Academic literature on the topic 'Specific surface area packing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Specific surface area packing"
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B, Narandalai, W. G. Shim, M. S. Balathanigaimani, and H. Moon. "Influence of compressing pressure on macro void formation of carbon monolith for methane adsorption." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 44 (February 13, 2018): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v18i44.934.
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Carbon monoliths for adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage were prepared from Mongolian anthracite-based activated carbons using carboxy-methyl cellulose as a binder under different compressing pressures. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments were carried out to obtain the specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution of the monoliths. Methane adsorption experiments on the carbon monoliths were conducted at different temperatures and pressures up to around 3.5 MPa in a high pressure volumetric adsorption apparatus. As expected, adsorption results indicated that the methane adsorption capacity of the carbon monoliths increased with increasing specific surface area and packing density. The maximum volumetric adsorption of methane was observed as 163 V/V at 293 K and 3.5 MPa on a carbon monolith sample, PMAC1/2-3-65, that does not have the highest specific surface area but relatively high packing density comparing with other monoliths, which implies that two physical properties contribute contradictorily to the methane adsorption capacity. Based on experimental results, the carbon monoliths prepared from Mongolian anthracite-based activated carbons can be promising media for ANG storage application.
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Woudberg, S., J. Van Jaarsveld, and E. Dumont. "Predicting the pressure drop of a biofilter and the specific surface area of the packing material." Powder Technology 342 (January 2019): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.09.059.
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Cimerman, Richard, Mária Cíbiková, Leonid Satrapinskyy, and Karol Hensel. "The Effect of Packing Material Properties on Tars Removal by Plasma Catalysis." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121476.
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Plasma catalysis has been utilized in many environmental applications for removal of various hydrocarbons including tars. The aim of this work was to study the tars removal process by atmospheric pressure DBD non-thermal plasma generated in combination with packing materials of various composition and catalytic activity (TiO2, Pt/γAl2O3, BaTiO3, γAl2O3, ZrO2, glass beads), dielectric constant (5–4000), shape (spherical and cylindrical pellets and beads), size (3–5 mm in diameter, 3–8 mm in length), and specific surface area (37–150 m2/g). Naphthalene was chosen as a model tar compound. The experiments were performed at a temperature of 100 °C and a naphthalene initial concentration of approx. 3000 ppm, i.e., under conditions that are usually less favorable to achieve high removal efficiencies. For a given specific input energy of 320 J/L, naphthalene removal efficiency followed a sequence: TiO2 > Pt/γAl2O3 > ZrO2 > γAl2O3 > glass beads > BaTiO3 > plasma only. The efficiency increased with the increasing specific surface area of a given packing material, while its shape and size were also found to be important. By-products of naphthalene decomposition were analyzed by means of FTIR spectrometry and surface of packing materials by SEM analysis.
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Chen, Zhi Li, Kai Sheng Xiong, Wan Tu Zhang, Wen Biao Wang, Wen Ping Chen, Hua Qiao, Yi Yang, and Wei Ping Gu. "On the Development and Performance Test of Combined Packing Integrated Device for Treating Domestic Sewage Aboard Ships." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 2153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.2153.
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This paper elaborates on the development of elastic combined packing and an integrated device for treating domestic sewage aboard ships, analyzes the growth of combined packing microorganisms, the speed of membrane forming as well as the impact of raw water quality on membrane forming, and conducts a simulation experiment of treating domestic sewage by membrane bio-reactors. Researches show that elastic combined packing features high specific surface area and high speed of membrane forming and that this integrated domestic sewage treatment device performs well and can be widely applied.
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Cambedouzou, Julien, and Olivier Diat. "Measuring the specific surface area of mesoporous silica using x-ray scattering." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314094005.
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The development of porous silica or carbon material with high specific surface area raises a high interest in the field of materials science given their potential interest in a wide range of applications including catalysis, water treatment or drug delivery. Among these mesoporous structures, those consisting of one-dimensional pores aligned along a compact hexagonal packing are of prime importance and can be referred to as "hexagonal mesoporous materials" (HMPM). The most famous silica structures of this kind are MCM-41 and SBA-15. The same symmetry can be found in carbon mesoporous materials, for example in FDU-15 structures. The precise characterization of HMPM is necessary for most of the applications envisioned for these materials (pore size, pore density, specific surface and sometimes thickness of the functionalization layer). Small angle X-ray scattering techniques offer the opportunity to determine the mean structural parameters of HMPM. Although different approaches can be found in the literature in order to numerically reproduce the experimental data obtained on HMPM or hexagonal liquid crystals, when the sample is a powder, fitting the experimental data in absolute scale with numerical models becomes necessary. However, with a large scattering contribution of grain at low q vector as well as short range correlation contribution at large q, the analysis is not so simple. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive study [1] devoted to the quantitative interpretation of small-angle scattering patterns of HMPM in terms of structure and specific surface estimation based on the formalism proposed by Spalla et al. [2]. In the case of two real samples, namely a SBA-15 and a MCM-41 powder, the specific surface area of the mesopores is estimated and is discussed in the light of gas adsorption measurements.
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Potapov, Vadim, Roman Fediuk, and Denis Gorev. "Hydrothermal SiO2 Nanopowders: Obtaining Them and Their Characteristics." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040624.
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The technological mode of obtaining amorphous SiO2 nanopowders based on hydrothermal solutions is proposed in this study. Polycondensation of orthosilicic acid as well as ultrafiltration membrane separation, and cryochemical vacuum sublimation were used. The characteristics of nanopowders were determined by tunneling electron microscopy, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The scheme allows to adjust density, particle diameters of nanopowders, specific surface area, as well as diameters, area and volume of the pore. Thus, the structure of nanopowders is regulated—the volume fraction of the packing of spherical particles in aggregates and agglomerates, the size of agglomerates, and the number of particles in agglomerates. The pour densities of the nanopowders depend on the SiO2 content in sols, which were 0.02 to 0.3 g/cm3. Nanoparticles specific surface area was brought to 500 m2/g by low temperature polycondensation. Nanoparticle aggregates specific pore volume (0.2–0.3 g/cm3) weakly depend on powders density. The volume fraction of the packing of SiO2 nanoparticles in aggregates was 0.6–0.7. Solid samples of compacted nanopowders had a compressive strength of up to 337 MPa. Possible applications of hydrothermal SiO2 nanopowders are considered.
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Zhang, Qian Qian, Jian Zhong Liu, and Jia Ping Liu. "Influence of Ground Slag on the Rheology of Mortar." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.67.
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The effects of ground slag with different specific surface area on the rheology of mortar at water-binder ratio of 0.25, 0.28 and 0.30 were investigated, and the combined effects of packing density and solid surface area on the rheology of mortar were evaluated in terms of the water film thickness. The results show that with the increasing of specific surface area of slag (220 m2/kg-784 m2/kg), plastic viscosity and yield stress decrease. The correlations of yield stress and plastic viscosity to the water film thickness are basically linear with high correlation R2 values. The action of the ground slag on the rheology of mortar can be characterized by water film thickness, and with the increasing of water film thickness the rheological parameters decrease.
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Gun'ko, V. M. "Features of the morphology and texture of silica and carbon adsorbents." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 127–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.127.
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The morphological and textural characteristics of various silicas (93 fumed silicas and 56 porous silicas), different carbons (230), and porous polymers (53) are analyzed using probe (nitrogen, argon, benzene, n-decane, water) adsorption, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transition (TEM), scanning (SEM) electron and atom force (AFM) microscopies. There are certain correlations between pore volume (Vp) and specific surface area (SSA, SBET) for these materials. Synthesis and treatment temperatures affect this relationship since a linear Vp - SBET approximation scatter decreases with decreasing these temperatures. Silicas are composed of nonporous nanoparticles (NPNP), but activated carbons (AC) are composed of porous nanoparticles (PNP). For different materials, NP are weakly or strongly packed in secondary structures. However, there are general features of pore size distributions (PSD) for NP-based materials, e.g., minimal contribution of narrow mesopores of 3-5 nm in radius due NP-packing effects. For AC produced using the same chars and activation agents but with varied activation time, the textural characteristics demonstrate smooth changes with increasing burn-off degree: nanopores partially transform into narrow mesopores with opposite PSD shifts of broad mesopores and macropores. Comparison of adsorption (open pores accessible for probes) and SAXS (both open and closed pores) data for carbons shows that the difference decreases with increasing burn-off degree due to decreasing contribution of closed pores. Most clear pictures on the particulate morphology and texture could be obtained in parallel analysis using adsorption, SAXS, and microscopic methods with appropriate data treatments.
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Avili, Mohammad Ghomi, Javad Karimi Sabet, and Seyyed Mohammad Ghoreishi. "Experimental characterization of a random packing with high specific surface area in a small diameter cryogenic distillation column." Progress in Nuclear Energy 106 (July 2018): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2018.03.014.
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Nikiema, Josiane, and Michèle Heitz. "The Use of Inorganic Packing Materials during Methane Biofiltration." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/573149.
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The objective behind this study is to select a suitable inorganic packing material for methane biofiltration. Three packing materials are to be compared: two rock materials (average particles' sizes: 2 and 5 mm) and one porous clay particles (average particle size of 7 mm). The main parameter used to assess the efficiency of the packing material is the methane elimination capacity. The study reveals that the rock material having an average particle size around 2 mm is to be preferred. This result is probably due to its high specific surface area and to its good surface properties as compared to the other 2 tested porous materials. The influence of the nonirrigation with the nutrient solution of the biofilter is also investigated. It has been found that nonirrigation of biofilter causes the biofilter performance to decrease significantly (e.g., 45% decrease in 1 week) even with the humidification of the gas phase prior to its introduction into the biofilter.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Specific surface area packing"
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Ghasemi, Yahya. "Aggregates in Concrete Mix Design." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och -produktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-61659.
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The importance of studying the behaviour and properties of concrete can be highlighted by considering the fact that concrete is the most used man-made material in the world. The very first step in making concrete is its mix design and deciding the type and amount of constitutes used in the production of concrete which should fulfil the requirements of the final product. Mix design models are commonly used for the purpose of proportioning concrete ingredients while anticipating the properties of the final product. The current document deals with the commonly used principals in mix design models namely particle packing theory and excess water/paste layer theories. The conducted studies includes an investigation on accuracy of particle packing models (Toufar, 4C, CPM) and also tries to address the issue with measurement of specific surface area of particles as an essential input to water/paste layer theories. It has been observed that the particle packing models can predict the packing density with acceptable margin. However, it should be mentioned that the particle packing models by themselves are not mix design models but should be rather used as a part of a mix design. In addition, it was found that the accuracy of calculating the specific surface area of particles based on their size distribution curve can be further improved by assuming angular platonic solids as uniform shape of aggregate instead of traditional approach of assuming spheres for aggregates’ shape.
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Бабенко, Володимир Миколайович. "Закономірності гідродинаміки і масообміну в процесах ректифікації суміші розчинників на новому контактному пристрої." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22718.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.08 – процеси та обладнання хімічної технології. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, м. Харків, 2016.
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню процесу поділу рідинних гетерогенних сумішей на регулярних контактних пристроях з різними геометричними параметрами насадочних елементів. Досліджено механізм процесу утворення рідинної плівки для колонних апаратів, що застосовуються в ректифікації у відповідності з гідродинамічними характеристиками процесу. Показано, що основним фактором інтенсифікації масообмінного процесу для регулярних контактних елементів, є швидкість відновлення рідинної плівки. Доведено що, основними факторами, які визначають ефективність процесу поділу суміші розчинників, є низький питомий опір апарату по газу і конструктивні особливості контактних елементів ректифікаційній колони. Отримано графічні та емпіричні залежності для розрахунку висоти насадочного шару, питомої поверхні насадки в залежності від лінійної швидкості газу в колонному апараті і геометричних параметрів насадочних пристроїв. Розроблено практичні рекомендації для проектування колонних установок з високими енергетичними показниками. Запропоновано новий регулярний контактний елемент, який поєднує в собі велику питому поверхню з малим гідродинамічним опором. Запропоновано принципову апаратурно-технологічну схему процесу поділу суміші розчинників, яка розроблена й впроваджена на виробництві ПАТ "ФАРМСТАНДАРТ-БІОЛІК" (м. Харків).Dissertation for the degree of candidate of engineering sciences on specialty 05.17.08 – processes and equipment of chemical technology. – National technical university "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2016. The dissertation is dedicated to the study of the separation process of liquid heterogeneous mixtures on the regular contact devices with different geometric parameters of the packing elements. The mechanism of the liquid film formation for the column apparatuses utilized in rectification is investigated according to the hydrodynamic characteristics of the process. It is shown that the main factor in the intensification of mass transfer processes for regular contact devices is velocity recovery of the liquid film. It is proved that the main factors of the solvent mixture separation efficiency are low specific resistance of an apparatus for a gas and constructional characteristics of the contact devices of a rectification column. Graphical and empirical relationships are obtained to calculate height of the packed bed, specific surface of a nozzle, depending on the linear gas velocity in a column apparatus and geometric parameters of the packing devices. Practical recommendations for the design of column units with high energy performance are developed. A new regular contact element that combines large surface area with low hydrodynamic resistance is suggested. A process flow diagram of the solvent mixtures separation is given, which was developed and implemented in the production line of PJSC "PHARMSTANDARD-BIOLIK" (Kharkiv city).
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Бабенко, Володимир Миколайович. "Закономірності гідродинаміки і масообміну в процесах ректифікації суміші розчинників на новому контактному пристрої." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22717.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.08 – процеси та обладнання хімічної технології. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, м. Харків, 2016.
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню процесу поділу рідинних гетерогенних сумішей на регулярних контактних пристроях з різними геометричними параметрами насадочних елементів. Досліджено механізм процесу утворення рідинної плівки для колонних апаратів, що застосовуються в ректифікації у відповідності з гідродинамічними характеристиками процесу. Показано, що основним фактором інтенсифікації масообмінного процесу для регулярних контактних елементів, є швидкість відновлення рідинної плівки. Доведено що, основними факторами, які визначають ефективність процесу поділу суміші розчинників, є низький питомий опір апарату по газу і конструктивні особливості контактних елементів ректифікаційній колони. Отримано графічні та емпіричні залежності для розрахунку висоти насадочного шару, питомої поверхні насадки в залежності від лінійної швидкості газу в колонному апараті і геометричних параметрів насадочних пристроїв. Розроблено практичні рекомендації для проектування колонних установок з високими енергетичними показниками. Запропоновано новий регулярний контактний елемент, який поєднує в собі велику питому поверхню з малим гідродинамічним опором. Запропоновано принципову апаратурно-технологічну схему процесу поділу суміші розчинників, яка розроблена й впроваджена на виробництві ПАТ "ФАРМСТАНДАРТ-БІОЛІК" (м. Харків).Dissertation for the degree of candidate of engineering sciences on specialty 05.17.08 – processes and equipment of chemical technology. – National technical university "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2016. The dissertation is dedicated to the study of the separation process of liquid heterogeneous mixtures on the regular contact devices with different geometric parameters of the packing elements. The mechanism of the liquid film formation for the column apparatuses utilized in rectification is investigated according to the hydrodynamic characteristics of the process. It is shown that the main factor in the intensification of mass transfer processes for regular contact devices is velocity recovery of the liquid film. It is proved that the main factors of the solvent mixture separation efficiency are low specific resistance of an apparatus for a gas and constructional characteristics of the contact devices of a rectification column. Graphical and empirical relationships are obtained to calculate height of the packed bed, specific surface of a nozzle, depending on the linear gas velocity in a column apparatus and geometric parameters of the packing devices. Practical recommendations for the design of column units with high energy performance are developed. A new regular contact element that combines large surface area with low hydrodynamic resistance is suggested. A process flow diagram of the solvent mixtures separation is given, which was developed and implemented in the production line of PJSC "PHARMSTANDARD-BIOLIK" (Kharkiv city).
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Elfmarková, Veronika. "Vliv jemnozrnných příměsí na charakter pórového systému betonu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225906.
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Literature does not provide a satisfactory answer to maximum and minimum particle size or the particle size of the mortar phase especially for optimal porosity of concrete. To overcome the shortcomings of the design methods were thought to design a new method for design of concrete mix. This idea is based on a complex analysis of powder materials (determination of granular properties, shape factor of fillers, porosity, packing of powder materials, surface area, etc.) and subsequently to assess the influence to pore system of concrete and physical and mechanical properties in hardened state of concrete. In this work are presented and analyzed two types of fillers – fly ash and limestone dust.
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Wong, Hin-cheong Henry. "Effects of water content, packing density and solid surface area on cement paste rheology." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39326032.
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Wong, Hin-cheong Henry, and 黃憲昌. "Effects of water content, packing density and solid surface area on cement paste rheology." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39326032.
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Dubois, Isabelle E. "Specific surface area of some minerals commonly found in granite." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41259.
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The specific surface area, determined by the BET method, is a parameter often used to scale results of mineral studies of surface reactions in terms of rate and capacity to the field scale. Such extrapolations of results from small-scale laboratory experiments to the field-scale are important within many environmental applications. An example of this is for the prediction of radionuclide retention in the bedrock surrounding a deep repository for radioactive waste, following failure of the engineered barriers, where radionuclides may sorb onto minerals constituting the geological environment. As a first step, the approach used in this work is to study the relationship between specific surface area and the particle size (0.075-8 mm) and to approach the field scale via measurements on large, centimetre-sized pieces, for seven natural minerals commonly found in granite: apatite, biotite, chlorite, K-feldspar, hornblende, labradorite and magnetite. The underlying assumption is that sorption of radionuclides can be related to specific surface area of a particular mineral in a continuation of this project.The results show that the phyllosilicates biotite and chlorite have a specific surface area that is about 10 times larger than the other minerals. Over the range of particle size fractions studied, the specific surface area varies between 0.1 and 1.2 m2g-1 for biotite and chlorite. The other studied minerals have specific surface areas varying between 0.01 m2g-1 for the largest fraction and up to 0.06 - 0.12 m2g-1 for the smallest. Results show linear relationships between the specific surface area and the inverse of the particle size for all studied minerals for small particle sizes, as expected. For some minerals, however, the data seemingly can be divided in two linear trends, where a change in internal surface area, surface roughness and/or particle geometry as the particle size decreases may explain this behaviour. Interestingly, for larger particles, there is a deviation from the linearity observed for small particles. Tentatively, this behaviour is attributed to a disturbed zone, created by the mechanical treatment of the material during particle size reduction, extending throughout small particles, but not altering an undisturbed core of the larger particles. In agreement with this, measurements on large pieces show a surface area 5 to 150 times lower than expected from the linear trends observed for the crushed material, implying an overestimation of the surface area and possibly also of the sorption capacities of the rock material from simple extrapolations of experimental results employing finely crushed material to the field situation.QC 20110929
Äspö Radionuclide sorption
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Sharif, Shasad, Lynn DiMemmo, Martha Davidovich, and Beth Sarsfield. "Applicability of specific surface area determination on pharmaceuticals by inverse gas chromatography." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-185429.
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Sharif, Shasad, Lynn DiMemmo, Martha Davidovich, and Beth Sarsfield. "Applicability of specific surface area determination on pharmaceuticals by inverse gas chromatography." Diffusion fundamentals 16 (2011) 56, S. 1, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13798.
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Remmen, Krystle D. "A REACTIVE TRACER METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA IN EGS RESERVOIRS." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527408.
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Early thermal breakthrough is an issue of concern in the geothermal industry, especially with regard to engineered geothermal systems (EGS). Determination of the specific surface area (SSA) of the fluid/rock interface in an EGS is vital to predicting early thermal breakthrough. An approach to this problem involving the application of tracers with different sorption properties (lithium, bromide, and deuterium) is presented. Upon injection into a reservoir, these tracers react along the fluid/rock interface to varying degrees. The resulting breakthrough separation at the extraction well can be used to derive SSA by applying a modified form of the advection-dispersion equation. For proof of concept, field tests were conducted in a sandstone bedding-plane fracture near Chazy, New York. Results showed minimal breakthrough separation, indicating insufficient sweep of the fracture area, and that lithium was not an ideal tracer in this medium. However, a relative measure of SSA can still be derived.
Books on the topic "Specific surface area packing"
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Kirkham, Robert M. Reconnaissance field investigation of surface-water specific conductance in the Snowmass-Glenwood Springs area, west-central Colorado. Denver, Colo: Colorado Geological Survey, 1999.
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H, Reichl, Eder A, Bleicher Maximilian 1945-, and MESAGO Messe & Kongress GmbH., eds. SMT/ASIC/Hybrid 1990: Surface Mount Technologies, Application Specific IC, Hybrid & Advanced Packing Technologies 1990 : Vorträge, gehalten auf dem Internationalen Kongress in Nürnberg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland 15.-17. Mai 1990. Heidelberg: Hüthig, 1990.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Food procurement and processing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0004.
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Fish display a wide range of adaptations of the mouth and pharynx for specific feeding patterns including planktivory, fin-biting, picking and scraping. Appetite control is complex, involving stimulatory and inhibitory hormones. The gut has a linear plan similar to other vertebrates but with considerable variation between taxa, and a stomach may be absent. Many bony fish possess pyloric caeca, containing digestive enzymes, and may increase surface area for digestion. In chondrichthyes (sharks, etc.), a ‘spiral valve’ increases surface area of the intestine. Smooth muscle contractions in the gut wall pass food along the tract under control of food pressure, the autonomic nervous system and specific peptides. Digestion by hydrolytic enzymes, and absorption occur in the intestine, monomers produced being absorbed mainly through transcellular routes, involving enterocytes, into the blood of the hepatic portal vein to the liver. Dietary requirements and nutrition are discussed.
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Садовников, Василий. Теория гетерогенного катализа. Теория хемосорбции. Publishing House Triumph, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32986/978-5-40-10-01-2001.
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This monograph is a continuation of the monograph by V.V. Sadovnikov. Lateral interaction. Moscow 2006. Publishing house "Anta-Eco", 2006. ISBN 5-9730-0017-6. In this work, the foundations of the theory of heterogeneous catalysis and the theory of chemisorption are more easily formulated. The book consists of two parts, closely related to each other. These are the theoretical foundations of heterogeneous catalysis and chemisorption. In the theory of heterogeneous catalysis, an experiment is described in detail, which must be carried out in order to isolate the stages of a catalytic reaction, to find the stoichiometry of each of the stages. This experiment is based on the need to obtain the exact value of the specific surface area of the catalyst, the number of centers at which the reaction proceeds, and the output curves of each of the reaction products. The procedures for obtaining this data are described in detail. Equations are proposed and solved that allow calculating the kinetic parameters of the nonequilibrium stage and the thermodynamic parameters of the equilibrium stage. The description of the quantitative theory of chemisorption is based on the description of the motion of an atom along a crystal face. The axioms on which this mathematics should be based are formulated, the mathematical apparatus of the theory is written and the most detailed instructions on how to use it are presented. The first axiom: an atom, moving along the surface, is present only in places with minima of potential energy. The second axiom: the face of an atom is divided into cells, and the position of the atom on the surface of the face is set by one parameter: the cell number. The third axiom: the atom interacts with the surrounding material bodies only at the points of minimum potential energy. The fourth axiom: the solution of the equations is a map of the arrangement of atoms on the surface. The fifth axiom: quantitative equations are based on the concept of a statistically independent particle. The formation energies of these particles and their concentration are calculated by the developed program. The program based on these axioms allows you to simulate and calculate the interaction energies of atoms on any crystal face. The monograph is intended for students, post-graduate students and researchers studying work and working in petrochemistry and oil refining.
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Skiba, Grzegorz. Fizjologiczne, żywieniowe i genetyczne uwarunkowania właściwości kości rosnących świń. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_gs_2020.
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Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.
Book chapters on the topic "Specific surface area packing"
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Funk, James E., and Dennis R. Dinger. "Specific Surface Area." In Predictive Process Control of Crowded Particulate Suspensions, 633–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3118-0_40.
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Takei, Takashi. "Specific Surface Area." In Powder Technology Handbook, 179–83. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22268-25.
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Pennell, K. D. "2.5 Specific Surface Area." In SSSA Book Series, 295–315. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.4.c13.
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Sokołowska, Zofia. "Specific Surface Area of Soils and Plants." In Encyclopedia of Agrophysics, 839–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_265.
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Lowell, S., Joan E. Shields, Martin A. Thomas, and Matthias Thommes. "Chemisorption: Site Specific Gas Adsorption." In Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders: Surface Area, Pore Size and Density, 213–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2303-3_12.
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Chu, Zeng Yong, Rong An He, H. F. Cheng, Xiao Dong Li, and Jun Wang. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Specific Surface Area of Si-C-O Fibers." In High-Performance Ceramics V, 1639–41. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-473-1.1639.
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Paciejewska, K., A. Weber, S. Kühn, and M. Kleber. "Effect of Specific Surface Area and Particle Size Distribution on the Densification of Gadolinium Doped Ceria." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics, 13–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119211501.ch2.
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Yu, Hao, Amir Orangi, Fangyuan Lin, and Guillermo A. Narsilio. "Effects of Contamination and Dry Density on Dielectric Properties of Soils with Different Specific Surface Area." In Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics, 311–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64514-4_27.
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Halimaoui, A. "Electrochemical and Chemical Behavior of Porous Silicon Layers: The Role of the Material Wettability and its High Specific Surface Area." In Optical Properties of Low Dimensional Silicon Structures, 11–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2092-0_2.
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Nakonieczny, Damian S., Zbigniew K. Paszenda, Justyna Majewska, Sabina Drewniak, Wojciech Bogacz, Magdalena Antonowicz, Agata Sambok, and Cezary Krawczyk. "Influence of Calcination Temperatures on the Morphology and Specific Surface Area Development of ZrO2-CeO2-Y2O3-Al2O3 Powders Obtained via Sol-Gel Route." In Innovations in Biomedical Engineering, 359–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70063-2_38.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Specific surface area packing"
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Balantrapu, Kiran, Deepti Rao Sarde, Christopher M. Herald, and Richard A. Wirtz. "Porosity, Specific Surface Area and Effective Thermal Conductivity of Anisotropic Open Cell Lattice Structures." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73191.
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Open-cell box-lattice structures consisting of mutually orthogonal thermally conductive cylindrical ligaments can be configured to have wide ranging porosity, a large specific surface area and effective thermal conductivity in a particular direction together with specified structural characteristics. Thermal and mechanical properties can be tuned (and anisotropy introduced) by specification of different filament diameter and pitch for the vertical and horizontal filaments. Analytical models for porosity, specific surface area and effective thermal conductivity of lattice structures having different ligament diameters and pitches (anisotropy) are developed. The models show that all three of these quantities are functions of three dimensionless lengths. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference.
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Dalili, Farnosh, and Mats Westermark. "Experimental Study on a Packed Bed Humidifier in an Evaporative Gas Turbine." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26106.
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This paper examines the performance of gas turbine cycles operating with a mixture of air and water vapor. Special attention is paid to the humidification tower, where the water vapor is added to the air. The experiments in this study have been carried out in the first evaporative gas turbine pilot plant located at Lund Institute of Technology in the southern part of Sweden. This pilot plant is based on a Volvo VT600 gas turbine with a design load of 600 kW. The compressor pressure is just above 8 bars and the intake air-flow is 3.4 kg/s. Roughly 70 percent of the compressed air is humidified in the humidification tower, which is the only humidifying device. The tower diameter is 0.7 m and the total flexible packing height is 0.9 m of a stainless steel structured packing with a specific surface area of 240 m2/m3. The number of mass transfer units in the humidifier was experimentally determined to about 3 for a packing height of 0.45 m. The height of a transfer unit from the literature data for the packing is predicted to be 0.24 m. With a packing height of 0.45 m, only about 2 transfer units are expected from the packing. However, the droplet zones above and below the packing contribute about 1 transfer unit. Thus, it is concluded that the mass transfer performance of the packing is adequately predicted by literature data. Equations are provided to adjust the height of a transfer unit for other pressures and temperatures. For full-scale plants operating at higher pressures and temperatures it is suggested that the high quality exhaust heat, (temperatures above the boiling point) is recovered in a boiler and injected as steam. The remaining part of the exhaust heat, (temperatures below the boiling point) is used to produce hot water for a relatively small humidification tower using only a portion of the compressed air flow.
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Salah Omar Aweimer, Ali, and Abdel-Hakim Bouzid. "Experimental Investigation of Interfacial and Permeation Leak Rates in Sheet Gaskets and Valve Stem Packing." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-85112.
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The quantities of leak rate through sealing systems are being regulated because of the global concern on the hazardous pollutants being released into the atmosphere and their consequences on the environment and health. The maximum tolerated leak is becoming a design criterion, and the leak rate for an application under specific conditions is required to be estimated with reasonable accuracy. In this respect, experimental and theoretical studies are being conducted to characterize the gas flow through gaskets and packing rings. The amount of the total leak that is present in a gasketed joint or a valve stem packing is the sum of the permeation leak through the sealing material and the interfacial leak at the mating surfaces between the sealing element and mechanical clamp assembly. The existing models used to predict leakage do not separate these two types of leaks. This paper deals with a study based on experimental testing that quantifies the amount of these two types of leaks in bolted gasketed joints and packed stuffing boxes. It shows the contribution of interfacial leak for low and high contact surface stresses and the influence of the surface finish as a result of a 32 and 250 micro-inch RAAH phonographic finish in the case of a bolted flange joint. The results indicate that most of the leak is interfacial reaching 99% at the low stress while the interfacial leak is in the same order of magnitude of the permeation leak at high stress reaching 10−6 and 10−8 mg/s in both packing and gaskets, respectively.
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Malbrel, Christophe A., and Rakesh Kale. "Time Lapse Wear Study Yields New Design Features to Improve the Erosion Resistance of Stand-Alone Screen Completions." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208817-ms.
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Abstract As operators focus on harvesting stranded reserves from existing infrastructures, specific technical challenges and ROI calculations are affecting sand control completion selection and putting screen design requirements in a new light. In-fill drilling and completion of sidetracked wells in depleted reservoirs are not favorable to gravel packing because low hydraulic frac pressures and small wellbores make conventional gravel packing operations incredibly challenging, if not downright impossible. Furthermore, gravel packing is selected when operators are looking for a long-term sand control solution warranted by significant reserves, something that is not necessarily present in brown field redevelopments. As a result, there is a need to improve stand-alone completions, and particularly improve the erosion resistance of screens that have been known to fail by hot spotting, where localized high flow situations erode the screen and lead to completion failure. A series of time lapse erosion tests was conducted to identify critical damaging mechanisms and evaluate solutions, including mesh materials and design features to improve the erosion resistance of mesh screens. The test program included detailed examination of the test coupons in frequent intervals to identify wear features and trends over time. This approach to testing was instrumental in characterizing damaging backward eddies inside the screen and developing solutions to mitigate their impact. From this test campaign, two new features were found to substantially improve screen erosion resistance. A hardening process to treat meshes commonly used in screens increased the Mean Time to Failure (MMTF) by 50%. Furthermore, a novel shielding concept aimed at preventing direct line-of-sight flow to the basepipe perforations (while maintaining the filter surface area and good flow distribution over the screen length) reduced mesh weight loss by 75% and maintained the original maximum pore size beyond the 72hour success criteria, for an estimated MTTF improvement well over 300%.
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Cvetkovski, Christopher G., Hoda S. Mozaffari, Stanley Reitsma, Tirupati Bolisetti, and David S. K. Ting. "On Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Pipe With a U-Bend." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17209.
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Vertical ground source heat pumps operate by pumping a heat transfer fluid through a pipe buried in the ground. There is a U-Bend at its deepest point to return the fluid to the surface. Incidentally, the U-Bend does more than packing the extensive length of the heat transferring conduit within a single compact borehole. Large flow structures called Dean’s vortices are generated in the bend and these, along with the resulting turbulence produced, are known to significantly enhance the heat transfer processes, and hence, shorten the required length. This study examines the specific roles of Reynolds and Dean numbers on the flow structure and the resulting heat transfer in a pipe with a U-Bend. Water flowing in a pipe without and with heated wall was simulated using FLUENT. The model was verified based on available data in the literature. The efficacy of the local heat transfer rate along the pipe was cast with respect to the subtle changes in the flow characteristics under varying Reynolds number and Dean number.
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Nabi-Bidhendi, M., and M. S. King. "The Specific Surface Area Determination - Model Versus Measurements." In 59th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.131.gen1997_f032.
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Sharqawy, Mostafa H., John H. Lienhard, and Syed M. Zubair. "On Thermal Performance of Seawater Cooling Towers." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23200.
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Seawater cooling towers have been used since the 1970’s in power generation and other industries, so as to reduce the consumption of freshwater. The salts in seawater are known to create a number of operational problems including salt deposition, packing blockage, corrosion, and certain environmental impacts from salt drift and blowdown return. In addition, the salinity of seawater affects the thermophysical properties which govern the thermal performance of cooling towers, including vapor pressure, density, specific heat, viscosity, thermal conductivity and surface tension. In this paper, the thermal performance of seawater cooling towers is investigated using a detailed model of a counterflow wet cooling tower. The model takes into consideration the coupled heat and mass transfer processes and does not make any of the conventional Merkel approximations. In addition, the model incorporates the most up-to-date seawater properties in the literature. The model governing equations are solved numerically and its validity is checked by data in the literature. Based on the results of the model, a correction factor is obtained which characterizes the degradation of the cooling tower effectiveness when seawater is used.
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Peng*, Nyujia, and Sheng He. "Specific Surface Area and Characteristics of Nanopores Structures in Jiaoshiba Area, China." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2208943.
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Jones, Timothy S., Carlos R. Perez, Jorge J. Santiago-Aviles, and Keith Jones. "Microwave impedance microscopy of high specific surface area carbon." In 2014 IEEE 9th Ibero-American Congress on Sensors (IBERSENSOR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ibersensor.2014.6995551.
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Xiong, Chunxing, and Zhugang Yuan. "Prediction of Cement Specific Surface Area Based on XGBoost." In 2021 IEEE 5th Information Technology,Networking,Electronic and Automation Control Conference (ITNEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itnec52019.2021.9586972.
Full textReports on the topic "Specific surface area packing"
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HILL, BENJAMINC. Effect of Precipitation Conditions on the Specific Surface Area of Neptunium Oxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/829838.
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Daniel, G. LITERATURE REVIEW OF PUO2 CALCINATION TIME AND TEMPERATURE DATA FOR SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1036253.
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Maiti, A., H. Reinstein, and R. Gee. Non-destructive evaluation of specific surface area of porous powder systems using experimental and virtual air permeametry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1829594.
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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He, Dan, Hongmei Wu, Yujie Han, Min Liu, and Mao Lu. A meta-analysis of topical antifungal drugs to treat atopic dermatitis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0062.
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Review question / Objective: Various bacteria and fungi colonize the skin surface of patients with AD. The colonized fungi mainly include Malassezia, non-Malassezia yeasts, and molds. Among them, Malassezia occupies 63%~86% of the fungal colonization community on the skin surface of AD patients. Although the relationship between the level of Malassezia on the skin surface and disease severity remains controversial, many studies have shown that the level of serum anti-Malassezia-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in AD patients is related to the disease severity, especially in patients with AD in the head and neck. The specific mechanism by which Malassezia causes or aggravates AD is unclear, but damage to the skin barrier in AD patients is a key component of the mechanism. The presence of Malassezia on the skin also seems to change its barrier function, resulting in more Malassezia and its antigens colonizing the skin surface area that is exposed to the immune system. This produces a large number of specific IgE antibodies and cytokines to aggravate the disease.
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Hayward, N., and J. J. Ryan. Geophysical characteristics of the northern Cordillera. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326069.
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Geophysical data acquired under the Geological Survey of Canada's GEM Cordillera project provide a foundation to a broad range of geological investigations in the northern Canadian Cordillera. For areas of specific geological interest, over 230 000 km of high-resolution aeromagnetic data form a mosaic of comprehensive coverage over a total area of more than 82 000 km2. The data provide a powerful and valuable legacy data set for current and future activities by the Geological Survey of Canada and academic and industry partners and clients. Foremost, geophysical data interpretation complements surface geological mapping, especially in inaccessible terrain where bedrock exposure is commonly poor, enabling clearer definition of a region's geology and structure. Beyond applications to bedrock geological mapping, geophysical modelling, integrated with geological results, affords an improved understanding of the deeper crustal structure, leading to new models of the region's tectonic development and mineral deposit context.
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Lin, Hongwei, Yanjun Gao, Kang Sun, and Faguang Jin. Association between PM2.5 pollution and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0144.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: Previous epidemiological studies on the association between PM2.5 pollution and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in China were mostly limited to one region， and the different papers have no coherent results. Our objective is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relevant literature in order to summarize the association between PM2.5 pollution and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in multiple cities in China. Condition being studied: As an important component of air pollutants, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) can float in the atmosphere for a long time with a small aerodynamic size (≤2.5μm) and large specific surface area which is attached to a variety of toxic and harmful substances . PM2.5 can deposite under the trachea of the respiratory tract, reaching deep into the alveolar area, damaging alveolar macrophages and type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, inducing alveolar inflammation, resulting in decreased immunity of the respiratory tract and interfering with normal physiological functions of the lungs.
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Kennedy, Alan, Andrew McQueen, Mark Ballentine, Brianna Fernando, Lauren May, Jonna Boyda, Christopher Williams, and Michael Bortner. Sustainable harmful algal bloom mitigation by 3D printed photocatalytic oxidation devices (3D-PODs). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43980.
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The impacts of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB), often caused by cyanobacteria (Figure 1), on water resources are increasing. Innovative solutions for treatment of HABs and their associated toxins are needed to mitigate these impacts and decrease risks without introducing persistent legacy contaminants that cause collateral ecosystem impacts. This technical note (TN) identifies novel opportunities enabled by Additive Manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, to produce high surface area advanced material composites to rapidly prototype sustainable environmental solutions for aquatic nuisance species control. This innovative research explores deployment of 3D-printable polymer composite structures containing nano-scale photocatalysts for targeted open water treatment of HABs that are customizable to the site-of-concern and also retrievable, reusable, and sustainable. The approach developed to control cyanobacteria HAB events has the potential to augment or replace broadcast, non-specific chemical controls that otherwise put non-target species and ecological resources at long-term risk. It can also augment existing UV-treatment HAB treatment control measures. The expected research outcome is a novel, effective, and sustainable HAB management tool for the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and resource managers to deploy in their HAB rapid response programs. The research will provide a framework for scale-up into other manufacturing methods (e.g., injection molding) to produce the devices in bulk (quickly and efficiently). Research for this project title “Mitigation of Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins using 3D Printed Photocatalytic Materials (FY21-23)” was sponsored by the US Army Engineer Research Development Center’s (ERDC) Aquatic Nuisance Species Research Program (ANSRP).
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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.