied prospectively.Materials and Methods: 6 human bodies without known bone disease were included, and for each subject, the ribs were chosen. The bones were included in a diagenetic environment and studied over 2 years. Macroscopic analysis of bone weight loss was performed, and completed by two methods: one molecular (Raman microspectrometry) and the other morphological (histology).Results: This work has highlighted certain features of the temporary bone alteration on its different phases via: a desiccation highlighted by bone mass loss; a diagenesis of organic and mineral phases. Thus, the study of physicochemical parameters by Raman microspectrometry revealed a temporary trend of declining mineral / organic ratios; decreasing carbonation; increasing crystallinity. Multivariate analysis of Raman spectra allowed: to distinguish temporal groups by discriminating via their organic contributions; to design a statistical model of practical use. The microscopic study of the samples revealed no microbial attack in the early postmortem period, but an alteration of collagen by chemical hydrolysis.Discussion: Our study identified three basic parameters of bone diagenesis that must be known to the forensic anthropologist, even over a period of 2 years which is \\\"short\\\" on the scale of anthropology:- The environment strongly influences bone diagenesis and should be studied as well as the bone itself. Indeed, the study of weight loss of the bone, revealed a phenomenon of bone drying, similar to the overall dehydration of the body in the postmortem period;- Bone diagenesis is a global phenomenon in which the various alterations of inorganic and organic phases are interdependent and can be evaluated by Raman microspectrometry. Also its contribution in the analysis of the chemical degradation of the bone, Raman spectroscopy and statistical tools associated with it, allows the identification of diagenesis classes. These classes will require additional studies, eventually to be a practical support in dating a bone;- The organic alteration of the bone may be due to chemical or bacterial degradation, according to the environment and the postmortem period. Histology can make this distinction. On this period of study, the collagen degradation by chemical hydrolysis is predominant.Conclusion: These parameters form a structural unit, which is well known in archaeological anthropology, and is absolutely transposable in forensic practice if appropriate methodologies are developed. Research on this topic has an essential role as forensics can respond to legitimate requests from victims and their relatives towards justice
Sangare, Lamba Omar. "Le compartiment endosomale (ELC) non conventionnel et le complexe rétromère gouvernent l'intégrité du parasite et l'infection de l'hôte." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S034/document.
Full textToxoplasma gondii, like Plasmodium falciparum are belong to the Apicomplexan phylum. This group of parasites have as a common denominator, three apical organelles: rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules containing the essential factors for recognition, entry and survival into the host cell. The Toxoplasma gondii Sortilin-Like Receptor (TgSORTLR), is essential for the biogenesis of apical secretory organelles rhoptries and micronemes (Sloves et al., 2012). The C-terminal tail of TgSORTLR specifically binds to TgVps26 and TgVps35 proteins, two components of a pentameric complex called retromer (RC), and known to play an essential role in retrograde transport in yeast and mammals. We now report the first retromer-trafficking interactome in T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites. In contrast to yeast and mammals, T. gondii RC harbors a singular architecture typified by a Vps35-Vps26-Vps29 trimer complex and the absence of the dimer of sorting nexins. Rather, we identified several known endosomal-like compartment (ELC) proteins and unrelated parasite-specific proteins. The conditional ablation of TgVps35 demonstrates that the Retromer complex is not only crucial for the biogenesis of rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules but also for maintaining a proper parasite architecture and integrity. We showed that the recycling of TgSORTLR between ELC and Trans-Golgi Network (TGN), is essential for proper protein trafficking to secretory organelles rhoptries and micronemes. Furthermore, we will describe two novel parasite-specific proteins TgHP12 and TgHP03, whose functions are likely related to ELC and plasma membrane. So we identified and characterized a chimeric protein TgHP25 with the BAR and SBF2 domains, may be involved in the biogenesis of the organelle rhoptrie. In short our work emphasizes the importance of protein recycling and involvement of specific proteins in the maturation of organelles and integrity of the parasite
Landoulsi, Ameni. "Etude chimiotaxonomique et activité biologique des métabolites secondaires des plantes du genre Eryngium." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S056/document.
Full textThe genus Eryngium L., (Apiaceae, Saniculoideae) comprises more than 250 flowering plant species, which are commonly used as medicinal plants in different countries. Only eight species are growing in Tunisia: E. barrelieri Boiss., E. campestre L., E. dichotomum Desf., E. glomeratum Lamk., E. ilicifolium Lamk., E. maritimum L., E. tricuspidatum L. et E. triquetrum Vahl. These species are used in traditional medicine and there are relatively few papers on the phytochemical investigations of most of them. This study was performed on all Eryngium species growing in Tunisia in order to evaluate their chemical variability using GC-FID and GC-MS analyses and their biological activities, mainly antimicrobial against multiresistant microorganisms and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria (ESBL), and also phototoxic and cytotoxic effects.All investigated species showed considerable antimicrobial effect with MIC value ranging between 1,25 and 0,07 mg/mL and important cytotoxic activity against J774 tumoral cells with IC50 from 24,4 to 0,32 µg/mL. Phototoxic investigation demonstrated a significant photoactive inhibitory effects against tested pathogenic microorganisms.GC–MS analysis of the most active crude extracts (petroleum ether extracts) revealed their high content of antimicrobial agents particularly oxygenated sesquiterpenes such as spathulenol, ledol, α-bisabolol and cubenol, and hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes such as β-bisabolene and copaene; and cytotoxic components such as falcarinol.The chemical investigation and bio-guided isolation of active compounds of the selected crude extract of E. triquetrum roots were performed using column chromatography, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). among purified components, two bioactive polyacetylenes, panaxydiol and falcarinol, showed a great antimicrobial activity mainly against multiresistant and ESBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC value up to 0,25 ng/ml and a mostly bactericidal effect
Auger, Florent. "Caractérisation des perturbations métaboliques induites par les antipsychotiques dans un modèle murin : approches par la résonance magnétique." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01072246.
Full textPascart, Tristan. "Étude des modifications osseuses de composition et de structure au cours de l’ostéonécrose de tête fémorale et corrélations étiopathogéniques IRM." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S049/document.
Full textIntroductionThe pathophysiology and structural evolution of the osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) are poorly understood. The objectives of this thesis were to search for modifications of composition and structure of both the trabecular and the subchondral bone occurring during ONFH.MethodsA preliminary study looked into the potential modifications of bone composition induced by embalmment procedures using Raman spectroscopy in order to determine which controls are the most appropriate for comparisons with pathological bones. Femoral bones from 5 embalmed anatomical subjects were compared to femoral bones from 5 subjects that did not undergo any preservation procedure. The first work on ONFH addressed the potential modifications of trabecular bone mineral and organic physico-chemical parameters using Raman spectroscopy. The study included bone samples from femoral heads of 11 patients affected with ONFH and compared them to samples from 11 fresh anatomical subjects. The second study on ONFH addressed modifications of the subchondral bone. The study included 15 patients suffering from ONFH and 15 patients affected with hip osteoarthritis (OA) requiring joint prosthetic replacement. MRI examination that included standard medical sequences as well as experimental perfusion and DIXON sequences was performed prior to surgery. Once removed, the femoral heads were scanned using a nano-CT and samples of regions of interest were performed and analysed using histology, nano-CT with contrastenhancer marking and Raman spectroscopy.ResultsBone femoral mineral and organic composition was significantly altered in embalmed samples. Trabecular bone composition did not differ in any of the regions of interest inside the group of patients with ONFH nor in comparison with the control group of embalmed subjects after adjustment on age. The volume of the necrotic zone defined by the hypo-T1 MRI signal correlates to the volume including the sclerotic zone measured by nano-CT. Regarding the subchondral bone, preliminary results found differences of mineral and organic composition of the subchondral plate between zones of the ONFH group and with the OA group. Qualitative preliminary results from the study of biopsies analysed with the nano-CT and histology suggest that there are alterations of the subchondral plate and of the subchondral trabecular bone to a lesser extent. MRI examination with the DIXON sequence and nano-CT scans suggest that there is a decrease of the adipose content in the femoral head but an increase in the femoral neck in the ONFH group compared to the OA group.ConclusionThis work adds further evidence advocating that trabecular disorganization during ONFH is a consequence of massive alterations of the subchondral bone
Schirer, Alicia. "Les maladies neurodégénératives : étude de peptides modèles, de tissus cérébraux et de liquides céphalorachidiens par (micro)spectroscopie infrarouge et Raman." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF055/document.
Full textNeurodegenerative diseases represent a major societal challenge. So, it is necessary to develop new tools for a better understanding and diagnosing of these diseases. Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies seem to be good candidates since they can characterize the physiopathological conditions of a biological sample. The purpose of this thesis was to apply these methods to the study of model peptides, brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF). As a part of brain tissue analysis, IR and Raman spectroscopy were coupled to microscopy in order to combine spectral and spatial information. This methodology improved our understanding of the formation and the role of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Moreover, it allowed to demonstrate the potential of these approaches in future studies on the effect of various treatments against multiple sclerosis. Concerning the study of CSF, IR-ATR and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy were applied to identify spectroscopic markers of AD and Lewy body disease that could enable early diagnosis of these diseases and discrimination between them
Garabedian, Charles. "Développement d’un nouvel indice reflet du bien être fœtal : le Fetal Stress Index." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S022/document.
Full textThe monitoring of fetal well being during labor is essentially based on fetal heart rate (FHR) analysis. The recording of FHR, even continuously during labor, does not fully assess fetal oxygenation or neonatal risk of asphyxia. Indeed, this tool is imperfect and subjective with an important inter and intra-operator variability. Second-line examinations to characterize the fetal state are currently used in routine practice, i.e. scalp fetal blood sampling to study the fetal acid-base balance (pH or lactates) or scalp electrode placement to study the fetal ECG (ST segment analysis). These techniques are nevertheless invasive and subject to technical constraints. There is therefore an interest in developing both objective and non-invasive means of evaluating fetal wellbeing to reduce neonatal encephalopathy. Indeed, its prevalence is about 3 to 8 per 1000 births. Post natal mortality is about 25 to 50% and survivors will hav severe diseases (epilepsy, neurologic impairment, cerebral palsy…).One of the possibilities studied to better identify fetuses at risk for acidosis is the analysis of changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in response to hypoxia.Indeed, the regulation of heart rate is dependent on the ANS and thus, its variability is a reflection of the sympathetic / parasympathetic balance. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a recognized non-invasive tool that is used to assess ANS regulation. The CHU Lille has developed a new continuous tool for the analysis of HRV, which demonstrated its efficacity in adults and neonates to evaluate the ANS. The objective of this thesis was to develop its index, called Fetal Stress Index (FSI), in the fetus and to evaluate it in conditions of acidosis.The study was experimental in a sheep model chronically instrumented and was in 2 steps. First, we evaluate the performance of our method compared to commonly used HRV analysis, regarding the ability to detect the variation of variations of the ANS. After injection of atropine, to inhibit parasympathetic tone, or propranolol to block sympathetic activity, we shown that our method appeared to be effective in detecting parasympathetic inhibition and, moreover, was superior to classical analysis of HRV in terms of sensibility and specificity.In a second time, we evaluated this new index as a predictive factor of the fetal acid-base state in 2 experimental models of fetal hypoxia by occlusion of the cord. In the first one, acidosis was obtained through a partial occlusion of the umbilical cord and in the second one, though repetitive complete occlusion as uterine contractions during labor. In those two studies, we observed a raise of our index in case of acidosis with a correlation beetween FSI and pH and also FSI and lactates in the second model.In conclusion, the FSI reflects fetal parasympathetic activity, has a better detection than others usual methods, and seems well correlated to fetal acid-base status. It is a promising index and it will be interesting to incorporate it in a multi parametric analysis of fetal heart rate to predict acidosis
Eklouh-Molinier, Christophe. "Caractérisation moléculaire et structurale du vieillissement cutané au moyen de la micro-imagerie d’absorption infrarouge et de la microspectroscopie de diffusion Raman." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMP205/document.
Full textThe skin protects the body against external aggressions. However, the skin is not immune to the inevitable effects of the chronological aging. Indeed, this process leads to several structural alterations of the different cutaneous layers to the point of affecting their functional characteristics. This thesis work aims to assess the molecular and structural changes of the skin during chronological aging by using non-invasive methods such as optical vibrational spectroscopies. To do this, we highlighted the structural modifications of the collagen network in different-aged skin samples by using an approach based on FT-IR imaging (Fourier Transform Infrared) in polarized mode. Subsequently, we demonstrated the influence of water molecules on the changes of collagen fibers with age by adopting a methodology based on the substitution, thermodynamically favorable, of the collagen-bound water molecules (H2O) by deuterated water molecules (D2O). In in vivo studies, we have established correlations between physical and molecular properties of the stratum corneum (SC) by analyzing the Raman and biometric measurements with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) processing. Based on the complementarity of the biophysical techniques employed, these studies permitted to evaluate the impact of the chronological aging on the skin and could open some interesting prospects in both cosmetology and dermatology
Jaber, Ali. "Matrices MALDI bithiophéniques spécifiques aux alcaloïdes : étude des mécanismes fondamentaux et applications." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0042/document.
Full textMy thesis work consisted of pursuing the development and application of bithiophenic maldi matrices specific for alkaloids. After optimization of an efficient analysis protocol adapted to the objective of the study, a method for the determination of alkaloids in vegetable extracts by MALDI was developed. This method was validated by studying many alkaloids existing in extracts of different toxic plants. Subsequently, synthesis and evaluation of novel bithiophenic compounds were presented in order to evaluate the factors favoring the interaction with alkaloids. Then, five matrices among the molecules tested and having produced interesting results are chosen and were the subject of a more detailed study. On the basis of the results obtained, the fluorinated derivative PFPT3P proves to be the most effective molecules. It has a better selectivity with respect to alkaloids than the current matrix HCCA and performs better to analyze these metabolites in different complex mixtures such as crude extracts of plants,insects and commercial bioactive solutions (drug and repellent). At the end, the results of the study of the thermodynamic parameters of MT3P matrix are grouped. This will make possible to propose hypotheses explaining the selectivity of the functionalized bithiophene matrices for alkaloids
Carrier, Marilyn. "Dérégulation du phosphoprotéome dans les cancers : conséquences sur l'activité transcriptionnelle et la dégradation des récepteurs de l'acide rétinoïque (RAR)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ012/document.
Full textRetinoic acid (RA) acts by binding to specific nuclear receptors (RARs), which are ligand-dependant transcription factors. RA also has non-genomic effects and activates kinase cascades that target RARs and modulate their transcriptional activity. However, the proteins that are phosphorylated in response to RA remain to be identified. The consequences of dysregulations of the "kinome" on the non-genomic effects of RA and on RAR function also require further investigation. I compared the effect of RA on the phosphoproteome of two breast cancer cell lines: MCF7, which is RA-sensitive, and BT474, a RA-resistant cell line that overexpresses the receptor tyrosine kinase erbB-2. Multiple differences were observed with consequences on gene expression as well as on phosphorylation, recruitment on target genes promoters and RARalpha degradation by the proteasome. In the context or RARalpha degradation, I showed the involvement of TRIM24 which controls RARα deubiquitination
Sharma, Rajhans. "Caractérisation et ciblage de la reconnaissance dynamique de Trp37-G lors de l’interaction de la protéine NCp7 de HIV-1 avec des acides nucléiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ014.
Full textNucleocapsid protein (NC) plays crucial roles in HIV-1 life cycle through its nucleic acid (NA) chaperoning property that involves recognition of it’s Trp37 residue with a Guanine residue of the target nucleic acid sequences. Herein, we characterized this dynamic Trp37-G recognition with sequences involved in reverse transcription and genomic RNA packaging. Using the fluorescent thienoguanosine (thG) and 2-thienyl-3-hydroxychromone (3HCnt) nucleoside analogues, we determined the whole set of kinetic rate constants for annealing of (-)PBS with (+)PBS in the absence and presence of NC. We also investigated the role of NA sugar in NC-RNA and NC-DNA complexes, as NC binds with opposite polarity to DNA and RNA sequences. We confirmed that the interaction of the Trp37 residue with guanines was critical for the formation of complexes with both RNA and DNA variants of PBS and SL3. Finally, we performed screening of NC inhibitors and tested the selected hits on a thG-based assay
Moussaoui, Louardi. "Applications de la spectrométrie de masse type MALDI-TOF à la bactériologie et à la distinction de variants génétiques." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872251.
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