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Academic literature on the topic 'Spectroscopie d’électrons'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spectroscopie d’électrons"
Hssein, K., J. Sevely, G. Zanchi, and Y. Kihn. "Caractérisation du carbure de silicium par les techniques de la spectroscopie de pertes d’énergie d’électrons (EELS) en microscopie électronique par transmission." Journal de Chimie Physique 88 (1991): 2335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jcp/1991882335.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Spectroscopie d’électrons"
Nguyen, Viet Hung. "Analyse d’oligonucléotides par bombardement d’électrons rapides." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066112.
Full textThis work aims to study oligonucleotides and mononucleotides by new fragmentation techniques such as EDD (electron-detachment-dissociation) and EID (electron-induced-dissociation) involving electron bombardment. The samples are first ionized by an electrospray source (ESI), which allows a soft ionization. During my PhD, I have been interested in the study of smaller oligonucleotides (DNA and RNA single strands) and mononucleotides by EDD and EID. First the different parameters have been optimized in order to obtain by ESI multicharged species to study the EDD process of oligonucleotides with different charge states. These spectra are compared with SORI-CID spectra (Collision-Induced-Dissociation) and IRMPD (Infrared Multiphoton-Dissociation-) to highlight the specificities of the EDD and EID. Compared to SORI-CID, EDD and EID spectra show some fragment ions, which are not observed in the SORI-CID and IRMPD spectra because they do not lead to radical ions. Thanks to the radical fragment ions obtained by EDD and EID, we were able to access the sequencing oligonucleotides rich in thymine for which it is difficult to obtain information by conventional methods. Finally we used special techniques of ICR technology which will be presented in this manuscript
Col, Perrine. "Systèmes artificiels de type donneur-accepteur d’électrons : les zéolithes pour la conversion de l’énergie lumineuse." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10198/document.
Full textAn interesting property of zeolites is to generate long-lived charge separated states after spontaneous or photoinduced ionization of adsorbed molecules. The objective of this PhD work is to valorize this phenomenon. At first, we study the adsorption and the ionization of para-quaterphenyl adsorbed in the channels of ZSM-5. This one induces the formation of a radical cation, and a very stable electron-hole pair by indirect recombination of the radical. Then, in order to recover the ejected electrons, we use another electron donor molecule (para-terphenyl) with two electron acceptor molecules: dicyanoethylene and dicyanobenzene. The samples, in particular characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance showed that the structure of dicyanobenzene allows increasing stabilization of charge separated states, with a location of the ejected electron near molecule. In order to enhance these results, it’s very interesting to transfer electrons to nanoparticles of TiO2 plugged at the pore entry. Thus, we used an electron acceptor molecule with similar structure of dicyanobenzene but able to form a chemical bond with TiO2 through a carboxyl group: the cyanobenzoic acid. One part of the study is thus the acceptor grafting on the TiO2 nanoparticles. We also studied the adsorption of para-terphenyl in nanosheets ZSM-5, a new zeolitic material with great potential
Houplin, Justine. "Structuration chimique induite et contrôlée par impact d’électrons lents sur films moléculaires supportés." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112124/document.
Full textSelf-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) are good candidates to develop molecular platforms with controlled physico-chemical properties. A SAM is an ordered monolayer of bi-functionnal molecules. These molecules consist of an adjustable terminal function, separated from a headgroup by a chosen spacer chain. Thus, SAMs properties can be adjusted for the development of molecular electronic systems or (bio)-chemical sensors. Furthermore, additional chemical structuration can be induced by irradiation.Most current methods of irradiation involve high energy particles. The induced damages result from several competitive mechanisms (ionisations, excitations, dissociations). In this thesis, low energy electrons (0-20 eV) are used as primary particles, and the interaction processes between electrons and SAMs are studied in order to identify electron attachment resonances. At the associated energies, selective and effective dissociative processes can be induced to propose irradiation strategies leading to controlled and optimized chemical modifications.Model SAMs of thiols on gold are studied by a vibrational spectroscopy technique of strong surface sensibility, high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). It allows at the same time to characterize SAMs and to probe electron-molecule interaction processes. The result obtained deal with : 1) Aromatic model SAMs of Terphenyl-thiol (HS-(C₆H₄)₂-C₆H₅), which can be stabilized by cross-linking under irradiation. Induced reactive processes at 1, 6 and 50 eV were compared and opposed, thanks to an advanced vibrational characterization of the SAM before and after irradiation, and by paying a particular attention to the stretching mode ν(CH) behaviour.2) Mercaptoundecanoic acid SAMs (HS-(CH₂)₁ ₀ -COOH), whose terminal functions allow for example the peptide anchoring. The interface SAM / environment (COO-/COOH, residual water) was characterized thanks to the strong sensitivity of the stretching modes ν(OH) to hydrogen bonding. The approach that was developped can be easily transposed to other systems
Rademaker, Guido. "Métrologie avancée pour la lithographie par multi-faisceaux d’électrons." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT122.
Full textTo overcome throughput limitations of electron beam lithography, Mapper Lithography designed a machine that can expose with up to 649,740 parallel Gaussian electron beams. In the exposure process, the substrate is divided into 2.2-µm-narrow stripes with a 200 nm overlap. Several parameters need to be controlled: the critical dimensions of the features in the individual stripes; the stitching between the stripes; and the overlay with respect to a previous layer. In this thesis, different optical metrology techniques are explored. Six novel targets for an image based overlay have been developed to measure in-stripe overlay and stripe-to-stripe stitching and are evaluated by total measurement uncertainty (TMU) and measurement time. Scatterometry by spectroscopic reflectometry allows for measurement of non-uniform gratings using an effective critical dimension concept, resulting in a total measurement uncertainty metric down to 0.41 nm (3σ). Stitching can be measured by cross-resonant bow-tie antennae, consisting of four triangles straddling the stitching boundary. Simulations for three different stacks show that the DX and DY stitching errors can be reconstructed independently
Zoukel, Abdelhalim. "Etude des phénomènes d’interaction faisceau d’électrons-gaz-matière dans un MEB à pression variable : Applications aux matériaux composites (polymères, céramiques et métaux)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10161/document.
Full textScanning electron microscope (SEM) is an essential technique to characterize materials. The new generation of SEMs known as a variable pressure SEM (also named environmental SEM) allows to work under less drastic conditions of pressure and voltage. However, the imaging and chemical microanalysis face a major challenge with regard to the scattering of the primary electron beam by the atoms/molecules of the gas medium. This phenomenon of beam skirting leads to the appearance of several artifacts beyond those familiar in conventional SEM. The main recognized artifact is the degradation of the spatial resolution which is delineated by the high-vacuum interaction volume. The objectives of the research reported herein were: (i) to study the magnitude and the extent of the electron beam skirt. (ii) and the development of an original and new methodology in order to deal with the effect of the electron beam skirt on the spatial resolution. The effectiveness of this study is demonstrated by its ability to quantify the effects of some experimental parameters on the degradation of the spatial resolution. Further, the new methodology proposed is a valuable asset to keep the ultimate spatial resolution obtained at high vacuum mode. This depend strongly on the new interaction volume (called the low-vacuum interaction volume) created by both scattered and unscattered fraction of the electron beam
Maigné, Alan. "Caractérisation et modélisation par microscopie électronique en transmission à balayage (STEM) et spectroscopie de perte d’énergie d’électrons (EELS) de « nanohorns » de carbone monofeuillet fonctionnalisés pour des applications pharmaceutiques Review of recent advances in spectrum imaging and its extension to reciprocal space Revealing the Secret of Water-Assisted Carbon Nanotube Synthesis by Microscopic Observation of the Interaction of Water on the Catalysts Role of Subsurface Diffusion and Ostwald Ripening in Catalyst Formation for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Forest Growth Effect of hole size on the incorporation of C60 molecules inside single-wall carbon nanohorns and their release Adsorption Phenomena of Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane on Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Carbon Nanohorns as Anticancer Drug Carriers Effect of Functional Groups at Hole Edges on Cisplatin Release from Inside Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Optimum Hole-Opening Condition for Cisplatin Incorporation in Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns and Its Release Functionalization of Carbon Nanohorns with Azomethine Ylides: Towards Solubility Enhancement and Electron-Transfer Processes Aqueous carbon nanohorn–pyrene–porphyrin nanoensembles: Controlling charge-transfer interactions Photoinduced Electron Transfer on Aqueous Carbon Nanohorn–Pyrene– Tetrathiafulvalene Architectures Soluble Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS600.
Full textIn this manuscript, we will expose the characterization and modelling of Single Wall Nanohorns (SWNH) and Nanotube Forests by analytical microscopy and the functionalization of SWNH for drug delivery applications. Firstly, we will introduce the microscopy and spectroscopy methods used for our experiments. We will then study the growth process of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) forests (within the framework of a collaboration with AIST, Japan). SWCH, their structure, modifications and filling properties will be analysed in details. An original method will be presented to study the porosity of inorganic material with EELS. Ab initio calculation will also be used to explore the effect of the defects present in the SWNH wall on the oxidation and filling process. We will study the potentialities of Single Wall Carbon nanohorns as Drug Delivery Systems and particularly as anticancer drug carriers
Rödel, Tobias. "Two-dimensional electron systems in functional oxides studied by photoemission spectroscopy." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS197/document.
Full textMany transition metal oxides (TMOs) show complex physics, ranging from ferroelectricity to magnetism, high-Tc superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. The existence of a variety of ground states often occurs as different degrees of freedom (e.g. lattice, charge, spin, orbital) interact to form different competing phases which are quite similar in energy. The capability to epitaxially grow heterostructures of TMOs increased the complexity even more as new phenomena can emerge at the interface. One typical example is the two-dimensional electron system (2DES) at the interface of two insulating oxides, namely LaAlO3/SrTiO3, which shows metal-to-insulator transitions, magnetism or gate-tunable superconductivity. The origin of this thesis was the discovery of a similar 2DES at the bare surface of SrTiO3 fractured in vacuum, making it possible to study its electronic structure by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES).In this thesis, the study of well-prepared surfaces, instead of small fractured facets, results in spectroscopic data showing line widths approaching the intrinsic value. This approach allows a detailed analysis of many-body phenomena like the renormalization of the self-energy due to electron-phonon interaction.Additionally, the understanding of the electronic structure of the 2DES at the surface of SrTiO3(001) was given an additional turn by the surprising discovery of a complex spin texture measured by spin-ARPES. In this thesis data is presented which contradicts these conclusions and discusses possible reasons for the discrepancy.One major motivation of this thesis was the question if and how the electronic structure and the properties of the 2DES can be changed or controlled. In this context, the study of 2DESs at (110) and (111) surface revealed that the electronic band structure of the 2DES (orbital ordering, symmetry of the Fermi surface, effective masses) can be tuned by confining the electrons at different surface orientations of the same material, namely SrTiO3.A major achievement of this thesis is the generalization of the existence of a 2DES in SrTiO3 to many other surfaces and interfaces of TMOs (TiO2 anatase, CaTiO3, BaTiO3) and even simpler oxides already used in modern applications (ZnO). In all these oxides, we identify oxygen vacancies as the origin for the creation of the 2DESs.In anatase and other doped d0 TMOs, both localized and itinerant electrons (2DES) can exist due to oxygen vacancies. Which of the two cases is energetically favorable depends on subtle differences as demonstrated by studying two polymorphs of the same material (anatase and rutile).In CaTiO3, the oxygen octahedron around the Ti ion is slightly tilted. This symmetry breaking results in the mixing of different d-orbitals demonstrating again why and how the electronic structure of the 2DES can be altered.In BaTiO3, the creation of a 2DES results in the coexistence of the two, usually mutual exclusive, phenomena of ferroelectricity and metallicity in the same material by spatially separating the two.Moreover, this work demonstrates that the 2DES also exists in ZnO which is - compared to the Ti-based oxides - rather a conventional semiconductor as the orbital character of the itinerant electrons is of s and not d-type.The main result of this thesis is the demonstration of a simple and versatile technique for the creation of 2DESs by evaporating Al on oxide surfaces. A redox reaction between metal and oxide results in a 2DES at the interface of the oxidized metal and the reduced oxide. In this thesis the study of such interfacial 2DESs was limited to photoemission studies in ultra high vacuum. However, this technique opens up the possibility to study 2DESs in functional oxides in ambient conditions by e.g. transport techniques, and might be an important step towards cost-efficient mass production of 2DESs in oxides for future applications
Ferté, Suzanne. "Exploring the diversity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in microalgae species." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS615.
Full textMicroalgae supplies virtually all the oceanic trophic chains and participate in almost half of photosynthesis on Earth. Although their genetic diversity is well known, their functional diversity remains little explored. The main route of photosynthesis, the linear flux of electrons from water to CO2, seems to be well conserved among phylogeny. It involves two photosystems working in series, the photosystem II (PSII) and I (PSI). In plants and green algae, there is a cyclic electron flow that involves only the PSI which would be crucial for photosynthetic regulation. The study of this cyclic electron flow is hampered by the absence of robust method to measure it. We have shown that the most used method for estimating PSI activity is unreliable. On this basis, we propose an alternative method to detect the presence of cyclic electron flow and to study its dependence on the linear flux. We could show very different behaviors between species of microalgae. Finally, the study of an efflorescence of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in mesocosm allowed us to highlight a signature of the cells infection by a virus which could involve the cyclic electron flow around the PSI
Marx, Nicolas. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux phosphates utilisés comme matériaux d’électrode positive pour batteries au lithium." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14194/document.
Full textThis work deals with the synthesis and characterization of new positive electrode materials for lithium batteries. Our researches were mainly focused on phosphates of transition metals, and especially on the tavorite-type materials of composition (H,Li)FePO4(OH). Their structure is characterized by a three-dimensional network with different types of tunnels, which can host inserted lithium ions. In this context, LiFePO4(OH) structure was perfectly solved, as well as that of FePO4.H2O, which is a new iron (III) phosphate discovered during this work. These two materials, together with those obtained by heat-treatment of FePO4.H2O, were characterized using different analytical techniques. Their electrochemical behavior toward intercalation / deintercalation of lithium was also studied, as well as the structural and redox processes involved
Sala, Leo Albert. "Low-energy Electron Induced Chemistry in Supported Molecular Films." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS438/document.
Full textHigh-energy irradiation of condensed matter leads to the production of copious amounts of low-energy (0-20 eV) secondary electrons. These electrons are known to trigger various dissociative processes leading to observed damages including erosion and chemical modifications. The resulting reactive species within the condensed media can also lead to the synthesis of new molecules. This has implications in several applications most especially in the design of lithographic methods, focused beam-assisted deposition, as well as in astrochemistry. In all these applications, it is important to identify the processes induced by low-energy electrons, study the reactive fragments and stable molecules produced to determine possibilities of controlling them, and generate quantitative data to gauge the efficiencies of these processes. The approach developed for this PhD work consists of directly irradiating surfaces and interfaces using low-energy electrons and studying the processes that arise. The responses of different model molecular films (of varying thickness) were studied as a function of incident electron energy and dose. In favorable cases, methodologies proposed herein can be used to estimate effective cross sections of observed processes. Three complementary surface-sensitive techniques were utilized for this purpose. To characterize the deposited films and formed residues, the High Resolution Electron-Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) were used. Neutral fragments (as opposed to their often-detected ionic counterparts) desorbing under electron irradiation were monitored using a mass spectrometer in a technique called Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD).Within the context of surface functionalization, the grafting of sp2-hybridized carbon centers on a polycrystalline hydrogenated diamond substrate was realized through electron irradiation of a thin layer of benzylamine precursor deposited on its surface. At 11 eV, the dominant mechanism is proposed to be neutral dissociation of the precursor molecules. The effective cross section of the grafting process was estimated in only a single measurement from the HREELS map of the sample surface, taking advantage of the electron beam profile. Within the context of astrochemistry, on the other hand, the responses of crystalline and amorphous NH3 ices were studied under electron impact. The desorption of intact NH3 was observed which resulted in the direct erosion of the film proceeding through a mechanism consistent with desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET). Different fragmentation and recombination processes were also observed as evidenced by detected neutral species like NHx (x=1,2), N2, and H2. Aside from desorption, a wealth of chemical processes was also observed at 13 eV. Temporal ESD at this energy allowed for the estimation of the effective cross section of NH3 desorption and observing the delayed desorption of N2 and H2. TPD analysis of the residues also provided evidence of N2H2 and N2H4 synthesis in the film. These results can help explain the observed discrepancies in abundances of NH3 and N2 in dense regions in space. Lastly, this PhD work will present prospects for these electron-induced processes to be constrained spatially in microscopic dimensions for lithographic applications. The feasibility of the procedure utilizing Low-Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM) was demonstrated on a terphenylthiol self-assembled monolayer (TPT SAM) specimen. Spots of 5 μm in diameter with different work functions were imprinted on the surface using energies from 10-50 eV. Electron-induced reactions in thin-film resists (PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)) were also studied at low-energy identifying opportunities for energy- and spatially-resolved surface modification