Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spécifique au patient'
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Menut, Marine. "Chirurgie endovasculaire virtuelle pour patient-spécifique : Application au traitement de l'anévrisme de l'aorte thoracique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI047/document.
Full textCardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Their analysis leads to multidisciplinary problems that require diversity, transversal and complementary approaches. This contribution is part of a research project in Computer Aided Surgery and intends to contribute to the improvement of TEVAR procedures in terms of accuracy and optimization of the operating strategy. In this study, stereocorrelation technique is used to measure the strain field under a human aortic arch in order to identify its mechanical behaviour. Blood flow simulations in the thoracic aorta were then carried out for a healthy patient using the open source OpenFOAM software. A rheological model derived from polymer rheology, considers viscous, shear thinning and other stress overshoot behaviours. In parallel and in anticipation of the complete modeling of the surgical procedure, numerical calculations ofthe rise of the surgical tools in the thoracic aorta were carried out based on previous work in the laboratory regarding the abdominal aorta. This study aims to virtually simulate the whole endovascular stent graft procedure for an aortic aneurysm. This procedure has a high rate of short-term success and its indication compared to open surgery is increasing. Despite many benefits such as reduced blood loss and reduced recovery time, the hindsight is insufficient and there are limitations related to complex anatomical configurations. This procedure therefore needs to be more reliable and secure. In this context, it is important to identify the mechanical behavior of the aorta for further numerical simulations
Donnez, Mathias. "Planification préopératoire pour ostéotomies autour du genou : d’un modèle numérique tridimensionnel à l’industrialisation de guides patient-spécifique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0474.
Full textMedial Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy (MOWHTO) is an efficient conservative surgical treatment for young and active patients with moderate medial gonarthrosis and varus lower limb malalignment. Varus malalignment unbalances load distribution in the knee, which is a gonarthrosis risk factor. MOWHTO aims to correct the lower limb alignment by correcting the proximal tibia bony deformity. Incomplete mediolateral cut is performed in the proximal tibia from the medial side of the tibial metaphysis towards the tibiofibular joint, and then opened by rotation around the lateral hinge which is the remaining uncut bone thickness on the lateral side. Amount of the opening depends on the importance of the proximal tibial deformity and on the medial gonarthrosis stage. MOWHTO success remains on precise correction, stable osteosynthesis system and lateral hinge preservation during the opening. Objective of this thesis was to propose a preoperative planning methodology to be associated with 3D printed patientspecific instrumentation. This instrumentation was intended to apply the correction chosen by the surgeon in the frontal and sagittal planes, but also to preserve the lateral hinge during the surgery. Our in-vitro and in-vivo results have shown that the developed patient-specific cutting guide make it possible to accurately reproduce the preoperative planning with security to the surgical gesture by bringing accuracy and lateral hinge preservation
Defrance, Isabelle. "La médication familiale : un marché en effervescence... un marketing spécifique ? l'expérience d'un laboratoire conseil." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P020.
Full textGindre, Juliette. "Simulation spécifique patient de la réponse mécanique de la structure vasculaire à l'insertion d'outils lors d'une chirurgie EVAR." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI052/document.
Full textEndovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) is a mini-invasive technique that is commonly used to treat Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA). It relies on the exclusion of the aneurysm sac by introducing one or more stent-grafts through the femoral arteries and deploying them inside the aneurysm. During the procedure, several tools of varying stiffness are introduced to enable the delivery of the stent graft to its deployment site. During this process, the vascular structure undergoes major deformations. Usually, these have no consequence on the smooth progress of the procedure. However, in some instances, particularly when the patient presents an unfavorable anatomical profile (major tortuousness or angulation, deep calcification, long length of the common and external iliac arteries), the deformation caused by the insertion of stiff guidewires can have major consequences. Today, their prediction relies mainly on the surgeon’s experience. Numerical simulation appears to be an appropriate tool to give the practitioner more objective and more useful indicators when planning the procedure: guiding the surgical act and making it safer using such an approach would potentially reduce the risks of intraoperative and postoperative complications. In the first step of the work, we developed a mechanical model of the aorto-iliac vascular structure and a simulation methodology to answer the mechanical problem. This patient-specific model has been parametrized based on available preoperative data. Then the second step of the work consisted in the validation of this model by confronting the simulation results to real intraoperative 3D data that were collected on 28 cases of patients operated at the University Hospital of Rennes. All the methods that were developed during this PhD were integrated in demonstration module of EndoSize® software (Therenva, France)
Torriano, Simona. "Études de nouvelles thérapies pour la choroïdérémie dans un modèle d'épithélium pigmentaire rétinien dérivé de cellules souches pluripotentes induites spécifique au patient." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT139.
Full textInherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a class of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases, which are characterized by a progressive loss of vision. Choroideremia (CHM) is a chorioretinopathy, which accounts for ~3% of all IRDs. It is characterized by night blindness in childhood, followed by slow and progressive loss of the peripheral visual field. This results in legal blindness by the fourth to fifth decade of life. Generally, central vision is preserved till late in life. Genetically, the disease is caused by mutations in the CHM gene located on the X chromosome and encoding the Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP1). This protein is involved in the prenylation of Rab GTPasas, which regulate vesicular cell trafficking. Most of the disease-causing mutations are loss-of-function and the absence of REP1 leads to a Rab prenylation defect and subsequent degeneration of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and underlying choroid. To date, an established therapy is not available for CHM, but the early diagnosis and its slow evolution provide a large therapeutic window, that renders this disease a good candidate for successful treatment.In order to palliate the lack of a pertinent animal model for testing novel disease therapies, we developed a human cellular model using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc)-derived RPE. This tissue is morphologically and functionally representative of the RPE in vivo, and reproduces the biochemical prenylation defect present in CHM. Therefore, it is a powerful model to evaluate the efficacy of different therapeutic approaches. Along this line, we investigated a gene augmentation approach, via AAV2/5 delivery of the CHM gene in the particular case of a CHM missense mutation, and the use of the translational read-through inducing drug (TRID) PTC124 for treating CHM nonsense mutations.I demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of gene augmentation therapy for CHM in the case of residual mutated REP1 expression, suggesting that missense-carrying patients can be considered for inclusion in clinical gene therapy trials. Moreover, I showed that the efficiency of PTC124 may be dependent on the cell type. In addition, my results suggest that drug efficiency likely depends on the conservation of the mutated amino acid residue and its localization with regards to REP1 functional domains. We thus highlight that genetic considerations should be taken into account when considering TRID therapy for this and other disorders.Taken together, I highlighted the predictive potential of the patient-specific iPSc-derived RPE model for screening of novel and varied therapeutic approaches in the absence of a suitable animal model prior to clinical translation
Courtial, Edwin-Joffrey. "Élaboration de matériaux silicone au comportement mécanique adapté pour la réalisation de fantômes aortiques patients-spécifiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10023/document.
Full textThe present work deals with the producing of patient-specific aortic phantoms using an additive manufacturing technique by 3D printing. Phantoms are manufactured from synthetic materials with morphological and mechanical characteristics which should be close to these identified on a patient. They can be used to develop techniques of medical imaging, to understand the relationship between aortic mechanical behavior and hemodynamic properties of blood flow, as well as to perform a preoperative training of interventions, such as endovascular treatment. In this study, the hyper-viscoelastic aortic mechanical behavior was described using a generalized solid Maxwell model. Silicone materials were developed based on the model’s mechanical parameters to mimic various aortic mechanical behaviors. These materials were formulated from commercials silicones, and then mixing rules were compared to define the ideal mixture which can mimic the specific mechanical behavior. A nondestructive method based on medical imaging by ultrasound was developed to identify the parameters of a blood vessel hyper-viscoelastic model. Silicone tubes made of our formulations with known reference mechanical parameters, were used to validate this method. Then, these silicone materials were used in an additive manufacturing process using indirect 3D printing. A work of computer aided design was done to produce a patient-specific aortic phantom with a thoracic fusiform aneurysm without thrombosis
Sibille, Jérémie. "Activity-dependent astroglial potassium and calcium signals contribute to hippocampal short-term plasticity." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077284.
Full textPerrier, Antoine. "Conception et évaluation d’un modèle biomécanique, éléments finis, patient-spécifique, du pied humain. Applications en podologie, orthopédie et diabétologie : applications en podologie, orthopédie et diabétologie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS035/document.
Full textBiomechanical modeling of the human foot. Application to the healthy and pathological subject.The foot is one of the more complex structures of the human body. With 28 bones, 33 joints and a hundred ligamentous structures, this articulated entity is the result of a hyper specialization that makes humans the only obligate bipedal primates. Whatever the terrain, whatever the current movement, the foot transmits to the tibia the right force vector to finalize the gesture in the most precise and efficient manner and prepares the action of the lower limb. Thus, in case of injury to one of the structures, the whole foot complex must adapt if it is not the case, soft tissues, joints or bones are fragile and will have their own function within this complex altered .Predicting the foot’s adaptation of a structural, tissue, neurological or functional modification is an important issue in estimating the risk lesion on locomotion, in the design of therapeutic footwear and orthotics of the degenerative foot, but also in the future of this complex in situations where the boundary conditions change like working in microgravity or foot exoskeleton coupling.To initiate a response to these problems, we decided during this thesis to model the human foot with mathematical tools for biomechanical simulation. Initially, a musculoskeletal three-dimensional model of the foot was reconstructed from computed tomography. The multi-articulated foot joints constraints obtained by ligaments and bone contact. The muscles have been implemented to control the model in direct dynamic. Finally, the soft tissues such as muscle volume, fat and skin were meshed into finite elements. Using a multi-physics open source programming environment (Artisynth) allowed to couple musculoskeletal modeling and finite elements.• Adapting the foot on the ground in upright posture was evaluated by comparing the pressure maps at a simulated load setting with the actual loading pressure map of the subject.• The motor control of foot in opened chain by activation of the extrinsic muscles was assessed by comparing the kinematics of the biomechanical model piloted by electromyography with kinematics captured in the laboratory on a movement of abduction - adduction.• We then sought to understand how an ankle arthrodesis alter the kinematics of the foot muscle contraction, with the aim of helping the surgical setting gesture.• Finally, we used the latest advances in the physiology of a pressure ulcer to predict the risk of ulceration on diabetic foot with Charcot neuro arthropathy by numerical simulation.The model and simulation routines in place allow us to have one of the most successful models of the human foot using both external physical data like pedobarographic data, motion analysis data or electromyography data. This model will allow through mesh-matching tool to obtain specific patient models. The fields of applications will focus on assisted surgery, prevention of ulceration, advanced analysis of relations between the foot and the leg, but also will help the prosthesis design in orthopedic and mechatronics
Li, Yang. "Patient-specific gating scheme for thoracoabdominal tumor radiotherapy guided by magnetic resonance imaging." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENS015.
Full textThe ultimate aim of this paper is to develop an end-to-end gating system for real-time motion compensation during lung cancer and liver cancer treatment on the Elekta Unity. This system will monitor and automatically locate the three-dimensional spatial position of the tumor in real-time, and predict the tumor’s motion trajectory in the Superior-Inferior (SI), Left-Right (LR), and Anterior-Posterior (AP) directions in advance. Based on the set gating rules, a unique gating signal will be generated to control the beam on and off during radiotherapy, thereby compensating for the inaccuracy of dose delivery due to respiratory motion. To achieve this goal, the following steps have been carried out : 1. We proposed a tumor tracking workflow based on KCF, addressing the issues of time consumption and accuracy in tumor tracking using 2D Cine-MRI. Firstly, we verified the efficiency and accuracy of KCF in 2D Cine-MRI tumor tracking. By calculating the centroid, we improved the situation where the fixed-size template generated errors when the tumor shape changed, thus enhancing the tracking accuracy. In particular, we focused on the tracking in the SI direction by optimizing the selection of coronal slices or sagittal slices to determine the optimal position of the tumor in the SI direction. 2. We proposed a patient-specific transfer C-NLSTM model for real-time prediction of tumor motion, addressing the issue of insufficient training data. We constructed a C-NLSTM model, and introduced transfer learning to fully leverage the rich knowledge and feature representation capabilities embedded in the pretrained model, while fine-tuning is conducted based on specific patient data to achieve high-precision prediction of tumor motion. Through this approach, the model can be trained with only two minutes of patient-specific data, effectively overcoming the challenge of data acquisition. 3. We proposed an efficient gating signal prediction method, overcoming the challenge of precise predictions in 2D Cine-MRI with limited sampling frequencies. We validated the effectiveness of linear regression for predicting internal organ or tumor motion in 2D MR cine. And we proposed an online gating signal prediction scheme based on ALR to enhance the accuracy of gating radiotherapy for liver and lung cancers. 4. We proposed an end-to-end gating system based on 2D Cine-MRI for the Elekta Unity MRgRT. It enables real-time monitoring and automatic localization of the tumor’s 3D spatial position, prediction of tumor motion in three directions, and fitting an optimal cuboid (gating threshold) for each patient based on the tumor’s motion range. Additionally, we explored various approaches to derive 3D gating signals based on tumor motion in one, two, or three directions, aiming to cater to different patient treatment needs. Finally, the results of dosimetric validation demonstrate that the proposed system can effectively enhance the protection of OAR
Guerrero, Gustavo. "Analyse à base de modèles des interactions cardiorespiratoires chez l'adulte et chez le nouveau-né." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1S019.
Full textThe physiological mechanisms behind apnea episodes in adults and premature infants are not yet fully elucidated. The main objective of this thesis is to propose an approach, based on computational models, in order to better understand the acute cardio-respiratory response to an episode of apnea. An original model of cardio-respiratory interactions has been proposed and adapted in 3 versions: adult, newborn at term and preterm infant. Sensitivity analyses, performed on these models, have highlighted the importance of certain physiological variables: the fraction of inspired oxygen, metabolic rates, the chemoreflex and lung volume. From these results, a subset of parameters was selected to perform the first patient-specific identification of an adult model to study the dynamics of SaO2 during an obstructive apnea from a clinical database composed of 107 obstructive apneas distributed over 10 patients. From the parameters identified, a phenotyping of the patients was obtained, differentiating the patients with an increased risk of respiratory instability and periodic breathing. The results of the thesis open up new perspectives for the management and optimization of certain therapies (CPAP, PEEP, oxygen therapy, etc.) in neonatal and adult intensive care units
Boudissa, Mehdi. "Réduction virtuelle des fractures complexes du bassin à l'aide du premier simulateur biomécanique patient-spécifique Computer-assisted surgery in acetabular fractures: Virtual reduction of acetabular fracture using the first patient-specific biomechanical model simulator Computer Assisted Surgery in Preoperative Planning of Acetabular Fracture Surgery: State of the Art." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS038.
Full textL’objectif de cette thèse est de développer et valider une nouvelle méthode de planification pré-opératoire en chirurgie traumatique de l’acetabulum reposant sur un modèle biomécanique patient-spécifique. La première partie de ce travail a consisté en l’élaboration et l’amélioration progressive de ce nouvel outil de planification. La première étape était de générer des modèles tri-dimensionnels de plusieurs fractures acétabulaires à l’aide d’une méthode de segmentation semi-automatique. Dans le même temps, nous avons démontré que les fragments osseux segmentés pouvaient être utile pour classer correctement les fractures acétabulaires par des internes non expérimentés. La seconde étape était de générer un modèle biomécanique patient-spécifique, le plus simplement possible pour pouvoir être compatible avec une pratique clinique régulière. Une revue de la littérature à propos des différentes méthodes de planifications péri-opératoire en traumatologie de l’acetabulum a été réalisée afin d’identifier qu’un nouveau paradigme était nécessaire du fait des limites des méthodes existantes. Une fois les objectifs d’une modélisation biomécanique patient-spécifique définis, une revue de la littérature des différents modèles biomécanique de la hanche a été réalisée pour définir les propriétés biomécaniques des différents éléments à modéliser. Un compromis entre simplicité et comportement réaliste du modèle a été trouvé pour générer un modèle biomécanique patient-spécifique, dans un temps limité, compatible avec une utilisation courante en pratique clinique. Des études cliniques portant sur 14 cas de fractures acétabulaires opérées, puis 29 et finalement 39 cas ont été réalisées pour valider rétrospectivement les simulations biomécaniques. Les résultats montraient une parfaite adéquation avec la réalité. Seuls des logiciels en libre accès, avec leurs faiblesses, étaient utilisés car la fiabilité et la validité de la simulation étaient nécessaires avant d’envisager plus d’investissements. La preuve de concept était donnée. Enfin, une étude clinique prospective a démontré l’efficacité de la simulation biomécanique patient-spécifique et sa faisabilité en pratique clinique quotidienne. Ce travail ouvre la porte à de nouvelles approches en matière de planification chirurgicale et de modélisation patient-spécifique
Guevara, Perez Sonia. "Developpement par éléments finis d'un modèle virtuel personalisable de la mandibule humaine comme un outil de simulation biomécanique en sciences dentaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0576.
Full textThe determining factors of biomechanical characteristics in the human mandible are the properties of the tissues and its external and internal geometry. Non-invasive procedures to predict accurately the mandible stress and strains under mechanical loads are important in a variety of dental situations. The finite element models shows a good ability to evaluate the geometric, mechanical and functional relations on the mandible. Despite recent advances, the design of numerical models still has limitations: the lack of knowledge of the mechanical properties of all tissues, the integral design of the models and the possibility of personalization of these, taking into account the anatomical, morphological, physiological and biological variability of individuals. The present work aims to define a model of finite elements of the jaw that can be modeled according to the particular anatomical and morphological conditions of an individual, in order to accurately predict the mechanical and biological responses of the mandible against loads or mechanical stimuli that affect them. The definition of the parameters relevant to obtaining the appropriate simulation models will enable an in silico assessment of any specific patient responses to dental treatments, in particular in dental implantology, taking into account the morphological variability of the mandible with dental losses. . The objective of this research is the geometrical and mechanical parametrization of an EF model of a mandible, integrating the anatomical particularities of an individual and allowing predicting with precision, the mechanical responses to dental treatments
Duménil, Aurélien. "Fusion d'images et de modèles pour le guidage d'interventions endovasculaires." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S034/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with computer-assisted surgery in the context of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. The complexity of this procedure and the ongoing development of endovascular devices pose challenges such as the selection of the most appropriate stent-grafts for the patient anatomy and the precise location of endovascular tools during surgery. The aim of this thesis is to provide clinicians with decision support for the planning and the performance of the procedure. The proposed approach consists in matching preoperative and intraoperative image data and in combining them with tool-tissue interaction models in order to improve the positioning of stent-grafts in deformable vascular structures. We consider a solution for positioning stent-grafts interactively in the preoperative vascular structure to verify the adequacy of the selected stent-grafts with the patient anatomy. The method is based on a geometrical or simplified mechanical model of the stent graft placed in a rigid vascular structure. We propose an original solution for simulating tool-tissue interactions in order to anticipate vascular deformations caused by the insertion of stiff tools before stent-graft deployment. Augmented reality guidance for endovascular interventions is addressed through 3D/2D registration. A versatile method is proposed for the matching of the CT-scan and preoperative models with intraoperative images. The evaluation of these methods and the results obtained on patient data have shown the compatibility of the proposed approach with the clinical workflow
Chelle, Pierre. "Vers une définition patient-spécifique du taux cible de facteur anti-hémophilique à partir de la génération de thrombine : Apports des approches expérimentales et des modèles dynamiques de la cascade de la coagulation." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM014/document.
Full textHaemophilia is a genetic disease corresponding to the deficiency of coagulation factor VIII or IX and leading to a bleeding tendency. The current substitutive treatment is defined essentially by the basal level of deficient factor and not the individual capacity to generate thrombin, a key enzyme of the clot formation. The thrombin generation assay could help in the individualisation of the anti-haemophilia treatment. Indeed, the factor VIII or IX level needed to normalise the thrombin generation vary potentially from one patient to another for a same degree of severity. We can wonder which experimental approach could emphasise the relation between level of anti-haemophilic factor and thrombin generation. Is it possible to mathematically model coagulation to obtain a relation, either explicit, or implicit, between factor level and thrombin generation? Could existing models provide this relation? An extensive experimental campaign was carried out to build a database that has been used to identify the determinant coagulation factors of thrombin generation and the individual relation between thrombin generation and anti-haemophilic factor level, to define their reference values, and also to evaluate and parametrise subject-specifically mathematical models of the coagulation cascade
Stretton, Erin. "Simulation de modèles personnalisés de gliomes pour la planification de thérapies." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0064/document.
Full textTumor growth models based on the Fisher Kolmogorov (FK) reaction-diffusion equation have shown convincing results in reproducing and predicting the invasion patterns of glioma brain tumors. In this thesis we use different FK model formulations to i) assess the need of patient-specific DTIs when modeling LGGs, ii) study cancer cell infiltration after tumor resections, and iii) define a metric to determine progressive disease for low-grade glimoas (LGG).Diffusion tensor images (DTIs) have been suggested to model the anisotropic diffusion of tumor cells in brain white matter. However, patient specific DTIs are expensive and often acquired with low resolution, which compromises the accuracy of the tumor growth models' results. We used a FK formulation to describe the evolution of the visible boundary of the tumor to investigate the impact of replacing the patient DTI by i) an isotropic diffusion map or ii) an anisotropic high-resolution DTI atlas formed by averaging the DTIs of multiple patients. We quantify the impact of replacing the patient DTI using synthetic tumor growth simulations and tumor evolution predictions on a clinical case. This study suggests that modeling glioma growth with tissue based differential motility (not using a DTI) yields slightly less accurate results than using a DTI. However, refraining from using a DTI would be sufficient in situations when modeling LGGs. Therefore, any of these DTI options are valid to use in a FK formulation to model LGG growth with the purpose of aiding clinicians in therapy planning.After a brain resection medical professionals want to know what the best type of follow-up treatment would be for a particular patient, i.e., chemotherapy for diffuse tumors or a second resection after a given amount of time for bulky tumors. We propose a thorough method to leverage FK reaction-diffusion glioma growth models on post-operative cases showing brain distortions to estimate tumor cell infiltration beyond the visible boundaries in FLAIR MRIs. Our method addresses two modeling challenges: i) the challenge of brain parenchyma movement after surgery with a non-linear registration technique and ii) the challenge of incomplete post-operative tumor segmentations by combining two infiltration maps, where one was simulated from a pre-operative image and one estimated from a post-operative image. We used the data of two patients with LGG to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed three-step method. We believe that our proposed method could help clinicians anticipate tumor regrowth after a resection and better characterize the radiological non-visible infiltrative extent of a tumor to plan therapy.For LGGs captured on FLAIR/T2 MRIs, there is a substantial amount debate on selecting a definite threshold for size-based metrics to determine progressive disease (PD) and it is still an open item for the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) Working Group. We propose an approach to assess PD of LGG using tumor growth speed estimates from a FK formulation that takes into consideration irregularities in tumor shape, differences in growth speed between gray matter and white matter, and volumetric changes. Using the FLAIR MRIs of nine patients we compare the PD estimates of our proposed approach to i) the ones calculated using 1D, 2D, and 3D manual tumor growth speed estimates and ii) the ones calculated using a set of well-established size-based criteria (RECIST, Macdonald, and RANO). We conclude from our comparison results that our proposed approach is promising for assessing PD of LGG from a limited number of MRI scans. It is our hope that this model's tumor growth speed estimates could one day be used as another parameter in clinical therapy planning
Le, Rolle Virginie. "Modélisation Multiformalisme du Système Cardiovasculaire associant Bond Graph, Equations Différentielles et Modèles Discrets." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00285883.
Full textLal, Rajnesh. "Data assimilation and uncertainty quantification in cardiovascular biomechanics." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS088/document.
Full textCardiovascular blood flow simulations can fill several critical gaps in current clinical capabilities. They offer non-invasive ways to quantify hemodynamics in the heart and major blood vessels for patients with cardiovascular diseases, that cannot be directly obtained from medical imaging. Patient-specific simulations (incorporating data unique to the individual) enable individualised risk prediction, provide key insights into disease progression and/or abnormal physiologic detection. They also provide means to systematically design and test new medical devices, and are used as predictive tools to surgical and personalize treatment planning and, thus aid in clinical decision-making. Patient-specific predictive simulations require effective assimilation of medical data for reliable simulated predictions. This is usually achieved by the solution of an inverse hemodynamic problem, where uncertain model parameters are estimated using the techniques for merging data and numerical models known as data assimilation methods.In this thesis, the inverse problem is solved through a data assimilation method using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for parameter estimation. By using an ensemble Kalman filter, the solution also comes with a quantification of the uncertainties for the estimated parameters. An ensemble Kalman filter-based parameter estimation algorithm is proposed for patient-specific hemodynamic computations in a schematic arterial network from uncertain clinical measurements. Several in silico scenarii (using synthetic data) are considered to investigate the efficiency of the parameter estimation algorithm using EnKF. The usefulness of the parameter estimation algorithm is also assessed using experimental data from an in vitro test rig and actual real clinical data from a volunteer (patient-specific case). The proposed algorithm is evaluated on arterial networks which include single arteries, cases of bifurcation, a simple human arterial network and a complex arterial network including the circle of Willis.The ultimate aim is to perform patient-specific hemodynamic analysis in the network of the circle of Willis. Common hemodynamic properties (parameters), like arterial wall properties (Young’s modulus, wall thickness, and viscoelastic coefficient) and terminal boundary parameters (reflection coefficient and Windkessel model parameters) are estimated as the solution to an inverse problem using time series pressure values and blood flow rate as measurements. It is also demonstrated that a proper reduced order zero-dimensional compartment model can lead to a simple and reliable estimation of blood flow features in the circle of Willis. The simulations with the estimated parameters capture target pressure or flow rate waveforms at given specific locations
De, Sousa Marie-Carmen. "Contribution à l'optimisation de la radioprotection du patient en radiologie : de la mesure en temps réel de la dose en radiologie conventionnelle au calcul du risque de vie entière de décès par cancer radio-induit spécifique par sexe et par âge." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30003.
Full textDousteyssier, Boris. "Construction d’un modèle morpho mécanique du genou pour la prédiction des conséquences d’une action thérapeutique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02869689.
Full textKnee degradation and pain when developing osteoarthritis are strongly related not only to the pressure on the cartilage, but also to the knee stability and to the subsequent loadings on the ligaments. Here, we propose a mixed approach, both using medical imaging (MRI, EOS X-ray system) and force platform in conjunction with a finite element model.Two finite element model were created, focusing on the passive stability of the knee while modelling an experiment: the acquisition of the movement of climbing a step decomposed in 4 static EOS images. To do so, a geometric model of the subject’s knee have been fused on the bone physiological positions obtained by EOS imaging. The FEA was carried out according to the experimental boundary conditions so as to ensure the global knee mechanical equilibrium. This allow the model to be validated by comparing its numerical results with the EOS data. This model will reveal the roles of the ligaments during the knee flexion and give pressure maps on the cartilages.For low flexion angles, both models’ results concord well with the experimental data: the bones are in their physiological position once the mechanical equilibrium reached. For higher flexion angles the results are satisfying and promising, showing clear ways to improve the models
Yuan, Quan. "Modélisation d’anévrisme intracrânien." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2402/document.
Full textIntracranial aneurysms are a hazard to human health because of their high rupture rate and fatal subsequence, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage. In order to carry out a hemodynamic research in vitro on the intracranial aneurysm, a phantom is indispensable. Until now, rigid or simplified phantoms are mainly used in the literature, few among them possess sufficient properties compared with reality. The work of this thesis focuses on the methodology of manufacturing patient-specific phantoms of intracranial aneurysms as well as their implementation for different uses. The phantoms have an anatomical shape of patient’s artery and an elastic wall. They are manufactured by applying an original rapid prototyping technique. The phantoms are examined and verified in different ways. In order to perform a hemodynamic research of the phantoms, a testing platform compatible with different imaging modalities has been designed and established. 2D phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography was applied in the hemodynamic study of the phantoms. The dynamic behavior of the artery wall, the 3D path-line of flow and the velocity field of flow were analyzed. The potential application in the clinical domain of the patient-specific phantoms was also tested in this thesis, simulations of intervention on intracranial aneurysms were carried out with the testing platform and the phantoms, the results of different treatment strategies were analyzed and compared
Fafard-Couture, Laurent. "Développement et caractérisation de A14-Cy5-ACCUM, un nouvel immunoconjugué fluorescent ciblant un marqueur moléculaire spécifique au cancer de la vessie infiltrant pour la cystoscopie guidée par fluorescence." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11084.
Full textAbstract: Bladder cancer is a frequent and extremely costly cancer when evaluated on a per-patient basis because of its high recurrence rate and patients undergoing complex medical procedures. It is of utmost importance to better identify the aggressiveness of this cancer at initial diagnosis. The standard procedure for bladder cancer detection is still white-light guided cystoscopy, which relies mostly on physicians experience in regard to identifying invasive malignancies. This memoir proposes the use of a new fluorescent immunoconjugate, targeting the alpha subunit of interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5R[apha]), a new biomarker specific to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) cells for fluorescence-guided cystoscopy. To do so, a conjugation protocol to fluorescently label a monoclonal antibody with cyanine-5 fluorophores has been developped. Then, a conjugation protocol to attach Cell Accumulator (ACCUM) peptides to this fluorescent immunoconjugate (A14-Cy5-ACCUM) has been optimized. Moreover, the ability of A14-Cy5-ACCUM to stain MIBC cell line HT1376 has been tested. Most importantly, a novel orthotpic rat model of human MIBC for the future preclinical validation of fluorescence-guided cystoscopy in rat bladder has been developped. Finally, a new bladder cancer tissue repository at the CHUS has been established. This repository contains a total of 111 plasma and urine patient samples that will be helpful to evaluate if interleukin-5 blood levels could be used as a prognosis marker for bladder cancer progression. This project laid the basis for the potential evaluation of fluorescence-guided cystoscopy during initial diagnosis of bladder cancer patients to improve their disease-free and long-term survival.
Papageorgakis, Christos. "Modèles de conductivité patient-spécifiques : caractérisation de l’os du crâne." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4137.
Full textOne of the major issues related to electroencephalography (EEG) is to localize where in the brain signals are generated, this is so called inverse problem of source localization. The quality of the source localization depends on the accuracy of the geometry and the electrical conductivity model used to solve the problem. Among the head tissues, the skull conductivity is the one that influences most the accuracy of the source localization, due to its low value. Moreover, the human skull is a bony tissue consisting of compact and spongy bone layers, whose thickness vary across the skull. As the skull tissue composition has strong inter-individual variability both in terms of geometry and of individual conductivity, conductivity estimation techniques are required in order to determine the unknown skull conductivity. The aim of this thesis is to reduce the uncertainty on the skull conductivity both in spherical and realistic head geometries in order to increase the quality of the inverse source localization problem. Therefore, conductivity estimation is first performed on a 3-layered spherical head model. Existence, uniqueness and stability of the conductivity in the intermediate skull layer are discussed, together with a constructive recovery scheme. Then a simulation study is performed comparing two realistic head models, a bulk model where the skull is modelled as a single compartment and a detailed one accounting for the compact and spongy bone layers, in order to determine the importance of the internal skull structure for conductivity estimation in EEG
Pozin, Nicolas. "Multiscale lung ventilation modeling in health and disease." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066581/document.
Full textThe lungs contain a tree through which the air flows. It supplies a porous region, the parenchyma, where gas exchanges with blood take place. Some pathologies affect the tree structure or the parenchyma integrity. They can induce ventilation defects or increased respiratory efforts. In vivo-studies are complex and mathematical modeling can provide some insights on the lung behavior, the pathologies’ impacts or the efficiency of treatments.In the first part of this thesis, we propose a ventilation model of the lung based on a mechanical description. A 0D tree is strongly coupled to a 3D parenchyma model. We show the influence of chosen boundary conditions as well as tree or parenchyma alterations on the ventilation distribution. Results are compared with those provided by a simpler model, often used in the literature.In a second part, we use the tree-parenchyma coupled model to investigate how breathing gas mixtures less dense than air would potentially reduce efforts and ensure a better ventilation. To that end, we build an asthmatic tree model.In the next part, we develop an approach to get insights on severe constrictions distribution based on the analysis of dynamic lung ventilation images. To do so, the coupled ventilation model is used along with a machine learning technique.Finally, two prospective works are presented. First, we propose extensions to the ventilation models introduced in the first part as a step towards spriometry modeling. The last study is part of a global perspective that aims at getting insights on the lung geometry based on simple measurements on the patient’s body
Morales, Delphine. "Modèles 3D de mélanome métastatique pour l’évaluation in vitro de l’efficacité de molécules de thérapies ciblées." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2498.
Full textMelanoma cell sensitivity to targeted therapy molecules is dependent on the tumor microenvironment (cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions). Three dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture systems better reflect the native structural architecture of tissues and are attractive to investigate cellular interactions. We have developed and compared several metastatic melanoma models: melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-3, BRAF V600E mutant and SK-MEL-2 BRAF wt) cultured as a monolayer (2D) and co-cultured on 3D dermal equivalents with fibroblasts to better unravel factors modulating cell sensitivity to a BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi, Vemurafenib) and a BRAFi combined with a MEK inhibitor (MEKi, Cobimetinib). Cell sensitivity to treatments was evaluated under various aspects: cell proliferation (cell counting, EdU incorporation, MTS assay), MAPK and PKB/Akt signaling pathway analysis (Western-blotting), apoptosis (TUNEL), cytokine and growth factor release (ELISA) and histology (3D models). A cytostatic effect of BRAFi was observed on SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-3 cells in both models. SK-MEL-2 cell line was clearly resistant to BRAFi when cultured as a monolayer but not when co-cultured with 3D fibroblasts embedded in a type I collagen matrix. Conditioned media provided by 3D fibroblasts (dermal equivalents) underlined 2D SK-MEL-2 sensitivity to BRAFi. Cell culture supernatant analysis revealed that dermal equivalents released some soluble factors (IL-6, IL-8, HGF, TGF-β): these secretions were modified during vemurafenib treatment. The combination of treatment with MEKi enhances the action of Vemurafenib on metastatic melanoma cells while decreasing the proliferation capacity of fibroblasts. Cell populations containing melanoma cells or fibroblasts associated with cancer (CAFs) were isolated from a cutaneous metastasis biopsy of a patient with metastatic melanoma. These cells allowed the realization of patient-specific models of metastatic melanoma in order to study in vitro the sensitivity of the patient’s melanoma cells to treatments in a tumor microenvironment (paracrine secretion of stromal cells and collagen matrix). These 3D predictive patient-specific models could be used to determine personalized therapy strategies, as well as to understand the resistance phenomena of melanoma cells to treatments
Bijar, Ahmad. "Recalages non-linéaires pour la génération automatique de modèles biomécaniques patients-spécifiques à partir d'imagerie médicale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS010.
Full textDuring the last years, there has been considerable interest in using computer-aided medical design, diagnosis, and decision-making techniques that are rapidly entering the treatment mainstreams. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of 3D models is one of the most popular and efficient numerical methods that can be utilized for solving complex problems like deformation of soft tissues or orthopedic implant designs/configurations. However, the accuracy of solutions highly depends upon the quality and accuracy of designed Finite Element Meshes (FEMs). The generation of such high-quality subject/patient-specific meshes can be extremely time consuming and labor intensive as the process includes geometry extraction of the target organ and meshing algorithms. In clinical applications where the patient specifiity has to be taken into account via the generation of adapted meshes these problems become methodological bottlenecks. In this context, various studies have addressed these challenges by bypassing the meshing phase by employing atlas-based frameworks using the deformation of an atlas FE mesh. However, these methods still rely on the geometrical description of the target organ, such as contours, 3D surface models, or a set of land-marks.In this context, the aim of this thesis is to investigate how registration techniques can overcome these bottlenecks of atlas-based approaches.We first propose an automatic atlas-based method that includes the volumetric anatomical image registration and the morphing of an atlas FE mesh. The method extracts a 3D transformation by registering the atlas' volumetric image to the subject's one. The subject-specific mesh is then generated by deforming a high-quality atlas FE mesh using the derived transformation. The registration process is designed is such a way to preserve the regularity and the quality of meshes for subsequent FEAs. A first step towards the evaluation of our approach, namely the accuracy of the inter-subject registration process, is provided using a data set of CT ribcage. Then, subject-specific tongue meshes are generated for two healthy subjects and two patients suffering from tongue cancer, in pre- and post-surgery conditions. In order to illustrate a tentative fully automatic process compatible with the clinical constraints, some functional consequences of a tongue surgery are simulated for one of the patients, where the removal of the tumor and the replacement of the corresponding tissues with a passive flap are modeled. With the extraction of any formal priorknowledge on the shape of the target organ and any meshing algorithm, high-quality subject-specific FE meshes are generated while subject’s geometrical properties are successfully captured.Following this method, we develop an original atlas-based approach that employs the information provided by the anatomical images and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based muscle fibers for the recognition and registration of fiber-bundles that can be integrated in the subject-specific FE meshes. In contrast to the DT MR images registration techniques that include reorientation of tensors within or after the transformation estimation, our methodology avoids this issue and directly aligns fiber-bundles. This also enables one to handel limited or distorted DTIs by deformation of an atlas fibers’ structure according to the most reliable and non-distorted subject’s ones. Such a manner becomes very important, since the classification and the determination of muscular sub-structures need manual intervention of thousands or millions of fibers for each subject, which are influenced by the limitations associated with the DTI image acquisition process and fiber tractography techniques. To evaluate the performance of our method in the recognition of subject’s fiber-bundles and accordingly in the deformation of the atlas ones, a simulated data set is utilized. In addition, feasibility of our method is demonstrated on acquired human tongue data set
Villar, Emmanuel. "Apports des méthodes récentes de modélisation de survie dans le contexte spécifique des patients dialysés." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00160433.
Full textVillar, Emmanuel. "Apport des méthodes récentes de modélisation de survie dans le contexte spécifique des patients dialysés." Lyon 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/04/33/PDF/theseEVillar.pdf.
Full textModelling the effect of dialysis modality on the survival of end-stage renal disease patients remains a controversial issue. We showed that this effect varied with time after first dialysis, that adjustment for the variable “end-stage renal disease rapidly progressive (<6 months)” partly accounted for the association of peritoneal dialysis with better survival during the first year of dialysis, that adjustment for the variable “registration on renal transplantation waiting list” partly accounted for the association of hemodialysis with better survival after the first year after first dialysis. Sub-group analysis showed interactions between age, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and dialysis modality on survival outcome. Censoring for dialysis modality switches or renal transplantation, use of propensity score method or relative survival model did not change these results
Ibanez, Christine. "Le consentement éclairé dans les essais thérapeutiques : problèmes spécifiques chez le sujet âgé." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2M062.
Full textLeszczynski, Aleksander. "Modélisation de l'arthrodèse thoraco-lombaire avec fixation pelvienne dans les déformations du rachis." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD041.
Full textDegenerative scoliosis and sagittal imbalance are common problems in the older population. In order to improve the quality of life, some patients are recommended to undergo surgical correction. Surgical correction of the sagittal balance can lead to various complications, including rod fractures, which play a central role in the long term. Patient follow-up studies have shown that a rupture of the osteosynthesis material is observed in about 20% of patients. The main focus of the curent work was the development of a complete finite element model (FEM) of the healthy spine. The geometry of the FEM was based on a CT-scan of a healthy 47-year-old volunteer. Mechanical properties were taken from a wide literature review and implemented. In order to ensure the biofidelity, the spinal FEM was widely validated in terms of range of motion (ROM) and modal analysis against multiple experimental studies from the literature. For the study of osteosynthesis material, four instrumented FEMs of the lumbar spine with different configurations were proposed. For the first time, a validation was performed on instrumented flexible spine FEMs against ROM as well as strains in the main rods. In addition, other mechanical parameters such as intradiscale pressure, forces in the screw heads and the distribution of Von Mises stresses in the main rods were calculated to evaluate the studied instrumented configurations. Outcome of the present study of the four instrumented lumbar FEMs in four loading modes (extension flexion, lateral inflection and torsion) indicated that the maximum Von Mises stress (located in the main rods) is correlated with the area of rod fractures reported in patient follow up studies. However, the bi-lateral double rod configuration with interbody cages produced the higher Von Mises stress reduction on spinal fixators which represents a minimal risk of rod failure. A complementary study was also carried out to investigate the FEM of an instrumented spine from T10 to the pelvis. The results showed that an extension of the instrumentation thoracic part, the numerically obtained values were more critical than during an instrumentation of the lumbar part alone, especially in terms of maximum stresses calculated in the principal rods. The developed spinal FEM can be an effective and efficient tool to evaluate other surgical instrumentation techniques using the finite element method
Gautier, Nicolas. "Contribution de la vaccination spécifique chez les patients atteints d'hépatite virale B chronique active : à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M164.
Full textClairet, Anne-Laure. "Gestion des risques médicamenteux dans des contextes spécifiques : typologie et épidémiologie." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCE020.
Full textThe medical management of a patient is a multidisciplinary process consisting of several stages: prescription, dispensation, administration. Securing the medical management of a patient is essential to control the iatrogenic risk. In France, for all causes, nearly 6.2 serious adverse events occur per 1000 days of hospitalization (9.2 in surgery and 4.7 in medicine), or about one serious adverse event every five days in a hospital ward with 30 beds. Medication errors would be estimated at nearly 60,000 to 130,000 per year, nearly half of which would be preventable.Clinical pharmacy is a health discipline focused on the patient whose exercise aims to optimize the therapeutic management at each stage of the care pathway. For this, clinical pharmacy acts contribute to the security, relevance and efficiency of the use of health products.The objectives of this thesis are to describe the pharmacist's role in the prevention and management of medication errors through the example of two unique care pathways and the management of a patient in a particular care context:- the care pathway of the patient initiating oral anticancer treatment;- the path of care of the elderly subject:o the role of the hospital pharmacist in the care and continuity of the elderly patient's care during acute hospitalization in a geriatric ward;o the training of community pharmacists in the preparation of outpatient medication reports and feedback on their implementation;- the hospitalization of a patient in intensive care unit.This work allows the synthesis of 3 examples related to the complexity of the care of the patients within the care pathways or in particular care contexts:- Acute management of a patient with chronic illness in a medical resuscitation department;- Chronic management of a medical oncology patient during the initiation of oral anticancer treatment;- The hospital and outpatient care of a polyp old patient.Drug risks differ according the type of treatment. Thus, the main risk identified during a first prescription of an oral anticancer drug is the self-medication of the patient. In intensive care, the pharmacist must be expert in order to be able to answer certain problems not seen in other conventional wards. New missions are entrusted to community pharmacists, especially in the care of the elderly.Faced with these new missions of the pharmacist and in view of the expertise required of a pharmacist in specialized care services (oncology, Intensive care unit for example), it is necessary to evolve some university education
Psomiades, Marion. "Altérations cérébrales structurales et fonctionnelles spécifiques des hallucinations auditives résistantes chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1218.
Full textAuditory hallucinations (AH) are present in 70% to 80% of patients with schizophrenia and are resistant to pharmacological treatments in 25% of cases. These symptoms induce significant distress in patients and predict a bad prognosis. In this work we have highlighted cerebral alterations specific to AH in patients suffer from schizophrenia. In a first study, using DTI method, we showed that patients with schizophrenia and AH have an arcuate fasciculus integrity, reflected by the measurement of fractional anisotropy (FA) greater than the one measured in patients with schizophrenia without AH. In a second study, using MRS method, we showed an increase of NAA level measured in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the right hemisphere in patients with schizophrenia and AH compared to the DLPFC in the left hemisphere and compared to patients with schizophrenia and without AH. Moreover, in these two studies we showed an association between AH severity and the arcuate fasciculus integrity in the left hemisphere and an association between AH severity and NAA levels in the right DLPFC. Finally, in our last study, we quantified BDNF levels using ELISA method and showed an association between peripheral BDNF level, a marker of neuronal plasticity, and NAA levels in the right DLPFC, marker of neuronal metabolism, in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. These results show that there is a specific pathophysiology of AH in patients with schizophrenia and highlight the importance of stratifying patients on the basis of their predominant symptoms in future pathophysiological studies of schizophrenia
Tout, Hélène. "Interactions de la protéase spécifique et d'anticorps developpés chez des patients atteints de maladie de Willebrand sévère avec le facteur Willebrand." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA11T020.
Full textVon Willebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric glycoprotein playing a major role in platelet adhesion and aggregation. The highest molecular weight (HMW)multimers are the most efficient in haemostasis. Ln vivo, the size of the circulating multimers is physiologically regulated by a specifie protease (VWFCP). Von Wilebrand disease (VWD), the most common bleeding disorder, is characterized by a partial (type 1) or total (type 3) lack of VWF or by its qualitative (type 2) abnormality. This study was performed to better understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with VWD. The first part concerns the characterization of anti-VWF antibodies (Ab) developed in polytransfused patients with type 3 VWD. Our data showed that ali Ab were lgG. They preferably recognized the N-terminal region of VWF. They were distinct in their functional properties. The second part investigates the proteolytic susceptibility to VWFCP of recombinant VWF (rVWF) with mutations responsible for various patients' type 2 VWD. This stùdy used an original method developed for measuring VWFCP activity. Our results showed that in low ionie strength buffer almost ali mutations led to an increasing rate of proteolysis demonstrating that mutations modified the tertiary structure of VWF. Lncreasing the salt concentration at physiologie level led to a significant slowing down of all hydrolysis. Sensitivities of mutated rVWFfitted with characteristics of the corresponding patients' VWF. A gain of stability to VWFCP was observed in type 2M, 2A-Iike and Vicenza rVWF, which raised to that of wild type (WT)rVWF. This result was in agreement with the normal multimeric pattern of the plasma VWF from patients. Type 2A mutants still exhibited a much faster degradation, which corresponded to the lack of large circulating molecular forms in plasma. Type 28 rVWF had a stability intermediate between type 2A and WT rVWF. Thus, we concluded that the loss of HMW multimers in type 28 VWD could be due to either platelets' adsorption or higher proteolysis of VWF
Claireaux, Mathieu. "Analyses phénotypique et fonctionnelle des cellules T CD4+ spécifiques du VIH chez les patients contrôlant spontanément l’infection à VIH." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC264/document.
Full textHIV Controllers are rare individuals able to spontaneously control viral replication in the absence of treatment. Several studies showed that controllers develop effective anti-viral T cell responses. Gag-specific CD4+ T cells could play a particular role in HIV control, because this population is preserved in comparison with the treated patients and correlates negatively with the viral load. In order to study this population, we performed a multiplexed single cell transcriptional and protein analysis from CD4+ T cells detected ex vivo by MHC-II tetramer labeling against the Gag293 peptide (Tet+). We compared the expression of 44 genes and 6 surface proteins in 9 Controllers patients and 9 treated patients. Firstly, we validated the high frequency of Tet+ CD4+ T cells in controllers compared to the treated patients, then we showed that Tet+ CD4+ T cells from controllers were activated and engaged in advanced Th1 differentiation with a cytotoxic profile. In addition, Tet+ CD4+ T cells from controllers showed a limited state of exhaustion, reflected by a lower expression of PD-1, which could be one of the reasons for maintaining their frequency and functions. In a second study, we studied follicular helper T cells (Tfh) among the Gag-specific CD4+ T cell population of HIV controllers. Tfh plays an essential role in the affinity maturation of the antibody response by providing help to B cells. To determine whether this CD4+ T cell subset may contribute to the spontaneous control of HIV infection, we analyzed the phenotype and function of circulating Tfh (cTfh: T cells CD4+ CD45RA- CXCR5+). We performed a MHC-II tetramer labeling against Gag293 peptide to detect HIV-specific cTfh (cTfh Tet +), and showed that this population is preferentially maintained in HIV controllers. Phenotypic analysis of Tet+ cTfh population showed a higher intensity of PD-1 expression (MFI) in the treated group suggesting abnormal immune activation in these patients. The function of cTfh, analyzed by the capacity to promote IgG secretion in cocultures with autologous memory B cells, did not show major differences between groups in terms of total IgG production. However, the production of HIV-specific IgG is significantly more efficient in the controller group, especially for the anti-Env response that is more than 30-fold greater than those of the treated patients. Finally, the frequency of Tet+ cTfh correlated positively with the production of specific IgG, supporting the idea of an important role of Tfh function in the humoral antiHIV response. Taken together, these results indicate that Gag-specific CD4+ T cell population supports the two arms of the antiviral immune response in HIV controllers: the cell-mediated response through a preferential differentiation toward Th1 cell type showing a cytotoxic profile, and the humoral response, reflected by preserved cTfh / B interactions, resulting in a vigorous memory response. Maintaining the function and frequency of these Gag-specific CD4+ T cells could therefore play an important role in HIV control
Gaillard, Annie. "Comparaison du dosage des IgE totales et spécifiques chez les bronchitiques chroniques et les patients atteints de néoplasie pulmonaire." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11272.
Full textKopf, Heidrun. "Application à la gestion du stress d'une pychothérapie cognitive et comportementale : mise au point d'un programme spécifique destiné aux patients cardio-vasculaires." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA1024.
Full textBilhaut, Agathe. "Stratégies perceptive-motrices durant la locomotion des patients atteints d'une lombalgie chronique non-spécifique : vers de nouvelles méthodes d'analyse et de suivi." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 2, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REN20004.
Full textChronic non-specific low back pain (cNSLBP) has been identified as one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. It is mainly assessed using scales or questionnaires, reporting the influence of cognitive, emotional and be- havioural factors. However, few studies have assessed it in everyday situations, such as passing through a doorway or avoiding a pedestrian in the path. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of cNSLBP in locomotion paradigms interacting with the environment, involving situational and social factors, in order to propose new methods for analysing and follow-up patients. cNSLBP participants were compared to asymptomatic adult (AA) in 3 goal-directed walking tasks: 1) a task of passing through different widths of apertures where cNSLBP participants stopped turning their shoulders for a narrower opening than AA, 2) a task involving situational (wide or narrow aperture) and social factors (experimenter in the middle of the two apertures) where cNSLBP participants modified their decision to pass through an aperture according to the situational factors, and 3) a pedestrian crossing task where cNSLBP participants seemed to perceive the interaction conditions well (threshold for triggering an adaptation and crossing distance) but contributed differently. In conclusion, cNSLBP seems to affect the decisions of participants using perceptual-motor strategies based on the situational context rather than the social context
Beauger, Davy. "Le retransqol : une échelle de mesure de la qualité de vie spécifique aux patients porteurs d'un greffon rénal fonctionnel. : Développement, adaptation et application." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5057.
Full textThe inclusion of the concept of quality of life (QOL) is indicative of a profound change in the way of practicing medicine, particularly in the field of nephrology for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Given the prevalence, incidence and mortality of this disease in France, it seemed important, even essential, to measure properly, appropriately and consistently, the QOL of patients with ESRD. Health related quality of life (HRQOL) is therefore an important indicator of results to evaluate the consequences of this disease, the effect of medical procedures, treatment effects, or the impact of health policies.In 2007, after a study of literature concerning the assessment of QOL's scales of patients with ESRD, it was revealed a certain lack, quantitative or qualitative, of specific questionnaires for measuring QOL for ESRD patients validated in French, especially for patients with a functioning kidney transplant.In 2008, a specific scale has been developed and validated to measure the QOL of renal transplant recipients: the ReTransQol (Renal Transplant Quality of life questionnaire). After 5 years of use and application of ReTransQol in different national studies, this tool has been improved and a new version was created: the ReTransQol V2 (or RTQ V2). After lots of analysis, this scale has currently good psychometric properties and has been validated in various populations. The RTQ V2 is also used in international studies (Brazil, Germany, Canada ...), and a cross-cultural validation of the scale is planned.The ReTransQol V2 is a specific tool to assess the HRQOL and is suitable for a routine use among renal transplant recipients
Gouteron, Anais. "Phénomène de flexion-relaxation chez les patients lombalgiques chroniques non spécifiques : caractérisation psychométrique et relations avec les paramètres cinématiques du tronc." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9ffb0e88-0ad5-482a-b2b6-22cc8c9310e8.
Full textChronic low back pain (CLBP) is a very common disease in the general population, and 85% of patients with CLBP have no underlying etiology. Source of disability, non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) requires many care resources for its management and is responsible for considerable costs for our current healthcare system. Many parameters have been used to explore NSCLBP and better understand its pathophysiology. Among the most robust parameters, flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FRP) parameters stand out. These explore the relaxation of the paraspinal muscles during full trunk flexion. This muscular relaxation has been found to be absent in some NSCLBP patients, defining the FRP as altered. Before being fully recognized as "biomarkers", these parameters require in-depth validation of their psychometric properties and exploration of the mechanisms underlying altered FRP. In this thesis, we aimed to validate some of the FRP's psychometric properties, and to explore the links between the FRP and kinematic parameters of different spinal segments. The results of this entire doctoral work confirmed certain psychometric properties of altered FRP parameters. Specifically, the flexion relaxation ratio (FRR) has been shown to be reliable, sensitive, and specific to the alteration of FRP in NSCLBP patients. Its alteration is associated with upper lumbar segment kinematics and inclination between upper and lower lumbar segments. These parameters helped refine the characteristics of the subpopulation of NSCLBP patients with altered FRP. Further studies exploring the links of altered FRP, especially its synergy with other muscles involved during trunk flexion, remain to be explored. Such further studies would, in particular, provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this NSCLBP subpopulation with altered FRP
Casta, Christopher. "Estimation 3D conjointe forme/structure/mouvement dans des séquences dynamiques d'images : Application à l'obtention de modèles cardiaques patients spécifiques anatomiques et fonctionnels." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835830.
Full textLagarde, Cécile. "Résidents et personnel en établissement d'hébergement pour personnes agées dépendantes (EHPAD) : création ou recréation de liens spécifiques en milieu rural." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCH022.
Full textThis thesis studies the specific relationship that develops between the staff, the residents and their family and friends in retirement homes for dependents elderly in a rural environment.The aim is to analyse the creation process by the actors to go from an acquaintanceship network to an interdependence network and how each adapts, reorganise, more or less, among facilities where the legislator codified strongly the relational framework.The arrival to a retirement home marks, in all cases, a strong biographical break. For a little of people, it means having to accept abandoning a significant part of their past life. It forces the residents to (re)build themselves a new identity, a new status as an elderly person, dependant and living in a facility which, often, was already part of the same the relationship network.This study uses methods specific to ethnography to bring forth results of a monographic type. It relies, especially, on the collection of semi-directed interviews to apprehend the expression of the different actors relative to the way they perceive this atypical situation. The observation period (at the entrance, after six months and after 1 year of presence for the residents) allow the repositioning of the collected stories in the different times and spaces of the facility and the example village.The study aims to offer a new take on the different forms of memberships in rural areas and thus, of the creation process used to try to build (or rebuild) and maintain sufficiently satisfying social relations for each
Simon, Sylvain. "Régulation de l'expression de PD-1 sur des lymphocytes T spécifiques de mélanome et suivi immunologique de patients traités par immunothérapie anti-PD-1." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1024/document.
Full textWhile having considerably modified melanoma-patients’ management, a large fraction of patients remains refractory to the immunotherapies targeting PD-1 axis. The understanding of immunological mechanisms involved in clinical efficacy or tumor resistance is crucial to further improve therapeutic efficiency. PD-1 has been largely documented as a major regulator of anti-tumor T cell responses, but it also identifies melanoma-reactive T lymphocytes. We have demonstrated that PD-1 positive melanoma-specific T cell clones exhibit higher functional avidity than T cell clones unable to induce PD-1 through epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, the in vitro PD-1 blockade during the generation of melanoma-specific T cells for adoptive cell transfer allows the production of T effectors with optimized functions.The immune follow-up of anti-PD-1 treated melanoma patients demonstrated substantial changes, in all patients, within the Melan-A specific T cell repertoire. We observed the emergence of high functional avidity clonotypes’ exhibiting PD-1 and TIGIT co-expression in responding patients.These studies demonstrated that PD-1 is associated with melanoma-specific T cells functional avidity. In addition, therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatments is correlated to that property as it allows the emergence of clonotypes exhibiting high functional avidity and reactivity to tumor cells. These T lymphocytes co-express PD-1 and TIGIT, which could therefore represent suitable targets for further combined therapies
Tongiani, Stefania. "Etude de la population lymphocytaire de patients atteints d'hépatite virale C chronique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10049.
Full textOur study was the evaluation of the lymphocytes T will intra hepatic (UH) specific or no of the virus ofhepatitis C (YHC) obtained starting from the hepatic biopsies of the patients infected bychronic hepatitis C (HCC). Considering the number of the UH extracted from an insufficient biopsyto allow a functional analysis, we set up an experimental protocol which does not imply any specific antigenic stimulation. The diversity ofT cell receptor(TCR) was studied by molecular analysis of area COR3 with the technique of analysis by RT-PCR and immunotluorescence for the receptor Y beta. Ooes not exist a preferential expansion of a population Yb respect with un' other among the 24 families Yb studitrl. The study shows that the answer will intra hepatic during the infection is poly clonally. The use of the technique of the tetramers classifies 1 tluorescent CMH class 1 charged with peptides YHC (core 35, NS3, NS5), us made it possible to evaluate in cytometry of tlow the frequency of a population of specific L T COS Chronic stimulation can coat the expression on cells L T C08+ of the inhibiting receivers NKRs (natural killer) likely is functions effector that inhibiting the expression of KIRs misses on the virgin cells, but is expressed on the cells memory controlling theeffectors functions negatively, while the hétero dimer inhibiting C094/NKG2A is expressedon the cells effector/memory and depends on the TCR distribution L T C08 expressing NKG2A (receptor ofmolecules HLA-E) and molecules of the group KIR (CD I58a and b) which bind molecules HLA-C. We observed a positive correlation between the frequency intra- hepatic of cells TC08+ expressing NKG2A and the degree of severity of the lesions
Touzé, Emmanuel. "Optimisation de la prévention secondaire après un accident vasculaire cérébral : Recherche des déterminants de sa mise en oeuvre et identification des patients nécessitant des mesures spécifiques." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05S012.
Full textStroke secondary prevention could be improved in practice. We conducted several studies in order to identify factors which could influence its application and to identify patients who could require specific strategies, such as prevention of myocardial infarction (Ml). We found that attitude of physicians towards guidelines cannot confidently be measured, carotid endarterectomy is associated a higher use of antiplatelet agents and statins, and lack of initiation or reinforcement of appropriate treatments (i. E. Therapeutic inertia) is a major determinant for lack of control of blood pressure and cholesterol after stroke. The annual risk of Ml is relatively high after stroke at about 2% and patients with bilateral carotid disease are more likely to have a history of Ml and to die from coronary artery disease than those with unilateral disease. These results could help to improve the efficacy of stroke secondary prevention in practice
Luce, Sandrine. "Caractérisation des cellules T CD8+ restreintes pour la molécule HLA-A*0201 et spécifiques de la préproinsuline chez les patients atteints de diabète de type 1." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T017.
Full textType 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial disease in which environmental factors, with a highly multigenic susceptibility background, allow failure of immune tolerance to b-cells to develop. It is characterized by the progressive infiltration of pancreatic islets (insulitis) that leads to β-cell destruction and detection of T-cells recognizing β-cell autoantigens through a restricted-set of class I and II HLA molecules that are present on HLA haplotypes associated to T1D. Insulin and its precursor preproinsulin (PPI) are the main autoantigens implicated in pathophysiology of T1D. This phD project is about: 1) characterization of human PPI specific CD8+ T lymphocytes responses on T1D patients. 2) establishment of transgenic humanized mice for HLA-A*0201, HLA-DQ8 and human PPI to develop a new model of human autoimmune diabetes
Potheegadoo, Jevita. "Les caractéristiques subjectives du rappel des souvenirs autobiographiques chez les patients schizophrènes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ016/document.
Full textPatients with schizophrenia suffer from severe autobiographical memory deficits. These have a significant impact on patients’ personal identity and functional status in daily life. Through three studies, we showed that all the subjective characteristics of autobiographical recall are impaired in patients with schizophrenia (distorted perception of subjective time, memory recall less associated with Field visual perspective). The impairment of these subjective aspects of autobiographical recall was linked to the lack of specificity of memories and low level of details in patients’ memories. It is these details which allow vivid memory recall. Hence, we tested the effectiveness of a method which showed that deficits in the strategic retrieval of memory details could be remediated. Patients are able to improve the recall of their memory details when given the necessary means to do so. A cognitive remediation therapy, based on this method, could be set up with patients with schizophrenia
Wu, Xianglei. "Évaluation concomitante des signatures fonctionnelles des réponses lymphocytaires T spécifiques des Antigènes Associés aux Tumeurs et des Cellules Tumorales Circulantes : Impact sur le pronostic des patients atteints de carcinome épidermoïde des voies aéro-digestives supérieures." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0037/document.
Full textWe have evaluated herein two important parameters in the immunomonitoring of cancer patients: circulating tumor cells (CTC) as an indicator of “tumoral antigenic load” and tumor-associated antigens (TAA) specific T-cells. We firstly evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic value of CTC in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) by a systematic review and meta-analysis. We came to the conclusion that current evidence identifies the CTC detection test as an extremely specific but low sensitive test in HNSCC. In addition, the presence of CTC indicates a worse disease-free disease (DFS). Also, we report for the first time a rare case of extremely high enumeration of circulating tumor cells detected in a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity using the CellSearch® system. The absolute number of CTC could therefore predict a particular phase of cancer development as well as a poor survival, potentially contributing to personalized health. In addition, we describe an adaptation of the CellSearch® method that we have developed for detecting tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with carcinomatous meningitis. This new approach reaches a significantly improved sensitivity compared to conventional cytology. CellSearch® technology, applied to limited sample volumes and allowing an increased pre-analytical time, may be of great interest in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases in patients with epithelial cancer. By a concomitant evaluation of CTC and TAA-specific lymphocyte responses in 24 HNSCC patients, we describe that CTC could be an independent indicator of immunogenic tumor burden. The absence of CTC, the presence of TAA-specific T-cells, or the combination of these, were all parameters showing a trend for a better overall survival or DFS. The amplitude and functional signatures of TAA-specific T-lymphocytes in patients with HNSCC were associated with the presence of CTC. These results suggest that a concomitant evaluation of these two parameters may be more pertinent for prognosis assessment as well as for treatment impact, especially in “checkpoint-inhibitors” new immunotherapies
Offerlin, Isabelle. "Handicap psychique et schizophrénie : évaluation et remédiation cognitives des troubles mnésiques impliqués dans les difficultés de la vie quotidienne et/ou professionnelle des patients." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811940.
Full textVallar, Laurent. "Développement et validation in vitro d'une procédure d'immunoépuration destinée à l'élimination spécifique de la bêta-2 microglobuline à partir de sang total chez les patients insuffisants rénaux chroniques dialysés : une approche thérapeutique potentielle pour prévenir et traiter l'amyloïdose associée à la dialyse périodique." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN19002.
Full textRose-Dulcina, Kevin. "Caractérisation de l'asymétrie neuromusculaire des personnes souffrant de lombalgie chronique non-spécifique dentifying Subgroups of Patients With Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain Based on a Multifactorial Approach: Protocol For a Prospective Study Flexion-relaxation ratio asymmetry and its relation with trunk lateral ROM in individuals with and without chronic nonspecific low back pain Asymmetry of lumbar muscles fatigability with non-specific chronic low back pain patients." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS044.
Full textLow back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide since 1990. Its chronic form (lasting longer than 3 months) affects 10 to 15% of cases and represents 70 to 90% of the total cost of low back pain. Most LBP is classified as non-specific because the pain’s source cannot be precisely established in 85%–90% of cases. The need to identify subgroups of nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) was highlighted by both clinicians and researchers in order to optimize therapeutic management. In this context, a project of NSCLBP subgroup identification based on a multifactorial approach has been established. Indeed, several factors contribute to the development and the persistence of NSCLBP. Alterations in the activity of the lumbar muscles have been suggested as one of these contributing factors. This doctoral work has focused on these alterations and represent a part of the subgroup identification project.Literature reported various alterations in the lumbar muscles activity of the NSCLBP patients during several tasks. Among these alterations, neuromuscular asymmetry between the left and right side was reported to influence muscle recruitment, rehabilitation and persistence of pain. These elements make neuromuscular asymmetry an important factor in understanding the pathophysiology of NSCLBP. However, few studies have investigated right / left asymmetry of lumbar muscle activity during functional tasks of the daily life. Studying this asymmetry would allow a better understanding of the pathophysiology of NSCLBP.This doctoral work aimed to characterise the neuromuscular asymmetry of NSCLBP patients in comparison with asymptomatic participants. To achieve this objective, several complementary studies were successively conducted.As a whole, this doctoral work highlights a global alteration of the activity of the lumbar muscles in NSCLBP patients during the four motor tasks studied. Most of these alterations aimed to enhance the stability of the spine but lead to potential long-term consequences. Neuromuscular asymmetry is one of these alterations but seems to be present only during maximal trunk forward bending. Considering the clustering project is mainly based on the alterations observed in the NSCLBP population, the integration of the asymmetry of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon may represent an interesting parameter in the process of identification of the subgroups. It would also be useful to extend the analysis to the abdominal and pelvis muscles as well as to evaluate the influence of the psychological parameters for a deeper understanding of these results