Journal articles on the topic 'Spectacle'
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Li, Xiaoyan, Xiaoshan Lin, Jinzhu Tang, and Guifang Hu. "Spectacle-wearing compliance and its associated determinants among infants with bilateral corrective refractive errors: An observational study." Medicine 103, no. 6 (February 9, 2024): e36316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000036316.
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This study aimed to evaluate spectacle-wearing compliance and identify the determinants associated with it in infants with bilateral corrective refractive errors. Infants aged < 3 years with bilateral corrective refractive errors who were supplied with spectacles for > 1 month were enrolled at the pediatric comprehensive clinic of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. Spectacle-wearing compliance was evaluated by calculating the percentage of spectacle-wearing time in the awake time (STIT), and its potential determinants were identified based on interviews with the infants’ caregivers using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to further determine the degree of correlation between spectacle-wearing compliance and weight of spectacles. A total of 366 infants (age: 20.85 ± 9.06 months, male: 54.92%) were included. The mean percentage of STIT was 64.00%±41.69%. The communication between caregivers of different infants regarding spectacle-wearing experience (P = .004, OR = 2.290, 95% confidence interval [CI] for OR = 1.301–4.029), perceptions of spectacle-wearing importance (P = .000, OR = 6.337, 95% CI for OR = 3.664–10.961), and weight of spectacles (P = .000, OR = 7.271, 95% CI for OR = 4.141–12.769) were significantly associated with spectacle-wearing compliance. Besides, spectacle-wearing compliance was positively correlated with the weight of spectacles (P < .01), exhibiting a decreasing trend with the weight of spectacles. Overall, spectacle-wearing compliance requires improvement. Moreover, efficient strategies aimed at improving spectacle-wearing compliance, such as enhancing communication between caregivers of different infants regarding spectacle-wearing experience, raising awareness about the importance of wearing spectacles, and reducing the weight of spectacles, are urgently needed.
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Bhatt, Nikunj K., Manisha Rathi, C. S. Dhull, Sumit Sachdeva, and Jitender Phogat. "Spectacle compliance amongst school children of Rohtak, Haryana, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170749.
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Background: Refractive errors are the commonest cause of visual impairment in school children worldwide. They can be easily corrected by a pair of spectacles, only when they are used regularly. The purpose of present study is to document the actual rate of spectacle wear at the time of examination, assess principle determinants of spectacle wear and reasons for non-compliance among different demographic groups.Methods: 200 school children in the age group of 6-15 years with refractive errors were selected. The schools were visited without prior intimation to the students 3 months after the initial examination. Reasons for spectacle wear non-compliance were enquired.Results: 78 (39.0%) children out of 200 were compliant to spectacle wear, while 122 (61.0%) were non-compliant to spectacle wear. Main reason for not wearing spectacles was ‘teased about the appearance with spectacles’.Conclusions: School teachers should explain the risk of non-wearing of spectacles and benefits of spectacle wearing to both children and their parents. Most of the children were not compliant because they were teased about, did not like, or were not comfortable in their spectacles- all societal issues that could and should be addressed.
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Jhetam, Siddeeqa, and Khathutshelo P Mashige. "Effects of spectacles and telescopes on visual function in students with oculocutaneous albinism." African Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.28.
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Purpose: To investigate the effects of spectacle and telescope corrections on visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS) and reading rates (RR) in students with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA).
Methods: An observational study design was conducted on 81 students with OCA. Distance and near VA, CS and RR were measured without correction, with spectacle correction and with a combination of spectacle correction and telescopes.
Results: The mean distance and near VA values with a combination of spectacle correction and telescopes were significantly better than those without correction and with spectacle correction alone (p = 0.01). Mean CS values achieved with spectacles alone were significantly better than those obtained with a combination of spectacles and telescopes (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between logCS values obtained without correction compared to those obtained with a combination of spectacle correction and telescopes. There were no significant differences between RR values obtained with a combination of spectacles and telescopes and those without and with spectacle correction alone (all p > 0.05).
Conclusion: This article provides valuable information to eye care practitioners on the effects of spectacles and telescopes on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and reading rate in students with OCA.
Keywords: Oculocutaneous albinism; visual acuity; telescope; contrast sensitivity; reading rate.
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Riaz, Rashid, Mohammad Sher Zaman, and Rao Rashad Qamar. "SPECTACLE-WEAR." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 1852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4416.
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Background: Refractive errors are the most common cause of avoidable visual impairment in children worldwide. Importance of school screening of refractive errors is one of the most important initiatives outlined in WHO Vision 2025 targets. Corrected refractive errors visually rehabilitate the school going children. But the benefit depends on the compliance of the spectacle wear by children. Purpose: To study the compliance of spectacle wear and to highlight the reasons of non compliance in school going children of Multan. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: Ophthalmology Department, Nishtar Medical University Multan, Pakistan. Period: Jan 2009 to Oct 2012. Materials and Methods: 631 students. Among them 187 males and 175 female students were prescribed spectacles for constant wear during school screening program. Each student was given a pro forma indicating name, age, gender, prescription and column of reasons of non compliance. After six months, we conducted a follow-up visit where these students were accessed about spectacle compliance and reasons of non compliance on the given feedback pro forma from teachers. The data was collected and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results: The overall non-compliance rate of spectacle wear in primary school children was 35.91%. A significantly higher proportion of boys 119 (57.14%) were not wearing their spectacles compared to girls 175 (54.86%). Themain reasons for non compliance in primary school boys and girls were casual in wearing their spectacles, does not like to wear spectacles, break their spectacles frequently and some children feel spectacles are not needed or cause headache. Conclusions: Poor compliance of using spectacles was noted in our study among children with refractive errors with main reason for not using these spectacles was that they did not like to wear them. So there is need to adopt aggressive awareness campaign among teachers and parents to enhance their knowledge for better outcomes and visual improvement of the children. Screening of primary school children with refractive error was difficult task in Multan. Limited information was available on the magnitude of the compliance for spectacle wear and their reasons of noncompliance. This information is crucial for establishing a program and will strengthen the efforts for a better eye care in school children.
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Sano, Bulus Stanley, and Sarki Pamela Diyale. "Barriers to spectacle acceptance among secondary school students in Igabi, North-Western Nigeria." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 4283. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204721.
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Background: The aim of this study was to determine spectacle acceptance and its barriers among secondary school students in Igabi, North-western Nigeria.Methods: In a students’ sample of 534, those with presenting VA < 6/9 in either eye that can be improved by 2 lines or more with refraction were identified. The students and their parents were provided with information on obtaining spectacles and its benefits. Two months later students were identified and assessed by direct inspection for purchase of spectacles and reasons for non- purchase were identified.Results: Thirty-four students out of 534 (6.4%) had refractive error with the age group of 16-18 years accounting for 204 (38%) of the study population. Only 14 (41.2%) of those requested to buy -spectacles bought. Among those who bought and use spectacles, 10 (71.4%) were females. Cost was responsible for 14 (70%) of spectacle non-purchase while extent of refractive error and various misconceptions on spectacle use were also determinants of spectacle purchase and use. Spectacle use was associated with subjective improvement in academic performance in 12 (85.7%) of those who bought and use spectacles.Conclusions: Cost of spectacles and various misconceptions on its use affect acceptance.
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Ichikawa, Makoto, Takahiko Kimura, Hiroyuki Egusa, Makiko Nakatsuka, Jun Amano, Tomomi Ueda, and Takara Tashiro. "Modification of Depth and Distance Perception Caused by Long-Term Wearing of Left—Right Reversing Spectacles." Perception 32, no. 2 (February 2003): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3342.
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For 35 to 39 days, four observers wore continuously left–right reversing spectacles which pseudoscopically reverse the order of binocular disparity and direction of convergence. In three tests, we investigated how the visual system copes with the transformation of depth and distance information due to the reversing spectacles. In stereogram observation, after a few days of wearing the spectacles, the observers sometimes perceived a depth order which was opposite to the depth order that they had perceived in the pre-spectacle-wearing period. Monocular depth cues contributed more to depth perception in the spectacle-wearing period than they did in the pre-spectacle-wearing period. While the perceived distance significantly decreased during the spectacle-wearing period, we found no evidence of adaptive change in distance perception. The results indicate that the visual system adapts itself to the transformed situation by not only changing the processing of disparity but also by changing the relative efficiency of each cue in determining apparent depth.
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Garg, Yug, Roche Varghese Abraham, D. Samhitha, J. Sneha, Ramesh Holla, Rohith Motappa, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, et al. "IJCM_230A: Obstacles Faced by Medical Undergraduates Wearing Spectacles In A Medical College In Mangalore." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 49, Suppl 1 (April 2024): S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_abstract230.
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Background: Spectacle compliance is vital among the young population to combat visual impairment arising from untreated refractive errors. Encouraging spectacle use is crucial, despite the challenges they present, such as fogging, scratches, and discomfort when prescribed wrong Objectives: 1. To study the obstacles faced by medical undergraduates while using spectacles. 2. To find out the various factors associated with the obstacles faced by undergraduates while wearing spectacles. Methodology: The study protocol was submitted for the approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. After obtaining the approval from ethics committee, permission was obtained from the Dean of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and data collection was done after receiving informed consent from the participants. A semi- structured questionnaire was distributed to the participants Results: 72.7% faced obstacle of dependency on spectacles and 71.5% faced difficulty of adjusting spectacles with gloved hands. · Out of 60(34.9%) study participants who ride two-wheeler, 21(35%) participants faced difficulties while riding due to spectacle use and wearing helmet(42.8%), glaring(19.1%) and fogging(14.2%) were the major difficulties faced. · Among 54(32%) study participants who drive 4-wheeler, 9(16.6%) participants faced difficulties while driving due to spectacle use and the major difficulties encountered were glaring(55.5%) and restricted field of vision(22.2%). · A statistically significant association with P value of 0.001 was established between duration of spectacle usage and dependency on spectacles Conclusion: Based on our study, we have found that most of the participants have been using spectacles for 1-10 years mainly for correction of refractive errors like myopia and thus use spectacles throughout the day.
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Vankudre, Gopi S., and Babu Noushad. "Barriers and Perception Towards Spectacle Wear among Student Population of University of Buraimi, Oman." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 21, no. 3 (August 29, 2021): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.4.2021.004.
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Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the barriers and perception towards spectacle wear among student population of University of Buraimi, Oman. Methods: This descriptive, questionnaire based, cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2017 and May 2018. To evaluate participant’s barriers and perception towards spectacle wear, a self-designed, validated questionnaire prepared in English language, obtained responses from 170 a university student population within the Sultanate of Oman. Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the type of perception with the socio-demographic and refractive error related profiles of the participants. Results: All participants with inappropriate spectacle correction (61.82%) responded to the questionnaire. Majority of them (73.5%, n = 125) were having their eyes examined for the first time. Only 28 (16.5%) were wearing spectacles. Nearly half of the participants (54%, n = 91) had positive attitude towards spectacle wear, followed by negative (36%, n = 62) and neutral perception (10%, n = 17). Participants from a health science background had a higher positive perception towards spectacle wear compared to the non-medical study majors (P = 0.012). The difference in the perception scores between myopic and hypermetropic refractive error group was statistically insignificant (P = 0.882). Conclusion: A majority of the participants were having inappropriate spectacle corrections and did not undergo any prior ocular examinations. Very few participants were wearing spectacles, however, it was inappropriate concerning their current refractive status. The other reasons for spectacle non-wear were, ordering of new spectacles, lost them, or were broken. Nearly half of the participants had positive perceptions towards spectacle wear. The positive perception was higher among students with health-related majors. The study stresses to extend the current school eye health initiative within the region to the university level. A holistic eye health promotional approach integrating students, teachers, and parents can help in improving spectacle wear within the population.
Keywords: Eyeglasses; Refractive errors; School eye health; Spectacle compliance; Patient compliance.
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Kankonkar, Prajoth, and Sharvani Pai. "Factors affecting non-compliance to spectacle wear in children aged six years and below with refractive errors: A hospital based cross-sectional study in India." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2021.100.
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Uncorrected refractive errors (RE) are the most common cause of preventable visual Impairment (VI) in children, which if not treated in time can lead to amblyopia. VI in early childhood interferes with their overall development affecting their future opportunities in life. Spectacles remain the most popular and effective method for correction of RE. Children unlike adults, often don’t understand the need for wearing spectacles, thus prescribing spectacles in children becomes difficult. Aim of this study was to find out proportion of spectacle wear non-compliance in children aged six years and below and identify factors associated with it. The study was conducted among 115 children aged six years and below with refractive errors who were prescribed spectacle correction. Children were selected using simple random sampling. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with spectacle wear non-compliance. Proportion of spectacle wear non-compliance was 53.04%. Children with spectacle wear non-compliance were more likely to: belong to age of two to four years (AOR = 4.3; 95%CI: 1.3-14.3); have mother with up-to primary school education (AOR = 3.7; 95%CI: 1.2-11.7); have anisometropia (AOR = 11.1; 95%CI: 3.4-36.7). Statistically significant association was observed between spectacle wear non-compliance and child’s age, mother’s education, anisometropia, astigmatism, manifest squint, intolerance to glasses, glasses lost, glasses broken, concerned teasing and cost issues. Children less than four years of age; with anisometropia and those whose mothers had up-to primary school education were more likely to be non-compliant to spectacle wear.
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Flyverbom, Mikkel, and Juliane Reinecke. "The Spectacle and Organization Studies." Organization Studies 38, no. 11 (January 28, 2017): 1625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840616685366.
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The aim of this essay is to revisit Guy Debord’s critical theory of the spectacle as formulated 50 years ago in the ‘Society of the Spectacle’ in light of the contemporary production of spectacles. Debord’s arguments about appearance, visibility and celebrity are echoed in the way organizations increasingly focus on their brand, image, impression, and reputation. Yet, the role of spectacles in organizational life has remained under-researched in organization studies. As the boundaries between fact and fiction, reality and representation, substance and appearance become increasingly blurred, questions about the production and effects of spectacles seem more pertinent than ever. Are representations faithful mirrors of reality, or attempts to conceal reality? Do they replace reality, or bring new realities into being? By articulating three possible understandings of the spectacle, as fetishism, hyper-reality or performativity, this essay invites organization scholars to examine the organization of the real and the making of organizations through processes of spectacular representation including discursive practices, visual images and theatrical performances.
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Mehnaz, Saira, Ziya Siddiqui, Ali Jafar Abedi, and Mohammad Athar Ansari. "Spectacle wear and factors associated with non-compliance among children of 5-15 years." Indian Journal of Community Health 32, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i01.017.
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Introduction: Refractive errors are the commonest cause of visual impairment in school children worldwide. They are correctible and after screening, spectacles can easily enhance vision. This can be achieved only when spectacles are used regularly. Objective: This study was conducted to study the compliance of spectacles wear among children and to determine the reasons associated with non-compliance. Methodology: 400 children in the age group of 5-15 years with refractive errors attending the eye OPD, using spectacles for more than three months were included. Spectacle wear and reasons of noncompliance were enquired. Data was analyzed to determine the factors associated with spectacle wear compliance. Results: Among 232 boys and 168 girls 142 were from rural and 258 from urban areas. 244(61%) children were compliant. Compliance was better in older children and those from urban areas. Children of educated parents and with power more than -1.0 D were more likely to be compliant. Main reason for not wearing spectacles was ‘lost or broken spectacles’ and dislike for spectacle. Conclusion: Counselling of parents, teachers and peers will be an effective step towards improvement of compliance of spectacles use.
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McCrow-Young, Ally, and Mette Mortensen. "Countering spectacles of fear: Anonymous’ meme ‘war’ against ISIS." European Journal of Cultural Studies 24, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13675494211005060.
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In recent years, the terrorist network Islamic State of Iraq and Syria has generated what might be referred to as a ‘spectacle of fear’ through strategic dissemination of execution videos and other graphic material. In response, social media users, activists and others circulate ‘counter-spectacles’, attempting to circumvent Islamic State of Iraq and Syria’s spectacle of fear. An important case in point is the global hacking network Anonymous declaring ‘war’ against Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, including a global call for a ‘Troll ISIS Day’. This article develops a theoretical framework for understanding the spectacle of fear generated by Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and the counter-spectacle created through Anonymous’ trolling practices and explores empirically how Anonymous uses humor to combat fear through the memes produced on ‘Troll ISIS Day’. Bottom-up, cultural forms such as memes are increasingly woven into strategies for countering the fear associated with terrorism, and they represent the potential for humor to generate public engagement. However, as these memetic counter-spectacles draw on the incongruent humor characteristic of meme culture, they both contest and adopt strategies of fear, pointing to ethical challenges inherent in the counter-spectacle.
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Qayyum, Sadaf, Zubair Wahab, Rabia Saeed, Anbar Zulfiqar, Ayisha Shakeel, and Iqra Iqbal. "Comparison of contrast sensitivity in myopic patients using spectacle and contact lens correction." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 951–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs21155951.
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Aim: To compare the contrast sensitivity in different categories of myopia using two different optical correction spectacles and contact lens correction. Methods: This cross-sectional study in design was conducted from August 2018 to May 2019 at the Ophthalmology Department of Madinah Teaching Hospital Faisalabad.45 subjects corrected with spectacles lenses and contact lenses all had corrected visual acuity of 6/9 or better were studied.The extent of myopia determined the three groups. All individuals were subjected to spectacles and Contact lens correction using slitlamp for anterior eye examination and for the fundus examination. The assessment of visual acuity was carried out by the Snellen vision Chart at 6m distance and contrastssensitivity was tested by Pelli- Robson chart. Results: Results showed a significant relationship between contrast sensitivity and type of optical correction. There were significant results of the independent t-test for spectacle and contact lenses 0.00 (p<0.005). However, the mean contrast sensitivity was better for all the three groupswith contact lens correction as compared to spectacle lens correction.Contact lenses provide better contrast sensitivity than spectacle lenses. Conclusion: Comparison between contact lens and spectacle correction was done and better quality contact lenses reduce optical defocus and give better results of contrast sensitivity. Results also concluded that loss of contrast sensitivity will be interpreted as early loss of retinal functions in severe myopes. Keywords: Myopia, Contrast sensitivity, Spectacle lens, Contact lens
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O'Boyle, Derek, Caridad Perez Vives, Jan de Haan, Frank Ender, and Rafael Busutil. "PP137 Toric Intraocular Lenses and Spectacle Independence: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319002538.
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IntroductionAstigmatism is a common ocular condition that causes reduced visual acuity. The condition is highly prevalent in cataract patients, with preoperative astigmatism of at least 0.5 diopters being present in 78 percent of cataractous eyes. Residual uncorrected astigmatism after cataract surgery is associated with significant costs, primarily driven by the lifetime cost of spectacles (estimated at EUR 1,608 to EUR 3,608 in Europe). Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are a safe and effective way of correcting astigmatism, while also reducing the need for spectacles after cataract surgery. The objective of this review was to assess the published evidence relating to spectacle independence in patients implanted with toric IOLs, compared with those receiving non-toric IOLs with or without astigmatism reducing surgical interventions (SI).MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted of the EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases. Articles were selected if they included adult patients undergoing phacoemulsification who had age-related cataracts and preoperative regular corneal astigmatism of at least 0.5 diopters, and assessed spectacle independence as an outcome.ResultsSeven studies met the inclusion criteria: four randomized controlled trials and one non-randomized comparative study comparing toric IOLs with non-toric IOLs, and two randomized controlled trials comparing toric IOLs with non-toric IOLs plus SI. Spectacle independence was evaluated as the number of patients who reported not requiring spectacles for distance viewing at 3 or 6 months. Figures for spectacle independence ranged from 60 to 100 percent for toric IOLs, 31 to 50 percent for non-toric IOLs, and 36 to 65 percent for non-toric IOLs plus SI. In each study, toric IOLs demonstrated superior spectacle independence compared with the control group.ConclusionsThe benefits of toric IOL implantation for astigmatic cataract patients included a higher rate of spectacle independence, compared with non-toric IOLs with or without SI. For this group of patients, the lifetime economic burden of spectacle acquisition costs can be reduced with the implantation of toric IOLs during cataract surgery.
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Marmamula, Srinivas, L. V. Chandra Sekhar Ravuri, Mei Ying Boon, and Rohit C. Khanna. "Spectacle Coverage and Spectacles Use among Elderly Population in Residential Care in the South Indian State of Andhra Pradesh." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/183502.
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Background. There is limited research conducted on uncorrected refractive errors, presbyopia, and spectacles use among the elderly population in residential care in developing countries such as India. We conducted a cross-sectional study among elderly in residential care to assess the spectacle coverage and spectacles usage in the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.Methods. All 524 residents in the 26 “homes for aged” institutions in the district were enumerated. Eye examination was performed that included visual acuity (VA) assessment for distant and near vision. A questionnaire was used to collect information on spectacles use.Results. 494/524 individuals were examined, 78% were women, and 72% had no education. The mean age of participants was 70 years. The spectacle coverage for refractive errors was 35.1% and 23.9% for presbyopia. The prevalence of current use and past use of spectacles was 38.5% (95% CI: 34.2–42.8;n=190) and 17.2% (95% CI: 13.9–42.8), respectively.Conclusions. There is low spectacle coverage for both refractive errors and presbyopia among elderly individuals in residential care in the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Appropriate service delivery systems should be developed to reach out this vulnerable group of seniors on a priority basis.
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Chan, Ving Fai, Fatma Omar, Adrianna Farmer, Omar Othman, Ai Chee Yong, Christine Graham, Carlos Price-Sanchez, Ronnie Graham, Michelle Fernandes Martins, and Eden Mashayo. "Refractive error, eye care needs and attitude towards spectacle wearing among older Zanzibari craftswomen and implications for developing women-targeted services: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 8, no. 1 (May 2023): e001283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001283.
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BackgroundAged Zanzibari women are in a disadvantaged position, having high demand for near-vision spectacles. Currently, there is no information on the eye health status of craftswomen, which makes planning a women-targeted project to deliver eye health services to older craftswomen in Zanzibar difficult. We assessed the prevalence of vision impairment, refractive error, presbyopia, effective spectacle coverage (distance and near) and attitude towards spectacle wearing among older Zanzibari craftswomen.Methods and analysisThis was a cross-sectional study. Unaided and presenting distance and near vision of craftswomen 35 years and older were assessed at the women’s co-operatives. We determined the number of those with distance vision poorer than 6/12 and their causes (distance-vision impairment), the number of those with near vision poorer than N8 at 40 cm (presbyopia) and the number of those whose distance and/or near-vision needs were met adequately with their habitual spectacles (effective distance and near spectacle coverages). A piloted and validated questionnaire (15 statements) was used to determine their attitude towards spectacle wearing.ResultsIn all, 263 craftswomen participated in the survey (mean age 52.1 years±9.4 years). The prevalence of distance vision impairment among the craftswomen was 29.7% (95% CI 24.2% to 35.6%), the primary cause being uncorrected refractive error (n=51, 65.4%), and none were corrected. The prevalence of presbyopia was 86.6% (95% CI 81.5% to 90.7%, n=231) and the effective near spectacle coverage was 0.99%. The craftswomen showed a positive attitude towards spectacle wearing (strongly agree or agree) based on 12 out of 15 statements.ConclusionThe high burden of vision impairment, uncorrected distance refractive error and presbyopia, and a positive attitude towards spectacle wearing among older craftswomen in Zanzibar indicated the need for women-targeted eye health programmes in low-resource settings.
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Ogbu, Nneka, Obinna Arinze, Nkiruka Okoloagu, Ezeanosike Edak, Edmund Ndudi Ossa, Ireka William, Onyekachi Jane, Chimdia Ogbonnaya, and Chimdi Chuka Okosa. "The knowledge of rural secondary school students on spectacle wear for correction of refractive errors: a south east Nigerian study." Advances in Ophthalmology & Visual System 12, no. 1 (July 6, 2022): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2022.12.00412.
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Background: Uncorrected refractive error, the second commonest cause of preventable blindness globally, places a heavy burden on individuals and the society. Spectacles remain the cheapest mode of its correction. Despite the affordability and accessibility of spectacles, the prevalence of uncorrected refractive error remains high due to low demand for spectacles when needed. This could be related to knowledge regarding spectacle wear. Objective: To assess the knowledge of rural secondary school students in Ebonyi State on spectacle wear for correction of refractive errors with a view to improving their utilization of spectacle wear for refractive error correction. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of 11 randomly selected rural secondary schools in Ebonyi State, done from September, 2016 to December, 2016. The study instrument was a pretested, researcher-administered questionnaire with sub-fields on participant’s socio-demographics and knowledge of rural secondary school students towards spectacle wear for correction of refractive errors. The collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software for windows, version 22.0. Good knowledge of spectacle use was determined by proportion of students who correctly answered 50% of the questions. Descriptive statistics yield frequencies, percentages and proportions, analytical statistics utilized Chi-square or Fishers’ exact test for categorical variables, and student-t test for continuous variables. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 453 participants comprising 192 (42.4%) males and 261 (57.6%) females (M: F = 1:1.4) aged 11 to 18 with a mean age of 14.6 ± 1.8 SD years. Most (60.3%; n=273) of the respondents had good knowledge of spectacle wear for refractive error correction. Predictors of good knowledge included being: male, (AOR=0.5; 95% CI = 0.317-0.780), p< 0.002, junior class (AOR=0.6 95% CI: 0.420-0.989), p <0.044, father being self-employed (AOR=1.8,95% CI: 1.173- 2.858), p< 0.008, mother being self-employed (AOR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.173-0.795), p< 0.011 and mothers being unemployed (AOR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.104-0.857), p< 0.025. Conclusion: Knowledge of spectacle wear for correction of refractive error was generally good. However most of the participants had poor knowledge of the use of eye glasses for correction of refractive errors.
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Demer, J. L., J. Goldberg, F. I. Porter, H. A. Jenkins, and K. Schmidt. "Visual-Vestibular Interaction with Telescopic Spectacles." Journal of Vestibular Research 1, no. 3 (May 1, 1991): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1991-1305.
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Vestibularly and visually driven eye movements interact to compensate for head movements to maintain the necessary retinal image stability for clear vision. The wearing of highly magnifying telescopic spectacles requires that such compensatory visual-vestibular interaction operate in a quantitative regime much more demanding than that normally encountered. We employed electro-oculography to investigate the effect of wearing of 2×, 4×, and 6× binocular telescopic spectacles on visual-vestibular interactions during sinusoidal head rotation in 43 normal subjects. All telescopic spectacle powers produced a large, immediate increase in the gain (eye velocity/head velocity) of compensatory eye movements, called the visual-vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR). However, the amount of VVOR gain augmentation became limited as spectacle magnification and the amplitude of head velocity increased. Optokinetic responses during wearing of telescopic spectacles exhibited a similar nonlinearity with respect to stimulus amplitude and spectacle magnification. Computer simulation was used to demonstrate that the nonlinear response of the VVOR with telescopic spectacles is a result of nonlinearities in visually guided tracking movements. Immediate augmentation of VVOR gain by telescopic spectacles declined significantly with increasing age in the subject pool studied. Presentation of unmagnified visual field peripheral to the telescopic spectacles reduced the immediate VVOR gain-enhancing effect of central magnified vision. These results imply that the VVOR may not be adequate to maintain retinal image stability during head movements when strongly magnifying telescopic spectacles are worn.
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Thakar, A. "Does spectacle use lead to vestibular suppression?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130, no. 11 (October 17, 2016): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116009051.
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AbstractBackground:Laboratory experiments indicate that changes in retinal image size result in adaptive recalibration or suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Myopia correction with spectacles or contact lenses also leads to retinal image size changes, and may bring about similar vestibulo-ocular reflex alterations.Methods:A hypothesis-generating preliminary investigation was conducted. In this cross-sectional study, findings of electronystagmography including bithermal caloric testing were compared between 17 volunteer myopes using spectacles or contact lenses and 17 volunteer emmetropes (with no refractive error).Results:Bilateral hypoactive caloric responses were demonstrated in 6 of 11 spectacle users, in 1 of 6 contact lens users and in 1 of 17 emmetropes. Hypoactive caloric responses were significantly more likely in spectacle users than in emmetropes (p < 0.01; relative risk = 9.3).Conclusion:A significant proportion of myopes using spectacles have vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression, as demonstrated by the caloric test. This has implications for the interpretation of electronystagmography and videonystagmography results, and highlights spectacle use as a possible cause of vestibular impairment. Further corroboration of these findings is warranted, with more precise and direct vestibulo-ocular reflex tests such as rotational tests and the head impulse test.
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Danan, Joseph. "Ce qui nous hante." Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada, no. 35 (January 30, 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_tropelias/tropelias.2021355045.
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Même face à des spectacles théâtraux qui rompent avec l’illusion, il arrive que nous soyons plongés dans un état quasi hypnotique. La question que l’on se posera, en prenant appui sur Cour d’honneur de Jérôme Bel et Le Metope del Partenone de Romeo Castellucci, est celle-ci : comment s’effectue la sortie de tels spectacles ? Ils peuvent nous hanter longtemps. L’écriture apparaît alors comme un moyen, pas tout à fait d’en sortir, mais au contraire de prolonger par d’autres moyens l’envoûtement. Mots-clés : Spectateur, État hypnotique, Répétition, Sortie du spectacle, Écriture sur un spectacle, Romeo Castellucci, Jérôme Bel
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Finn, Douglas. "Unwrapping the Spectacle." Augustinian Studies 52, no. 1 (2021): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/augstudies20213564.
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In this article, I explore how Augustine uses sermonic rhetoric to bring about the transfiguration of Babylon, the city of humankind, into Jerusalem, the city of God. Focusing on Enarratio in Psalmum 147, I show how Augustine situates his audience between two spectacles, the Roman theater and games and the eschatological vision of God. Augustine seeks to turn his hearers’ eyes and hearts from the one spectacle to the other, from the love of this world to love of the next. In the process, Augustine wages battle on two fronts: he criticizes pagan Roman culture, on the one hand, and Donatist Christian separatism and perfectionism, on the other. Through his preaching, Augustine stages yet another spectacle, the history of God’s mercy and love, whereby God affirmed the world’s goodness by using it as the means of healing and transfiguration. Indeed, Augustine does not simply depict the spectacle of salvation; he seeks to make his hearers into that spectacle by exhorting them to practice mercy, thereby inscribing them into the history of God’s love and helping gradually transfigure them into the heavenly Jerusalem.
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Louson, Eleanor. "Taking Spectacle Seriously: Wildlife Film and the Legacy of Natural History Display." Science in Context 31, no. 1 (March 2018): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889718000030.
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ArgumentI argue through an analysis of spectacle that the relationship between wildlife documentary films’ entertainment and educational mandates is complex and co-constitutive. Accuracy-based criticism of wildlife films reveals assumptions of a deficit model of science communication and positions spectacle as an external commercial pressure influencing the genre. Using thePlanet Earth(2006) series as a case study, I describe spectacle's prominence within the recent blue-chip renaissance in wildlife film, resulting from technological innovations and twenty-first-century consumer and broadcast market contexts. I connect spectacle in contemporary wildlife films to its relevant precursors within natural history, situating spectacle as a central feature of natural history display designed to inspire awe and wonder in audiences. I show that contemporary documentary spectacle is best understood as an opportunity for affective knowing rather than a constraint on accuracy; as a result, spectacle contributes to the virtuous inter-reinforcement of entertainment and education at work in blue-chip wildlife films.
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Jay, Jeff. "Spectacle, Stage-Craft, and the Tragic in Philo’s In Flaccum." Journal of Ancient Judaism 8, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/21967954-00802007.
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This article provides a literary analysis of how references to spectacle and stage-craft function in Philo’s In Flaccum, which is a valuable text for understanding Philo’s complex and seemingly contradictory attitudes toward the theater, stage-craft, and drama. After marching Jews into the theater of Alexandria for punishment during the pogrom, Flaccus becomes a spectacle himself when Philo portrays Flaccus’s deportation to exile as a procession. By staging an elaborate textual spectacle starring the deposed Flaccus, Philo exploits the well-attested punitive dimension of spectacles. Through exhibition he is able to maximize justice, comfort the Jewish victims, and issue a deterrent to future powerholders over Jews. Philo, moreover, imbues the narrative of Flaccus’s demise with an overriding sense of tragedy by eliciting several of tragedy’s motifs and moods, including reversal, revenge, recognition, lamentation, and emotionalism. This elicits sympathy for Flaccus, which reinforces the warning that his plight could be the plight of any Roman ruler, each of whom must decide how like or unlike Flaccus he will govern. Philo thus shows himself to be deeply acculturated in the communicative dynamics of the spectacles and, through these references, is able to craft his own complex textual display. He thus participates in spectacle-creation himself, and this allows him to comfort and defend his people and speak powerfully back to leading power holders.
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Luke, Trevor. "The Parousia of Paul at Iconium." Religion and Theology 15, no. 3-4 (2008): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430108x376528.
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AbstractThis article explores the parousia reception, instead of the arena, as a locus for spectacle production in the Roman Empire, specifically in certain passages of early Christian literature. Not only did Christians apply the familiar image of parousia to their eschatology, but they also produced new truths about empire and the location of legitimate authority through their creative production of distinctive parousia spectacles. Through these literary spectacles, old truths about the body and authority were challenged as Christians developed a cosmology for the parousia spectacle that both transformed parousia and also served as a new hermeneutic for interpreting such ceremonies. The arrival of Paul at Iconium represented a radical reinterpretation of parousia in that it shifted the locus of spectation from the emperor to the individual Christian. In producing and consuming their own parousia spectacles, Christians participated in imperial discourse.
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Adam Uba Muhammad, Muoneke Hypolytus Chinonso, Mgbemena Emmanuela Onyinyechi, Ali I. Alawo, Abdulaziz Tahir Idris, Yunusa Umar Abubakar, Amina Zakariyya Umar, Aliyu Abubakar, Dalha Wada Taura, and Umar Yusuf Salihu. "Isolation and identification of bacterial isolates associated with spectacle lens surface." Magna Scientia Advanced Biology and Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (August 30, 2023): 054–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msabp.2023.9.2.0054.
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People nowadays suffer from refractive disorder that declines the vision. The most common therapy to overcome this challenge is the use corrective spectacle lenses. The continuous use of spectacles and the difficulties on disinfecting the entire surface can cause bacterial contamination, those bacteria can cause various eye diseases. This study aims to isolate and identify the bacterial isolates associated with spectacle lens surface. The samples were then inoculated on nutrient and macConkey agar and incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Then, the isolates were identified macroscopically and microscopically. 72 out of 100 samples indicated positive results with four (4) different identified bacterial species of Staphylococcus aureus (38.89%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.78%), Klebsiella pneumonia (22.22%), and Escherichia coli (11.11%). The result of this study revealed the presence of bacterial isolates on spectacle lens surface. All the identified bacterial species are pathogenic to the eye. This indicated that, spectacle lenses could serve as a reservoir of pathogenic bacterial specie.
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Chan, Ving Fai, Ai Chee Yong, Ciaran O’Neill, Christine Graham, Nathan Congdon, Lynne Lohfeld, Tai Stephan, and Anne Effiom Ebri. "Factors affecting guardians’ decision making on clinic-based purchase of children’s spectacles in Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0254517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254517.
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Background This study aims to understand the key factors influencing guardians’ decisions when purchasing spectacles for their children in semi-urban and urban areas of Cross River State, Nigeria, where a spectacle cross-subsidisation scheme will be implemented. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among all consecutive guardians visiting the Calabar (urban), Ugep, Ikom and Ogoja (semi-urban) public eye clinics in Cross River State, southern Nigeria, from August 1 to October 31 2019, and whose children had significant refractive errors (myopia ≤-0.50D, hyperopia ≥1.50D, astigmatism >0.75D) and received spectacles. Guardians were interviewed using a questionnaire which included i) close-ended questions on reasons guardians choose to purchase spectacles for their children in eye clinics, ii) guardians’ perceptions of the quality and design of children’s current spectacle, iii) factors most heavily influencing their choice of spectacles for children, and iv) open-ended questions to seek guardians’ suggestions on how to improve the current spectacle range. Results All 137 eligible guardians (67.2% women [n = 92]) who visited the selected eye clinics participated in the study (response rate = 100%), with 109 (79.6%) from semi-urban and 28 (20.4%) attending urban clinics. Guardians from both urban and semi-urban clinics prioritised frame design, quality, and material as the main factors affecting their decision when purchasing spectacles for their children. Female guardians and those with higher incomes were both 1.5 times more likely to emphasise frame quality when describing selection criteria for purchasing spectacles for their children than male guardians (p = 0.01) or guardians earning less (p = 0.03). Conclusion Design, material, and frame quality are key factors influencing guardians when purchasing spectacles for their children in these setting and female guardians or those with higher income prioritise frame quality. This study could guide the planning and implementation of a novel cross-subsidisation scheme in Cross River State.
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Chiang, Wei-Yu, Yun-Wen Chen, Yu-Peng Liu, Yung-Hsun Liu, and Pei-Chang Wu. "Early Age of the First Myopic Spectacle Prescription, as an Indicator of Early Onset of Myopia, Is a Risk Factor for High Myopia in Adulthood." Journal of Ophthalmology 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6612116.
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Purpose. The present study investigated the risk factors for high myopia in adulthood, with a focus on the age at which children wore their first spectacles. Methods. Adults aged between 20 and 45 years were invited to complete a questionnaire about age, sex, current refractive error, high myopia in parents, early onset of myopia presented by the age of the first myopic spectacle prescription, refractive power of the first spectacles, and life habits at different educational stages. The associations between these factors and high myopia in adulthood were then evaluated and analyzed. Results. In total, 331 participants were enrolled. Their average refractive error was −4.03 diopters, and high myopia was noted in 27.5% of the study participants. Only 3.3% of participants had fathers with high myopia, while 6.0% had mothers with high myopia. The participants received their first myopic spectacle prescription at a mean age of 13.35 years, with a mean refractive error of −1.63 diopters. The significant risk factors for developing high myopia in adult life were earlier age of the first spectacles prescribed ( p < 0.001 ), higher refractive power of the first spectacles ( p < 0.001 ), mother with high myopia ( p = 0.015 ), and after-school class attendance in senior high school ( p = 0.018 ). Those who wore their first spectacles at <9 years of age were more predisposed to high myopia than those who did so at ≧13 years, with an odds ratio of 24.9. Conclusion. The present study shows that earlier onset of myopia, which is presented by the age of the first myopic spectacle prescription, higher myopic refraction of the first spectacles, mothers with high myopia, and after-school class attendance in senior high school are risk factors for high myopia in adulthood. It suggests that delaying the onset of myopia in children is important for the prevention of high myopia in later life.
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Szczekała, Barbara. "Narration as attraction. Mind-game films and postclassical spectacles." Panoptikum, no. 26 (October 19, 2021): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/pan.2021.26.05.
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The article is a theoretical proposal which aims to create an alternative framework for mapping postclassical cinema. This framework is based on establishing various modes of relations between narration and spectacle, especially those represented by mind-game films and post-plot films. Instead of considering narration and spectacle as opposition, I suggest redescribing their complementary dynamics. I argue that there is visible feedback between mind-game films and the cinema of digital attractions, which I see as complementary processes of making “spectacular mind games” and “mind-gaming the spectacles”. The article contains an analysis of similar types of cinematic experiences delivered by “narration” and “attractions” and indicates the mutual influences between these two phenomena. Both narration and attraction may bring similar, affective sensations: the notion of shock and dissonance, discomfort, astonishment, kinesthetic impulse or cognitive stimulation.
As for the article’s conclusion: postclassical cinema variously reshapes the distribution of narration and attraction. Mind-game films are becoming cinematic spectacles. On the other hand, more and more “post-plot” blockbusters are introducing the “mind-gaming the spectacle” strategy, and are engaging viewers with “cognitive” attractions as well.
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Werrett, Simon. "Watching the Fireworks: Early Modern Observation of Natural and Artificial Spectacles." Science in Context 24, no. 2 (April 28, 2011): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889711000056.
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ArgumentEarly modern Europeans routinely compared nature to a theater or spectacle, so it makes sense to examine the practices of observing real spectacles and performances in order to better comprehend acts of witnessing nature. Using examples from the history of fireworks, this essay explores acts of observing natural and artificial spectacles between the sixteenth and late eighteenth centuries and suggests these acts of observation were mutually constitutive and entailed ongoing and diverse exchanges. The essay follows the changing ways in which audiences were imagined or expected to react to fireworks and shows how these also shaped experiences of natural phenomena. Both natural and artificial spectacles were intended to teach morals about the state and nature, yet audiences rarely seemed to take away what they were expected to learn. The essay examines how performers thus sought to discipline audience observation, before exploring, in conclusion, how spectacle provided a vocabulary for discerning and articulating new natural phenomena, and sites for the pursuit of novel experiments.
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Apostolidès, Jean-Marie. "Ubu et Cyrano." L’Annuaire théâtral, no. 43-44 (May 25, 2010): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/041703ar.
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Les années 1896-1897 marquent un tournant dans l’histoire du théâtre en France. Deux spectacles importants sont alors produits : d’une part, la présentation d’Ubu roi au Théâtre de l’Oeuvre; d’autre part, celle de Cyrano de Bergerac au Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin. La première représentation est porteuse d’avenir, autant dans l’esthétique de la mise en scène que dans l’écriture dramatique; la seconde marque le triomphe du théâtre romantique, presque un demi-siècle après la fin de ce mouvement littéraire. En analysant en détail ces deux productions contemporaines, on parvient non seulement à opposer le désordre de la première à l’ordre de la seconde; on met également au jour deux types de spectacle : le spectacle de rupture et le spectacle de réconciliation. C’est dans la tension entre rupture et réconciliation que se déroulera la vie théâtrale française pendant tout le XXe siècle.
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Ikaunieks, Gatis, Anete Petrova, Karola Panke, and Gunta Krūmiņa. "Visual Acuity in Myopes with Standard and Reversed Contrast Optotypes." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 1-2 (April 25, 2017): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0004.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the visual acuity of myopes with standard and reversed contrast optotypes and to determine how the visual acuity of myopes is affected by optical defocus and the type of optical correction, either contact lenses or spectacles. Twenty-three myopic subjects (18 and 23 years old) with uncorrected vision had their visual acuity assessed with both standard and reversed contrast optotypes. The study also included 10 myopes with contact lens as well as habitual spectacle correction. The visual acuity for myopes with uncorrected vision was better with reversed than standard contrast optotypes. Better reversed contrast than standard contrast visual acuity was obtained also with spectacle and contact lens correction. This result could be due in part to low order aberrations (optical defocus) in myopes spectacle or contact lenses correction.
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Camerlain, Lorraine. "En de multiples scènes." Canadian Theatre Review 43 (June 1985): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.43.009.
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Au Québec, en 1974, deux spectacles ouvrent la voie à une nouvelle expression dramatique (et théâtrale) des femmes. Le Grand Cirque Ordinaire produit un premier spectacle “de filles,“ ironique et dont l’orientation est avouée: Un prince, mon jour viendra. La même année, le Théâtre des Cuisines (ainsi nommé en réaction au nom d’une autre troupe de théâtre militant: le Théâtre d’Ia Shoppe1) produit un spectacle engagé, non équivoque: Nous aurons les enfants que nous voulons. Le feu est mis aux poudres: le théâtre féminin s’engage irréversiblement dans une expression essentiellement féminine; le théâtre féministe est bien enclenché.
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Tran, Jeanette Nguyen. "“Or Else Were this a Savage Spectacle”: the Narrative Possibilities of Spectacle in I Tamburlaine." Explorations in Renaissance Culture 46, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526963-46020002.
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Abstract This essay examines representations of violence in I Tamburlaine. In the play, Marlowe weds Tamburlaine’s desire for recognition to brutal spectacular violence and attunes audiences to the normative violence that recognition entails for the vulgar or common classes to which Tamburlaine, a poor Scythian shepherd, belongs. In a world that marks certain bodies, social classes and even names as unworthy of certain kinds of recognition, the creation of bloody spectacles, such as the slaughtering of the virgins of Damascus, becomes Tamburlaine’s only means to gain political visibility. By yoking Tamburlaine’s ascendance and eventual triumph to his increasingly effective use of spectacle, Marlowe’s I Tamburlaine makes a case for the narrative possibilities of spectacle to make a life like Tamburlaine’s both visible and compelling.
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Ang, Chris, Dejan Dinevski, Natalia Vlasak, and Andria Kok. "Lens study: Taking the strain." Optician 2017, no. 5 (May 2017): 155130–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/opti.2017.5.155130.
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Chris Ang, Professor Dejan Dinevski, Dr Natalia Vlasak and Andria Kok evaluate the efficiency of spectacle lenses with accommodative support and a blue light filter in reducing computer vision syndrome/digital eye strain symptoms in comparison with habitual spectacles.
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Bower, Hannah Louise. "Restless Rewritings: The Politics of Enigma and Exposure in the Squire's Tale." Chaucer Review 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 32–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/chaucerrev.57.1.0032.
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ABSTRACT This article explores representations of political spectacle in Chaucer's Squire's Tale. Unlike previous studies, it focuses on the relationship between spectacle as an embodied and enacted event and spectacle as an event translated into, and rewritten in, a commemorative poetic narrative. Placing Chaucer's Squire's Tale in conversation with Richard Maidstone's Concordia, I argue that both poems reflect self-consciously on the risks and opportunities of that process of translation. On the one hand, both texts suggest that narrative commemorations enable writers to edit and rewrite embodied sovereign performances, preserving or generating wonder, enigma, and authority; the awkwardness or exposed workings of human-engineered spectacles can be effaced. On the other hand, this process of reframing is itself problematically conspicuous and man-made. The attempt to preserve enigmatic authority—and the static cognitive state of amazement attending it—ultimately points back towards exposure and the restless cognitive motion of rewriting and reseeing.
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Benac, Dustin D. "A Pilgrim’s Performance: Practical Theology as Convening." International Journal of Practical Theology 27, no. 2 (November 1, 2023): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijpt-2022-0035.
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Abstract Convening is a mode of practical theology inquiry that stages a counter-performance to the spectacle of prominent logics that order ecclesial life: brand Christianity, silos, and competition. Three parts organize this argument: Part I sets the stage with a preliminary portrait of convening, noting the contextual features of this inquiry. Part II introduces Augustine’s City of God as an interpretive lens to understand convening as a counter-performance to prominent spectacles on display. Part III redescribes convening by combining Augustine’s theological vision of spectacle, performance, latreia, and pilgrimage with the introductory portrait in order to perform what is possible when people of faith gather for collective inquiry.
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Hrynchak, Patricia. "Prescribing spectacles: reasons for failure of spectacle lens acceptance." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 26, no. 1 (January 2006): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00351.x.
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Hibberd, Sarah. "Le Naufrage de la Méduse and Operatic Spectacle in 1830s Paris." 19th-Century Music 36, no. 3 (2013): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2013.36.3.248.
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Abstract Grand opera's love of all-consuming spectacle is evident in its cataclysmic eruptions, explosions, and shipwrecks, its magnificent processions and ceremonies, and its breathtaking reconstructions of sublime landscapes, from Auber's La Muette de Portici (1828), through Halévy's La Juive (1835), to Meyerbeer's Le Prophète (1849), and beyond. An understanding of the Parisian public's visual experiences and expectations outside the opera house can help in theorizing grand opera's distinctive aesthetic. Contemporary spectacles d'optique, including the tableau vivant, panorama, diorama, and nocturnorama, attest to the higher powers of sensory attentiveness demanded of audiences. Some offered a sensory overload that encouraged complete absorption in the spectacle; others encouraged critical reflection as music and image drew attention to themselves through a disjunction of narrative or mood. Auguste Pilati and Friedrich von Flotow's opera Le Naufrage de la Méduse (Théâtre de la Renaissance, 1839) incorporated an ambitious animated representation of Théodore Géricault's celebrated painting on the subject and generated critical discussion about the relationship between sound and vision. Le Naufrage and the spectacles d'optique of the period offer a prism through which to view opera's evolution from a contemplative to a more involving form of drama in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, and to contextualize French grand opera's distinctive fascination with the interplay of music and spectacle, narrative and display, and the engagement of audiences in constructing meanings.
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Gutton, Philippe. "Spectacle." Adolescence 53, no. 3 (2005): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ado.053.0529.
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Anderson, Jack. "SPECTACLE." Yale Review 105, no. 4 (2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2017.0072.
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Anderson, Jack. "SPECTACLE." Yale Review 105, no. 4 (October 2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/yrev.13278.
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Morozova, T. A., and T. Z. Kerimov. "MODERN APPROACHES TO DYSPHOTOPSIA ANALYSIS, ASSESSMENTOF PATIENT SATISFACTION AND SPECTACLE INDEPENDENCE AFTER MULTIFOCALINTRAOCULAR CORRECTION: REVIEW." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 72, no. 5 (October 23, 2017): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn883.
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The core target of multifocal IOLs implantation is to provide advanced visual quality at different distances without spectacle or contact lenses that can be valuable when monofocal IOLs are implanted. Patients with monofocal IOLs need spectacles or contact lenses for the near and intermediate distance's vision. Multifocal intraocular lenses due to the optical part construction provide spectacle independence for patients in the postoperative period. The aim of this review was to analyze the modern approach to the several aspects of multifocal intraocular correction: spectacle independence, dysphotopsia, patient satisfaction. Patients’ questionnaire after surgery provides the data for evaluation of the quality of life, vision satisfaction at all range of distances on different levels of illumination, and patient activities of daily living. During the long period, a photic phenomenon (dysphotopsia) had been discussed in the literature as the principal reason for decrease of patients satisfaction with the treatment and lens explantation. Recently, high grade of spectacle independence and low risk of photic phenomena after modern multifocal IOLs implantation determine high-level patient satisfaction after cataract surgery. Multifocal intraocular correction is the effective technology for restoring passive accommodation that the wide range of the clinical studies proved. This review analyzes 33 studies (32 clinical studies and 1 metaanalisis) published in international peer-reviewed targeted titles.
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Berger, Kenneth. "Cinema against Communication." differences 31, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10407391-8218746.
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This essay reassesses the concept of spectacle and argues for aesthetic refusal as a key strategy for contesting spectacle’s expanding hold on everyday existence. Against the view that spectacle renders the individual passive, the essay asserts instead that spectacle develops as a central postwar mechanism for intensifying the subject’s productivity and managing the growing anxiety that pervades post-Fordist social life. Highlighting the “refusal of work” that grounds 1960s Italian workerist movements, the essay proposes a corresponding refusal of communication, a form of aesthetic refusal that, as with political refusal, operates not through simple negation, but through creating openings or ruptures that allow new possibilities to emerge. Such aesthetic refusal, which finds its most radical postwar expression in the antispectacular films of Guy Debord, thus arises as a means to reorient perception, to break with existing modes of seeing so that different forms of existence might be envisioned and initiated.
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Soliman, Shaimaa S., Ayah M. Barakat, Tamer E. Wasfy, and Sally Abdelwanees. "Noncompliance to spectacle wear among adults − Delta region, Egypt." Journal of the Egyptian Ophthalmological Society 117, no. 1 (January 2024): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejos.ejos_66_23.
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Background Spectacles are one of the corrective measures for different errors of refraction. A great proportion of people worldwide are blind due to having a high-refractive error while they neglect using the appropriate corrective measures. The aim is to study the prevalence of noncompliance to spectacle wear and its predisposing factors among adults with refractive errors in Menoufia and Gharbeya Governorates. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study performed in Menoufia and Gharbeya Governorates included 290 adults recruited from government and private ophthalmological centers. Data were collected through a predesigned questionnaire asking about personal data, ophthalmological data, measures of compliance, and predisposing factors to noncompliance. Results About 38% of the participants were noncompliant to eyeglasses wearing. Among noncompliant, personal causes represented 63.1%, followed by spectacle-related causes (22.5%) and financial causes (14.4%). Rural residence and illiteracy were significantly higher among noncompliant participants. Multivariate analysis revealed that secondary and higher education were independent protective factors against noncompliance. Conclusion Noncompliance to spectacle wear was high and was significantly related to rural residence and higher levels of education.
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Kocic, Dragana, and Dragana Konstantinovic. "Models of state spectacle in Yugoslavia: The first conference of the non-aligned movement." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 21, no. 1 (2023): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace230306009k.
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With the emergence of Yugoslavia, a new socialist state, political events and celebrations came to the fore in the repertoire of mass events. The spectacle was supported by the ideological cultural policy with the aim of creating a socialist identity of the city and the state. In that sense, as a predetermined act, the spectacle necessarily influenced the formation and appropriation of public space. Since spectacles were an important element of strengthening the new order of socioeconomic relations, the politics directly controlled their programmes, strategic aims, and tasks. Thus, the beginning of the sixties of the previous century, the approach to the spectacle reflected the strategic state determinations, but also changed depending on the internal circumstances and foreign policy. Analysing the spaces and symbols of state spectacle at the first Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the paper aims to explain the method of their incorporation into the social reality of Yugoslavia, their impact on the affirmation of space, i.e. both ephemeral and permanent changes of architectural and urban space. The paper will analyse the central spaces of the Conference, symbols, models of architectural mobilisation, and the ideologisation, and politicisation of events that influenced the affirmation of public spaces and buildings of Belgrade and its presentation to the world.
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Kwarteng, Michael A., Khathutshelo P. Mashige, Samuel Kyei, Pirindhavellie Govender-Poonsamy, and Daniel S. Q. Dogbe. "Impact of spectacle wear on the quality of life of learners with hearing impairment in Ghana." African Vision and Eye Health 83, no. 1 (May 23, 2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v83i1.875.
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Background: Visual impairment significantly affects learners with hearing impairment.Aim: To assess the impact of spectacle wear on the quality of life (QoL) of learners with hearing impairment in Ghana.Setting: Six schools for the deaf in Ghana.Methods: A prospective case-control study design was used to assess the QoL among learners with uncorrected refractive error (URE) using the quality-of-life impact of refractive correction (QIRC) questionnaire before and after the provision of spectacles.Results: A total of 138 learners were enrolled in this study, with 69 learners in both the intervention and control groups, respectively. The mean QIRC score improved significantly for the intervention group: QIRC score before = 43.89 ± 8.96 vs. after = 48.82 ± 6.71 (P 0.05 and Cohen’s d = 0.62) but not the control group: QIRC score before = 50.79 ± 11.66 and 51.77 ± 10.67 (P = 0.607). Among the learners provided with spectacles, those who did not comply with spectacle wear had significant differences (P 0.05) in mean QIRC scores before and after the intervention. Only visual acuity (VA) and the magnitude of prescription with QIRC scores after intervention had a significant relationship (P 0.05).Conclusion: Uncorrected refractive error affected the QoL of learners with hearing impairment, and spectacle correction significantly improved their QoL.Contribution: The use of spectacle lenses, VA and magnitude of prescription affected the QoL scores; however, sex and age did not influence the QoL scores.
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Burnett, Anthea, Prakash Paudel, Jessica Massie, Neath Kong, Ek Kunthea, Varghese Thomas, Tim R. Fricke, and Ling Lee. "Parents’ willingness to pay for children’s spectacles in Cambodia." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 6, no. 1 (February 2021): e000654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000654.
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Background/aimTo determine willingness to pay for children’s spectacles, and barriers to purchasing children’s spectacles in Cambodia.MethodsWe conducted vision screenings, and eye examinations as indicated, for all consenting children at 21 randomly selected secondary schools. We invited parents/guardians of children found to have refractive problems to complete a willingness to pay for spectacles survey, using a binary-with-follow-up technique.ResultsWe conducted vision screenings on 12 128 secondary schoolchildren, and willingness to pay for spectacles surveys with 491 parents/guardians (n=491) from Kandal and Phnom Penh provinces in Cambodia. We found 519 children with refractive error, 7 who had pre-existing spectacles and 14 recommended spectacles for lower ametropias. About half (53.2%; 95% CI 44.0% to 62.1%) of parents/guardians were willing to pay KHR70 000 (US$17.5; average market price) or more for spectacles. Mean willingness-to-pay price was KHR74 595 (US$18.6; 95% CI KHR64 505 to 86 262; 95% CI US$16.1 to US$21.6) in Phnom Penh and KHR55 651 (US$13.9; 95% CI KHR48 021 to 64 494; 95% CI US$12.0 to US$16.1) in Kandal province. Logistic regression suggested parents/guardians with college education (OR 6.8; p<0.001), higher household incomes (OR 8.0; p=0.006) and those wearing spectacles (OR 2.2; p=0.01) were more likely to be willing to pay ≥US$17.5. The most common reasons for being unwilling to pay US$17.5 were related to cost (58.8%). The most common barrier to spectacle wear was fear that spectacles weaken children’s eyes (36.0%).ConclusionsWith almost half of parents/guardians unwilling to pay for spectacles at the current average market price, financial support through a subsidised spectacle scheme might be required for children to access spectacles in Cambodia.
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Tiara, Puti, Aldiana Halim, and Emmy Sugiarti. "The Compliance of Ready-Made Spectacle-Wear and Custom-Spectacle-Wear in Refractive Errors Screening." Ophthalmologica Indonesiana 47, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35749/journal.v47i1.100154.
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Background: Uncorrected refractive errors that could seriously affect children’s future. The compliance of spectacle-wear has been a problem in refractive errors management in developing countries in terms of the cost, availability and service range of both medical professionals and optical service.
Aim: To study the compliance inferiority of ready-made spectacle-wear compared to custom spectacle-wear in refractive errors screening program.Method: Non-inferiority trial research, cluster-randomized trial was conducted to children aged 11-15 years old. Participants with corrected refractive errors (presenting visual acuity <6/12, spherical equivalent -6.00 until +6.00 Diopter (D), astigmatism ?1.00 D, anisometropic ?1.00 D) without other ocular abnormalities were given ready-made spectacles (RMS) and custom spectacles (CS). The observation was carried out in the first (1st) and third (3rd) month; subsequently, non-inferiority test was conducted with 20% margin.
Result: Of 1009 school children, 365 were detected with uncorrected refractive errors. Among this number, 220 participants that met the inclusion criteria were prescribed RMS (n = 110) and CS (n = 110). The most common type of refractive errors found was myopia with mild degree of refractive errors. Compliance rate on the first (1st) month for RMS-wear was 63.6% and for CS-wear was 75.5% with d = -11.9% (95% CI -17.95% until -5.85%). Compliance rate on the third month (3rd) for RMS- wear was 65.5% and for CS-wear was 72.7% with d = -7.2% (CI 95% -12.03% until -2.37%). Conclusion: Based on the compliance observation performed in the first (1st) and third (3rd) month, there was no inferiority found among RMS-wear compared to CS-wear. This result could be used as the foundation of RMS use as an alternative for refractive errors management in refractive errors screening program to solve problems in the area of cost, availability and service range of both medical and optical service.
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Asare, Frederick Afum, and Priya Morjaria. "Eligibility for the use of ready-made spectacles among children in a school-based programme in Ghana." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): e0000079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000079.
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Ready-made spectacles are low-cost spectacles for correcting refractive errors in children who would otherwise have their refractive errors uncorrected due to lack of availability and affordability of conventional, expensive custom-made spectacles. Thus, this study seeks to estimate the proportion of children with uncorrected refractive errors eligible for ready-made spectacles in a school-based programme. A school-based descriptive cross-sectional study was employed to screen children aged 12–15 years in eighteen public junior high schools within the Bongo district of Ghana. Children who failed the 6/9 acuity test were refracted and given spectacles. Ready-made spectacle was prescribed when visual acuity improved by ≥2 lines in at least one eye with full correction (astigmatism of ≤0.75D); spherical equivalent corrected visual acuity to ≤1 line worse than best corrected visual acuity with full correction in the better eye; and there was ≤1.00D difference between the two eyes. A total of 1,705 school children were examined. Of this number, 30 (1.8%; 95% CI: 1.2–2.5%) met the criteria for refractive correction but none had any. Twenty-six (86.7%; 95% CI: 69.7–95.3%) were found to be eligible for ready-made spectacles (power range: -1.50D to +1.00D, mean spherical equivalent ± SD = -0.27D ± 0.79D) while 4 (13.3%; 95% CI: 4.7–30.3%) were not, hence, given custom-made spectacles. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of being eligible for one type of spectacles was similar between males and females (OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 0.1–12.7; p = 0.93). A large proportion of students who met the criteria for spectacle correction could be corrected with ready-made spectacles. There is, therefore, the need for these spectacles to be considered an appropriate alternative for refractive error correction during school eye health programmes.
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Waznan, Fadhli, Yosilia Nursakina, Aydan J. Rancakbudi, and Syska Widyawati. "MONOVISION VERSUS MULTIFOCAL INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION IN CATARACT PATIENTS:A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS." Ophthalmologica Indonesiana 49, S1 (February 4, 2024): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35749/g3sfee02.
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Objective: With the aim to increase spectacle independence, recent approaches to repair cataracts include the implantation of premium intraocular lenses (IOLs), such as multifocals. Another approach is monovision techniques achieved by monofocal IOL implantation, which is more cost-effective, although it has the same good outcome as multifocal IOLs. This meta-analysis aimed to compare monovision versus multifocal IOL implantation in cataract patients.
Method: Systematic search was performed in April 2023 on six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, Proquest, EBSCO, Embase, and PubMed). Studies were extracted for the following outcome of interest: monovision, multifocal intraocular lens, spectacles independence, visual acuity. All studies published up to April 2023 were reviewed. Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2) and The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies – of Interventions (ROBINS-I) was used to screen studies for risk of bias where appropriate. A meta-analysis was done to quantify any reported quantitative data.
Result: Ten studies satisfying the inclusion criteria were included. Pooling analysis for BCVA and BNVA showed no difference between monovision vs multifocal IOL (95% CI at -0,10 to 0,73; I2=79% (p=0,14) and 95% CI at -0,27 to 1,37; I2=94% (p=0,19), respectively). Spectacle independence showed monovision was inferior to multifocal IOL (RR 0,53; 95% CI at 0,34 to 0,82; I² 83% (p=0,004)).
Conclusion: Current evidence showed monovision was comparable to multifocal IOL in terms of visual acuity. While multifocal IOL achieved more spectacle-free patients than monovision, many patients in the monovision group also achieved spectacle-free condition.
Keywords: cataract, monovision, multifocal intraocular lens, visual acuity, spectacle independence.