Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spectroscopie à résonance paramagnétique électronique'
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Jimenez, Jean. "Réalisation d'un spectromètre de résonance paramagnétique électronique dédié à la dosimétrie d'irradiation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE19002.
Full textTrompier, François. "Développement de méthodes de dosimétrie des rayonnements ionisants pour le tri de population : application de la spectroscopie par résonance paramagnétique électronique à la mesure sur les ongles." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066128.
Full textIzoret, Laurent. "Cristallochimie des clinopyroxènes : études spectroscopiques des diopsides de séries basiques, ultrabasiques et calibrages expérimentaux." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F122.
Full textActis, Michel. "Niveaux électroniques intrinsèques et extrinsèques dans les pérovskites - théorie de la fonctionnelle densité appliquée a BaTiO#3 et PbTiO#3 : La ; Cu. - détermination par spectroscopie RPE et mesures de conductivité des localisations électroniques dans BaTiO#3 et PbTiO#3: La ; Cu." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOS055.
Full textTkatchenko, Nicolas. "Développement de la spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique pour la dosimétrie d'accident radiologique sur les ongles des victimes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS231.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to assist in the management of emergency situations following accidental exposition to ionizing radiations. The earlier absorbed doses are quantified following exposure, the more efficient the medical team will be able to handle and treat the victims. In most of radiological accidents, irradiation is localized and especially to the hands. Up to now, no techniques exist to estimate these doses with sufficient accuracy. IRSN is implementing a dosimetry technique based on the quantification of radiation induced free radicals using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in fragments human nails. However, the analysis of irradiated nails by EPR spectroscopy remains extremely complicated. A first step was to characterize the nature of radicals at the origin of the endogenous and radio-induced signals and to study their physicochemical properties. We also study the variability of these signals, and we identified a stable UV-induced signal that definitely contributes to the endogenous signal. Two approaches to measure low doses have been proposed: one is based on the behavior of radiation-induced signals with the microwave radiation power; the other is based on the selective regrowth of the radio-induced signal after its total elimination by means of chemical treatment. We have also raised the issue of spectral analyses that is operator-dependent. To avoid manual adjustments, we proposed a uniform EPR data processing approach. Traditional EPR procedures have been vastly improved through simple, repeatable and automatic functional processing of EPR spectra
Triquigneaux, Mathilde. "Association de la spectroscopie de résonance parmagnétique électronique et de la spectrométrie de masse pour l’identification de nitroxydes et d’espèces diamagnétiques dérivées : application à l’étude de mécanismes réactionnels." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2010AIX11008.pdf.
Full textAl, Zeine Abdel Razzak. "Etude par résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) du piégeage des radicaux azotés NO et NO2 par de nouveaux pièges diéniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4703.
Full textNO radical requires to be trapped before its EPR detection in solution. The work described therein deals with the study of the potentialities of the compounds PG3 and DSB in this field: both molecules show a conjugated diene moiety that could allow a [4+1] cycloaddition with NO, thereby yielding EPR detectable nitroxide adducts. In the presence of oxygen, PG3 trapped efficiently NO and NO2 radicals in tert-butylbenzene, leading to stable cyclic nitroxide and oxynitroxide, respectively, with characteristic EPR spectra. In more polar solvents and in aqueous media, PG3 was found to trap NO2, formed after NO oxidation, rather than NO itself. In the presence of oxygen, DSB trapped efficiently NO in various solvents, yielding a stable cyclic nitroxide easily identified on the basis of its EPR spectrum, though no EPR signal was ever detected after reaction between DSB and NO2. PG3 and DSB both showed a high thermal stability and no in situ generation is necessary. All these results re-boost interest in using conjugated dienes as NO traps, though more hydrophilic compounds should now be elaborated for biological applications
Le, Breton Nolwenn. "Nouvelles approches pour le marquage de spin suivi par spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique : application à l'étude de la dynamique des protéines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4744/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of new approaches for site-directed spin labeling followed by EPR spectroscopy. This technique is well suited to monitor the structural dynamics of proteins. The insertion of a nitroxide radical, in one (or several) selected site(s) of a protein, allows probing the structure of the protein using different EPR spectroscopy approaches (continuous wave and pulsed).In a first part, this technique has been applied to characterize the structural dynamics of the yeast IF1, an inhibitory peptide of the ATP-synthase. Using EPR and circular dichroïsm spectroscopies we showed that yeast IF1 dimerizes by its central part and that the C-terminal part remains disordered.The second part is more methodological and the aim is to study and characterize a newly synthesized spin label in order to expand the potential of site-directed spin labeling. In particular, the technique is limited by the poor spectral diversity offered by the available labels (three lines). The new label gives a six lines EPR spectrum thanks to the presence of a magnetic nucleus in the environment of the radical. Grafted on a model protein, we demonstrated that this new label is as able as classical ones to report on structural variations. The superposition of the spectral signatures (three lines + six lines) showed that it is possible to differentiate the two spectral signatures and to probe two sites of a protein and its partner simultaneously
Le, Breton Nolwenn. "Nouvelles approches pour le marquage de spin suivi par spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique : application à l'étude de la dynamique des protéines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4744.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of new approaches for site-directed spin labeling followed by EPR spectroscopy. This technique is well suited to monitor the structural dynamics of proteins. The insertion of a nitroxide radical, in one (or several) selected site(s) of a protein, allows probing the structure of the protein using different EPR spectroscopy approaches (continuous wave and pulsed).In a first part, this technique has been applied to characterize the structural dynamics of the yeast IF1, an inhibitory peptide of the ATP-synthase. Using EPR and circular dichroïsm spectroscopies we showed that yeast IF1 dimerizes by its central part and that the C-terminal part remains disordered.The second part is more methodological and the aim is to study and characterize a newly synthesized spin label in order to expand the potential of site-directed spin labeling. In particular, the technique is limited by the poor spectral diversity offered by the available labels (three lines). The new label gives a six lines EPR spectrum thanks to the presence of a magnetic nucleus in the environment of the radical. Grafted on a model protein, we demonstrated that this new label is as able as classical ones to report on structural variations. The superposition of the spectral signatures (three lines + six lines) showed that it is possible to differentiate the two spectral signatures and to probe two sites of a protein and its partner simultaneously
TEBBAL, NACEUR-EDDINE. "Etude du vanadium dans gaas et gap et du titane dans gaas par spectroscopie d'absorption detectee thermiquement." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF21336.
Full textErramli, Abdellah. "Etude du chrome et du nickel dans GAP par spectroscopie d'absorption détectée thermiquement." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CLF21221.
Full textTaouk, Bechara. "Oxydes de vanadium supportés sur alumine-[alpha] et sur silice : caractérisation physico-chimique et aspect catalytique." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10041.
Full textAl, Zeine Abdel Razzak. "Etude par résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) du piégeage des radicaux azotés NO et NO2 par de nouveaux pièges diéniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4703.
Full textNO radical requires to be trapped before its EPR detection in solution. The work described therein deals with the study of the potentialities of the compounds PG3 and DSB in this field: both molecules show a conjugated diene moiety that could allow a [4+1] cycloaddition with NO, thereby yielding EPR detectable nitroxide adducts. In the presence of oxygen, PG3 trapped efficiently NO and NO2 radicals in tert-butylbenzene, leading to stable cyclic nitroxide and oxynitroxide, respectively, with characteristic EPR spectra. In more polar solvents and in aqueous media, PG3 was found to trap NO2, formed after NO oxidation, rather than NO itself. In the presence of oxygen, DSB trapped efficiently NO in various solvents, yielding a stable cyclic nitroxide easily identified on the basis of its EPR spectrum, though no EPR signal was ever detected after reaction between DSB and NO2. PG3 and DSB both showed a high thermal stability and no in situ generation is necessary. All these results re-boost interest in using conjugated dienes as NO traps, though more hydrophilic compounds should now be elaborated for biological applications
Latef, Ahmed. "Caractérisation de catalyseurs Mo/SiO2 et Pt-Mo/SiO2 par R. P. E. Et S. P. X." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10014.
Full textHojjaji, Abdel-Ilah. "Approche de la structure et de la conduction ionique dans les verres à base de thioborates de lithium : système B₂S₃-Li₂S-Lil." Bordeaux 1, 1990. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00168689.
Full textMartinho, Marlène. "Complexes de fer mononucléaires non hémiques : modèles de catalyseurs d'oxydation biologiques." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112151.
Full textThis work deals with the synthesis and characterization of model complexes of mono- and dioxygenases. The complexes used are Fe(II) complexes with aminopyridin ligands. The reactivity of these complexes upon addition of oxidants (H2O2, mCPBA) has been studied in order to observe reactional intermediates. Chapter I reviews the natural systems and model compounds known in literature. A new Fe(IV)=O complex has been obtained (chapter II). It has been characterized by UV-Vis absorption, FT-IR in solution and by SQUID and mossbauer spectroscopy on the powder sample. The exchange of the oxygen atom with water has been highlighted by ESI-MS and FT-IR measurements. A complementary of the well complex [(L52)Fe(III)(OOH)]2+ has been done (chapter III). The EPR spectra in solution display the signals of two low spin Fe(III) species. The g values of these species are very close. We propose that the solution contains two Fe(III)-OOH species with different orientation of the hydroperoxo group. The intermediate has also been obtained as a powder. The characterization of this powder is still under study in the laboratory. New Fe(II) complexes hav been synthesized with a new ligand which bears a pivaloylamine arm (chapter IV). This function offers a rich coordination chemistry. The reactivity of these complexes with H2O2 has been studied (chapter V). A new Fe(III)-OOH complex has been obtained and characterized by UV-vis absorption, EPR and resonance raman spectroscopy. This study shows that the ligand is coordinated to the iron centre by 4 nitrogen atoms and the oxygen atom from the pivaloylamio arm. A spontaneous equilibrium between the Fe(III)-OOH and the Fe(III)-(eta2-OO) species has also been observed. Finally, the reaction of the Fe(II) complex with dioxygen, in presence of reductants and protons in acetonitrile, leads to the Fe(III)-OOH complex. This intermediate evolves into a green Fe(III) species, which appears to be Fe(III) peroxo species based on resonance raman spectroscopy
Gabison, Laure. "Etude du mécanisme de l'urate oxydase par diffraction des rayons X et spectroscopie RPE." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P610.
Full textUrate oxidase is a key enzyme of the purine degradation pathway. This protein work without cofactor (metallic nor organic) and catalyse in presence of molecular oxygen, the degradation of urate (uric acid mono-anion) into 5-hydroxyisourate with release of hydrogen peroxide. 5-hydroxyisourate finally decomposes spontaneously or via two specific proteins to allantoïne. Urate oxidase mechanism is studied since the beginning of the century and it still remains nottotally understood. X-Ray diffraction and EPR spectroscopy allow bringing new lighting on urate oxidas mechanism. EPR spectroscopy shows the radical character of the mechanism and brings to propose the electronic state of some intermediate. Tridimensional studies by x-ray diffraction of high resolution inhibitor-enzyme complexes suggest urate déprotonation for the first step of the mechanism to give di-deprotonated intermediate on N3 and N7 atoms of uric acid. Several approach to block the natural substrate in the active site confirm deprotonated state and also permit to propose dehydrourate as stable relational intermediate. Finally different fruitless attempts to detect the hypothetic 5-hydroperoxyisourate intermediate from literature drove to formulate hypothesis of a direct passage to dehydrourate or generation of 4-hydroperoxyisourate. Dehydrourate is the hydroxyled and un-complexe from the active site. From all the result two news alternative mechanism were suggested
Hugonnard-Bruyère, Elsa. "Etude du comportement électrique des films minces de carbure de silicium reportés par le procédé IMPROVE sur isolant (SiCOI)." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0105.
Full textThis thesis describes the electrical behaviour of silicon carbide thin films transferred on insulator by the IMPROVE (Implanted PROton Void Engineering) process. First, we present the SiC and the SiCOI structure properties. SiC is a promising semiconductor material in electronic devices for high power, high frequency and high temperature applications that are not suitable for Si and GaAs. Now, the high cost of SiC substrates (from 3 000 to 6 000 $$ depending on its nature) and their small dimension (2 inches) slow down the technology of this material. Consequently, the IMPROVE process applied to SiC is of prime importance because it is a solution to form low cost and high dimension pseudo substrates of silicon carbide. However, after transfer, SiC films are highly resistive preventing the fabrication of electronic devices directly on the transferred SiC film. In the second chapter, we describe the technique of characterisation we have used and we give a state of the art of the observed defects in the literature. In the third part, we show that the electrical compensation is due to the generation of defects during the hydrogen implantation required to induce thin film exfoliation. We analyse the nature of these defects by photoluminescence, capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy (DL TS) and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and follow their evolution with the post-implantation annealing temperature. Then, in the last chapter, we determine the compensation introduced by a known process by Hall effects and RPE measurements. We quantify the influence of several parameters on the electrical activity of the films. With the improvement of the process, the compensating defect level has been reduced to a few 10 exp16cm-3. So the film can be used. Directly in electronic devices. This compensation is produced by the presence of a very stable defect lying at Ec- 0. 65eV
Salnikov, Evgeniy. "Structural studies of membrane-modifying peptiaibol antibiotic peptides by pulsed EPR and solid-state NMR spectroscopies." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/SALNIKOV_Evgeniy_2007.pdf.
Full textIV, ampullosporin A and alamethicin, which are different in length and vary in their intensity of biological activity. Using 15N uniformly labeled alamethicin and ampullosporin A, solid-state NMR of oriented samples allows to obtain information on the structure, dynamics and topology of peptides in their membrane bound state. Using TOAC (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid) labeled analogs of peptides alamethicin and trichogin GA IV, newly developed ESEEM (electron spin echo envelope modulation) approach allows to access peptide topology. In addition, CW (continuous wave) EPR of these TOAC labeled analogs gives information on peptide oligomerization. Studies suggest some common properties for the peptaibols when bound to membranes, suggesting similar mode of action. Namely: hydrophobic match / mismatch between peptide hydrophobic length and membrane apolar core was shown to play a key role on peptide orientation; a high 310 helical content in both alamethicin and ampullosporin A, when in a transmembrane state, was detected; and to the best of our knowledge, herein is the first time that oligomerization of transmembrane alamethicin molecules was directly observed. Another important aspect of this thesis work is the investigation of exactly the same peptaibol molecule, e. G. Alamethicin, when bound to membranes using EPR and oriented solid-state NMR to obtain information on both the alignment and the oligomerization of the peptides in membranes. This approach using two complementary techniques allows not only the gathering of more information about peptide/membrane interactions but also the direct comparison of these different magnetic resonance methods
Lorenzi, Magali. "Etude des transitions structurales dans les protéines flexibles par marquage de spin suivi par spectroscopie de Résonance Paramagnétique Electronique (RPE)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10139.
Full textThe study of structural transitions in proteins is of crucial interest because these transformations are involved in many biological processes. Such structural phenomena can be the source of remarkable properties in flexible or disordered proteins, properties hardly accessible by conventional structural techniques. Site-directed spin labeling combined with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) is a technique well suited for the study of these structural transitions. The insertion of a nitroxide reagent on a cysteine, natural or introduced by site-directed mutagenesis, located in a key position of a protein provides local information on possible structural changes induced by the addition of a partner. This technique was applied on two biological systems with a different degree of flexibility. The flexibility of NarJ, a chaperon protein involved in the biogenesis of the complex nitrate reductase of Escherichia coli was studied in the presence of its peptide partner. These studies enabled us to determine the interaction site and to show that the association of the two partners induced a locked conformation of NarJ. The second system is the CP12 protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, involved in the regulation of a supramolecular complex of the Calvin cycle. CP12 shares some similarities with the intrinsically disordered protein but having natural and functional cysteines. The conventional labeling allowed us to highlight a new role of its partner and to demonstrate that CP12 remains disordered in the complex. Moreover, this protein was used as a model system to develop a new labeling strategy on tyrosine and to demonstrate its feasibility
Béziade, Pierre. "Spectrométrie de résonance paramagnétique électronique à 9 et 35 Ghz : application à l'étude de monocristaux de sels de cuivre et de baromolybdates de lithium vitreux conducteurs ioniques." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10595.
Full textJubert, Caroline. "Coordination du cobalt, nickel, cuivre et zinc avec des ligands hexadentes N6, N4O2 ou N4S2 possédant deux groupements pyridylmethyles ou picolinamides : synthèse, études thermodynamiques et structurales." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMS019.
Full textJacques, Julien. "Réactivité de la nitrate réductase périplasmique étudiée par spectroscopie RPE et électrochimie directe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4710.
Full textRhodobacter sphaeroides periplasmic nitrate reductase catalyses the reduction of nitrate into nitrite. It is a metalloenzyme containing a molybdenum cofactor, an iron - sulfur cluster, and two haems.The reactivity of the molybdenum cofactor remains elusive for many reasons. Among others : the heterogeneity of the EPR signatures of Mo(V), the semi-reduced state of the active site, and the existence of inactive states of the enzyme, depending on conditions.In order to understand the reactivity and the catalytic relevance of the major Mo(V) species, we have undertaken a characterisation of the activation and inactivation processes by protein-film-electrochemistry, and a study of their structure by EPR and HYSCORE spectroscopies.Our kinetic observations suggest that the irreversible activation of the enzyme involves a rearrangement of one of the pterins of the Mo cofactor.This is evidenced by the modification of intercentre magnetic couplings due to the activation, and by structural modifications beyond the first coordination sphere of Mo.Finally, the study of enzyme reversible inactivation by electrochemistry shows the involvement of the different redox states of the active site in the inhibition mechanism, and yields the necessary conditions to trapping active Mo(V) forms
Lorenzi, Magali. "Etude des transitions structurales dans les protéines flexibles par marquage de spin suivi par spectroscopie de Résonance Paramagnétique Electronique (RPE)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10139/document.
Full textThe study of structural transitions in proteins is of crucial interest because these transformations are involved in many biological processes. Such structural phenomena can be the source of remarkable properties in flexible or disordered proteins, properties hardly accessible by conventional structural techniques. Site-directed spin labeling combined with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) is a technique well suited for the study of these structural transitions. The insertion of a nitroxide reagent on a cysteine, natural or introduced by site-directed mutagenesis, located in a key position of a protein provides local information on possible structural changes induced by the addition of a partner. This technique was applied on two biological systems with a different degree of flexibility. The flexibility of NarJ, a chaperon protein involved in the biogenesis of the complex nitrate reductase of Escherichia coli was studied in the presence of its peptide partner. These studies enabled us to determine the interaction site and to show that the association of the two partners induced a locked conformation of NarJ. The second system is the CP12 protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, involved in the regulation of a supramolecular complex of the Calvin cycle. CP12 shares some similarities with the intrinsically disordered protein but having natural and functional cysteines. The conventional labeling allowed us to highlight a new role of its partner and to demonstrate that CP12 remains disordered in the complex. Moreover, this protein was used as a model system to develop a new labeling strategy on tyrosine and to demonstrate its feasibility
Simon, Clémence. "Élucidation des processus de lignification par la stratégie du rapporteur chimique alliée à la microscopie confocale en fluorescence et à la résonance paramagnétique électronique." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1S106.
Full textLignin is a phenolic polymer of plant cell wall which forms with cellulose the lignocellulosic biomass, involved in a variety of industrial applications (biofuel, paper making, etc.). A better understanding of its formation within plant cell walls is needed to improve the valorization of this biomass. Lignin is mainly composed of three monomers called monolignols (H, G and S) that are assembled by a radicalar polymerization process initiated by laccases and/or peroxydases during lignification. The recent emergence of the bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy appears as a powerful tool to study lignification processes. In this strategy, an analogue of the biomolecule of interest modified with a biocompatible chemical tag is metabolically incorporated into the target biomacromolecule. It is then detected by fluorophore tagging initiated by a bioorthogonal chemistry reaction. The current work presents the development of chemical tools based on the chemical reporter strategy for the study of lignification process. A novel triple labeling strategy has been developed to study lignification dynamics in plant cell wall by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Analogs bearing methylcyclopropenyl-, azido-, and alkynyl tags were synthesized for each monolignol (S, H and G respectively) and incorporated into the de novo lignin. These analogs were then selectively linked to a fluorophore by a specific bioorthogonal ligation reaction during a sequential triple labeling (DAinv, SPAAC, and CuAAC respectively). Fluorescence confocal microscopy allowed visualization of their differential incorporation into lignin. It gave informations about lignification dynamics in different plant systems (stem and root cross sections, whole stems, etc.) and to various plant species (flax, Arabidopsis thaliana, poplar, etc.). In addition, this triple labeling could be done with two types of biomolecules to simultaneously monitor the biosynthesis of lignin and non-cellulosic polysaccharides. A second innovative research axis was initiated to validate the metabolic incorporation of a monolignol analog in plant tissues with its detection using a radical probe by electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. This new methodology could ultimately provide informations about the structure, concentration and environment of the incorporated probe specifically by detection of de novo lignin
Kaddah, Samar. "Effet du cholestérol sur les propriétés physiques des membranes liposomiales de type dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine : application aux triterpènes tétra- et pentacycliques." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1102/document.
Full textTriterpenes are C30 compounds derived from the cyclization of 2,3-epoxysqualene. The industrial use and the therapeutic interest of the triterpenes represent a capital importance in the field of the research of the natural substances. As for cholesterol, it has been widely known in the literature by its modulating role of natural as well as synthetic membranes. In our thesis work, we were interested in studying the effect of triterpenes and cholesterol on the fluidity and permeability of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. Two approaches are used to carry out these studies via liposomes fillers or preformed liposomes. Permeability studies are carried out by fluorescence spectroscopy through the monitoring of a hydrophilic fluorophore, sulforhodamine B as a function of time. Studies of fluidity are carried out by electronic paramagnetic resonance. These probes make it possible to evaluate the fluidity at the interface of the membrane as well as at the hydrophobic core of the membrane. The data obtained from the release kinetics of sulforhodamine are quantified by mathematical models. These latter will serve as tools to predict the release mechanisms. Our results show that the permeability as well as the fluidity of the membranes are reduced following the addition of cholesterol. The effect of triterpenes on the physical properties of membranes is highly dependent on membrane composition, cholesterol level, the drug structure and incubation time
Zeamari, Kamal. "Investigation par spectroscopie RPE des bases moléculaires de la réactivité d'une enzyme à molybdène : la nitrate réductase périplasmique de Rhodobacter sphaeroides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0546.
Full textThe periplasmic nitrate reductase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides contains, in addition to the Mo-cofactor, a [4Fe-4S] center and two c-type hemes defining an intramolecular electron transfer chain. This work focuses on two molecular aspects of the catalysis: the reactivity of the Mo-cofactor, and the intramolecular electron transfer step. These issues are dealt by combining approaches as site-directed mutagenesis, enzymatic activities, continuous-waves (CW) and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), UV-Vis spectroscopy and redox titration of metal cofactors of the enzyme. A first part of this work is devoted to the spectroscopic and physicochemical characterization (thermodynamic and kinetic properties) of Mo (V) intermediates of the active site in order to determine their structure and their catalytic relevance. We have undertaken a detailed characterization of two Mo(V) intermediates generated in presence of nitrate, which display some structural differences beyond the first coordination sphere of the Mo(V) ion. In a second part, we highlight the role of a highly conserved amino acid (Lys) in intramolecular electron transfer. This positively-charged amino acid is located in the second coordination sphere of the [4Fe-4S] center and plays a major role in the redox properties tuning of the [4Fe-4S] center thus strongly affecting the catalytic properties of the enzyme. All together, these data provide some structural insights on the enzyme reactivity beyond the first coordination sphere of the Mo-cofactor
Buy-Arnould, Clotilde. "Etude par résonance paramagnétique électronique en modes continu et pulsé des sites métalliques des ATPAses CF1 de chloroplastes d'épinard, Spinacia Oleracea, et TF1 de la bactérie thermophile Bacillus PS3." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0497.
Full textLafage, Christian. "Technique d'échantillonnage par faisceau moléculaire couplée à un réacteur à écoulement rapide et à un spectromètre de masse : réalisation et application à l'étude cinétique de la réaction H + IC4H10->produits." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10043.
Full textFlogeac, Karine. "Etude de la capacité de rétention de produits phytosanitaires par deux solides modèles des sols : influence de la présence des cations métalliques : thèse pour le doctorat en sciences spécialité Chimie." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000041.pdf.
Full textMany studies showed that the contamination of surface and underground waters resulted, partly, of a massive use of the pesticides. In order to limit and to cure this contamination, it seems essential to understand the processes which control the transfer of these products towards the aquifers. Isoproturon, dimetomorph and amitrole are three pesticides widely used in agriculture and vine growing, especially in the Champagne-Ardenne region. These pesticides are often found with significant concentrations in water and represent a risk for the environment. The composition of the soils (mineral, organic matter, and metal cations) plays an essential role in the retention and the mobility of the pesticides. This is why it is interesting to study the retention of the pesticides by the soils or their components, as well as the influence of the metal cations. This study was carried out on two solid samples: a lignocellulosic substrate (LS) which was chosen as "model" compound of soil organic matter, and a soil sample, obtained after various treatments and mainly composed of inorganic matter. The metallic cations studied are the Mn(II), the Fe(III) and the Cu(II), ubiquitous metals in soils, and the Cr(III), a metal of anthropic origin
Laulan-Boudy, Caroline. "Contribution à la modélisation des propriétés photoréfractives des phases Bi₁₂MO₂₀ (M = Ge, Ti) : cristallogénèse, dopage et étude des niveaux profonds par spectroscopie optique." Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10598.
Full textBurlat, Bénédicte. "Etude fonctionnelle des hydrogénases à centre [Ni-Fe] : approche par spectroscopie RPE et photochimie." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11009.
Full textPichon, Céline. "Synthèse et étude des propriétés magnétiques et catalytiques de polyoxométallates fonctionnalisés à haute nucléarité : détermination de l'anisotropie de complexes mononucléaires de Mn" par spectroscopie RPE multifréquence." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0028.
Full textThe study of the combination of polyoxometalates (POMs) with FeIII and organic ligands has been explored, leading to the isolation of unprecedented hybrid molecular species including the first POM « butterfly » compound. The exchange interactions between the magnetic centers have been quantified. These insoluble species, synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis, revealed to be active in heterogeneous catalysis in the oxidation of isobutane. The reaction of metallic ions MII with exogeneous ligands and a trilacunary polyanion (M = Cu, Ni) or the cyclic POM {P8W48} (M = Cu) has led to high nuclearity POM clusters (up to 20 3d centers). Their magnetic properties as well as their electrocatalytic activities for the reduction of dioxygen have been studied. Finally, the anisotropy induced by a polyanionic framework in mononuclear MnII complexes has been studied by multifrequency EPR spectroscopy and magnetism. These results show that POM systems are able to induce unprecedentedly high magnetic anisotropies considering MnII mononuclear complexes studied until now. DFT calculations were carried out in order to rationalise the different contributions implied
Simonneau, Antony. "Synthèse d'oligomères de rangs 6 et 8 du polyparaphénylène : dopage chimique et type N et caractérisations spectroscopiques." Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT2014.
Full textAbou, Fadel Maya. "Apports de la chimiométrie à la spectroscopie de Résonance Paramagnétique Electronique : nouvelles perspectives de traitement de données spectrales à dimensions spatiales (imagerie) et/ou temporelles." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10130/document.
Full textElectron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy has undoubtedly become the first-choice technique for the characterization of complex materials containing some unpaired electrons (transition metal ions, rare earth ions, defects, organic radicals ...). Similarly to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, EPR generates multidimensional (2D, 3D…) spectral and recently also spatial (imaging) data as well as spectral/spatial ones. It is thus, surprising that despite the large amount of spectral data to be explored and complexity of the EPR signals, there hardly exist at the international level of exploitation the multivariate data processing methods that are widely available in chemometrics. The objective of this thesis is thus, to develop new tools for the treatment of these EPR spectral data, to establish new analytical methodologies and to evaluate their performance. The two main areas that will be studied are spectroscopic imaging and time-resolved spectroscopy. In this work, we will show that the implementation of the methods known as "multivariate curve resolutions" can extract, simultaneously, and without a priori all chemical maps and their corresponding spectra of pure compounds present in the studied sample. This methodology will also be exploited to extract the EPR spectra of intermediate species during a kinetic monitoring
Nasser, Din Rami. "Etudes par résonance magnétique nucléaire de l'augmentation de la contribution paramagnétique de la relaxation dans les champs magnétiques intenses : méthodes et applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALY086.
Full textNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is an analytical technique widely used in research fields such as chemistry, physics, and biomedicine. One of its most prominent applications is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for both, medical and technical investigations. In this context, Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement (PRE) is an important research area, particularly with the increasing use of high magnetic fields in MRI. PRE changes the MRI image contrast by speeding up the nuclear spin relaxation of typically proton spins of water via their magnetic interactions with electron spins of added paramagnetic compounds. Therefore, compounds exhibiting PRE are used as contrast agents in MRI. PRE depends on the concentration of the paramagnetic compounds in the solvent. The PRE of a compound at a given field is measured by its relaxivity, defined as the enhancement of the relaxation rate of the water proton normalized by its concentration. Despite many years of research on PRE, there are still interesting questions about the microscopic mechanisms.In this context, it is important to measure the field dependence of PRE up to the highest possible magnetic field. However, most PRE studies end up at frequencies below 800 MHz (18.8 T). This frequency range can be extended beyond the current superconducting magnet limit of 28.2 T by employing resistive magnets.The availability of resistive magnets at the LNCMI laboratory in Grenoble opens the way for PRE studies up to 33 T (1.4 GHz) and beyond. However, the limited field quality of resistive magnets, field inhomogeneity and fluctuations make NMR experiments a technical challenge. For this reason, during this thesis, we extensively worked on the development of NMR instrumentation and methods to overcome the disadvantage of resistive magnets including a wideband NMR setup up to 1.4 GHz for microliter sample volume, single scan NMR, and tailored data analysis routines.The validity of these methods was confirmed by performing PRE studies on aqua-solutions of lanthanides that have been extensively investigated since the early days of NMR. Much of their PRE behavior is known, which makes them ideal benchmark samples for the comparison between PRE studies performed on superconducting and resistive magnets. They provide information on the quality of the resistive magnet data and the identification of potential systematic errors. In addition, the extension of the PRE field range up to 1.4 GHz of these relatively simple lanthanide complexes is expected to provide important information for the analysis of more complex compounds.Moreover, the trend towards future high-field MRI applications requires the development of new, effective contrast agents due to the reduced relaxivity of conventional PRE compounds based on Gd(III) at high fields. One of the strategies is to investigate other lanthanide-based complexes. Therefore, new lanthanide-based complexes like paramagnetic polyoxometalates (PM-POMs) have been synthesized, and investigated over a wide range of frequencies from 20 MHz up to 1.4 GHz using commercial permanent and superconducting magnets, and non-standard NMR in the resistive magnets for frequencies above 800 MHz. They indicate that these compounds are potential candidates for contrast agents, especially at high magnetic fields
Colin, Julie. "Mise en évidence, par spectroscopies de résonance paramagnétique électronique et d'absorption électronique UV-visible, de la formation de radicaux tryptophanyles et tyrosyles par transfert d'électron intramoléculaire vers l'hème dans les catalases monofonctionnelles et peroxydases bifonctionnelles." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00326339.
Full textGachard, Elisabeth. "Synthèse sous rayonnement gamma et caractérisation d'agrégats d'argent dans la zéolithe Y." Bordeaux 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR10615.
Full textRebière, Laure Aurélie Isabelle. "Synthèse de stuctures bifonctionnelles antioxydantes : mesure des propriétés antioxydantes : radiogreffage sur le polypropylène." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007VERS0002.
Full textPreventing food oxidation is a major challenge which implies use of additives and/or specific packaging. The combination of these two parameters in the design of a new type of packaging that would interact with the contents led us to envision new materials via bifunctional molecules which afford antioxidant properties as well as radiografting abilities on polypropylene films. With this in mind, we introduced a chemical functionality open to grafting on well-known antioxidants (sterically hindered phenols or catechols), whereas new hydroxylated heterocycles were synthesized. The antioxidant properties of all compounds were evaluated by three methods (Visible-UV, EPR which involved the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and cyclic Voltamperometry). That enabled us to validate our results and highlight parameters such as time parameter, concentration of antioxidant molecule, type of phenolic ring and select the qualified molecules for radiografting
Chevalier, Alain. "Contribution à l'étude par spectroscopie RPE et Mössbauer et de la stabilité de l'hémoglobine." Compiègne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988COMPD119.
Full textThe haemoglobin stability has been led through the action of agents capable of modifying it, that is to say either by denaturing agents (RX), and then we have studied the nature and the kinetics of the radiolysis products apparition, or by glutaraldehyde action which can work positively on the molecule by the polymerisation it realizes : we'll study with these cases the way polymerized haemoglobins properties and structure are modified. The intraglobular reduced Hb radiolysis leads to the formation of a ferric compound Hb02 which shows that apart from this last compound (denaturation ultimate state) deoxyhaemoglobin, methemoqlobin, hemi and haemachromes take form. Hb02 radio dissociation had never been observed since, until now, irradiation had been realized in aqueous solutions. Polymerisation stabilizes the globine and avoids haemachrome formation in limiting the globine movement. The polymerized haemoglobin forms Mössbauer spectra are explained by a charge transfer between iron and oxygen, and potential barrier diminution opposed to 02 rotation. The RPE spectra show that polymerisation introduces a diminution of the total distance (F8His)N-fe-NO with probably the iron leaving the heme plane. These structures modifications are correlated with those of haemoglobin function properties. They are compatible with the heme pocket opening as it is shown by the regeneration by polymerisation of methemoglobin denatured in hemichrome
Niang, Awa. "RPE et relaxation de composites moléculaires bidimensionnels." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30153.
Full textBanerjee, Utsab. "Development of Novel High-Frequency EPR Spectrometer and In-house fabrication of NMR MAS drive caps and ultra-centrifuge kit packing tools." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS585.pdf.
Full textNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method that can give insights into chemical processes and has the capability to characterize a wide variety of molecules. The simplicity of the preparation, absence of damage to the analyte, and moderate sample volumes needed are among the important reasons which make NMR a widely used spectroscopy method. However, it also has some drawbacks, such as low sensitivity. There are several methods to improve the sensitivity of NMR. One of the most powerful ways to improve the NMR sensitivity is dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Therefore, to accurately evaluate the DNP parameters, and characterize the spin dynamic properties of samples containing the same concentration and solvent and subjected to the same microwave irradiation power, cryogenic temperature, and magnetic field, a dual detection capability of NMR and EPR is required. In order to easily and cost effectively build an EPR/NMR probe, longitudinal detected EPR technique is used here. Longitudinal detection (LOD) of EPR is based on a pickup coil aligned parallel to the static magnetic field, , to measure a changing longitudinal magnetization. The detection coil is placed orthogonal to the transmit coil and tuned to a different frequency range, which reduces the transmit crosstalk and noise. The longitudinal magnetization can be modulated by an amplitude modulation of microwave to periodically saturate the electron magnetization. The resulting time-dependent longitudinal magnetization then induces an alternating voltage in the EPR coil with an axis parallel to . Here in this thesis we have also showed that LOD EPR can be used optical chopper. This is important because this will enable us to use the optical chopper with high power microwave sources like the gyrotron where microwave amplitude modulation is not possible. The other topic mentioned here is 3D printed caps for solid state NMR and ultracentrifuge kits to pack samples in solid state NMR rotors.The 3D-printing technology has emerged as a well-developed method to produce parts with considerably low cost and yet with high precision (<100 micron). Recent literature has shown that the 3D-printing technology can be exploited to fabricate a magic-angle spinning (MAS) system in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Here, we show that not only lab-affordable benchtop 3D printers can produce 3.2 mm drive caps with a similar quality as the commercialized version, but also smaller 2.5 mm and 1.3 mm MAS drive caps—despite a slight compromise in performance. All in-house fabricated drive caps (1.3 to 7 mm) can be consistently reproduced (>90 %) and achieve excellent spinning performances. In summary, the > 3.2 mm systems have similar performances as the commercial systems, while the 2.5- and 1.3-mm caps can spin up to 26 kHz ± 2 Hz, and 46 kHz ± 1 Hz, respectively. The low-cost and fast in-house fabrication of MAS drive caps allows easy prototyping of new MAS drive cap models and, possibly, new NMR applications
Jacques, Julien. "Réactivité de la nitrate réductase périplasmique étudiée par spectroscopie RPE et électrochimie directe." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4710/document.
Full textRhodobacter sphaeroides periplasmic nitrate reductase catalyses the reduction of nitrate into nitrite. It is a metalloenzyme containing a molybdenum cofactor, an iron - sulfur cluster, and two haems.The reactivity of the molybdenum cofactor remains elusive for many reasons. Among others : the heterogeneity of the EPR signatures of Mo(V), the semi-reduced state of the active site, and the existence of inactive states of the enzyme, depending on conditions.In order to understand the reactivity and the catalytic relevance of the major Mo(V) species, we have undertaken a characterisation of the activation and inactivation processes by protein-film-electrochemistry, and a study of their structure by EPR and HYSCORE spectroscopies.Our kinetic observations suggest that the irreversible activation of the enzyme involves a rearrangement of one of the pterins of the Mo cofactor.This is evidenced by the modification of intercentre magnetic couplings due to the activation, and by structural modifications beyond the first coordination sphere of Mo.Finally, the study of enzyme reversible inactivation by electrochemistry shows the involvement of the different redox states of the active site in the inhibition mechanism, and yields the necessary conditions to trapping active Mo(V) forms
Aymes-Chodur, Caroline. "Radiogreffage de fluoropolymères en vue de l'obtention de surfaces hémocompatibles : étude comparative de l'influence des ions lourds rapides (E>1 MeV/uma) et des rayonnements gamma." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28595.
Full textZeamari, Kamal. "Investigation par spectroscopie RPE des bases moléculaires de la réactivité d'une enzyme à molybdène : la nitrate réductase périplasmique de Rhodobacter sphaeroides." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0546/document.
Full textThe periplasmic nitrate reductase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides contains, in addition to the Mo-cofactor, a [4Fe-4S] center and two c-type hemes defining an intramolecular electron transfer chain. This work focuses on two molecular aspects of the catalysis: the reactivity of the Mo-cofactor, and the intramolecular electron transfer step. These issues are dealt by combining approaches as site-directed mutagenesis, enzymatic activities, continuous-waves (CW) and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), UV-Vis spectroscopy and redox titration of metal cofactors of the enzyme. A first part of this work is devoted to the spectroscopic and physicochemical characterization (thermodynamic and kinetic properties) of Mo (V) intermediates of the active site in order to determine their structure and their catalytic relevance. We have undertaken a detailed characterization of two Mo(V) intermediates generated in presence of nitrate, which display some structural differences beyond the first coordination sphere of the Mo(V) ion. In a second part, we highlight the role of a highly conserved amino acid (Lys) in intramolecular electron transfer. This positively-charged amino acid is located in the second coordination sphere of the [4Fe-4S] center and plays a major role in the redox properties tuning of the [4Fe-4S] center thus strongly affecting the catalytic properties of the enzyme. All together, these data provide some structural insights on the enzyme reactivity beyond the first coordination sphere of the Mo-cofactor
Ribaut, Clotilde. "Elaboration d'un biocapteur cellulaire impédancemétrique pour la mesure des changements physiologiques affectant la cellule parasitée." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/534/.
Full textThe aim of the present work is to study physiological changes affecting parasitized cells and in particular the oxidative stress originating from the infection using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Impedancemetric studies carried out with in one hand red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum (malaria agent) and in the other hand macrophages infected by Leishmania amazonensis responsible of leishmaniasis allow differentiation between healthy and infected state of the host cell. In the case of infected macrophages, this innovative technology allows the detection of species characteristic of the oxidative stress which has been highlighted elsewhere by other techniques such as electronic paramagnetic resonance and confocal microscopy
Layssac, Yohann. "Formation de molécules organiques complexes par des processus radicalaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0489.
Full textIn order to better understand the chemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM), we have simulated in the laboratory the thermal and energetic processes taking place in star-forming regions by means of a physical chemistry experiment, called RING (reactivity in INterstellar grains), which allows us to generate interstellar ice analogues on a cold finger (11 K) and under vacuum (10^-9 mbar). We use a hydrogen plasma lamp to reproduce the UV radiation (Lyman-alpha: 121.6 nm) of surrounding stars and to initiate radical reactivity processes within the sample. Three analytical techniques allow us to follow the chemical evolution of our interstellar ice analogues: infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. Thanks to the joint use of these techniques, many products relevant to the ISM chemistry such as sugars (glyceraldehyde), polyols (glycerol), carboxylic acids (formic acid) and polymers (polyoxymethylene) have been characterized. The precise reaction schemes leading to the formation of these molecules were also studied, in particular by isolating the radical intermediates in cryogenic rare gas matrices
Fournier, Eugénie. "Structure et dynamique fonctionnelle de l'ACC oxydase étudiées par marquage de spin suivi par la spectroscopie RPE." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0583.
Full textACC Oxidase is a nonheme iron(II) containing enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene in plants. ACCO reaction mechanism and the role of the various cofactors are not well understood and structural and dynamic data are still required. A crystallographic structure has been reported showing the C-terminal part (C-term) away from the active site. This is not the active conformation as it has been shown that the C-term is essential. Later, a structural model has been proposed in which the C-term is folded towards the active site. Different conformations can be hypothesized. A technique well suited to monitor protein dynamics is site-directed spin labeling followed by EPR spectroscopy. It relies on the insertion of a nitroxide derivative on cysteines. Using this approach, it is possible to analyze the mobility of the label in order to obtain information on its local environment. Moreover using advanced EPR techniques, it is possible to acquire interspin distances between two incorporated probes. Mutants bearing one or two cysteines at desirable positions were designed. The dynamics of labeled mutants were studied in vitro using continuous wave EPR. By pulsed EPR, distances were recorded for ACCO in presence of different combinations of cofactors. The experimental distances were compared to the predicted ones obtained from the crystallographic and model structures, and also to the calculated ones obtained by molecular dynamic simulations. A successful introduction of an unnatural amino acid onto the sequence of ACCO was performed, allowing to obtain earliest results. The achievement of preliminary structural data by in cell EPR are also presented
Deletraz, Anaïs. "Développement d'antioxydants de type nitrone comme agents neuroprotecteurs Reactivities of MeO-substituted PBN-type nitrones." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0272.
Full textOxidative stress is associated with many human pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases. Nitrones are antioxidants able to protect the cells against oxidative stress-induced damage in in vitro and in vivo models. They are also able to react with free radicals to form a persistent nitroxide spin adduct, detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. They have thus been widely used as analytical probes to study the radical processes occurring in biochemical environments. In this thesis work, we focused on the α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), a linear nitrone with good spin-trapping properties as well as protective activity in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this work was to study the impact of the nature, the position and the number of substituents on both sides of the nitronyl function (phenyl ring and N-tert-butyl part) on the properties of the nitrone and to improve its activity. Different series of PBN-type nitrones were thus synthesized and their spin-trapping ability towards hydroxymethyl radical (CH2OH), as well as their electrochemical and neuroprotective properties were evaluated. It emerges from this study that the introduction of an electron-withdrawing group in the para position of the phenyl ring or in the N-tert-butyl part improves the trapping capacities of the nucleophilic radical •CH2OH. In contrast, the functionalization of PBN with an electron-donating substituent tends to decrease its spin-trapping ability. When substituents are introduced both in the para position of the phenyl ring and in the N-tert-butyl function, the effects go in the same direction without completely adding up. In contrast, the influence of substituents on the neuroprotection of nitrones could not be identified. Finally, nitrones with promising trapping and/or neuroprotective activities were identified
Merdy, Patricia. "Etude de la complexation et de la sorption des cations Mn(II), Cu(II) et Fe(III° par une lignine et différents modèles moléculaires : influence de la teneur en ions calcium et carbonate présents dans les sols de craie." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMS025.
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