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1

Toscano, Stefania. "Risposta di specie ornamentali allo stress idrico." Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/232.

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Nelle aree caratterizzate da clima mediterraneo lunghi periodi di carenza idrica durante la stagione primaverile-estiva, accompagnati da elevate temperature, possono determinare severi stress idrici in molte delle specie ornamentali impiegate per l'arredo urbano. Cio' in considerazione anche del fatto che non e' sempre possibile o conveniente, nella fase vivaistica e soprattutto di utilizzazione, un puntuale soddisfacimento delle loro esigenze per quanto concerne l'acqua. In tale contesto le prestazioni e la stessa sopravvivenza dipendono spesso dalla capacita' delle piante di assicurare un efficiente uso della risorsa idrica. Nonostante l'interesse delle tematiche sottese, le questioni relative agli effetti dello stress idrico sulle specie ornamentali ed in particolare su quelle utilizzate per la sistemazione degli spazi a verde solo marginalmente sono state oggetto di studio. Solo recentemente i nuovi orientamenti in tema di progettazione e ricomposizione ambientale, sempre piu' rivolti a mettere a punto, schemi piu' sostenibili, hanno indirizzato le ricerche verso l'individuazione di interventi biologici e tecnici in grado meglio di valorizzare la risorsa idrica. In questo contesto, contrassegnato da un livello di conoscenze assai limitato, l'obiettivo generale della presente tesi e' stato lo studio, in specie ornamentali diverse, degli effetti dello stress idrico ai semi, attraverso l'impiego di soluzioni osmotiche piu' o meno concentrate durante la fase di germinazione, o alle piante nelle prime fasi dell'accrescimento, mediante una piu' o meno drastica riduzione degli apporti idrici nel corso dellà ¢ intero ciclo colturale o di temporanee sospensioni degli interventi irrigui. In particolare le prove sperimentali hanno riguardato: A) Gli effetti dello stress idrico sulla germinazione e sullo sviluppo di plantule di girasole (Helianthus annuus L.). B) La risposta morfo-fisiologica di arbusti ornamentali a condizioni differenziate di stress idrico. C) I meccanismi morfo-fisiologici di recupero da stress idrico in arbusti ornamentali. Nell'ambito di ciascuna prova gli obiettivi specifici sono stati: A) Studiare, su sei cultivar di girasole ornamentale, gli effetti di differenti condizioni di stress idrico durante la fase di germinazione, sui principali parametri del processo in esame e sullà ¢ accrescimento delle plantule originate dai semi differentemente stressati. B) Analizzare il comportamento di arbusti ornamentali diversi, sottoposti nei primi mesi del ciclo colturale a stress idrici di differente entita', al fine di valutare la loro tolleranza nei confronti della carenza di acqua nel substrato e di individuare i principali meccanismi morfo-biometrici e fisiologici che sostengono la tolleranza stessa. C) Valutare, in cinque arbusti ornamentali largamente utilizzati per la ricomposizione di spazi a verde, la capacita' di recupero allo stress idrico a seguito di periodici interventi di sospensione e ripristino degli interventi irrigui. Le prove rivolte a valutare gli effetti dello stress idrico, imposto attraverso l'adozione di livelli di potenziale osmotico differenti, sul processo di germinazione di cv di girasole, hanno consentito di acquisire risultati circa: a) il valore limite del potenziale osmotico della soluzione al di sotto del quale il processo non si realizza; b) il comportamento, apparso piuttosto diverso tra loro, delle cultivar allo studio nei confronti dello stress idrico nel corso della germinazione stessa; c) la possibilita', attraverso la adozione di soluzioni con potenziale osmotico lievemente negativo, di migliorare la germinazione in termini sia quantitativi che temporali. La scarsa concordanza riscontrata, in rapporto alle cv, tra il loro comportamento nei confronti dello stress idrico in fase di germinazione e l'accrescimento delle relative plantule, sollecita ulteriori verifiche, considerato il notevole interesse che riveste la possibilita' di effettuare uno screening precoce, semplice e assai rapido, per la selezione dei genotipi per il carattere in oggetto. Le prove concernenti gli effetti esercitati in arbusti ornamentali diversi dallo stress idrico nelle prime fasi dell'accrescimento, e che hanno preso in esame le modificazioni causate sulla pianta sia dalla differente disponibilita' di acqua nel substrato nel corso dell'intero ciclo colturale che da periodici interventi di sospensione e ripristino degli interventi irrigui hanno messo in luce profonde differenze fra specie in esame. Queste ultime, infatti, sebbene siano apparse tutte idonee ad essere impiegate in quegli ambienti in cui le risorse idriche sono assai limitate, hanno mostrato una differente capacita' di valorizzare condizioni di scarsa disponibilita' di acqua. La tolleranza agli stress idrici, in particolare, e' apparsa legata fortemente a modificazioni morfo-biometriche e fisiologiche della pianta, che hanno interessato nel primo caso l'apparato fotosintetizzante e quello radicale, nel secondo la conduttanza stomatica. In genere, in condizioni di scarsa disponibilita' di acqua nel substrato, le specie meno tolleranti hanno messo in atto meccanismi di difesa basati essenzialmente sulla diminuzione delle dimensioni dell'apparato fotosintetizzante, mentre le specie apparse piu' tolleranti agli stress idrici si sono principalmente affidate all'aumento delle dimensioni degli apparati radicali. Per quanto concerne i meccanismi fisiologici, la modificazione della conduttanza stomatica e' apparsa la strategia principalmente impiegata per contenere le perdite di acqua. In ogni caso, un elemento che emerge dalle prove, e che certamente contribuisce alla notevole tolleranza agli stress idrici da parte delle specie studiate, e' la loro capacita', sia pure in misura diversa, di recuperare, al termine del periodo sfavorevole, la piena efficienza funzionale, come si evince dall'andamento di molti dei processi fisiologici monitorati.
In the areas characterized by Mediterranean climate, long periods of water deficit during the spring-summer season together with high temperatures, could determine severe water stress in many ornamental species utilized for urban landscape. Moreover, it is not always possible or convenient to satisfy plant water requirements, both in the nursery and in the following growth stages. Therefore, the growth and survival of these species is linked to their capacity to increase the water use efficiency. Nevertheless the importance of these issues, little investigation has been done on water stress of ornamental shrubs, and especially in the ones utilized for landscape. However the new trends on â sustainable landscapingâ have paid the attention on the individuation of biological and technical tools for a better valorization of water resources. In this frame, the general aim of the PhD thesis was to study, on several ornamental species, the effect of water stress determined by solutions with different osmotic potential during germination and by different restitution of water loss with evapotranspiration during growth cycle. The experimental trials concerned: A) The effects on water stress on germination and seedling growth in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). B) Morpho-physiological response of ornamental shrubs in different water stress conditions. C) Morpho-physiological mechanisms of water stress recovery in ornamental shrubs. The specific aim for each trial was: A) Study on six sunflower cultivars the effects of different water stress conditions on germination rate and seedling growth rate; B) Analyze the behavior of several ornamental shrubs subjected in the first period of growth cycle to water stress to individuate the tolerance on water deficit in the substrate. Moreover the main mechanisms morpho-biometrical and physiological have been investigated. C) Evaluate on five ornamental shrubs largely used in the landscape, the recovery capacity to water stress after periodical cycles of suspension/recovery of irrigation. In the trial on the evaluation of water stress imposed with different osmotic potentials on sunflower germination, different results were obtained: a) the osmotic potential threshold (below this value germination does not start); b) different behavior of the studied cultivars in relation to water stress and germination; c) the possibility to enhance the germination trough the adoption of solutions with low osmotic potentials. The different results in relation to the cultivars in the two steps (seed and seedling growth stages) need further investigation considering the noticeable interest to effectuate a quick and easy screening for evaluation of genotypes to water stress. The response of ornamental shrub seedlings to water stress has considered the plant changes to different water content in the substrate for the whole cultivation period and to frequent cycles of suspension/recovery of irrigation. Results showed that species seemed to be available in environments characterized by scarce water resources, and exhibited a different capacity to increase water efficiency. The tolerance to water stress is linked to morpho-biometrical and physiological changes, which have involved the photosynthesis and stomatal conductivity. In low water availability less tolerant species showed a reduction in leaf area, while the tolerant ones have increased the root systems. Among the physiological mechanisms, the modification of stomatal conductivity appears to be the main strategy to avoid water loss. However, as showed by the many physiological processes investigated, species showed a certain capability (different among the species) to recover their functional efficiency at the end of unfavorable period.
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2

Farieri, Elisa. "Risposta di specie ornamentali a stress abiotici." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3862.

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Da tempo l attenzione della ricerca si è concentrata sugli stress abiotici (es. idrico, salino) a causa delle forti riduzioni che determinano sulle rese. Pochi studi, però, si sono occupati delle piante ornamentali utilizzate negli spazi a verde, nonostante gravi danni che subiscono per effetto di questi stress. In questo quadro, le prove condotte nell ambito della tesi hanno riguardato: - screening della risposta di diversi arbusti ornamentali allo spray marino; - risposta fisiologica e biochimica di Photinia ×fraseri Dress Red Robin ed Eugenia uniflora L. Etna Fire allo stress idrico; - effetti della differente temperatura dell acqua sulla conducibilità idraulica di sei specie di pini iberici; - risposta di Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels e Viburnum tinus L. Lucidum ad aerosol marino e surfactanti in condizioni ambientali differenziate; - risposta allo stress salino in rapporto alla modalità di somministrazione del sale in Photinia ×fraseri Dress Red Robin . In estrema sintesi le prove, diverse per obiettivi, metodi, materiali biologici, hanno consentito di stabilire che: - lo screening fra genotipi è uno strumento importante per valutare la risposta delle piante, che tuttavia si può modificare a livello intraspecifico; - nelle piante ornamentali è importante valutare il valore estetico; per tale motivo assumono interesse caratteri come peso secco della porzione epigea, area fogliare e soprattutto la percentuale di danno alle foglie; - le determinazioni fisiologiche (tasso di traspirazione, conduttanza stomatica e fotosintesi netta), soprattutto se correlate tra loro, forniscono utili informazioni sui meccanismi di azione; - le determinazioni biochimiche, anche se onerose, possono aiutare a capire la risposta delle piante; - le risposte sono influenzate dall interazione del genotipo con le condizioni ambientali; - l associazione fra stress diversi può talvolta intensificare i danni alle pianta, anche se non sempre si osservano effetti sinergici; - la risposta ad uno stress, come quello salino, si modifica in relazione alla modalità di applicazione della soluzione salina; in Photinia, ad esempio, i maggiori danni si sono avuto con la somministrazione di sale direttamente all apparato radicale; - l'analisi della concentrazione di ioni (Na+ e Cl-) nei diversi tessuti vegetali e lo studio della loro traslocazione/compartimentalizzazione consente di comprendere meglio la risposta della pianta allo stress salino; - lo studio dello stress può rappresentare un importante approccio per la valutazione degli effetti futuri del global change. In sintesi i risultati ottenuti indicano come la risposta agli stress abiotici dipenda in misura rilevante dal genotipo. Nelle piante ornamentali, in considerazione dell ampia articolazione biologica, questo aspetto certamente complica le indagini, per cui assume interesse la possibilità di individuare metodi non distruttivi di diagnosi precoce della tolleranza agli stress abiotici.
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3

Di, Gregorio Rosa. "Studi e ricerche sull'impiego di specie erbacee autoctone della flora siciliana a fini ornamentali." Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/230.

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Negli ultimi anni e' cresciuto l'interesse nei confronti di specie erbacee autoctone di possibile impiego negli spazi a verde caratterizzati da un basso livello di manutenzione. La realizzazione di tappeti erbosi fioriti i wildflowers degli autori anglosassoni potrebbe consentire la riduzione dei costi di impianto e soprattutto di manutenzione degli impianti a verde. Alcune piante erbacee autoctone possono rappresentare una valida alternativa alle piante tradizionali per la loro rapida crescita e capacita' di stabilizzare il terreno. Se, pero' da tempo l'attenzione e' stata posta nei confronti degli arbusti e degli alberi della flora mediterranea per cui il quadro di conoscenze e' sufficientemente consolidato, non sono ancora adeguatamente note le caratteristiche morfo-biometriche, l'ecologia della germinazione e le esigenze colturali delle specie erbacee. Da ricordare, inoltre, come molte di queste piante siano in grado di crescere nell'ecosistema urbano, spesso in aree di risulta. Indagini rivolte in questa direzione sono state da tempo portate avanti, anche in vista di un possibile uso di queste specie per la realizzazione di spazi a verde sostenibili. In quest'ambito, la tesi di dottorato ha voluto analizzare le potenzialita' della flora siciliana in vista di un possibile impiego di alcune specie erbacee quali wildflowers. A tale fine diverse prove sono state condotte al fine di: A) identificare i taxa della flora siciliana che possono essere utilizzati come wildflowers sulla base delle loro caratteristiche estetiche e del loro ciclo vegetativo (annue, bienne e perenni); B) analizzare le esigenze colturali e le caratteristiche morfo-biometriche che sostengono il loro impiego al fine indicato; C) definire le caratteristiche dei semi e il processo di germinazione. L'indagine portata avanti nella prova A ha consentito di definire un elevato numero di specie della flora siciliana di potenziale impiego. Alla fine dell'indagine sono state individuate 2106 specie appartenenti a 76 famiglie e 652 generi diversi. Ciascuna specie inserita in elenco presenta tratti idonei in vista di un possibile impiego quale wildflower, sebbene siano necessarie ulteriori indagini per determinarne l'effettiva possibilita' d'uso. Come atteso, le famiglie piu' rappresentate sono state le Asteraceae (con 278 specie e 99 generi) e le Poaceae (con 255 specie e 114 generi). Queste famiglie sono quelle piu' diffuse nella flora italiana e sono caratterizzate da differenti modalita' di impollinazione, prevalentemente tramite insetti la prima, soprattutto anemofila la seconda. Differente e' quindi la stessa modalita' d'uso. Le Asteraceae possono essere ampiamente utilizzate negli spazi a verde antropizzati, sia rurali che urbani, grazie ai fiori attrattivi e molto ornamentali, mentre le Poaceae si prestano meglio ad essere utilizzate in ecosistemi degradati per la loro adattabilita' a contesti pedologici marginali. Ben rappresentate nell'indagine sono state le famiglie delle Fabaceae (212 specie e 27 generi) e Caryophyllaceae (121 specie e 26 generi). Nonostante il basso numero di accessioni, molto interessanti per le caratteristiche delle strutture fiorali sono i rappresentanti delle famiglie di Ranunculaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae, Schrophulariaceae e Violaceae. Piu' rappresentate sono le erbacee perenni (51%) rispetto alle annuali; gli habitat in cui e' piu' frequente riscontare le specie sono gli ambenti degradati sia urbani che rurali. Cio' e' un indice della possibilita' di impiegare tali specie in sistemazioni a verde a bassa manutenzione. L'analisi delle caratteristiche morfo-biometriche che sostengono l'adattabilita' al'uso (prova B) e' stata effettuata su 138 specie appartenenti a 36 famiglie botaniche; in particolare per 34 specie le statistiche descritte di fiori, foglie e frutti sono state riportate in apposite schede. Molte delle piante individuate possono essere ritenute delle interessanti alternative alle piante tradizionalmente utilizzate negli spazi a verde ornamentale in ambiente mediterraneo. La famiglia piu' rappresentata e' quella delle Fabaceae (25 specie) seguita da quella delle Asteraceae (24 specie). Circa il 50% delle specie e' stato rinvenuto in aree urbane, spesso in contesti pedologici marginali, caratterizzati da un basso contenuto di sostanza organica. La vistosita' degli organi vessillari, i diversi colori dei fiori (bianco, rosa, rosso, blu e, soprattutto, giallo) e la diversa statura raggiunta dalle piante testimoniano della possibilita' di una fattiva utilizzazione a fini estetici. Nella prova e' stato calcolato il peso dei semi per 59 specie appartenenti a 22 famiglie botaniche diverse. Il peso dei 1000 semi e' variato da 2 a 40000 mg; questa informazione appare utile nel gestire il processo di germinazione, in quanto frequentemente la dimensione dei semi sostiene l'esigenza in luce in fase di germinazione. Le diverse dimensioni degli organi di propagazione influenzano, inoltre, la stessa possibilita' di realizzare miscugli dal momento che le caratteristiche dei semi sono cosi' diversificate. Il processo di germinazione, che e' stato analizzato in 4 prove successive, ha riguardato 42 specie di 18 famiglie botaniche diverse. Nonostante non sempre si siano individuati i meccanismi che influenzano la risposta in fase di germinazione, per 25 specie si e' riusciti ad ottenere percentuali di germinazione superiori al 40%, un valore elevato laddove si consideri che i semi delle specie spontanee sono spesso caratterizzati da fenomeni di dormienza. Da sottolineare l'ampio intervallo di variazione registrato per i valori del T50, che hanno oscillato da 3-5 giorni fino ad oltre 20; il dato merita di essere tenuto in conto soprattutto in considerazione del fatto che normalmente le diverse specie di wildflowers vengono utilizzate in miscuglio e quindi la scalarita' dell'emergenza potrebbe compromettere la riuscita dell'impianto. I risultati ottenuti considerati nel loro complesso sottolineano le potenziali della flora siciliana come fonte di specie per realizzare impianti di specie erbacee gestiti con criteri naturalistici. La frequente dormienza dei semi e' sicuramente un problema dal punto di vista agronomico, anche se appropriate condizioni di luce e trattamenti fisici o meccanici potrebbero migliorare il processo di propagazione e consentire l'impiego di queste piante a scopo ornamentale, soprattutto in aree urbane. In questo caso le piante autoctone potranno offrire un fattivo contributo per incrementare la biodiversita' negli ambienti antropizzati.
In the last decade, the interest in herbaceous native plants for landscape purpose has grown, due to their potential use in a low-maintenance landscapes. The establishment of a native wildflower meadow could reduce the costs due to the lower levels of management practices. Some herbaceous native species represent a valid alternative for their rapid growth and ability to stabilize roadside soils. Many botanical species, especially shrubs and trees, have been reintroduced in the Mediterranean area for environmental purpose, but little attention has been paid to native herbaceous plants. The specific traits of species native of Southern Italy, and their morph-biometric characteristics, seed germination ecology, cultivation techniques have not been investigated yet. Despite the impact of urbanization on biodiversity, many herbaceous species are able to grow in the urban ecosystem. In the last years, various researches have been carried out to investigate the urban flora of different Italian and European cities, finding an high number of species. Most of these species could assume interest for a possible use in naturalistic green areas. In this frame, the current PhD thesis analyzed the Sicilian flora potentiality in view to use some native species like wildflowers. For this purpose various trials were carried out with the aims to: A) identify the taxa of Sicilian flora which could be used like wildflowers for aesthetic traits and life form characteristics (annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants); B) analyze the morph-biometric characteristics, mainly linked to specific use and environmental requirements of the most interesting species of the first trial; C) define the characteristics of seed and germination process. The survey conducted in the trial A showed an high number of Sicilian species. At the end of the investigation 2106 species were individuated, belonging to 76 families and 652 botanical genera. Every species reported in the list showed useful traits to be used as wildflowers, although further experiments are required to determine the possible use. As expected, the most representative family corresponded to Asteraceae (with 278 species and 99 genera), followed by Poaceae (255 species and 114 genera). These families are the most widespread botanical families of Italian flora, characterized by different pollination modalities: mainly through insects in the first taxa and through wind in the second one. Different is the possible use: Asteraceae better suit in anthropized landscape, both rural and/or urban environments, due to their attractive and beautiful flowers, while the Poaceae could be better utilized in degraded ecosystems for their adaptability to infertile soils. Good represented are the families of Fabaceae (212 species and 27 genera) and Caryophyllaceae (121 species and 26 genera). Despite the low number of species of Ranunculaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae, Schrophulariaceae and Violaceae, these families could be very interesting for flower characteristics. The more common life form is the herbaceous perennial, with the 51% of the species; the more diffused habitats are the degraded ecosystems, both rural or urban area. This indicates that these species could be used in low-maintenance landscape. The analysis of morph-biometric characteristics (trial B) was effectuated on 138 species belonging to 36 botanical families; for 34 species the descriptive statistics of flower, leaf and fruit characteristics are summarized. Many of them can be considered an ornamental plant alternative to the traditional ones in Mediterranean environments. The most representative families are Fabaceae (25 species) and Asteraceae (24 species). About the 50% of the species is found in urban area on disturbed soils or in completely man-made soils, characterized by low organic content. The showiness of different colors of the flowers (white, pink, red, blue, and mainly yellow) and the wide range of plant height allow these plants to be suitable for aesthetic use. In the trial C, the seed weight of 59 species belonging to 22 botanical families is determined. The 1000 seed weight ranged from 2 to 40000 mg. This is an useful information because the seed size often affects the light requirements during germination. Therefore the different sizes can influence the possibility to realize a meadow with a blend of species. The four germination trials, which have involved 42 species of 18 botanical families, showed the possibility to obtain for 25 species more than the 40% of germinated seeds, an high value in relation to the peculiar characteristics of native species germination. However the mechanisms that influenced the seed dormancy were not always clear. In some species, characterized especially by small seeds, the germination process was enhanced by the light. The difference in the T50 value, that ranged from 3-5 to 20 days, remarks the need to consider the length of germination process when a mixture of species is adopted. The results achieved in our trials highlight the potentiality of Sicilian flora as source of species to realize semi-natural herbaceous communities in low-maintenance landscapes. Frequent seed dormancy is clearly an agronomical problem; however, the appropriate light conditions and physiological and/or mechanical treatments, may improve the germination rate and enable these species to be used for ornamental purpose, especially in urban area. In this case, native species could give a contribution to improve biodiversity in anthropized landscapes.
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Diliberto, Giuseppe. "Impiego di tecniche innovative per la valorizzazione e caratterizzazione molecolare di specie vegetali ornamentali." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3853.

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L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di valutare la capacità dell approccio DNA barcoding per identificare diversi gruppi tassonomici da due collezioni di piante da fiore: taxa commerciali più rilevanti, provenienti dalla produzione in vivaio e piante autoctone mediterranee con atteggiamento ornamentale per nuova introduzione. L analisi del DNA barcoding dei core markers, rbcL e matK, è stato adottato come primo passo per l identificazione di 100 taxa appartenenti a 20 famiglie. Un terzo marcatore, la regione intergenica trnH-psbA, è stato anche testato su 74 taxa, dove i core markers indicati hanno presentato difficoltà. Sequenze di DNA barcode sono state recuperate sulla quasi totalità dei taxa investigati (98%). Le sequenze del gene rbcL sono state quelle più recuperate su 96 taxa e matK su 78. Le sequenze trnH-psbA sono state recuperate su 62 taxa. In questo studio 61 taxa complessivamente (61%) sono stati risolti totalmente a livello specifico o subspecifico, da almeno uno dei tre marcatori. I loci matK e rbcL hanno risolto rispettivamente il 44% e 35% dei taxa sequenziati con successo. I core markers in approccio multilocus hanno portato alla risoluzione del 49% dei taxa, incrementando il numero dei taxa risolti per singolo locus. Il trnH-psbA è stato in grado di discriminare il 52% dei taxa analizzati e risultando determinante nella discriminazione di 14 taxa. Quattro famiglie che includono il maggior numero di taxa (Arecaeae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae), sono stati valutati in termini di distanza genetica (K2P%). Tra i core markers, matK ha espresso la più alta distanza genetica, da 1,5% a 6,4%, contro un range di 0,7-2,1% di rbcL, confermando il suo superiore livello di risoluzione di specie. Tuttavia, tenendo conto delle alte performance tecniche del marcatore rbcL, l uso dei core markers appare un buon compromesso tra PCR, successo di sequenziamento e risoluzione a livello di specie. I risultati suggeriscono anche l utilizzo di trnH-psbA per incrementare i successi. Un approccio multilocus con ulteriori marcatori necessita di essere affrontato per diversi gruppi tassonomici, mediante la validazione di markers addizionali o le differenti combinazioni di primer, in particolare per matK, par aumentare i successi di identificazione. Nonostante l evidenza di gruppi criptici, i risultati confermano il potenziale dell approccio barcoding per una rapida identificazione di sconosciuti ed eterogenei gruppi di piante. Questo lavoro mette in evidenza anche l importanza di generare un dataset più ampio di riferimento per la flora ornamentale, utile per risolvere le controversie tassonomiche e sostenere la tracciabilità commerciale mediante specifiche schede ottiche associate ad ogni pianta sul mercato.
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5

Watson, Victoria Anne. "Genetic manipulation of ornamental species." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422742.

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6

Patel, Deval U. "Genetic Manipulation of Ornamental Nicotiana Species." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523657.

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7

Hayden, Jason. "A multi-species mariculturesystem : a holistic approach to ornamental culture." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2034.

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Thesis (MTech (Oceanography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010
Coral reefs are in a worldwide state of crisis due to overexploitation. One of the factors contributing to the over exploitation is the marine ornamental industry. This industry utilises a diversity of organisms, comprising approximately 1470 species of fish and more than 300 species of invertebrates. Between April and December 2007, five of the 18 companies who had import permits for South Africa, imported a total of 359 different ornamental species, 252 of these were fish species while the remaining 107 species were invertebrates. During these nine months a total of 32 005 individual organisms were imported into South Africa by the five companies. There were two groups of fish that represented the highest import volumes. These were Amphiprion spp. and Pomacentradae spp., as well as the Gobidae spp. These groups represented 38% and 19% respectively of the total number of fish imported" Aquaculture has the potential to substantially reduce the harvesting pressure on coral reef organisms globally. A small-scale multi-species mariculture system was designed and constructed for benthic egg-laying species of fish (brood stock), corals, and ornamental algae. The system was designed to be low cost and easy to operate. The total capital costs for the system was R15 680.70. In order to estimate the potential yield of an aquaculture facility it is important to know the growth rate of the proposed species under pilot conditions. The use of artificial lighting regimes in aquaculture comes at a financial cost. It is for this reason that it is important to know what lighting scenario yields the highest growth rate of corals. The effects of photoperiod were tested on Sinularia sp. of coral. Two photoperiods were tested, namely: Groups (8:16 h Iight:dark cycle) and Group12 (12:12 h light:dark cycle). No significant difference in weight was found between Group8 and Group12 (p = 0.975). There was however a significant increase (p = 0.002) in Surface-area Pixel Value (SPV) for Groups (1996.73 millipixels pixel-1 day -1) compared to Group12 (983.73 millipixels pixel-1 day -1). The use of a 8:16 h lightdark cycle can thus yield coral of a larger size but not necessarily a higher mass.
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Miller, W. B., D. A. Bailey, and D. A. Palzkill. "Propogation and Nursery Production Studies With New Arid Land Species." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215862.

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Several species of low -water requiring species have been successfully propagated through vegetative and sexual means. Auxin treatments and bottom healing were beneficial in many cases. Development of improved propagation schemes, and subsequent growing practices, will increase grower success and profitability, eventually increasing availability of new low water use plants to the Arizona consumer. The long-term result of this work will be the availability of new, low-water use plant species which may be utilized by the homeowner and landscape contractor. The addition of new and exciting plant materials to the consumer market, it is hoped will accelerate the use of arid species in the Arizona landscape, resulting in water savings throughout the state, particularly in urban areas.
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9

Domenghini, Jacob Cody. "Water use and drought resistance of turfgrass and ornamental landscape plant species." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13517.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources
Dale Bremer
Greg Davis
In 2005, turfgrass was estimated to cover approximately 20 million ha of urbanized land. That area is increasing with rapid urbanization, stressing the importance of water conservation in the lawn and landscape industry. Turfgrasses have been identified for replacement by presumably more water-efficient ornamental plant species to conserve water. However, research comparing drought resistance and evapotranspiration (ET) of turfgrasses with ornamental landscape plants is limited. Two studies were conducted to evaluate water use and performance under drought stress of several ornamental and turfgrass species. An online course was developed to educate students about critical water issues related to irrigation in urbanizing watersheds. In a field study, ET was measured using lysimeters and plant water status was evaluated under deficit irrigation (100%, 60%, and 20% ET) in Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. ‘Sharps Improved’, and Ajuga reptans L. ‘Bronze Beauty’. Evapotranspiration was similar between A. reptans and F. arundinacea, and was 32 and 35% greater than ET of B. dactyloides. In a greenhouse study, the performance of one turfgrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Apollo’) and eight landscape species (Achillea millifolium L., Ajuga reptans L. ‘Bronze Beauty’, Liriope muscari Decne., Pachysandra terminalis Siebold and Zucc., Sedum album L., Thymus serpyllum L., Vinca major L., and Vinca minor L.) was evaluated during a severe dry down and subsequent recovery. S. album, L. muscari, and P. terminalis performed the best, requiring 86 to 254 d to decline to a quality rating of one (1-9 scale: 1=dead/dormant, 9=best quality). The remaining species required 52 to 63 d. The only species to recover were P. pratensis [46% pot cover (PC) after 60 days], S. album (38% PC), and V. major (35% PC). A survey was developed to measure student learning as it relates to the level of sense and meaning present in the content of a new online course entitled “Water Issues in the Lawn and Landscape.” Survey results were compared with student learning as measured through a post-test. Post-test scores declined as the difference between sense and meaning increased (r =-0.82; P=0.03), indicating student learning is higher when both sense and meaning are present.
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Go, Jeffrey. "Megalocytiviruses of freshwater ornamental fish and pathogenicity in marine and euryhaline species." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14118.

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Megalocytiviruses affect a broad range of fish species and have caused widespread mortality in aquaculture throughout Asia. The first confirmed report involved mass mortality in red sea bream cultured off Shikoku Island, Japan in 1990. Ornamental fish exhibiting pathology consistent with Megalocytivirus infection have been reported from a range of countries, frequently in association with fish recently imported from south east Asia. Although the relationship between megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish and food fish remains unclear, a potential linkage between a Megalocytivirus from a disease outbreak in Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii, in Australia and those in ornamental fish imported from south east Asia had been demonstrated experimentally. However, no data existed on the strains of virus involved in the first reported cases of Megalocytivirus-like pathology in ornamental fish. Furthermore, the potential for spread from ornamental fish to food fish other than Murray cod was also unknown. This study aimed to characterise Megalocytivirus from archival ornamental fish tissues, and to determine the potential for spread of megalocytiviruses from freshwater ornamental fish to other species, including marine fish. In situ hybridisation (ISH) assays were developed to demonstrate megalocytiviral DNA in tissue sections. The presence of megalocytiviral DNA was confirmed in two archival ornamental fish from 1986 and 1988 which had Megalocytivirus-like pathology. Unlike all other reported cases of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish, these cases did not involve the Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis (ISKNV)-like genotype. The sequence of the major capsid protein (MCP) and the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) genes from the viruses in the archival tissues had a high degree of identity to each other (96.7-100%) and to a turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV)-like Megalocytivirus (96.6-99.9%), reported as a cause of mass mortality in barred knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus, fingerlings in Taiwan. By contrast, MCP sequences of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish samples from 2002-2010 had almost complete identity to each other (99.9-100%) and to ISKNV, and only 91.5-95.0% identity to the archival samples, providing further evidence that these megalocytiviruses were genetically distinct. Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish cases during 1986-1993 were TRBIV-like whereas all cases from 1996 onwards were ISKNV-like. Evidence also indicated that a single ornamental fish could be concurrently infected with two different megalocytiviruses. The confirmation of Megalocytivirus infection in ornamental fish prior to 1990 resulted in a revision of the index case for confirmed Megalocytivirus in any fish species. The detection of a novel TRBIV-like strain of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish raised the possibility that current polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays may not detect this group of megalocytiviruses. Consequently, new conventional and real-time quantitative (q) PCR assays were developed to differentiate between megalocytiviruses from each of the three major Megalocytivirus genotypes. The discovery of a potential link between historical cases of Megalocytivirus infection and a recent disease outbreak in barred knifejaw, provided further impetus for investigation of the potential for spread of megalocytiviruses from freshwater ornamental fish to marine fish species. The susceptibility of Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, an important euryhaline Australian native species, to a Megalocytivirus (DGIV-10) originating from a recently imported dwarf gourami, Trichogaster lalius, was tested. Australian bass were susceptible to lethal infection with this Megalocytivirus both by direct inoculation and by cohabitation, and transmitted Megalocytivirus to naïve Murray cod through cohabitation. Australian bass could therefore be used as a model to study vector-borne transmission of Megalocytivirus between freshwater and marine fish species. Silver sweep, Scorpis lineolata, an Australian native marine fish was shown to be highly susceptible to DGIV-10 both by direct inoculation and cohabitation, and is the first Australian marine fish with demonstrated susceptibility to a Megalocytivirus originating from ornamental fish. Transmission of DGIV-10 from freshwater Murray cod to euryhaline Australian bass and then to marine silver sweep was demonstrated using cohabitation. Transmission of DGIV-10 from marine silver sweep to euryhaline Australian bass and then to Murray cod was also demonstrated. In summary, megalocytiviruses originating from the freshwater ornamental fish trade were demonstrated to be a potential biosecurity risk not only to Australian native freshwater species, but also to euryhaline and marine species and therefore to marine aquaculture, and recommendations for further research are presented.
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11

Diaz, Alexander P. "Effect of Diaprepes root weevil on leaf gas exchange and growth of select ornamental tree species." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011363.

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12

Ho, Chi-fai, and 何志輝. "Ecological risk assessment and management of invasive freshwater fish species from aquarium and ornamental trades in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194580.

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Since globalization have promoted the ornamental trade and accelerated the movement of freshwater fishes around the world, non-native species pose a high potential to be released into local freshwater habitats, and to spread and establish as invasive and nuisance species with adverse ecological, economic and social impacts. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the ornamental freshwater fish trade as an invasion pathway in Hong Kong, assess the ecological risk of common aquarium freshwater fish species being traded in the local market, identify species of concern and recommend ways for their management with a view to minimizing biological invasion risk associated with the aquarium trade. Based on a series of systematic market surveys through visiting 46 major aquarium shops in Hong Kong, about 167 freshwater fish species were found in the local aquarium trade between summer 2012 and spring 2013. Twenty-five species were randomly selected to go through two standard ecological risk assessment protocols (i.e., FISK & IFRA). The assessment results indicated that the goldfish (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and Wel’s catfish (Silurus glanis) have a high invasive risk in Hong Kong. The ornamental trade is one of the significant sources of freshwater fish invasions in Hong Kong. An integrated invasive species management plan is recommended to apply and implement in Hong Kong. The key elements of this management plan include (1) development of law and regulation on invasive species, (2) establishment of an early detection programme (like the current study), (3) implementation of control and eradication measures, (4) setting up invasive species handling guidelines and (5) fostering public education programs on biological invasion prevention. The plan should involve the participation of all stakeholders, such as government, industry, social community organization and public in order to engage them to jointly effectively tackle and manage invasive species and thereby conserve Hong Kong’s aquatic biodiversity.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
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13

Schuch, Ursula K., and Margaret Norem. "Growth of Legume Tree Species Growing in the Southwestern United States." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216550.

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Vegetative shoot growth of eleven legume tree species growing under field conditions in the Southwestern United States in Arizona were monitored over two periods of twelve months. Species included plants native to the Southwestern United States, Mexico, South America, and Australia. Based on shoot extension and branch differentiation species could be grouped into three categories. Fast growing legumes included Acacia farnesiana, A. pendula, Olneya tesota, Parkinsonia floridum, and Prosopis chilensis. Intermediate growth rates were monitored for A. jennerae, A. salicina, and A. visco. Slow growing species in this study included A. stenophylla, P. microphylla, and P. praecox. No buds, flowers, or pods were observed for P. microphylla, O. tesota, and P. chilensis during the study. Of the remaining species those native to the Americas flowered in spring and those native to Australia flowered in fall or winter.
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14

Leopold, Jennifer Hrach. "The evaluation of cuphea pulchra and cuphea schumannii as potential new ornamental crops for introduction into the Floriculture industry." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1092587225.

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15

Kingsbury, Noel. "An investigation into the performance of species in ecologically based ornamental herbaceous vegetation, with particular reference to competition in productive environments." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500172.

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The use of ornamental herbaceous plants in ecologically based planting schemes (EBPS) requires selection of species which are compatible, particularly for productive environments where competition is likely to be intense. Competitor, Stress tolerator, Ruderal (CSR) theory is considered and rejected as a guide to plant selection, although some of its insights are regarded as valuable. Competition between component taxa in EBPS is considered a key issue. Researching competition for practitioners in horticulture and allied industries involves a less reductionist and a greater observational methodology than is customary amongst plant ecologists. Simple competition trials are evaluated with regard to not just their outcomes in terms of understanding competition, but also their suitability for practitioners. A system for the classification of ornamental herbaceous plants is suggested, based on easily recognised aspects of their morphology and phenology. Plant architecture, the potential to spread through ramets and an ability to exploit growing seasons of various lengths are regarded as key variables. Relationships between the suggested categories and estimates of competitive performance in garden and EBPS conditions are considered. Biomass, as represented by a combination of canopy height and spread, an ability to spread extensively through ramets and an ability to grow over a long growing season are suggested as key factors in predicting both long-term survival and competitive performance. A knowledge of plant traits is suggested as being of key importance to practitioners in predicting plant performance over time, more so than comparison of environmental conditions in the region of origin and in cultivation. The contribution of genetically derived traits to distinct growth characteristics in different growing conditions is recognised, and their relevance to practitioners working with a variety of different design methodologies is discussed.
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16

Catara, Stefania. "Conservazione e valorizzazione di germoplasma nativo della regione mediterranea. Caratterizzazione morfo-ecologica di specie della flora sicula per usi sostenibili." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1639.

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La ricerca ha analizzato il germoplasma di 150 piante vascolari della flora sicula (79 generi, 33 famiglie), raccolto in diversi territori e habitat siciliani - Isole Eolie ed Egadi incluse nel corso di un triennio. Sono state studiate numerose specie ad ampia distribuzione (Arbutus unedo, Coronilla valentina, Emerus major, Erica arborea, E. multiflora, Lomelosia cretica, Lonicera implexa, Myrtus communis, Pistacia lentiscus, ecc.) come pure specie endemiche sicule quali Anthemis aetnensis, A. cupaniana, specie dei generi Centaurea, Euphorbia, Genista e Jacobaea, nonché Cytisus aeolicus e Silene hicesiae, presenti solo nelle isole Eolie e considerate a rischio. Al fine di indagare le possibilità di conservazione in-situ ed ex-situ e trarre informazioni utili per l elaborazione di protocolli specie-specifici sono stati analizzati i fattori che influenzano la germinazione dei semi, l'emergenza delle plantule e la radicazione delle talee. Il comportamento germinativo, è stato studiato su 27 taxa; i test di germinazione sono stati effettuati a diversi regimi termici e di luce. Le caratteristiche fenologiche e morfologiche delle specie selezionate, a diversi stadi di crescita, sono state analizzate presso un azienda vivaistica. Su 87 specie (55 generi, 24 famiglie) sono stati effettuati test di emergenza, mentre 72 specie (45 generi, 20 famiglie) sono state oggetto di prove di propagazione per talea. Il 62% delle accessioni ha mostrato un alto tasso di germinazione e di emergenza (80-100%), come Centaurea aeolica, Erysimum etnense, E. bonannianum, Euphorbia dendroides, E. rigida, Iberis semperflorens, Ptilostemon greuteri, Silene fruticosa, S. hicesiae, mentre in altre sono stati riscontrati valori di minore interesse (es. Capparis spinosa subsp. spinosa var. canescens). Anthemis maritima, Centaurea aeolica, C. busambarensis, Lomelosia cretica, Pallenis maritima, Teucrium flavum, T. fruticans e specie dei generi Helichrysum e Jacobaea hanno mostrato una buona attitudine alla propagazione per talea erbacea. 20 specie autoctone esprimono interessanti caratteri ornamentali, come Achillea maritima, Cerastium tomentosum, Iberis semperflorens, Lomelosia cretica, Pallenis maritima, Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia, Ptilostemon greuteri, Silene fruticosa, Teucrium flavum e alcuni taxa appartenenti ai generi Anthemis, Centaurea, Dianthus, Euphorbia, Helichrysum e Jacobaea. Dal complesso delle specie indagate emergono possibili applicazioni per usi e/o riusi polivalenti e sostenibili.
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Perotti, Adriano Antônio. "Morfologia da planta, inflorescência, fruto, semente e plântula de nandina domestica thunb." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2007. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1457.

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The work aimed to describe and to illustrate morphologic aspects of the plant, inflorescence, fruit, seed and seedling of Nandina domestica Thunb. In the accomplished tests, were evaluated twenty head offices installed in the production area of the Floricultura Oeste Ltda, in the metropolitan area of Cascavel - PR. Were observed in the plants the following aspects: root, stem and leaves. In the inflorescences were described: the kind, color and the reproductive structures. In the fruits, the following aspects were observed: color, mass and diameter. In the seeds, were verified forms, size and mass. In the seedling, were observed the protrusion of the primary root, hipocótilo, epicotyls, plúmula and cotyledons. The observations were accomplished with aid of table magnifying glass and the measures were taken with digital pachymeter. The flower is diclamídea, with superior ovary, the fruit is an impermeable red berry, containing two seeds, which possess elliptic format, with homócromo embryo and epigeous germination.
O trabalho objetivou descrever e ilustrar aspectos morfológicos da planta, inflorescência, fruto, semente e plântula de Nandina domestica Thunb. Avaliaram-se vinte matrizes instaladas na área de produção da Floricultura Oeste Ltda, na região metropolitana de Cascavel PR. Foram observados, nas plantas, os seguintes aspectos: raiz, caule e folhas. Nas inflorescências foram descritos: o tipo, cor e as estruturas reprodutivas. Nos frutos, observaram-se os seguintes aspectos: cor, massa e diâmetro. Nas sementes, verificou-se forma, tamanho e determinou-se a massa, nas plântulas, foram observadas a protrusão da raiz primária, o hipocótilo, epicótilo, plúmula e os cotilédones. As observações foram realizadas com auxílio de lupa de mesa e as medidas foram tomadas com paquímetro digital. A flor de Nandina domestica é diclamídea, com ovário súpero, e o fruto é uma baga vermelha impermeável, contendo duas sementes, as quais possuem formato elíptico, com embrião homócromo e germinação epígea.
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18

Martin, Cliff G. "Effects of herbivory by Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and flooding on the physiology and growth of select ornamental plant species in south Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024747.

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19

Martin, Dana. "Investigation of the Biocontrol Activity in vitro and in planta of Different Pseudomonas Species Against Important Crown, Stem, Foliar and Root Pathogens of Ornamental Crops." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503063395390704.

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20

Olsen, Richard Thomas. "Utilizing Polyploidy for Developing Improved Nursery Crops: Restoring Fertility in Wide Hybrids, Limiting Fertility of Invasive Species, Embryo Culture of Triploids, Pest Resistance, and Inheritance of Ornamental Traits." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04052006-131144/.

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Multiple projects were conducted to investigate the potential for developing a breeding program utilizing species of Catalpa Scop. and Chilopsis D. Don. The efficacy of oryzalin was evaluated for inducing polyploidy and restoring fertility in the sterile, intergeneric hybrid ×Chitalpa tashkentensis Elias & Wisura [Catalpa bignonioidesWalt. x Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet] 'Pink Dawn'. Submerging meristems in 150 µM oryzalin for up to 24 hours was effective at inducing tetraploids and cytochimeras. Pollen from the diploid cultivar was non-viable, but pollen from the polyploid stained and germinated as well as pollen from progenitor taxa. Polyploid ×Chitalpa were self-compatible yielding tetraploids when self pollinated and triploids when crossed with C. bignonioides, but reciprocal crosses with Chilopsis taxa failed. To increase recovery of triploids, we investigated germination of ovules and embryos at various harvest dates on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) basal salts supplemented with various medium components. Germination of triploid [(polyploid ×Chitalpa) x C. bignonioides] and tetraploid (selfed polyploid ×Chitalpa) embryos was greatest at 7 weeks after pollination on SH with 20 g·L-1 sucrose and ≥ 1 µM gibberellic acid (GA3). Triploids [Chilopsis linearis x (polyploid ×Chitalpa)] germinated < 5%. Additional studies were conducted to screen diverse taxa for resistance to powdery mildew (PM), Erysiphe elevata (Burr.) U. Braun & S. Takam, and catalpa sphinx larvae (CSL), Ceratomia catalpae (Boisduval). Twenty-four taxa from Catalpa (section Catalpa Paclt and Macrocatalpa Grisebach), Chilopsis, and ×Chitalpa were screened in 2004-05 for susceptibility to PM. Disease incidence and severity were recorded to calculate area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) for each year. North American Catalpa spp. in sect. Catalpa, Chilopsis, and ×Chitalpa taxa were all moderate to highly susceptible to PM. Chinese Catalpa spp. in sect. Catalpa and West Indian sect. Macrocatalpa were resistant to PM. Hybrids among North American and Chinese Catalpa spp. in sect. Catalpa varied in susceptibility, indicating inheritance of partial resistance to PM. A no-choice feeding study conducted with CSL in 2005 found no differences in survival or growth of larvae reared on taxa from both sections of Catalpa, Chilopsis, and ×Chitalpa. Future breeding of ×Chitalpa can utilize the identified sources of resistance for PM; however, a source of resistance to CSL was not found. Triploids are generally infertile and may be deployed by breeders to limit invasive potential of introduced ornamentals. However, inheritance of ornamental traits can be complex at higher ploidy levels. Inheritance of two mutant foliage types, variegated and purple, was investigated for diploid, triploid and tetraploid tutsan (Hypericum androsaemum L.). Fertility of progeny was evaluated with pollen viability tests, percent fruit set, and germinative capacity of seed from specific crosses. Segregation ratios were determined for diploids in reciprocal di-hybrid F1, F2, BC1P1, and BC1P2 families and selfed F2s with the parental phenotypes and triploid and tetraploid F2s. Diploid di-hybrid crosses fit the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio for a single, simple recessive gene for both traits, with no evidence of linkage. A novel phenotype representing a combination of parental phenotypes was recovered. Data from backcrosses and selfing also supported the recessive model. Both traits behaved as expected at the triploid level; however, at the tetraploid level the number of variegated progeny increased, with segregation ratios between random chromosome and random chromatid assortment models. We propose the gene symbol var (variegated) and pl (purple leaf) for the variegated and purple alleles, respectively. Triploid pollen stained moderately well, but pollen germination was low. Triploid plants demonstrated extremely low male fertility and no measurable female fertility (no viable seed production). Research presented herein demonstrates the feasibility of manipulating ploidy levels for breeding desirable ornamental traits including non-invasiveness.
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Sandberg, Marcus. "Pilot study: Is it possible to get Clown loach, Chromobotia macracanthus, ready to spawn in aquariums?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-30604.

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The clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus, is a well known species in ornamental fish circuits although the knowledge about it in its wild environment today is limited. The outtake of 50 million juveniles every year may drive the population into a collapse and it might be necessary to breed clown loaches in captivity to lower the pressure in wild stocks. This has not yet been accomplished without hormone treatment. The aim of the present study is to find out if it is possible for C. macracanthus to prepare for spawning in captivity without the use of hormones. The study was set up according to documentation about the wild conditions simulating the migration prior to spawning from greater rivers and swamps to smaller streams upriver. Although the experiment did not result in spawning it is believed that egg production took place according to criteria for identifying sexually mature fish ready to spawn. If so it would have resulted in the fish retaining or reabsorbing the eggs since they were not laid. A surprising result which tells us it would not be unusual with egg production in C. macracanthus in aquariums around the world.
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Trapani, Claudia. "VALUTAZIONI DELLE POTENZIALITA’ AGRONOMICHE, ORNAMENTALI E MORFO-FUNZIONALI DI ALCUNE SPECIE RUPICOLE DELLA FLORA SICILIANA." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/94898.

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UGOLINI, FRANCESCA. "Risposte allo stress idrico di due specie arbustive ornamentali: Photinia x fraseri var. Red Robin e Viburnum opulus L." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/797881.

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Riassunto Obiettivo della ricerca è quello di valutare le risposte di due specie ornamentali allo stress idrico indotto con la deficit irrigation. Piante di un anno di Viburnum opulus L. (viburno), specie decidua della famiglia delle Caprifoliaceae, e di Photinia x fraseri var. Red Robin (fotinia), specie sempreverde della famiglia delle Rosaceae, sono state sottoposte a tre regimi idrici, due in deficit rispetto il controllo. Il controllo (C) corrispondeva al fabbisogno idrico calcolato in base all’evapotraspirazione con il metodo delle pesate giornaliere; MWD (Moderate Water Deficit) era inferiore del 33% rispetto a C e SWD (Severe Water Deficit) inferiore del 66% rispetto al controllo. Il condizionamento è stato condotto presso il Centro Sperimentale per il Vivaismo, a Pistoia, da Maggio a Settembre 2011 all’aperto (prova 1) e da Aprile a Settembre 2012 in serra (prova 2). I risultati hanno dimostrato che la risposta più veloce è l’evitanza dello stress idrico attraverso la chiusura stomatica che induce una riduzione degli scambi gassosi in termini di traspirazione e di assimilazione della CO2. Fotinia ha mostrato differenze significative tra i regimi idrici a circa tre mesi dall’inizio del condizionamento mentre viburno dopo poche settimane. Inoltre, il regime MWD ha indotto una risposta simile al controllo. Le piante in SWD, in entrambe le specie, hanno mostrano dei valori di potenziale (pre-dawn e minimo) più bassi, associati all’aggiustamento osmotico con cui la pianta mantiene il turgore cellulare. L’efficienza dell’apparato fotosintetico non è stata alterata dallo stress idrico e nel periodo iniziale del condizionamento fotinia ha mostrato una maggiore efficienza nel trasporto elettronico e una maggiore termostabilità del PSII. La catena di trasporto elettronico tra le unità dell’apparato fotosintetico è stata anche stimolata dall’ alta irradianza e le alte temperature della tarda mattinata. Nelle stesse condizioni viburno invece ha mostrato una minore resa quantica delle reazioni primarie e una dissipazione energetica maggiore a livello di PSII, indicando una maggiore sensibilità alle condizioni ambientali. Il condizionamento in piante di un anno non ha indotto modificazioni alle caratteristiche meccaniche del legno ma solo una riduzione della conduttanza idraulica nelle piante di viburno in SWD. Per quanto riguarda la produzione di biomassa, sia all’aperto che in serra, fotinia ha limitato l’accrescimento in lunghezza e, come viburno, la produzione di biomassa aerea in SWD. In viburno la biomassa fogliare è stata anche ridotta tramite l’abscissione fogliare. Infine, nell’esperimento in serra, fotinia ha mostrato anche una differenza pronunciata tra i regimi per il rapporto massa aerea/radicale, con il valore più basso nel regime SWD. A livello fogliare, SWD ha ridotto l’area fogliare unitaria e ha indotto un ispessimento del tessuto lacunoso in entrambe le specie e dell’epidermide e della cuticola inferiori in viburno oltre ad aver ridotto la lunghezza della rima stomatica. E’ stato dunque dimostrato che la deficit irrigation può essere applicata nelle piante ornamentali, previa scelta oculata della specie. Fotinia, meno sensibile allo stress, è adatta, e risponde allo stress idrico con meccanismi di resistenza fisiologici, morfologici e di ripartizione della biomassa. Inoltre, una somministrazione idrica pari al 30% del fabbisogno della specie, mantiene la funzionalità fisiologica e non comporta, dal punto di vista estetico, alterazioni tali da comprometterne l’uso commerciale.
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24

Range, Inês Lages 1990. "Applicability of Fisk Risk Assessment (FISK) to ornamental species." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/10335.

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Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia da Conservação). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2013
A third of the world’s worst aquatic invasive species are ornamental species, with about 90% being freshwater fishes. It is thus important to identify undesirable ornamental species before they can spread and become established in natural environments. This study analyses the applicability of the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) in assessing the invasion risk of the 40 freshwater ornamental fishes most commonly sold in Lisbon and explores whether FISK can be used in conservation management. The response rate to FISK questions and the certainty of answers were high, evaluations performed by independent assessors were largely consistent, and there was little variation between FISK and IRI. The certainty level was positively correlated with FISK scores, indicating that FISK may perform better when there is more information available to support the assessment. Also FISK can be superior to IRI as it produces an immediate score which makes it easy to read by managers. FISK scores ranged between 0 and 38, covering all risk categories. Nine species were considered to have a high risk of invasiveness in Iberian Peninsula, namely C. auratus, C. carpio, H. plecostomus, P. reticulata, X. helleri, X. maculatus, T. trichopterus, P. sphenops and D. rerio. Moreover there was a positive correlation between FISK scores and the Frequency of Occurrence (FO%) and the Numeric Frequency (FN%) in the aquarium stores in Lisbon, indicating that species most popular in stores tended to have the highest FISK scores. FISK assessments should be repeated through time for strengthening species assessment, with multiple evaluations allowing the identification and filling of current gaps. This tool should be integrated in environmental programs for non-native species because is very easy to apply, has a low cost and is also very effective even when low amount of species information is available.
Os peixes estão entre os vertebrados mais introduzidos no mundo. A aquariofilia é actualmente um dos principais vectores para a introdução de peixes não-nativos na Europa. Um terço das espécies aquáticas invasoras são espécies de aquariofilia sendo 90 a 96% dos indivíduos desta indústria peixes dulçaquícolas. Os impactos potenciais causados por estas espécies não-nativas são enormes, quer em termos ecológicos e quer em termos económicos. A Bacia Mediterrânica é um hotspot de biodiversidade, e em particular a Península Ibérica, estando a fauna piscícola desta região entre as mais ameaçadas globalmente, com mais de 70% das espécies listadas com algum nível de ameaça, devido aos impactos causados pelas espécies não-nativas. Actualmente, cerca de 19% das introduções de peixes dulçaquícolas na Península Ibérica estão associadas à aquariofilia, por exemplo, espécies como Poecilia reticulata, Astronotus ocellatus e Xiphophorus helleri foram introduzidas na Península Ibérica devido a este vector humano. A introdução de espécies não-nativas pode ser reduzida através de três ações essenciais: erradicação, controlo ou prevenção. A prevenção parece ser a mais efectiva pois apresenta um menor custo comparativamente à erradicação ou ao controlo de espécies já existentes. Uma medida de prevenção passa por usar ferramentas de avaliação de risco como o Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK), de forma a identificar espécies não-desejáveis (ex. “listas negras”) antes que estas sejam importadas e se estabeleçam na área recipiente. Apesar do FISK ter sido usado para avaliar o risco de invasão de espécies de peixes não-nativas em várias regiões geográficas (ex. Austrália, Florida, Japão, Belarússia, UK) nunca foi aplicado em espécies de um vector tão importante como a aquariofilia. Avaliações anteriores do risco de invasão de espécies não-nativas na Penínusa Ibérica focaram-se também em espécies já introduzidas, negligenciando espécies actualmente vendidas em aquariofilia. Este estudo analisa a aplicabilidade do FISK como ferramenta para avaliar o risco de invasão das 40 espécies de peixes dulçaquícolas de aquariofilia mais vendidas nas lojas de aquariofilia em Lisboa (Portugal) considerados num trabalho anterior e explica de que forma o FISK pode ser usado na gestão da conservação. A taxa de resposta às questões do FISK e a certeza das respostas foram elevadas, as avaliações efectuadas por avaliadores independentes foram em grande parte consistentes e houve pouca variação entre o FISK e o Iberian Risk Index (IRI). O nível de certeza apresentou-se positivamente correlacionado com os valores de FISK, indicando que quanto maior o valor de FISK maior o nível de certeza associado. Isto pode ser atribuído ao facto das espécies com baixos valores de FISK (valores entre -15 e 18) terem menos estudos e bibliografia disponíveis, o que significa menor confiança na resposta dada, contrariamente a espécies com valores mais elevados de FISK que apresentam um maior leque de informação, o que resulta em respostas mais completas e com maior certeza. Desta forma, o FISK pode ser mais eficazmente executado se houver mais informação disponível para suportar a avaliação das espécies. O FISK parece ser também superior ao IRI pois produz um valor imediato de risco de invasão, o que faz com que seja de fácil interpretação por gestores. Os valores de FISK variaram entre 0 e 38 (dentro de um universo entre -15 e 57) e abrangeram todas as categorias de risco de invasão desde a categoria de baixo risco (LR) até à categoria de risco muito elevado (VHR). Apesar da maioria das espécies avaliadas (77.5%) pertencer às categoria de risco mais baixas, nove espécies foram consideradas como tendo um elevado risco de invasão na PenínsuIa Ibérica, nomeadamente C. auratus, C. carpio, H. plecostomus, P. reticulata, X. helleri, X. maculatus, T. trichopterus, P. sphenops e D. rerio. As espécies para as quais se obtiveram os maiores valores de FISK para a categoria de risco mais elevada (C. auratus e C. carpio) são também já consideradas espécies invasoras na Península Ibérica, causando perturbações elevadas no ambiente recipiente. Apesar de algumas espécies com risco elevado de invasão não estarem estabelecidas com sucesso na Península Ibérica (ex. H. plecostomus, X. maculatus, T. trichopterus, P. sphenops e D. rerio) o seu controlo deve ser tido em conta de forma a evitar o seu estabelecimento pois apresentaram algumas características biológicas propícias à sua invasão, por exemplo são capazes de se reproduzir em climas semelhantes aos encontrados na Penísula Ibérica. Além disso, houve uma correlação positiva entre os valores de FISK e a Frequência de Ocorrência (FO%) e a Frequência Numérica (FN%) nas lojas de aquariofilia em Lisboa, indicando que as espécies mais populares nas lojas tendem a ter os valores mais elevados de FISK. As relações foram particularmente evidentes para as espécies mais frequentes nas lojas (FO>80%) classificadas dentro das categorias de risco mais elevadas no FISK, como C. auratus, P. reticulata, X. helleri, X. maculatus, P. sphenops e D. rerio. Desta forma, as espécies que têm uma elevada probabilidade de se estabelecer com sucesso na Península Ibérica são também as espécies que são mais frequentemente vendidas em grandes quantidades nas lojas, o que pode resultar numa elevada pressão de propágulo e colocar maiores riscos de impacto no ecosistema recipiente. Uma vez que o risco de introdução destas espécies através do descarte humano é elevado nestas espécies, é essencial o controlo do seu comércio para evitar futuras introduções não-desejáveis na Península Ibérica. Este controlo deve também ser extendido a C. carpio, H. plecostomus e T. trichopterus pois pois apesar de apresentarem um baixo risco de libertação nos ecossistemas (FO% <0.80%), tiveram um elevado risco de invasão de FISK. As avaliações do FISK são essenciais na avaliação de risco de invasão das espécies e devem ser repetidas ao longo tempo de forma a fortalecer estas avaliações, com avaliações múltiplas (pelo menos dois avaliadores) permitindo a identificação e o preenchimento de lacunas existentes. Um elevado nível de questões não-respondidas e um aumento da incerteza para uma espécie deverá motivar decisores ambientais a adoptarem uma abordagem preventiva devido ao baixo nível de confiança na avaliação, devendo esta ser uma prioridade. Avaliações futuras devem também ter em atenção a avaliação de espécies que toleram temperaturas mais quentes de forma a identificar possíveis espécies com um elevado risco de invasão, tendo em conta os cenários futuros actuamente previstos para o clima na Península Ibérica (ex. H. plecostomus, T. trichopterus, P. sphenops e D. rerio). A alteração de habitats ribeirinhos através da construção de barragens poderá contribuir para um aumento do risco de invasão uma vez que os regimes térmicos da água são alterados. Apenas espécies com um baixo risco de invasão deverão ser incluídas numa “lista-branca” de espécies, desta forma autorizando a comercialização em lojas de aquariofilia. Estratégias para a prevenção da introdução de novas espécies não-nativas, como a preparação de listas de espécies com elevado risco de invasão utilizando o FISK, a implementação de métodos alternativos de descarte de espécies não-desejáveis e a educação das pessoas envolvidas na aquariofilia são as ações potencialmente mais eficazes. O FISK deverá ser integrado em programas de avaliação de risco para espécies não-nativas pois a sua aplicação é bastante fácil, tem um custo baixo, sendo muito eficiente mesmo quando está disponível pouca informação sobre as espécies ornamentais.
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25

Swart, Pierre Andre. "Propagation of Romulea species." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8324.

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Romulea is a genus with numerous attractive and endangered species with horticultural potential. This genus in the Iridaceae has its centre of diversity in the winter-rainfall zone of South Africa. This thesis uses ecophysiological and biotechnological techniques to investigate the physiology behind the propagation of some species in this genus. The ecophysiological techniques of soil sampling and analysis and germination physiology were used to determine the natural and ex vitro growth and development requirements of these plants, while biotechnological techniques are used to determine the in vitro growth and development requirements of these plants and to increase the rate of multiplication and development. Soil sampling and analysis revealed that R. monadelpha and R. sabulosa, two of the most attractive species in the genus, grow in nutrient poor 1:1 mixture of clay and sandy loam soil with an N:P:K ratio of 1.000:0.017:0.189 with abundant calcium. To investigate the physical properties of the seeds, imbibition rate, moisture content and viability of seeds were determined. The seed coat and micropylar regions were examined using scanning electron microscopy. To test for suitable stimuli for germination, the effect of temperature and light, cold and warm stratification, acid and sand paper scarification, plant growth promoting substances, deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, and different light spectra (phytochromes) on germination were examined. An initial germination experiment showed germination above 65% for R. diversiformis, R. leipoldtii, R. minutiflora and R. flava seeds placed at 15°C; while seeds of other species placed at 15°C all had germination percentages lower than 30%. More extensive germination experiments revealed that R. diversiformis and R. rosea seed germinate best at 10°C, R. flava seed germinates best when cold stratified (5°C) for 21 days and R. monadelpha germinates best at 15°C in the dark. Seeds of R. diversiformis, R. flava, R. leipoldtii, R. minutiflora, R. monadelpha and R. sabulosa seem to all exhibit non-deep endogenous morphophysiological dormancy while seeds of R. camerooniana and R. rosea appear to have deep endogenous morphophysiological dormancy. The suitability of various explant types and media supplementations for culture initiation was examined for various species of Romulea. Both embryos and seedling hypocotyls can be used for R. flava, R. leipoldtii and R. minutiflora in vitro shoot culture initiation. R. sabulosa shoot cultures can only be initiated by using embryos as explants, because of the lack of seed germination in this species. Shoot cultures of R. diversiformis, R. camerooniana and R. rosea could not be initiated due to the lack of an in vitro explant shooting response. Shoot cultures can be initiated on media supplemented with 2.3 to 23.2 M kinetin for all species that showed an in vitro response. The most suitable concentration depended on the species used. Some cultures appeared embryogenic, but this was shown not to be the case. A medium supplemented with 2.5 M mTR is most suitable for R. sabulosa shoot multiplication. BA caused vitrification of shoots in all the experiments in which it was included and is not a suitable cytokinin for the micropropagation of these species. The effect of various physical and chemical parameters on in vitro corm formation and ex vitro acclimatization and growth was examined. Low temperature significantly increased corm formation in R. minutiflora and R. sabulosa. A two step corm formation protocol involving placing corms at either 10 or 20°C for a few months and then transferring these cultures to 15°C should be used for R. sabulosa. When paclobutrazol and ABA were added to the medium on which R. minutiflora shoots were placed, the shoots developed corms at 25°C. This temperature totally inhibits corm formation when these growth retardants are not present. BA inhibited corm formation in R. leipoldtii. Corms can be commercialized as propagation units for winter-rainfall areas with minimum temperatures below 5°C during winter. Although an incident of in vitro flowering was observed during these experiments, these results could not be repeated. Although none of the corms or plantlets planted ex vitro in the greenhouse survived, a small viability and an ex vitro acclimatization experiment shows that the corms produced in vitro are viable. One embryo of the attractive R. sabulosa, produces 2.1 ± 0.7 SE shoots after 2 months; subsequently placing these shoots on a medium supplemented with 2.5 μM mTR for a further 2 months multiplies this value by 5.5 ± 1.3 SE. Each of these shoots can then be induced to produce a corm after 6 months. This means that 1 embryo can produce about 12 corms after 10 months or about 65 corms after 12 months (if shoots are subcultured to medium supplemented with 2.5 μM mTR for another 2 months). Embryo rescue can enable wider crosses within this genus. These results can be used for further horticultural development of species in this genus and their hybrids and variants.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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26

Yang, Man-Ni, and 楊曼旎. "Screening Native Woody Species of Taiwan for Indoor Ornamental Usage by Using Growth and Physiological Performances." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67544554400209966017.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
森林系所
103
There are 588 trees and 420 shrubs native to Taiwan. Yet only a few of them have been selected for the usage of indoor ornamental purpose. The aim of this study is to select suitable native woody plants for indoor usage based on their growth and physiological performances. Nineteen shade-tolerant native woody species and 4 shade-intolerant species which served as control were tested in this study. Tested plants were placed in indoor, outdoor-low-light, and outdoor-medium-light experimental sites. Indoor environment was maintained at a room temperature of 26℃ with light intensity around 7~9 µmol photon m-2 s-1. Three months after the treatment, we calculated three indexes, including leaf growth index, survival and mortality index, and photosynthesis index, for each species. A final quantitative score was calculated by integrating the above three indexes. Results showed that, 15 out of the 19 tested species did not have any dead seedlings, but seedlings of Ardisia chinensis were all dead. Seedlings of Hernandia nymphiifolia, Liodendron formosanum, and Nageia nagi had higher rate in newly formed leaves and lower rate in defoliate leaves, so that they had higher value for this index. Seedlings of Garcinia subelliptiva did not grow any new leaves and shed any old leaves. Seedlings of Acmena acuminatissima, Ardisia villosa, and Lithocarpus glabra, grew less new leaves and shed more old leaves, so they had a negative value for this index. As for the 4 control shade-intolerant species, only Broussonetia papyrifera showed positive, while the other 3 species were all negative for this index. After 3-month treatment, there were 13 tested species showed positive net photosynthetic rates (0.07 ~ 0.28 µmol m-2 s-1), while Acm. acuminatissima, Antidesma pentandrum, Ard. villosa, Illicium arborescens, and Lit. glabra showed negative photosynthetic rates (-0.05 ~ -0.18 µmol m-2 s-1). Summarized from the growth and physiological performances of each species, we found that Barringtonia asiatica, Diospyros eriantha, Dio. ferrea, Dio. Philippensis, Drypetes littoralis, Euonymus tashiroi, G. subelliptiva, H. nymphiifolia, Lio. formosanum, Murraya paniculata, N. nagi, and Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki all had potential to be indoor ornamental plants since their final quantitative scores were all positive. On the other hand, Acm. acuminatissima, Ard. chinensis, Ant. Pentandrum, Ard. villosa, Cinnamomum kotoense, I. arborescens, and Lit. glabra had severely defoliated in indoor environment, and their net photosynthetic rates were mostly negative. Their final quantitative scores were all negative, so these species were not suitable as indoor ornamental plants. Among the 12 species with positive final quantitative scores, 11 of them (except E. tashiroi) also showed positive scores under outdoor-low-light environment, a consistent result with that of indoor environment. Thus, we suggest that an outdoor-low-light experimental site can be considered for screening indoor ornamental plants if experimental space is a concern. Among the 12 potential candidates for indoor ornamental plants, 7 species, including Dio. ferrea, Dry. littoralis, G. subelliptiva, H. nymphiifolia, Lio. formosanum, N. nagi, and P. macrophyllus var. maki, were the most recommended native species, because they had little pest infestation and diseases during the experiment, and showed excellent appearances in leaf forms and tree shape. Keywords: leaf growth index, indoor ornamental plants, native woody species of Taiwan, net photosynthetic rates, shade tolerance.
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27

Chu, Pei-Yun, and 朱珮云. "Establishment of the transcriptome database and the functional gene-based markers certain species color traits in the ornamental shrimp (Neocaridina denticulate)." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00852822950630004553.

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