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Books on the topic 'Spectral Patterns'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Weisheimer, Antje. Niederfrequente Variabilität grossräumiger atmosphärischer Zirkulationsstrukturen in spektralen Modellen niederer Ordnung =: Ultra-low-frequency variability of large scale atmospheric circulation patterns in spectral low-order models. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2000.

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2

Isoscapes: Understanding movement, pattern, and process on earth through isotope mapping. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.

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3

1930-, Mayer James W., ed. Patterns of light: Chasing the spectrum from Aristotle to LEDs. New York: Springer, 2008.

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4

Rao, K. Sreenivasa. Robust Emotion Recognition using Spectral and Prosodic Features. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013.

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5

Sanders, Frank H. Phased array antenna pattern variation with frequency and implications for radar spectrum measurements. Washington, D.C: U. S. Dept., of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 2005.

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6

Robles-Kelly, Antonio. Imaging Spectroscopy for Scene Analysis. London: Springer London, 2013.

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7

Cascini, Gaetano, ed. TRIZ Future Conference 2004. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-220-5.

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TRIZ the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving is a living science and a practical methodology: millions of patents have been examined to look for principles of innovation and patterns of excellence. Large and small companies are using TRIZ to solve problems and to develop strategies for future technologies. The TRIZ Future Conference is the annual meeting of the European TRIZ Association, with contributions from everywhere in the world. The aims of the 2004 edition are the integration of TRIZ with other methodologies and the dissemination of systematic innovation practices even through SMEs: a broad spectrum of subjects in several fields debated with experts, practitioners and TRIZ newcomers.

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8

Bansal, Narottam P. Solid state synthesis and properties of monoclinic celsian. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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9

Kawahara, Shigeto, and Melanie Pangilinan. Spectral continuity, amplitude changes, and perception of length contrasts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0002.

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Japanese displays a singleton/geminate contrast in obstruents and nasals, but not in glides. Patterns of emphatic gemination show that Japanese avoids creating new nasal geminates. This chapter tests hypotheses about why Japanese shows these preferences. Concerning the distinction between obstruent geminates and sonorant geminates, dispreference of sonorant geminates may exist because these geminates are easily confused with corresponding singletons. This confusability problem arises because sonorants are spectrally continuous with flanking vowels, and consequently perception of their constriction durations is difficult. Two non-speech perception experiments show that length distinctions of consonant intervals that are spectrally continuous with surrounding segments are difficult to perceive. Concerning the difference between nasal geminates and glide geminates, two further non-speech experiments show that amplitude changes facilitate discrimination and categorization of short/long contrasts. Overall, the results of the four perception experiments reported here accord well with the cross-linguistic phonological patterning of geminates.

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10

J, Tucker Compton, Dye Dennis G, and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. North American vegetation patterns observed with the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. [Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1985.

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11

Shaw, Ros Byam. Spectrum: Heritage Patterns and Colours. Thames & Hudson, 2023.

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12

Kasprzak, Jaroslaw D., Anita Sadeghpour, and Ruxandra Jurcut. Doppler echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0003.

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Doppler examination is an integral part of the echocardiogram. Current systems are equipped with spectral Doppler in continuous wave mode (offering measurements of high velocities with limited spatial specificity due to integration of signal along the scan line), pulsed wave mode (high spatial specificity with maximal recordable velocity reduced by the Nyquist limit), and colour Doppler flow mapping (allowing rapid identification of flow pattern within a cross-sectional B-mode sector). Tissue Doppler echocardiography emerged as a basic tool for sampling regional myocardial velocities, in pulsed wave or colour velocity mapping mode. Finally, three-dimensional systems improve spatial presentation of flow phenomena by integrating Doppler-derived flow patterns in three-dimensional datasets.

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13

Spectrum. Thames & Hudson Australia Pty, Limited, 2018.

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14

Rao, K. Sreenivasa, V. Ramu Reddy, and Sudhamay Maity. Language Identification Using Spectral and Prosodic Features. Springer, 2015.

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15

Rao, K. Sreenivasa, V. Ramu Reddy, and Sudhamay Maity. Language Identification Using Spectral and Prosodic Features. Springer, 2015.

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16

Sutter, Raoul, Peter W. Kaplan, and Donald L. Schomer. Historical Aspects of Electroencephalography. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0001.

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Electroencephalography (EEG), a dynamic real-time recording of electrical neocortical brain activity, began in the 1600s with the discovery of electrical phenomena and the concept of an “action current.” The galvanometer was introduced in the 1800s and the first bioelectrical observations of human brain signals were made in the 1900s. Certain EEG patterns were associated with brain disorders, increasing the clinical and scientific use of EEG. In the 1980s, technical advances allowed EEGs to be digitized and linked with videotape recording. In the 1990s, digital data storage increased and computer networking enabled remote real-time EEG reading, which made possible continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring. Manual cEEG analysis became increasingly labor-intensive, calling for methods to assist this process. In the 2000s, complex algorithms enabling quantitative EEG analyses were introduced, with a new focus on shared activity between rhythms, including phase and magnitude synchrony. The automation of spectral analysis enabled studies of spectral content.

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17

West, Jason B., Todd E. Dawson, Gabriel J. Bowen, and Kevin P. Tu. Isoscapes: Understanding movement, pattern, and process on Earth through isotope mapping. Springer, 2014.

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18

Beeson, Steven, and James W. Mayer. Patterns of Light: Chasing the Spectrum from Aristotle to LEDs. Springer, 2010.

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19

Pavlidis, Ioannis, and Bir Bhanu. Computer Vision Beyond the Visible Spectrum. Springer London, Limited, 2005.

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20

Pavlidis, Ioannis, and Bir Bhanu. Computer Vision Beyond the Visible Spectrum. Springer, 2010.

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21

Marino, Marcos. Quantum chromodynamics. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.32.

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This article focuses on chiral random matrix theories with the global symmetries of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In particular, it explains how random matrix theory (RMT) can be applied to the spectra of the Dirac operator both at zero chemical potential, when the Dirac operator is Hermitian, and at non-zero chemical potential, when the Dirac operator is non-Hermitian. Before discussing the spectra of these Dirac operators at non-zero chemical potential, the article considers spontaneous symmetry breaking in RMT and the QCD partition function. It then examines the global symmetries of QCD, taking into account the Dirac operator for a finite chiral basis, as well as the global symmetry breaking pattern and the Goldstone manifold in chiral random matrix theory (chRMT). It also describes the generating function for the Dirac spectrum and applications of chRMT to QCD to gauge degrees of freedom.

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22

(Editor), Bir Bhanu, and Ioannis Pavlidis (Editor), eds. Computer Vision Beyond the Visible Spectrum (Advances in Pattern Recognition). Springer, 2004.

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23

Rao, K. Sreenivasa, and Shashidhar G. Koolagudi. Robust Emotion Recognition using Spectral and Prosodic Features. Springer, 2013.

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24

Rao, K. Sreenivasa, and Shashidhar G. Koolagudi. Robust Emotion Recognition using Spectral and Prosodic Features. Springer, 2013.

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25

Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Using Molecular Data to Detect Selection: Signatures from Recent Single Events. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0009.

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Different types and phases of a selective sweep (hard, soft, partial, polygenic) generate different patterns of departures from neutrality, and hence require different tests. It is thus not surprising that a large number of tests have been proposed that use sequence information to detect ongoing, or very-recently completed, episodes of selection. This chapter critically reviews over 50 such tests, which use information on allele-frequency change, linkage disequilibrium patterns, spatial allele-frequency patterns, site-frequency spectrum data, allele-frequency spectrum data, and haplotype structure. This chapter discusses the domain of applicability for each test, and their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, this chapter examines application of these methods in the search for recent, or ongoing, selection in humans and for genes involved in the domestication process in plants and animals.

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26

Imaging Spectroscopy for Scene Analysis Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Springer London Ltd, 2012.

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27

Jha, Rakesh Mohan, and Balamati Choudhury. Soft Computing in Electromagnetics: Methods and Applications. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2016.

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28

Jha, Rakesh Mohan, and Balamati Choudhury. Soft Computing in Electromagnetics: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

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29

Jha, Rakesh Mohan, and Balamati Choudhury. Soft Computing in Electromagnetics: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

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30

Huynh, Cong Phuoc, and Antonio Robles-Kelly. Imaging Spectroscopy for Scene Analysis. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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31

Lin, Jaime. Talentos e Aptidões: Um olhar sobre o Autismo. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-554-5.

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Autism is a medical term that encompasses a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired reciprocal socialization and communication, often accompanied by restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. Due to the enlargement in the clinical diagnostic boundaries and the increased awareness of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the world has seen a dramatic increase in its prevalence during the last two decades. ASD is currently considered one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide. Frequently reported in terms of comorbidities, disabilities, burden and economic costs, the talents, gifts and abilities of people within the autistic spectrum only reaches the media when it amazes the audience. In this review, we want show that the high clinical heterogeneity found in autism can also be applied to the gifts and abilities, and that it must be nurtured with appropriate developmental, educational environment and above all, support and hope.

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32

Ekas, Naomi V., Abdallah M. Badahdah, and Azza O. Abdelmoneium. The Well-Being of Families living with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Qatar. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137969.

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Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1% of children worldwide. Children with autism have difficulties in social interactions and communication and often engage in repetitive behaviors or have restricted interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). As a result of their child’s autism diagnosis, parents of children with autism often experience increased stress and poorer psychological well-being. Moreover, relationships within the family (e.g., marital relationship) may be negatively impacted. Addressing the needs of family members, particularly parents, is critical, as decades of research have shown that parents’ psychological well-being can affect the way that parents interact with their children. These interactional patterns can, in turn, impact children’s development in many of the areas that are affected by autism, including the social and emotional, language, and cognitive domains. The government of Qatar has recently taken steps to address the needs of children with autism and their families. The overarching aim of the Qatar National Autism Plan is to improve the lives of individuals with autism and their families. The six pillars of the National Autism Plan are designed to address the needs of individuals with autism and their families in areas such as raising awareness about autism, receiving early diagnosis, and accessing treatment and education. Once these needs are met, it is likely that the families of children with autism in Qatar can flourish. However, there are likely to be other challenges and unmet needs that the National Autism Plan does not address, and it was with this in mind that this first comprehensive study of families of children with autism in Qatar was undertaken.

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33

Camilleri, Michael. Mayo Clinic Illustrated Textbook of Neurogastroenterology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197512104.001.0001.

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Mayo Clinic Illustrated Textbook of Neurogastroenterology reflects experience covering the spectrum and maturation of the field of gastrointestinal motility— from studies of exotic patterns of myoelectric recordings in research laboratories to a clinical discipline with major advances in the clinical management of thousands of patients seen by gastroenterologists, primary care physicians, surgeons, or neurologists. Development of the specialty has been characterized by advances in imaging, developments of methods to measure diverse motor and sensory functions from the stomach to the anorectum, introduction of genetic testing, and a plethora of novel pharmacologic and interventional therapies that have revolutionized its practice. The book covers the spectrum of neurogastroenterologic disorders: from those that are associated with genetic and molecular disorders, through disturbances of the extrinsic neural control or the enteric neuromuscular apparatus, to dysfunction associated with disorders of the gut-brain axis; it reflects a desire to pass on clinical and mechanistic insights and advances in therapies that are relevant to a diverse spectrum of clinicians or clinicians in training who care for the estimated 40% of patients presenting to gastroenterologists with symptoms suggestive of disorders of stomach, intestinal, colonic, or anorectal function.

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34

Scarpa, Raffaele, Francesco Caso, Luisa Costa, Rosario Peluso, Nicola Matteo Dario Di Minno, and Antonio Del Puente. Peripheral arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0010.

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Clinical presentation of peripheral arthritis in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), has been described by Moll and Wright who classified it into four subsets: symmetrical polyarthritis, asymmetrical oligoarthritis, distal interphalangeal (DIP) arthritis and arthritis mutilans. In the symmetrical polyarthritis subset, the distribution of articular involvement is similar to rheumatoid arthritis and this has for many years justified the inappropriate use of the terminology ‘rheumatoid-like form’, at present completely abandoned. Oligoarthritis is characterized by asymmetrical involvement of few joints (less than four), which include scattered DIP or proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and/or metatarsophalangeal joints. DIP arthritis may occur with symmetrical or asymmetrical features, and it is often in strict association with onycopathy. The arthritis mutilans pattern is characterized by osteolysis of phalanx and metacarpals and it is very rare, occurring in less than 1% of patients with established form of arthritis. In 15-20% of the cases the arthritis may precede the onset of the psoriatic skin rash. Consequently, psoriatic arthritis ‘sine psoriasis’ should not be considered a rare clinical finding. In this subset articular involvement is clinically expressed, while cutaneous is apparently absent. Laboratory tests and imaging are relevant for differential diagnosis which in some presentations may represent a diagnostic challenge. The outcome of peripheral patterns of PsA patients is related not only to the spectrum of peripheral phenotypes, but also to early diagnosis, and metabolic aspects, which may affect excess in morbidity and mortality.

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35

Bhopal, Raj S. Interrelated concepts in the epidemiology of disease: Natural history and incubation period, time trends in populations, spectrum, iceberg, and screening. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0006.

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The natural history of disease is the uninterrupted progression of disease from its initiation to either spontaneous resolution, containment by the body’s repair mechanisms, or to a clinically detectable problem. Related concepts include the changing pattern of disease in populations and levels of severity (spectrum) of disease. Often the number of cases identified is exceeded by those not discovered. An illustrative metaphor for this is the iceberg. The pyramid of disease develops this into a population concept. Screening is the application of tests to diagnose disease (or precursors) in an earlier phase of the natural history of disease, often in well people, or in a less severe part of the disease spectrum than is achieved in routine medical practice. The potential of screening is vast but there are important limitations, such as the inability to influence the natural history of many diseases.

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36

Ehlers, Caspar, and Holger Grewe, eds. "Rechtsräume". Klostermann, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783465144120.

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The development of normative orders in both the secular and the ecclesiastical spheres can be analysed as a configuration of new regulatory patterns or as a modification of existing ones. This richly illustrated anthology focuses primarily on the observation of dynamic changes through the regional, linguistic and cultural transmission of norms and practices. Archaeologists, natural scientists and historians ask about such processes, the investigation of which requires interdisciplinary and transnational approaches as well as diachronic comparative studies. The spectrum ranges from research on 'ancient DNA' in an archaeological context to the historiographical (re-)construction of identities and the investigation of the relationship between topography and domination in the European Early and High Middle Ages.

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37

Doyle, Jeffrey D., and John C. Marshall. Intra-abdominal sepsis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0187.

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Intra-abdominal infection encompasses a broad group of infections arising both within the peritoneal cavity and the retroperitoneum. The probable bacteriology reflects patterns of normal and pathological colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobic bacteria are found in the distal small bowel and colon. The abdomen is the second most common site of infection leading to sepsis in critically-ill patients. Intra-abdominal infections can be complex to manage and require excellent collaboration between intensivists, diagnostic and interventional radiologists, surgeons, and sometimes gastroenterologists and infectious disease specialists. Prompt diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial coverage and timely source control are the cornerstones of successful management. The spectrum of pathologic conditions responsible for intra-abdominal infection is broad, although some common biological features facilitate an understanding of their diagnosis and management.

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38

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Fatty liver disease in children. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0055.

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Demographics 406Pathophysiology 406Differential diagnoses 407Presenting features 407Investigation 408Management 409Fatty liver disease is now increasingly recognized in children, particularly in the setting of obesity.The term non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was first coined in 1980 by Ludwig to describe a pattern of liver injury in adults in which the liver histology was consistent with alcoholic hepatitis, but in whom significant alcohol consumption was denied. NASH can be considered as part of a broader spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease that extends from simple steatosis through steatohepatitis that is characterized by the potential to progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and subsequent end stage liver disease....

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39

Lennon, Rachel, and Neil Turner. The molecular basis of glomerular basement membrane disorders. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0320_update_001.

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The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a condensed network of extracellular matrix molecules which provides a scaffold and niche to support the function of the overlying glomerular cells. Within the glomerulus, the GBM separates the fenestrated endothelial cells, which line capillary walls from the epithelial cells or podocytes, which cover the outer aspect of the capillaries. In common with basement membranes throughout the body, the GBM contains core components including collagen IV, laminins, nidogens, and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. However, specific isoforms of these proteins are required to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier.Across the spectrum of glomerular disease there is alteration in glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM) and a number of histological patterns are recognized. The GBM can be thickened, expanded, split, and irregular; the mesangial matrix may be expanded and glomerulosclerosis represents a widespread accumulation of ECM proteins associated with loss of glomerular function. Whilst histological patterns may follow a sequence or provide diagnostic clues, there remains limited understanding about the mechanisms of ECM regulation and how this tight control is lost in glomerular disease. Monogenic disorders of the GBM including Alport and Pierson syndromes have highlighted the importance of both collagen IV and laminin isoforms and these observations provide important insights into mechanisms of glomerular disease.

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40

Feld, Leonard G., and John D. Mahan. Succinct Pediatrics: Evaluation and Management for Newborn, Genetic, Neurologic, and Developmental-Behavioral Disorders. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610021258.

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Obtain evidence-based information to make timely and accurate diagnoses and treatment decisions. Continuing with this volume, Succinct Pediatrics is an ongoing series covering the entire scope of pediatric medicine. Each volume includes concise chapters with key features and invaluable tables and algorithms--resources health care professionals can use to deliver the highest quality of care. This third volume features 41 topics with key points and detailed therapies in neonatology, genetics, neurology, and developmental and behavioral disorders. Evidence-based levels of decision support are also provided throughout the book to provide insight into diagnostic tests and treatment modalities. Topics include Apnea of Prematurity Birth Injuries Respiratory Distress Syndrome Down Syndrome and Turner Syndrome Ataxia and Movement Disorders Cerebral Palsy Febrile Seizures Hydrocephalus Autism Spectrum Disorders Behavior Patterns And more...

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41

Vester, Udo, and Stefanie Weber. Renal coloboma syndrome. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0360.

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Renal coloboma syndrome is characterized by hypodysplasia of the kidneys and optic never anomalies. Dominant mutations in the paired box PAX2 gene have been defined as the underlying cause. Paired box proteins are important proteins involved in early organogenesis and PAX2 is highly expressed in the kidney, eye, and ear. This pattern of expression explains the spectrum of anomalies observed in RCS patients. The phenotypic variability of mutation carriers is high but ocular anomalies are detectable in almost all affected individuals. In some patients hearing impairment is observed. End-stage renal disease develops in the large majority of patients with PAX2 mutations and associated hypodysplasia of the kidneys.

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42

Krishnan, Vaishnav, Bernard S. Chang, and Donald L. Schomer. The Application of EEG to Epilepsy in Adults and the Elderly. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0019.

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Surface or scalp electroencephalography (EEG) has become an indispensable tool for the diagnosis, classification, and care of patients with epilepsy across the age spectrum. This chapter provides an overview of interictal and corresponding ictal scalp EEG patterns observed in adults with certain classical epilepsy syndromes. In patients with one or more new-onset seizures, the value of EEG testing begins with a close examination of the interictal record. The morphology, frequency, and topography of interictal epileptiform discharges (when present) are typically sufficient to broadly distinguish between the propensity to develop “generalized seizures” (those that rapidly engage a distributed epileptogenic network) or “focal seizures” (which have a stereotyped onset within a clearly lateralized focal region or network). Epileptiform discharges may also be seen in patients without epilepsy who are affected by certain acute (e.g., severe metabolic encephalopathies) or chronic neuropsychiatric syndromes (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). An examination of the ictal recording is of crucial importance in patients with medication-refractory focal onset seizures as it serves to guide patient selection and ancillary testing for the possibility of resective surgery for epilepsy. This chapter also highlights the limited anatomical sensitivity of EEG for seizures that lack an associated impairment in consciousness (“simple partial seizures”) or those that remain confined to mesial, deep or inferior cortical regions.

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43

Tully, Erin C., and William Iacono. An Integrative Common Liabilities Model for the Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorders with Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.20.

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This chapter presents an integrative research-derived model to explain comorbidity among substance use disorders (SUDs), externalizing disorders, and internalizing disorders. This hierarchical model is based on phenotypic covariance among the disorders and latent common genetic liability. At the highest level of the hierarchy, general genetically influenced biological dispositions to negative emotionality and behavioral disinhibition each give rise to spectra of related personality traits, cognitive processes, behavioral tendencies, and psychopathology that account for the pattern of co-occurrence among mental disorders. At the lowest level of the hierarchy, disorder-specific genetic and environmental effects explain the presence of some and not other disorders associated with a given general liability. Interplay between the general liabilities and both other genes and environmental factors throughout development affect the likelihood of developing specific mental disorders.

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44

Turchin, Peter. Historical Dynamics. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691180779.001.0001.

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Many historical processes are dynamic. Populations grow and decline. Empires expand and collapse. Religions spread and wither. Natural scientists have made great strides in understanding dynamical processes in the physical and biological worlds using a synthetic approach that combines mathematical modeling with statistical analyses. Taking up the problem of territorial dynamics—why some polities at certain times expand and at other times contract—this book shows that a similar research program can advance our understanding of dynamical processes in history. The book develops hypotheses from a wide range of social, political, economic, and demographic factors: geopolitics, factors affecting collective solidarity, dynamics of ethnic assimilation/religious conversion, and the interaction between population dynamics and sociopolitical stability. It then translates these into a spectrum of mathematical models, investigates the dynamics predicted by the models, and contrasts model predictions with empirical patterns. The book's highly instructive empirical tests demonstrate that certain models predict empirical patterns with a very high degree of accuracy. For instance, one model accounts for the recurrent waves of state breakdown in medieval and early modern Europe. And historical data confirm that ethno-nationalist solidarity produces an aggressively expansive state under certain conditions (such as in locations where imperial frontiers coincide with religious divides). The strength of the book's results suggests that the synthetic approach advocated can significantly improve our understanding of historical dynamics.

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45

Rushton, Cynda Hylton, and Monica Sharma. Designing Sustainable Systems for Ethical Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0010.

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A conceptual basis for designing individual, team, and system interventions to cultivate individual moral resilience and a culture that enables ethical practice is necessary to create sustainable solutions to address moral adversity. It broadens the lens of inquiry to focus on culture, inviting a more robust view of the elements that support ethical practice as well as individual, team, and organizational integrity. Responses to moral adversity are typically partial. In contrast, the Conscious Full Spectrum approach responds to diverse conditions that cause moral adversity to help people innovate, generate breakthroughs, and sustain the specific change that is needed to establish the desired result. This approach helps change-makers recognize patterns, create alternatives, and design tactics, programs, or initiatives that cultivate moral resilience and foster a culture of ethical practice. Individual, team, and organizational interventions are vital in shifting the culture of a healthcare organization.

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46

Kroenke, Candyce, and Ichiro Kawachi. Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0009.

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The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and cancer is complex, dynamic, and evolving. Associations depend on SES measures, cancer type, sociodemographic factors including race/ethnicity, and historical trends. However, socioeconomic disadvantage is often associated with a higher risk of cancer, particularly cancers diagnosed at a late stage, as well as worse prognosis once diagnosed. Research on secular trends over the past 70 years has shown reversals of the socioeconomic gradient for lung and colorectal cancer consistent with differential trends by SES in patterns of smoking, diet, and obesity. Rates of these cancers are now currently higher in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. SES is considered to be a “fundamental” determinant of health outcomes, and this appears true throughout the cancer spectrum—from cancer incidence to detection, treatment, and survival. Investigations over the past decade have increasingly considered the simultaneous impact of individual SES and area-level SES (as a contextual influence) on health outcomes.

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47

Janssen, Ted, Gervais Chapuis, and Marc de Boissieu. Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824442.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the X-ray and neutron diffraction methods used to study the atomic structures of aperiodic crystals, addressing indexing diffraction patterns, superspace, ab initio methods, the structure factor of incommensurate structures; and diffuse scattering. The structure solution methods based on the dual space refinements are described, as they are very often applied for the resolution of aperiodic crystal structures. Modulation functions which are used for the refinement of modulated structures and composite structures are presented and illustrated with examples of structure models covering a large spectrum of structures from organic to inorganic compounds, including metals, alloys, and minerals. For a better understanding of the concept of quasicrystalline structures, one-dimensional structure examples are presented first. Further examples of quasicrystals, including decagonal quasicrystals and icosahedral quasicrystals, are analysed in terms of increasing shells of a selected number of polyhedra. The notion of the approximant is compared with classical forms of structures.

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Peters, Joris, Nadja Pöllath, and Benjamin S. Arbuckle. The emergence of livestock husbandry in Early Neolithic Anatolia. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.18.

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Analysis of spatio-temporal variation in patterns of animal exploitation helps our understanding of the transition from hunting to husbandry of Ovis, Capra, Sus, and Bos in Pre-Pottery Neolithic Anatolia (c.9500–7000 bce). Despite interaction with humans since the final Pleistocene, domestication of Sus in southeastern Anatolia is only evidenced after 8500 bce. This timing coincides with efforts to exert cultural control over Ovis, Capra, and Bos. Applying a broad methodological spectrum, it is shown that in southeastern Anatolia, the Neolithic ‘package’ was in place at the end of the ninth millennium bce, whereas in contemporaneous central Anatolia, livestock husbandry only included sheep and goat. Initially, animal management practices may have focused on a single species, but after 8000 bce, herding strategies comprised at least two species, likely a risk-reducing strategy. Conceivably, large-scale social gatherings, e.g. at Göbekli Tepe, promoted the spread of practices associated with ungulate management and domestication.

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Akyüz, Yilmaz. External Vulnerabilities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797173.003.0004.

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The deepened financial integration of EDEs has heightened their susceptibility to global financial shocks and increased the instability in their credit, assets, and currency markets. It has led to significant loss of autonomy over monetary policy and the entire spectrum of interest rates. At the same time, these countries are said to have become more resilient because they have adopted more flexible exchange rate regimes, accumulated large stocks of international reserves, and reduced their exposure to the exchange rate risk by shifting from foreign currency to local currency debt. This chapter critically examines these contentions and concludes that none of these practices provides adequate protection against external financial shocks, taking into account the new vulnerabilities entailed by the increased depth and changed pattern of integration, particularly greater presence of foreigners in domestic financial markets and of the nationals of emerging economies in markets abroad.

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Fuglsang-Frederiksen, Anders, Kirsten Pugdahl, and Hatice Tankisi. Quantitative electromyography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0008.

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Several quantitative electromyography (QEMG) methods are used for diagnosing and monitoring in patients with neuromuscular disorders. At weak effort of the muscle, motor unit potential (MUP) analyses as individual MUP, multi-MUP, and macro-EMG are diagnostically sensitive and well tested. At higher effort of the muscle, interference pattern analyses such as the turns amplitude analysis are also diagnostically sensitive. Other potential diagnostic methods are power spectrum analysis, muscle fibre conduction velocity analysis, and some surface EMG methods. In patients with myopathy, QEMG has an important role in the diagnosis as a supplement to blood tests, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing. In patients with neurogenic disorders such as anterior horn cell disorders, peripheral nerve lesions, or polyneuropathy, QEMG has important roles in characterizing the lesion and differential diagnosis. Furthermore, QEMG may be useful in the examination of patients with neuromuscular transmission failure, critical illness disorders, and in treatment of dystonic muscle with botulinum toxin.

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