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Academic literature on the topic 'Spectroscopie – Dissertation universitaire'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spectroscopie – Dissertation universitaire"
Hussain, Shawn. "Développement de méthodes biophotoniques appliquées aux biofluides pour le diagnostic rapide et non-invasif du cancer." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMP201.
Full textVibrational spectroscopy (VS) relates to the specific optical techniques of infrared and Raman spectroscopy (RS). These techniques probe molecular vibrations of the sample when light interacts with it, which present ‘fingerprints’ of the global biochemistry. Both techniques hold great promise in disease diagnostics, especially with ‘liquid biopsies’ for biofluids. This study developed bio-spectroscopic methodologies to query the serum biochemistry towards rapid diagnosis and detection of diseases. The aim was two-fold; i) to develop FTIR and RS methodologies to query sera for pre-analytical variation. Secondly, to use liquid RS combined chemometric analysis to interpret pathological data for its diagnostic and prognostic potential. Beyond proof of concept with investigations in to preanalytical variation (which proved no effect is seen on the serum profile) via serum freeze-thawing and environmental drying, three diagnostic studies were sought; from patient cases, i.e., hepatocellular carcinoma from cirrhotic sera, cirrhosis from fibrotic sera, and varying degrees of gliomas from brain tumour sera. Throughout, a suite of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy techniques were employed/developed, such serum ATR-FTIR, HT-FTIR (high throughput screening), Raman microspectroscopy on liquid and dried human sera, and Raman microspectroscopy on liquid sera. Advanced multivariate analysis and chemometric approaches were employed such as PCA, HCA, PLS-DA, forward LDA, radial basis function SVM-LOOCV, Random forest classifiers, all towards developing a robust disease classifier. Across all diagnostic studies, results showed moderate- good diagnostic ability with one method succeeding the other in various cases. It was shown that spectroscopy combined with advanced chemometric methods can provide a good adjunct to clinical screening settings, such as point-of-care areas
Garcia, Marine. "Développement d’une plateforme d’imagerie pour la caractérisation du transfert de masse dans les microsystèmes : application aux piles à combustible microfluidiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024HESAE007.
Full textFuel cells are devices that convert the energy stored in an oxidant and a reductant into electricity through electrochemical reactions. The most mature technology for this conversion is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), but other alternative systems are emerging. In particular, microfluidic fuel cells (MFCs) have overcome the problems associated with the use of a membrane and gas storage by using liquid reagents at ambient temperature and pressure. The dimensions of the channel (1-5 mm wide and 20-100 µm high) allow co-laminar flow of the two liquid reagents and the electrolyte in a microchannel containing the electrodes. Therefore, PCMs do not need membrane to separate reactants and performances are driven by charge and mass transport.Experimental characterization of all the physical phenomena involved in PCMs is difficult because actuals methods are more based on electrochemical characterisation. These methods provide an overall characterisation of the system but they do not give precise information on the mass transport phenomena occurring in the channel. To investigate concentration field, numerical modelling is generally used. Numerical methods evaluate the impact of the geometry or the operating conditions on MFC performances. However, the use of these models relies on the knowledge of in-situ parameters such as the diffusion coefficient D and the reaction rate k0. In numerical studies, these parameters are generally approximated leading to a qualitative understanding of the transport phenomena. Furthermore, these numerical studies have not yet been verified by experimental studies.Thus, the main scientific challenge of this thesis is to develop quantitative imaging methods for characterising the concentration field in an operating PCM.To meet this need, an imaging platform based on spectroscopy and three characterisation methods were developed in this thesis. First of all, the work focused on developing an experimental setup based on spectroscopy to study the interdiffusion phenomenon. This study reports the estimation of the diffusion coefficient of potassium permanganate in formic acid. These solutions were specifically chosen because they are used in the PCM developed for the rest of the study.The imaging plateform was then adapted to study the in operando MFC 2D concentration field in steady-state. An analytical mass transfer model (advection/reaction/diffusion) coupled to the 2D concentration field was used to determine the reaction rate. As the concentration variations involved can be very small (few micro-moles), another characterisation technique was implemented to reduce the measurement noise.To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, a method based on modulation of the concentration field was developed. Demodulation of the signal significantly reduced the noise and concentrations of 20 µM were estimated. An analytical model describing the modulated field was established in order to implement an inverse method. The proposed method made it possible to recover the reaction rate associated with the concentration variation.To conclude, the proposed characterisation methods enable the estimation of the mass transfer and the reaction kinetics using the 2D concentration field from an in operando MFC. This technique has been applied to the MFC, but it can be transferred to a micrometric system in which diffusion-advection-reaction phenomena take place
Wilhelm, Dafné. "Utilisation du modèle cellulaire ATDC5 pour la caractérisation des mécanismes de maturation des procollagènes et de leurs relations avec le processus de minéralisation matricielle." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0286.
Full textEndochondral ossification is the mechanism by which long bones of Vertebrates grow. It requires the formation of a primary cartilage pattern by chondrogenesis, which is then replaced by bone. Chondrogenesis relies on the production of a dedicated type II collagen rich extracellular matrix (ECM), which will then mineralize, and many aspects of which remain difficult to characterize. The ATDC5 cell line can engage into a differentiation program resembling the multistep chondrogenic differentiation observed in vivo after insulin stimulation. Although this cell line is widely used, its proteome is barely described. In order to define to what extent this model recapitulates the main aspects of cartilage ECM formation, a time-resolved proteome analysis by LC-MALDI-TOF / TOF of the regulation of the proteome of differentiating ATDC5 cells focused on the ECM and the level of maturation of its main components. These cells synthesize and incorporate into their ECM a wide range of cartilage components, including aggrecan and type II collagen, which carry most of the maturations described in vivo. Most importantly, the accumulation of collagen in the MEC is correlated with maturation events: proteolytic cleavage and triple helix hydroxylation. The C-propeptide of type II collagen (CPII), is a component of joint and growth plate cartilage, and has been described as involved in the mineralization process of the latter. On the other hand, to what extent and how CPII would regulate mineralization remains to be specified. We have shown that CPII exhibit a different interactome as its type I and III procollagens (CPI and CPIII) counterparts, suggesting mechanistic differences between their maturation. These results are consolidated by additional in vivo studies of CPII cleavage sites, confirming the coexistence of two cleavage sites and demonstrating for the first time that CPII trimers contain the four possible combinations of the two cleavage sites. These data suggest that each monomer within the trimer is cleaved independently of the others. Overall, this work highlights CPII cleavage mechanism as distinct from that of CPI and CPIII and more complex than anticipated. Functional characterization of key events of ECM elaboration in ATDC5 cells should allow better dissecting the mechanisms of chondrogenesis and cartilage mineralization
Gay, Marion. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation de composes interagissant avec la dégradation des protéines pour le traitement de maladies neurodégénératives." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S056.
Full textTwo physiopathological processes are involved in Alzheimer’s disease: the senile plaques (amyloid pathology) consisting of Aβ peptide aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles (Tau pathology) caused by the accumulation of hyper and abnormal phosphorylated Tau protein. Currently, only symptomatic treatments are available. Therefore, the development of curative drugs is a very active research field. Previous work in the laboratory led to the discovery of a family of compounds (MSBD) which lead-compounds are active on both pathologies of the Alzheimer’s disease. A drug candidate, AZP2006, emerged from that research and is currently in phase 1 clinical trials. Investigations on the identification of the biological target of AZP2006 led to p97/VCP protein, a target that has attracted considerable attention over the last few years for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD).This PhD thesis deals with three main aspects:1) Study of the interactions between p97/VCP and developed compounds. STD-NMR studies have confirmed the interaction between AZP2006 and p97/VCP, though these preliminary results have to be confirmed by complementary techniques. AZP2006-based chemical probes were designed and synthesized to develop a FRET-based binding assay in order to get a more quantitative characterization of the binding.2) Development of new p97/VCP ligands. Based on previous ligands developed in the laboratory, a pharmacophore model was built. Subsequent, virtual screening and de novo design led to the identification of several chemical structures. Four families were synthesized and tested in vitro showing a good effect on Aβ peptides secretion and APP metabolism. These compounds are being tested on Tau hyperphosphorylation. The binding to p97/VCP was confirmed by STD-NMR.3) Development of multi target compounds acting on both the two pathology of Alzheimer disease and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Activities of these compounds were validated in vitro (inhibition of AChE, Aβ peptides secretion, APP metabolism and Tau). In vivo, one of the compounds increased cognitive performance in two mice transgenic models.The results obtained during this PhD confirmed the therapeutic potential of p97/VCP in NDD and proposed new structures for their treatment
Bruguière, Antoine. "Mise au point d’une méthode d’analyse déréplicative par RMN du carbone 13." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0085.
Full textExtraction and isolation of natural products can be a tedious and time-consuming work and can unfortunately lead to molecules presenting little to no interest. That is why dereplication methods have been developed : they allow the identification of molecules within a mixture, without having to separate them, by comparing their signals to those of references, gathered in databases. In this work, we try to focus on polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), molecules that could be used a therapeutic tool to understand mechanisms involved in immune and inflammatory responses. We first were able to conclude that building databases using predicted values, instead of experimental ones, gave quality results for a dereplication work. Predicted databases were thus used for the rest of the experiments. After taking a look at the different kind of published dereplication methods, we decided to develop our own program based on 13C-NMR, in order to make it more discriminating than the current methods. To do so, in addition to 13C data, DEPT (135 and 90) information were added, allowing to narrow the search by carbon type. A graphic user interface was also implemented, making the program easier to use, but also providing the user with the possibility to interact with the results. This new method was first successfully tested on a diverse range of natural products mixtures, allowing the validation of the method. In the end, the method was used on Garcinia bancana extracts, and made possible the quick identification of the PPAPs we were interested in. Molecules were purified for further biological testing
Ermishov, Mikhail. "Etude des complexes de médicaments antiviraux et antitumoraux par spectroscopies Raman et SERS." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMP203.
Full text@The study of mechanisms of interactions of the molecules showing antiviral and/or antitumoral activity represents an essential stage in design of new generations of these agents. In this work, Raman and Raman Surface-Enhanced Scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and other spectroscopic methods were employed for investigation of sialic acid compounds and their supramolecular assemblies as well as for study of complexes of antitumoral drugs bis-netropsins and topotecan, the inhibitors of human DNA topoisomérase I (topo I), with DNA. The results obtained elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiviral and/or antitumoral activity of the compounds studied and can be used as a basis for the development of new molecules possessing higher activity
Kegelaer, Grégory. "Identification et caractérisation du phénotype MDR de cellules cancéreuses par techniques de spectroscopie vibrationnelle infrarouge et Raman et analyse statistique." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMP203.
Full textGrancher, Nicolas. "Vectorisation de la ribavirine par les cyclodextrines : caractérisation physico-chimique des complexes et activité in vitro et in vivo sur le virus de la rougeole." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN11301.
Full textVerzhbitskiy, Ivan. "Spectroscopie de Raman de haute sensibilité dans des gaz à effet de serre : bandes de transitions doubles ou harmoniques." Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE0076.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis was the understanding, viaspontaneous Raman scattering, of two types of transitions relevant to atmospheric gases: simultaneous transitions and overtone transitions. Regarding simultaneous transitions, the effort was mainly on double incoherent Raman scattering by SF6-N2, in which the two molecules simultaneously undergo a Raman-allowed transition. A highly accurate spectrum was recorded and interpreted quantum-mechanically. Agreement both in moments and in shapes was found with predictions made on the basis of a collision-induced polarizabilily model, provid€'d all Si9Sificant lo•9-ran9e contribul‹Ol0S were incorporated. The polarization mechanisms that survive in the simple model of two point-polarizable molecules were sufficient for the description of the anisotropic component, but, for the realistic description of the isotropic remnant, use of the far more sophisticated "atom-linear molecule" model was needed. In the second part of the thesis, the first overtone of the asymmetric stretch vibration, 2v3, of CO2 was studied. Unlike the previous transitions, which are collision-induced, overtones are allowed lransilions yet in the specific case of the 2v3 overtone the band was almost entirely depolarized, in agreement with the assertion (so far stated and checked for fundamental transition only) that asymmetrical vibrations give rise to depolarized lines. A rigorous protocol was applied to the interpretation of the reCOfded spectra, involving electric, optical and mechanical anharmonic effects and intermode couplings. Complete shape analysis was carried out from first principles to simulate the band profiles and the strong line-mixing effects
Ayoub, Ali Samir. "Synthèse, structure et propriétés des amidons modifiés en milieu fondu peu hydraté." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMP202.
Full text@This work presents the settling of starch syntheses modified in medium molten little hydrated, transposable on an industrial scale, and of the techniques of characterization adapted to these polysaccharides. The synthesis was developed starting from native starch of corn and without solvent, the reaction being carried out in the presence of soda and of the reagents. The application of thermomechanical energy showed a significant acceleration of the kinetics of the reaction. The characterization of the modified starches was carried out by several analytical techniques (NMR, MEB, intrinsic viscosity. . . ). These technique made it possible to study the influence of the physicochemical modification in molten medium. The enzymatic degradation of the modified starches showed the influence of the physicochemical modification on the profile of degradation