Academic literature on the topic 'Specie ornamentali'
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Journal articles on the topic "Specie ornamentali"
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Minuto, Luigi, and Gaudenzio Paola. "Annotazioni Su Alcune Rare Specie Ornamentali in Tre Note Localita' Turistiche Della Liguria." Giornale botanico italiano 128, no. 1 (January 1994): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509409437199.
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Paola, Gaudenzio, and Luigi Minuto. "Indagine Floristica Sulle Specie Ornamentali Nel Verde Pubblico Della Fascia Costiera Franco Ligure." Giornale botanico italiano 128, no. 1 (January 1994): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509409437201.
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Zappalà, Lucia. "L'impatto di insetti esotici invasivi negli agro-ecosistemi." Bullettin of the Gioenia Academy of Natural Sciences of Catania 52, no. 382/SFE (December 22, 2019): DECA29—DECA36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35352/gioenia.v52i382/sfe.83.
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Le introduzioni accidentali di insetti esotici nei sistemi agricoli e forestali, nonché sulle piante ornamentali anche in ambito urbano, sono aumentate in maniera rilevante in tutto il mondo negli ultimi tre decenni, spesso con gravi conseguenze economiche e ambientali nelle aree recentemente invase. Verranno qui presentati alcuni aspetti di fitofagi di recente o recentissima introduzione in Sicilia. In particolare, saranno prese in esame le strategie di controllo sostenibile di Drosophila suzukii (Moscerino dei piccoli frutti), specie polifaga che attacca frutti a buccia sottile, e l’ancora più polifaga Halyomorpha halys (Cimice asiatica).
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YU, Shujun. "INVESTIGATION OF NATIVE ORNAMENTAL RESOURCES IN MOUNT HUANGSHAN (EASTERN CHINA)." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 681b—681. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.681b.
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The author investigated, recorded, observed and analyzed the major wildflowers in Mount Huangshan---the natural and cultural heritages listed by the ESC0 of UN for the first time. On the basis of their desirable characteristics, more than 300 wild ornamental species are divided into 8 categories -–-historical old trees, rare and endangered species, evergreen ornamentals, blooming trees and shrubs, plants with colored foliage and fruit in fall, vines, herbaceous ornamentals and ground covers, and ornamental ferns. Mount Huangshan is one of the richest regions of native ornamentals in Eastern China and the most famous natural beauty in Pan-China. There are about 1500 wild landscape plants in and around it. Finally the paper puts forth some proposals and methods for introduction and utilization of wild ornamental plants. That is, investigation, classification,acclimatization and cultivation of them, and building a sort-out botanical garden for the germplasmic preservation and the flourishing landscape tourism.
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Groover, Elizabeth M., Matt DiMaggio, and Eric J. Cassiano. "Overview of Commonly Cultured Marine Ornamental Fish." EDIS 2020, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fa224-2020.
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The production of freshwater ornamental fish dominates the ornamental aquaculture industry, yet the small marine ornamentals sector has grown substantially in recent years. This 7-page fact sheet written by Elizabeth M. Groover, Matthew A. DiMaggio, and Eric J. Cassiano and published by the UF/IFAS Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation briefly reviews the more common groups of marine ornamental fishes cultured in the United States. As we learn more about marine ornamentals and as aquaculture protocols for marine ornamentals develop and improve, it is possible that more species may become economically feasible to produce and more cultured marine fish may begin to supplement wild-caught stocks in the marine aquarium trade.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa224
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Kumar, T. T. Ajith, and Kuldeep K. Lal. "Management strategies to regulate the introduction of exotic ornamental fish, the silent invaders of freshwater ecosystems in India." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.02.14.
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Abstract Ornamental fish culture and aquarium keeping have become a booming sector worldwide. It has been observed that a number of stakeholders are involved in introducing exotic ornamentals in India as well, as the takers are interested on variants and new species. Most of the exotic ornamental fishes are also being domesticated in India, since the demand is readily fulfilled through adequate supply to the hobbyists. This sector provides livelihood option to many people and helps to earn millions of dollars to our country every year, however, the invasion of exotic ornamentals in our natural water bodies needs to be assessed, monitored and controlled with due attention as it is a staid menace to our biodiversity. Around 400 species / variants of exotic freshwater ornamentals and around 100 exotic marine ornamental species including invertebrates are found to have introduced in the trade. It is significant to note that an apparent violation in the trade is taking place by concealing the Government of India approval, which is given only for 92 species / variants of fishes for import. Further, as some of the freshwater ornamental fishes currently available in the aquarium trade have invaded through natural water bodies, their impacts need to be studied in detail. To deal with the situation, the proper precautionary approach should be implemented by adopting measures after having proper quarantine, meticulous risk analysis and strategic prevention methods as well. Combined efforts of industry stakeholders with different government agencies, academic and research institutions is required and a suitable protocol has to be formulated for permissible import, sustainable production, supply and management.
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Milosevic, Snezana, Aleksandar Cingel, and Angelina Subotic. "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of ornamental species: A review." Genetika 47, no. 3 (2015): 1149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1503149m.
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Integration of desirable traits into commercial ornamentals using genetic engineering techniques is a powerful tool in contemporary biotechnology. However, these techniques have had a limited impact in the domain of ornamental horticulture, particularly floriculture. Modifications of the color, architecture or fragrance of the flowers as well as an improvement of the plant tolerance/resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses using plant transformation techniques, is still in its infancy. This review focuses on the application of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, a major plant genetic engineering approach to ornamental plant breeding and the impact it has had to date.
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Beeson, R. C. "Scheduling Woody Plants for Production and Harvest." HortTechnology 1, no. 1 (October 1991): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.1.1.30.
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Growth characteristics and marketing of woody ornamentals prevent crop scheduling common in floriculture crops. However, many tasks in the production of woody ornamentals require coordination with the season and/or physiological state of the species. Since most woody ornamental nurseries produce many species or cultivars, a variety of tasks occur concurrently. This review highlights the major tasks required during production for most species of woody plants. The physiological and environmental factors that dictate or influence scheduling are discussed.
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Anjaneyulu, Paradesi, and Boyina Rao. "Potential wild ornamental flowering plants of Andhra Pradesh, India." Indian Journal of Forestry 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2021-rvt0d2.
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A total of 258 angiosperm taxa representing 75 families were evaluated as potential wild ornamentals in Andhra Pradesh, out of the total 845 wild ornamental taxa recorded from a five-year field study. The largest family is Fabaceae with 23 species and the largest genus is Ficus with nine species. Present paper deals with the critical analysis and systematic enumeration of all the 258 taxa in a tabulated form with their botanical names, habitat, habit form, ornamental category, longevity, district-wise distribution and voucher specimens.
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Saha, Subhrajit K., Laurie E. Trenholm, and J. Bryan Unruh. "Effect of Fertilizer Source on Nitrate Leaching and St. Augustinegrass Turfgrass Quality." HortScience 42, no. 6 (October 2007): 1478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.6.1478.
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As a result of the coexistence of turfgrass and ornamentals in traditional landscapes, it is often impractical to separate fertilization and irrigation management among species. Furthermore, limited information is available on effects of turfgrass fertilizer on ornamental plants and vice versa. This research studied effects of two quick-release fertilizers (QRF) and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) on quality and growth of turfgrass and ornamental plants and nutrient leaching. ‘Floratam’ St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum Walt. Kuntze) was compared with a mix of common Florida ornamentals, including canna (Canna generalis L.H. Bailey), nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb.), ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.), and allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.). All plants were grown in 300-L plastic pots in Arredondo fine sand. Less nitrate (NO3 −) was leached from turfgrass than from ornamentals and more NO3 − leached from QRF 16N–1.7P–6.6K than from SRF 8N–1.7P–9.9K. Quick-release fertilizers produced higher plant quality. This controlled environment research provides preliminary data on which in situ research may be modeled. Further research is required to verify how nutrient release rate affects turfgrass and ornamental quality and nitrate leaching in an urban landscape.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Specie ornamentali"
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Toscano, Stefania. "Risposta di specie ornamentali allo stress idrico." Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/232.
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Nelle aree caratterizzate da clima mediterraneo lunghi periodi di carenza idrica durante la stagione primaverile-estiva, accompagnati da elevate temperature, possono determinare severi stress idrici in molte delle specie ornamentali impiegate per l'arredo urbano. Cio' in considerazione anche del fatto che non e' sempre possibile o conveniente, nella fase vivaistica e soprattutto di utilizzazione, un puntuale soddisfacimento delle loro esigenze per quanto concerne l'acqua. In tale contesto le prestazioni e la stessa sopravvivenza dipendono spesso dalla capacita' delle piante di assicurare un efficiente uso della risorsa idrica.
Nonostante l'interesse delle tematiche sottese, le questioni relative agli effetti dello stress idrico sulle specie ornamentali ed in particolare su quelle utilizzate per la sistemazione degli spazi a verde solo marginalmente sono state oggetto di studio. Solo recentemente i nuovi orientamenti in tema di progettazione e ricomposizione ambientale, sempre piu' rivolti a mettere a punto, schemi piu' sostenibili, hanno indirizzato le ricerche verso l'individuazione di interventi biologici e tecnici in grado meglio di valorizzare la risorsa idrica.
In questo contesto, contrassegnato da un livello di conoscenze assai limitato, l'obiettivo generale della presente tesi e' stato lo studio, in specie ornamentali diverse, degli effetti dello stress idrico ai semi, attraverso l'impiego di soluzioni osmotiche piu' o meno concentrate durante la fase di germinazione, o alle piante nelle prime fasi dell'accrescimento, mediante una piu' o meno drastica riduzione degli apporti idrici nel corso dellà ¢ intero ciclo colturale o di temporanee sospensioni degli interventi irrigui.
In particolare le prove sperimentali hanno riguardato:
A) Gli effetti dello stress idrico sulla germinazione e sullo sviluppo di plantule di girasole (Helianthus annuus L.).
B) La risposta morfo-fisiologica di arbusti ornamentali a condizioni differenziate di stress idrico.
C) I meccanismi morfo-fisiologici di recupero da stress idrico in arbusti ornamentali.
Nell'ambito di ciascuna prova gli obiettivi specifici sono stati:
A) Studiare, su sei cultivar di girasole ornamentale, gli effetti di differenti condizioni di stress idrico durante la fase di germinazione, sui principali parametri del processo in esame e sullà ¢ accrescimento delle plantule originate dai semi differentemente stressati.
B) Analizzare il comportamento di arbusti ornamentali diversi, sottoposti nei primi mesi del ciclo colturale a stress idrici di differente entita', al fine di valutare la loro tolleranza nei confronti della carenza di acqua nel substrato e di individuare i principali meccanismi morfo-biometrici e fisiologici che sostengono la tolleranza stessa.
C) Valutare, in cinque arbusti ornamentali largamente utilizzati per la ricomposizione di spazi a verde, la capacita' di recupero allo stress idrico a seguito di periodici interventi di sospensione e ripristino degli interventi irrigui.
Le prove rivolte a valutare gli effetti dello stress idrico, imposto attraverso l'adozione di livelli di potenziale osmotico differenti, sul processo di germinazione di cv di girasole, hanno consentito di acquisire risultati circa: a) il valore limite del potenziale osmotico della soluzione al di sotto del quale il processo non si realizza; b) il comportamento, apparso piuttosto diverso tra loro, delle cultivar allo studio nei confronti dello stress idrico nel corso della germinazione stessa; c) la possibilita', attraverso la adozione di soluzioni con potenziale osmotico lievemente negativo, di migliorare la germinazione in termini sia quantitativi che temporali. La scarsa concordanza riscontrata, in rapporto alle cv, tra il loro comportamento nei confronti dello stress idrico in fase di germinazione e l'accrescimento delle relative plantule, sollecita ulteriori verifiche, considerato il notevole interesse che riveste la possibilita' di effettuare uno screening precoce, semplice e assai rapido, per la selezione dei genotipi per il carattere in oggetto.
Le prove concernenti gli effetti esercitati in arbusti ornamentali diversi dallo stress idrico nelle prime fasi dell'accrescimento, e che hanno preso in esame le modificazioni causate sulla pianta sia dalla differente disponibilita' di acqua nel substrato nel corso dell'intero ciclo colturale che da periodici interventi di sospensione e ripristino degli interventi irrigui hanno messo in luce profonde differenze fra specie in esame. Queste ultime, infatti, sebbene siano apparse tutte idonee ad essere impiegate in quegli ambienti in cui le risorse idriche sono assai limitate, hanno mostrato una differente capacita' di valorizzare condizioni di scarsa disponibilita' di acqua. La tolleranza agli stress idrici, in particolare, e' apparsa legata fortemente a modificazioni morfo-biometriche e fisiologiche della pianta, che hanno interessato nel primo caso l'apparato fotosintetizzante e quello radicale, nel secondo la conduttanza stomatica. In genere, in condizioni di scarsa disponibilita' di acqua nel substrato, le specie meno tolleranti hanno messo in atto meccanismi di difesa basati essenzialmente sulla diminuzione delle dimensioni dell'apparato fotosintetizzante, mentre le specie apparse piu' tolleranti agli stress idrici si sono principalmente affidate all'aumento delle dimensioni degli apparati radicali. Per quanto concerne i meccanismi fisiologici, la modificazione della conduttanza stomatica e' apparsa la strategia principalmente impiegata per contenere le perdite di acqua.
In ogni caso, un elemento che emerge dalle prove, e che certamente contribuisce alla notevole tolleranza agli stress idrici da parte delle specie studiate, e' la loro capacita', sia pure in misura diversa, di recuperare, al termine del periodo sfavorevole, la piena efficienza funzionale, come si evince dall'andamento di molti dei processi fisiologici monitorati.In the areas characterized by Mediterranean climate, long periods of water deficit during the spring-summer season together with high temperatures, could determine severe water stress in many ornamental species utilized for urban landscape. Moreover, it is not always possible or convenient to satisfy plant water requirements, both in the nursery and in the following growth stages. Therefore, the growth and survival of these species is linked to their capacity to increase the water use efficiency. Nevertheless the importance of these issues, little investigation has been done on water stress of ornamental shrubs, and especially in the ones utilized for landscape. However the new trends on â sustainable landscapingâ have paid the attention on the individuation of biological and technical tools for a better valorization of water resources. In this frame, the general aim of the PhD thesis was to study, on several ornamental species, the effect of water stress determined by solutions with different osmotic potential during germination and by different restitution of water loss with evapotranspiration during growth cycle. The experimental trials concerned: A) The effects on water stress on germination and seedling growth in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). B) Morpho-physiological response of ornamental shrubs in different water stress conditions. C) Morpho-physiological mechanisms of water stress recovery in ornamental shrubs. The specific aim for each trial was: A) Study on six sunflower cultivars the effects of different water stress conditions on germination rate and seedling growth rate; B) Analyze the behavior of several ornamental shrubs subjected in the first period of growth cycle to water stress to individuate the tolerance on water deficit in the substrate. Moreover the main mechanisms morpho-biometrical and physiological have been investigated. C) Evaluate on five ornamental shrubs largely used in the landscape, the recovery capacity to water stress after periodical cycles of suspension/recovery of irrigation. In the trial on the evaluation of water stress imposed with different osmotic potentials on sunflower germination, different results were obtained: a) the osmotic potential threshold (below this value germination does not start); b) different behavior of the studied cultivars in relation to water stress and germination; c) the possibility to enhance the germination trough the adoption of solutions with low osmotic potentials. The different results in relation to the cultivars in the two steps (seed and seedling growth stages) need further investigation considering the noticeable interest to effectuate a quick and easy screening for evaluation of genotypes to water stress. The response of ornamental shrub seedlings to water stress has considered the plant changes to different water content in the substrate for the whole cultivation period and to frequent cycles of suspension/recovery of irrigation. Results showed that species seemed to be available in environments characterized by scarce water resources, and exhibited a different capacity to increase water efficiency. The tolerance to water stress is linked to morpho-biometrical and physiological changes, which have involved the photosynthesis and stomatal conductivity. In low water availability less tolerant species showed a reduction in leaf area, while the tolerant ones have increased the root systems. Among the physiological mechanisms, the modification of stomatal conductivity appears to be the main strategy to avoid water loss. However, as showed by the many physiological processes investigated, species showed a certain capability (different among the species) to recover their functional efficiency at the end of unfavorable period.
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Farieri, Elisa. "Risposta di specie ornamentali a stress abiotici." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3862.
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Da tempo l attenzione della ricerca si è concentrata sugli stress abiotici (es. idrico, salino) a causa delle forti riduzioni che determinano sulle rese. Pochi studi, però, si sono occupati delle piante ornamentali utilizzate negli spazi a verde, nonostante gravi danni che subiscono per effetto di questi stress. In questo quadro, le prove condotte nell ambito della tesi hanno riguardato:
- screening della risposta di diversi arbusti ornamentali allo spray marino;
- risposta fisiologica e biochimica di Photinia ×fraseri Dress Red Robin ed Eugenia uniflora L. Etna Fire allo stress idrico;
- effetti della differente temperatura dell acqua sulla conducibilità idraulica di sei specie di pini iberici;
- risposta di Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels e Viburnum tinus L. Lucidum ad aerosol marino e surfactanti in condizioni ambientali differenziate;
- risposta allo stress salino in rapporto alla modalità di somministrazione del sale in Photinia ×fraseri Dress Red Robin .
In estrema sintesi le prove, diverse per obiettivi, metodi, materiali biologici, hanno consentito di stabilire che:
- lo screening fra genotipi è uno strumento importante per valutare la risposta delle piante, che tuttavia si può modificare a livello intraspecifico;
- nelle piante ornamentali è importante valutare il valore estetico; per tale motivo assumono interesse caratteri come peso secco della porzione epigea, area fogliare e soprattutto la percentuale di danno alle foglie;
- le determinazioni fisiologiche (tasso di traspirazione, conduttanza stomatica e fotosintesi netta), soprattutto se correlate tra loro, forniscono utili informazioni sui meccanismi di azione;
- le determinazioni biochimiche, anche se onerose, possono aiutare a capire la risposta delle piante;
- le risposte sono influenzate dall interazione del genotipo con le condizioni ambientali;
- l associazione fra stress diversi può talvolta intensificare i danni alle pianta, anche se non sempre si osservano effetti sinergici;
- la risposta ad uno stress, come quello salino, si modifica in relazione alla modalità di applicazione della soluzione salina; in Photinia, ad esempio, i maggiori danni si sono avuto con la somministrazione di sale direttamente all apparato radicale;
- l'analisi della concentrazione di ioni (Na+ e Cl-) nei diversi tessuti vegetali e lo studio della loro traslocazione/compartimentalizzazione consente di comprendere meglio la risposta della pianta allo stress salino;
- lo studio dello stress può rappresentare un importante approccio per la valutazione degli effetti futuri del global change.
In sintesi i risultati ottenuti indicano come la risposta agli stress abiotici dipenda in misura rilevante dal genotipo. Nelle piante ornamentali, in considerazione dell ampia articolazione biologica, questo aspetto certamente complica le indagini, per cui assume interesse la possibilità di individuare metodi non distruttivi di diagnosi precoce della tolleranza agli stress abiotici.
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Di, Gregorio Rosa. "Studi e ricerche sull'impiego di specie erbacee autoctone della flora siciliana a fini ornamentali." Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/230.
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Negli ultimi anni e' cresciuto l'interesse nei confronti di specie erbacee autoctone di possibile impiego negli spazi a verde caratterizzati da un basso livello di manutenzione. La realizzazione di tappeti erbosi fioriti i wildflowers degli autori anglosassoni potrebbe consentire la riduzione dei costi di impianto e soprattutto di manutenzione degli impianti a verde. Alcune piante erbacee autoctone possono rappresentare una valida alternativa alle piante tradizionali per la loro rapida crescita e capacita' di stabilizzare il terreno. Se, pero' da tempo l'attenzione e' stata posta nei confronti degli arbusti e degli alberi della flora mediterranea per cui il quadro di conoscenze e' sufficientemente consolidato, non sono ancora adeguatamente note le caratteristiche morfo-biometriche, l'ecologia della germinazione e le esigenze colturali delle specie erbacee. Da ricordare, inoltre, come molte di queste piante siano in grado di crescere nell'ecosistema urbano, spesso in aree di risulta. Indagini rivolte in questa direzione sono state da tempo portate avanti, anche in vista di un possibile uso di queste specie per la realizzazione di spazi a verde sostenibili.
In quest'ambito, la tesi di dottorato ha voluto analizzare le potenzialita' della flora siciliana in vista di un possibile impiego di alcune specie erbacee quali wildflowers. A tale fine diverse prove sono state condotte al fine di:
A) identificare i taxa della flora siciliana che possono essere utilizzati come wildflowers sulla base delle loro caratteristiche estetiche e del loro ciclo vegetativo (annue, bienne e perenni);
B) analizzare le esigenze colturali e le caratteristiche morfo-biometriche che sostengono il loro impiego al fine indicato;
C) definire le caratteristiche dei semi e il processo di germinazione.
L'indagine portata avanti nella prova A ha consentito di definire un elevato numero di specie della flora siciliana di potenziale impiego. Alla fine dell'indagine sono state individuate 2106 specie appartenenti a 76 famiglie e 652 generi diversi. Ciascuna specie inserita in elenco presenta tratti idonei in vista di un possibile impiego quale wildflower, sebbene siano necessarie ulteriori indagini per determinarne l'effettiva possibilita' d'uso. Come atteso, le famiglie piu' rappresentate sono state le Asteraceae (con 278 specie e 99 generi) e le Poaceae (con 255 specie e 114 generi). Queste famiglie sono quelle piu' diffuse nella flora italiana e sono caratterizzate da differenti modalita' di impollinazione, prevalentemente tramite insetti la prima, soprattutto anemofila la seconda. Differente e' quindi la stessa modalita' d'uso. Le Asteraceae possono essere ampiamente utilizzate negli spazi a verde antropizzati, sia rurali che urbani, grazie ai fiori attrattivi e molto ornamentali, mentre le Poaceae si prestano meglio ad essere utilizzate in ecosistemi degradati per la loro adattabilita' a contesti pedologici marginali. Ben rappresentate nell'indagine sono state le famiglie delle Fabaceae (212 specie e 27 generi) e Caryophyllaceae (121 specie e 26 generi). Nonostante il basso numero di accessioni, molto interessanti per le caratteristiche delle strutture fiorali sono i rappresentanti delle famiglie di Ranunculaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae, Schrophulariaceae e Violaceae. Piu' rappresentate sono le erbacee perenni (51%) rispetto alle annuali; gli habitat in cui e' piu' frequente riscontare le specie sono gli ambenti degradati sia urbani che rurali. Cio' e' un indice della possibilita' di impiegare tali specie in sistemazioni a verde a bassa manutenzione.
L'analisi delle caratteristiche morfo-biometriche che sostengono l'adattabilita' al'uso (prova B) e' stata effettuata su 138 specie appartenenti a 36 famiglie botaniche; in particolare per 34 specie le statistiche descritte di fiori, foglie e frutti sono state riportate in apposite schede. Molte delle piante individuate possono essere ritenute delle interessanti alternative alle piante tradizionalmente utilizzate negli spazi a verde ornamentale in ambiente mediterraneo. La famiglia piu' rappresentata e' quella delle Fabaceae (25 specie) seguita da quella delle Asteraceae (24 specie). Circa il 50% delle specie e' stato rinvenuto in aree urbane, spesso in contesti pedologici marginali, caratterizzati da un basso contenuto di sostanza organica. La vistosita' degli organi vessillari, i diversi colori dei fiori (bianco, rosa, rosso, blu e, soprattutto, giallo) e la diversa statura raggiunta dalle piante testimoniano della possibilita' di una fattiva utilizzazione a fini estetici.
Nella prova e' stato calcolato il peso dei semi per 59 specie appartenenti a 22 famiglie botaniche diverse. Il peso dei 1000 semi e' variato da 2 a 40000 mg; questa informazione appare utile nel gestire il processo di germinazione, in quanto frequentemente la dimensione dei semi sostiene l'esigenza in luce in fase di germinazione. Le diverse dimensioni degli organi di propagazione influenzano, inoltre, la stessa possibilita' di realizzare miscugli dal momento che le caratteristiche dei semi sono cosi' diversificate. Il processo di germinazione, che e' stato analizzato in 4 prove successive, ha riguardato 42 specie di 18 famiglie botaniche diverse. Nonostante non sempre si siano individuati i meccanismi che influenzano la risposta in fase di germinazione, per 25 specie si e' riusciti ad ottenere percentuali di germinazione superiori al 40%, un valore elevato laddove si consideri che i semi delle specie spontanee sono spesso caratterizzati da fenomeni di dormienza. Da sottolineare l'ampio intervallo di variazione registrato per i valori del T50, che hanno oscillato da 3-5 giorni fino ad oltre 20; il dato merita di essere tenuto in conto soprattutto in considerazione del fatto che normalmente le diverse specie di wildflowers vengono utilizzate in miscuglio e quindi la scalarita' dell'emergenza potrebbe compromettere la riuscita dell'impianto.
I risultati ottenuti considerati nel loro complesso sottolineano le potenziali della flora siciliana come fonte di specie per realizzare impianti di specie erbacee gestiti con criteri naturalistici. La frequente dormienza dei semi e' sicuramente un problema dal punto di vista agronomico, anche se appropriate condizioni di luce e trattamenti fisici o meccanici potrebbero migliorare il processo di propagazione e consentire l'impiego di queste piante a scopo ornamentale, soprattutto in aree urbane. In questo caso le piante autoctone potranno offrire un fattivo contributo per incrementare la biodiversita' negli ambienti antropizzati.In the last decade, the interest in herbaceous native plants for landscape purpose has grown, due to their potential use in a low-maintenance landscapes. The establishment of a native wildflower meadow could reduce the costs due to the lower levels of management practices. Some herbaceous native species represent a valid alternative for their rapid growth and ability to stabilize roadside soils. Many botanical species, especially shrubs and trees, have been reintroduced in the Mediterranean area for environmental purpose, but little attention has been paid to native herbaceous plants. The specific traits of species native of Southern Italy, and their morph-biometric characteristics, seed germination ecology, cultivation techniques have not been investigated yet. Despite the impact of urbanization on biodiversity, many herbaceous species are able to grow in the urban ecosystem. In the last years, various researches have been carried out to investigate the urban flora of different Italian and European cities, finding an high number of species. Most of these species could assume interest for a possible use in naturalistic green areas. In this frame, the current PhD thesis analyzed the Sicilian flora potentiality in view to use some native species like wildflowers. For this purpose various trials were carried out with the aims to: A) identify the taxa of Sicilian flora which could be used like wildflowers for aesthetic traits and life form characteristics (annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants); B) analyze the morph-biometric characteristics, mainly linked to specific use and environmental requirements of the most interesting species of the first trial; C) define the characteristics of seed and germination process. The survey conducted in the trial A showed an high number of Sicilian species. At the end of the investigation 2106 species were individuated, belonging to 76 families and 652 botanical genera. Every species reported in the list showed useful traits to be used as wildflowers, although further experiments are required to determine the possible use. As expected, the most representative family corresponded to Asteraceae (with 278 species and 99 genera), followed by Poaceae (255 species and 114 genera). These families are the most widespread botanical families of Italian flora, characterized by different pollination modalities: mainly through insects in the first taxa and through wind in the second one. Different is the possible use: Asteraceae better suit in anthropized landscape, both rural and/or urban environments, due to their attractive and beautiful flowers, while the Poaceae could be better utilized in degraded ecosystems for their adaptability to infertile soils. Good represented are the families of Fabaceae (212 species and 27 genera) and Caryophyllaceae (121 species and 26 genera). Despite the low number of species of Ranunculaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae, Schrophulariaceae and Violaceae, these families could be very interesting for flower characteristics. The more common life form is the herbaceous perennial, with the 51% of the species; the more diffused habitats are the degraded ecosystems, both rural or urban area. This indicates that these species could be used in low-maintenance landscape. The analysis of morph-biometric characteristics (trial B) was effectuated on 138 species belonging to 36 botanical families; for 34 species the descriptive statistics of flower, leaf and fruit characteristics are summarized. Many of them can be considered an ornamental plant alternative to the traditional ones in Mediterranean environments. The most representative families are Fabaceae (25 species) and Asteraceae (24 species). About the 50% of the species is found in urban area on disturbed soils or in completely man-made soils, characterized by low organic content. The showiness of different colors of the flowers (white, pink, red, blue, and mainly yellow) and the wide range of plant height allow these plants to be suitable for aesthetic use. In the trial C, the seed weight of 59 species belonging to 22 botanical families is determined. The 1000 seed weight ranged from 2 to 40000 mg. This is an useful information because the seed size often affects the light requirements during germination. Therefore the different sizes can influence the possibility to realize a meadow with a blend of species. The four germination trials, which have involved 42 species of 18 botanical families, showed the possibility to obtain for 25 species more than the 40% of germinated seeds, an high value in relation to the peculiar characteristics of native species germination. However the mechanisms that influenced the seed dormancy were not always clear. In some species, characterized especially by small seeds, the germination process was enhanced by the light. The difference in the T50 value, that ranged from 3-5 to 20 days, remarks the need to consider the length of germination process when a mixture of species is adopted. The results achieved in our trials highlight the potentiality of Sicilian flora as source of species to realize semi-natural herbaceous communities in low-maintenance landscapes. Frequent seed dormancy is clearly an agronomical problem; however, the appropriate light conditions and physiological and/or mechanical treatments, may improve the germination rate and enable these species to be used for ornamental purpose, especially in urban area. In this case, native species could give a contribution to improve biodiversity in anthropized landscapes.
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Diliberto, Giuseppe. "Impiego di tecniche innovative per la valorizzazione e caratterizzazione molecolare di specie vegetali ornamentali." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3853.
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L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di valutare la capacità dell approccio DNA barcoding per identificare diversi gruppi tassonomici da due collezioni di piante da fiore: taxa commerciali più rilevanti, provenienti dalla produzione in vivaio e piante autoctone mediterranee con atteggiamento ornamentale per nuova introduzione.
L analisi del DNA barcoding dei core markers, rbcL e matK, è stato adottato come primo passo per l identificazione di 100 taxa appartenenti a 20 famiglie. Un terzo marcatore, la regione intergenica trnH-psbA, è stato anche testato su 74 taxa, dove i core markers indicati hanno presentato difficoltà.
Sequenze di DNA barcode sono state recuperate sulla quasi totalità dei taxa investigati (98%). Le sequenze del gene rbcL sono state quelle più recuperate su 96 taxa e matK su 78. Le sequenze trnH-psbA sono state recuperate su 62 taxa.
In questo studio 61 taxa complessivamente (61%) sono stati risolti totalmente a livello specifico o subspecifico, da almeno uno dei tre marcatori. I loci matK e rbcL hanno risolto rispettivamente il 44% e 35% dei taxa sequenziati con successo. I core markers in approccio multilocus hanno portato alla risoluzione del 49% dei taxa, incrementando il numero dei taxa risolti per singolo locus. Il trnH-psbA è stato in grado di discriminare il 52% dei taxa analizzati e risultando determinante nella discriminazione di 14 taxa.
Quattro famiglie che includono il maggior numero di taxa (Arecaeae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae), sono stati valutati in termini di distanza genetica (K2P%). Tra i core markers, matK ha espresso la più alta distanza genetica, da 1,5% a 6,4%, contro un range di 0,7-2,1% di rbcL, confermando il suo superiore livello di risoluzione di specie. Tuttavia, tenendo conto delle alte performance tecniche del marcatore rbcL, l uso dei core markers appare un buon compromesso tra PCR, successo di sequenziamento e risoluzione a livello di specie. I risultati suggeriscono anche l utilizzo di trnH-psbA per incrementare i successi. Un approccio multilocus con ulteriori marcatori necessita di essere affrontato per diversi gruppi tassonomici, mediante la validazione di markers addizionali o le differenti combinazioni di primer, in particolare per matK, par aumentare i successi di identificazione.
Nonostante l evidenza di gruppi criptici, i risultati confermano il potenziale dell approccio barcoding per una rapida identificazione di sconosciuti ed eterogenei gruppi di piante.
Questo lavoro mette in evidenza anche l importanza di generare un dataset più ampio di riferimento per la flora ornamentale, utile per risolvere le controversie tassonomiche e sostenere la tracciabilità commerciale mediante specifiche schede ottiche associate ad ogni pianta sul mercato.
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Watson, Victoria Anne. "Genetic manipulation of ornamental species." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422742.
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Patel, Deval U. "Genetic Manipulation of Ornamental Nicotiana Species." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523657.
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Hayden, Jason. "A multi-species mariculturesystem : a holistic approach to ornamental culture." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2034.
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Thesis (MTech (Oceanography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010Coral reefs are in a worldwide state of crisis due to overexploitation. One of the factors contributing to the over exploitation is the marine ornamental industry. This industry utilises a diversity of organisms, comprising approximately 1470 species of fish and more than 300 species of invertebrates. Between April and December 2007, five of the 18 companies who had import permits for South Africa, imported a total of 359 different ornamental species, 252 of these were fish species while the remaining 107 species were invertebrates. During these nine months a total of 32 005 individual organisms were imported into South Africa by the five companies. There were two groups of fish that represented the highest import volumes. These were Amphiprion spp. and Pomacentradae spp., as well as the Gobidae spp. These groups represented 38% and 19% respectively of the total number of fish imported" Aquaculture has the potential to substantially reduce the harvesting pressure on coral reef organisms globally. A small-scale multi-species mariculture system was designed and constructed for benthic egg-laying species of fish (brood stock), corals, and ornamental algae. The system was designed to be low cost and easy to operate. The total capital costs for the system was R15 680.70. In order to estimate the potential yield of an aquaculture facility it is important to know the growth rate of the proposed species under pilot conditions. The use of artificial lighting regimes in aquaculture comes at a financial cost. It is for this reason that it is important to know what lighting scenario yields the highest growth rate of corals. The effects of photoperiod were tested on Sinularia sp. of coral. Two photoperiods were tested, namely: Groups (8:16 h Iight:dark cycle) and Group12 (12:12 h light:dark cycle). No significant difference in weight was found between Group8 and Group12 (p = 0.975). There was however a significant increase (p = 0.002) in Surface-area Pixel Value (SPV) for Groups (1996.73 millipixels pixel-1 day -1) compared to Group12 (983.73 millipixels pixel-1 day -1). The use of a 8:16 h lightdark cycle can thus yield coral of a larger size but not necessarily a higher mass.
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Miller, W. B., D. A. Bailey, and D. A. Palzkill. "Propogation and Nursery Production Studies With New Arid Land Species." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215862.
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Several species of low -water requiring species have been successfully propagated through vegetative and sexual means. Auxin treatments and bottom healing were beneficial in many cases. Development of improved propagation schemes, and subsequent growing practices, will increase grower success and profitability, eventually increasing availability of new low water use plants to the Arizona consumer. The long-term result of this work will be the availability of new, low-water use plant species which may be utilized by the homeowner and landscape contractor. The addition of new and exciting plant materials to the consumer market, it is hoped will accelerate the use of arid species in the Arizona landscape, resulting in water savings throughout the state, particularly in urban areas.
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Domenghini, Jacob Cody. "Water use and drought resistance of turfgrass and ornamental landscape plant species." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13517.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources
Dale Bremer
Greg Davis
In 2005, turfgrass was estimated to cover approximately 20 million ha of urbanized land. That area is increasing with rapid urbanization, stressing the importance of water conservation in the lawn and landscape industry. Turfgrasses have been identified for replacement by presumably more water-efficient ornamental plant species to conserve water. However, research comparing drought resistance and evapotranspiration (ET) of turfgrasses with ornamental landscape plants is limited. Two studies were conducted to evaluate water use and performance under drought stress of several ornamental and turfgrass species. An online course was developed to educate students about critical water issues related to irrigation in urbanizing watersheds. In a field study, ET was measured using lysimeters and plant water status was evaluated under deficit irrigation (100%, 60%, and 20% ET) in Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. ‘Sharps Improved’, and Ajuga reptans L. ‘Bronze Beauty’. Evapotranspiration was similar between A. reptans and F. arundinacea, and was 32 and 35% greater than ET of B. dactyloides. In a greenhouse study, the performance of one turfgrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Apollo’) and eight landscape species (Achillea millifolium L., Ajuga reptans L. ‘Bronze Beauty’, Liriope muscari Decne., Pachysandra terminalis Siebold and Zucc., Sedum album L., Thymus serpyllum L., Vinca major L., and Vinca minor L.) was evaluated during a severe dry down and subsequent recovery. S. album, L. muscari, and P. terminalis performed the best, requiring 86 to 254 d to decline to a quality rating of one (1-9 scale: 1=dead/dormant, 9=best quality). The remaining species required 52 to 63 d. The only species to recover were P. pratensis [46% pot cover (PC) after 60 days], S. album (38% PC), and V. major (35% PC). A survey was developed to measure student learning as it relates to the level of sense and meaning present in the content of a new online course entitled “Water Issues in the Lawn and Landscape.” Survey results were compared with student learning as measured through a post-test. Post-test scores declined as the difference between sense and meaning increased (r =-0.82; P=0.03), indicating student learning is higher when both sense and meaning are present.
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Go, Jeffrey. "Megalocytiviruses of freshwater ornamental fish and pathogenicity in marine and euryhaline species." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14118.
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Megalocytiviruses affect a broad range of fish species and have caused widespread mortality in aquaculture throughout Asia. The first confirmed report involved mass mortality in red sea bream cultured off Shikoku Island, Japan in 1990. Ornamental fish exhibiting pathology consistent with Megalocytivirus infection have been reported from a range of countries, frequently in association with fish recently imported from south east Asia. Although the relationship between megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish and food fish remains unclear, a potential linkage between a Megalocytivirus from a disease outbreak in Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii, in Australia and those in ornamental fish imported from south east Asia had been demonstrated experimentally. However, no data existed on the strains of virus involved in the first reported cases of Megalocytivirus-like pathology in ornamental fish. Furthermore, the potential for spread from ornamental fish to food fish other than Murray cod was also unknown. This study aimed to characterise Megalocytivirus from archival ornamental fish tissues, and to determine the potential for spread of megalocytiviruses from freshwater ornamental fish to other species, including marine fish. In situ hybridisation (ISH) assays were developed to demonstrate megalocytiviral DNA in tissue sections. The presence of megalocytiviral DNA was confirmed in two archival ornamental fish from 1986 and 1988 which had Megalocytivirus-like pathology. Unlike all other reported cases of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish, these cases did not involve the Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis (ISKNV)-like genotype. The sequence of the major capsid protein (MCP) and the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) genes from the viruses in the archival tissues had a high degree of identity to each other (96.7-100%) and to a turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV)-like Megalocytivirus (96.6-99.9%), reported as a cause of mass mortality in barred knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus, fingerlings in Taiwan. By contrast, MCP sequences of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish samples from 2002-2010 had almost complete identity to each other (99.9-100%) and to ISKNV, and only 91.5-95.0% identity to the archival samples, providing further evidence that these megalocytiviruses were genetically distinct. Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish cases during 1986-1993 were TRBIV-like whereas all cases from 1996 onwards were ISKNV-like. Evidence also indicated that a single ornamental fish could be concurrently infected with two different megalocytiviruses. The confirmation of Megalocytivirus infection in ornamental fish prior to 1990 resulted in a revision of the index case for confirmed Megalocytivirus in any fish species. The detection of a novel TRBIV-like strain of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish raised the possibility that current polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays may not detect this group of megalocytiviruses. Consequently, new conventional and real-time quantitative (q) PCR assays were developed to differentiate between megalocytiviruses from each of the three major Megalocytivirus genotypes. The discovery of a potential link between historical cases of Megalocytivirus infection and a recent disease outbreak in barred knifejaw, provided further impetus for investigation of the potential for spread of megalocytiviruses from freshwater ornamental fish to marine fish species. The susceptibility of Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, an important euryhaline Australian native species, to a Megalocytivirus (DGIV-10) originating from a recently imported dwarf gourami, Trichogaster lalius, was tested. Australian bass were susceptible to lethal infection with this Megalocytivirus both by direct inoculation and by cohabitation, and transmitted Megalocytivirus to naïve Murray cod through cohabitation. Australian bass could therefore be used as a model to study vector-borne transmission of Megalocytivirus between freshwater and marine fish species. Silver sweep, Scorpis lineolata, an Australian native marine fish was shown to be highly susceptible to DGIV-10 both by direct inoculation and cohabitation, and is the first Australian marine fish with demonstrated susceptibility to a Megalocytivirus originating from ornamental fish. Transmission of DGIV-10 from freshwater Murray cod to euryhaline Australian bass and then to marine silver sweep was demonstrated using cohabitation. Transmission of DGIV-10 from marine silver sweep to euryhaline Australian bass and then to Murray cod was also demonstrated. In summary, megalocytiviruses originating from the freshwater ornamental fish trade were demonstrated to be a potential biosecurity risk not only to Australian native freshwater species, but also to euryhaline and marine species and therefore to marine aquaculture, and recommendations for further research are presented.
Books on the topic "Specie ornamentali"
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Cato, James C., and Christopher L. Brown, eds. Marine Ornamental Species. Ames, Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470752722.
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Harding, J., F. Singh, and J. N. M. Mol, eds. Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1.
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C, Cato James, and Brown Christopher L. 1952-, eds. Marine ornamental species: Collection, culture, & conservation. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press, 2003.
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J, Harding, Singh F, and Mol, Joseph N. M., 1948-, eds. Genetics and breeding of ornamental species. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1991.
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Dole, John M. Floriculture: Principles and species. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1999.
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K, Singh A. Exotic ornamental fish species in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow, India: National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2013.
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name, No. Marine ornamental species: Collection, culture and conservation. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press, 2003.
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Hodel, Donald R. Chamaedorea palms: The species and theircultivation. Lawrence, Kan: The International Palm Society, 1992.
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Chamaedorea palms: The species and their cultivation. Lawrence, Kan: The International Palm Society, 1992.
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Kapoor, D. Lucrative alien ornamental fish species for aquarium trade of India. Lucknow: National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Specie ornamentali"
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Yabuya, Tsutomu. "Aneuploidy of Ornamental Species." In Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species, 39–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_3.
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Williams, R. R. "Some Australian Ornamental Woody Species." In Trees II, 452–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61535-1_24.
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Job, Suresh. "Marine Ornamental Fish Culture." In Recent Advances and New Species in Aquaculture, 277–317. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444341775.ch10.
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Singh, Foja. "Chromosome Evolution in Ornamental Taxa." In Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species, 9–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_2.
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Snehi, Sunil Kumar, and S. K. Raj. "Begomoviruses Infecting Jatropha Species Grown for Ornamental Values." In Virus Diseases of Ornamental Plants, 331–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3919-7_18.
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Harding, J., F. Singh, and J. N. M. Mol. "Introduction." In Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species, 1–5. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_1.
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Sparnaaij, Leo D. "Breeding for Disease and Insect Resistance in Flower Crops." In Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species, 179–211. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_10.
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Schiva, T. "Dynamics of Host-Parasite Interactions." In Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species, 213–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_11.
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Tilney-Bassett, Richard A. E. "Genetics of Variegation and Maternal Inheritance in Ornamentals." In Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species, 225–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_12.
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Tran Thanh Van, Kiem. "Molecular Aspects of Flowering." In Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Species, 253–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Specie ornamentali"
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Demarest, Luke. "Ornamental." In SIGGRAPH '20: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3386567.3388560.
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Rosca, Andreea-Roxana. "NATURAL CU, ZN AND MN UPTAKE IN THREE ORNAMENTAL CUPRESSACEAE SPECIES." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b32/s13.033.
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Pyatina, I. S., and A. A. Reut. "Biology of some representatives of the genus Hemerocallis L. when introduced in the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of UFRC RAS." In Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-33.
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The article presents the results of an introduction study of Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. et C.A. Mey on the basis of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences. Information on the biology, geography and culture species is provided. It is established that this species is stable in culture in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir pre-Urals and is promising for gardening and selection as a highly ornamental early-flowering species.
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Đelic, Gorica, Milan Stankovic, Biljana Bojovic, and Milica Pavlovic. "ALERGENE BILJKE NA TERITORIJI GRADA KRAGUJEVCA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.325dj.
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The paper presents the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of allergenic plants in the urban area of the Kragujevac city. The ecological characteristics of these plants were determined through ecological index and life forms. During the conducted floristic study, the presence of 78 allergenic plants was determined. Half of the recorded allergenic plant species are woody ornamental plant species. Floristic analysis shows that the allergenic plants are from the Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta divisions from 19 families, most commonly conifers and grasses.
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Serikova, V. I. "CULTIVATION OF SOME regional RARE AND ORNAMENTAL SPECIES IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF THE VORONEZH STATE UNIVERSITY." In СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНТРОДУКЦИИ И СОХРАНЕНИЯ БИОРАЗНООБРАЗИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ. Воронеж: Цифровая полиграфия, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/978-5-907283-86-2-2022-217-232.
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Иванова, Раиса, Дина Елисовецкая, and Я. Бриндза. "Инвазивный клоп Nezara Viridula L. (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) в Республике Молдова." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.11.
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In the summer of 2020 on the plantations of Phytolacca americana L. (pokeberry) growing in the central zone of the Republic of Moldova, a new, economically dangerous pest species was discovered, known as the southern green stink bug or southern vegetable bug – Nezara viridula L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). At both stages of bug development, larvae and adults seriously harm agricultural crops, ornamental and wild plants. The number of larvae was high and reached to 3-5 per pokeberry bunch. In the same field, N. viridula larvae and imago were also found on tomato and amaranth plants.
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Aukhadieva, E. A., R. A. Daukaev, G. R. Allayarova, and E. E. Zelenkovskaya. "Evaluation of the success of the introduction of species of the genus Iris L. in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Cis-Urals." In III All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation "Science, technology, society: Environmental engineering for sustainable development of territories". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/nto.3.2022.6.674-678.
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Irises are ornamental and adaptable plants that are of interest to many scientists around the world. The present studies were carried out on the basis of the SUBSI RAS. The success of the introduction of 10 species of the genus Iris in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Cis-Urals was assessed, seed productivity, pollen viability and the ability to autogamy were identified. The evaluation results showed that all the studied species are promising and very promising. The very promising group includes I. pseudacorus and I. sibirica, which are representatives of the flora of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as I. lactea. Plants have a high vitality, resistant to diseases and pests. Other species are promising for introduction in introduced conditions. The species are highly adapted to the climate of the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Cis-Urals and can be successfully grown and widely used in landscaping settlements and in breeding work.
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Yudina, A., and Marina Kochergina. "SHRUBS AS AN ELEMENT OF THE PARK ENVIRONMENT." In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_126-131.
Full textAbstract:
Ornamental shrubs are one of the elements of the formation of the park environment and an integral part of urban landscaping. The paper presents the results of studying the species diversity of shrubs in park plantations in the city of Voronezh. The range includes more than 30 species, decorative forms and varieties of plants. Deciduous species are predominant, while coniferous species account for not much more than 10 %. Deciduous shrubs growing in the parks of the city of Voronezh belong to 14 families. Among them, there are beautiful flowering and decorative deciduous species, as well as plants with attractive fruits. Coniferous species belong to two families-pine and cypress. The cypress family is characterized by the greatest species (form, variety) diversity. The most popular types and varieties of coniferous trees are Western thuja "Smaragd", Western thuja "Danika", Cossack juniper, Cossack juniper"Tamariscifolia". The main types of shrub plantings in park stands are hedges and row plantings. The most common hedges are made of brilliant dogwood and Wanguttaspirea. Less often, groups and tapeworms are used in park plantings. The analysis of the geographical origin of shrubs showed that the largest number of species are introduced − their participation is more than 90%, the share of local species is less than 10%.
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Oka, Yasuhiro, and Akihiko Goto. "Research of Adhesive Effect Enhanced by Pounding Brush on Second Lining Pounding Procedure for Japanese Scrolls." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37886.
Full textAbstract:
Hanging scrolls are a traditional Japanese ornamental art, which allow paintings and calligraphy to be unrolled and hung on a wall or in an alcove for display, and rolled up and stored in a box. Hanging scrolls should hang straight when unrolled, and roll smoothly for proper storage, without damaging the artwork beneath. For this purpose, scrolls are lined with several layers of Japanese paper, and adhered together with a weak, aged paste made from wheat starch, which gives the paper the flexibility required when the scrolls are rolled up for storage. While this old paste facilitates winding a scroll because it does not become hard even when dried, it does not have sufficient adhesive effect to grip Japanese paper. In order to increase the adhesive power of this aged paste, craftsmen employ a traditional technique of pounding the paper with a special “pounding brush.” This pounding technique is an important part of the fabrication process of hanging scrolls, but it is a difficult task for each generation to pass down the proper pounding technique. This study was intended to verify the effects of the pounding technique on aged paste and Japanese paper. We prepared samples with the pounding technique and investigated their adhesive properties of samples by peel text. In order to verify the importance of this traditional technique and the traditional materials, we compared and analyzed the differences in adhesion between craftsmen of different skill and differences introduced by paste concentration and backing paper quality.
Reports on the topic "Specie ornamentali"
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Rinkevich, Baruch, and Cynthia Hunter. Inland mariculture of reef corals amenable for the ornamental trade. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695880.bard.
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The worldwide market for ornamental saltwater invertebrates supplies the needs of millions of aquarium hobbyists, public exhibitions (i.e., zoos) universities and research institutions. With respect to reef building corals, it is estimated that more than half a million coral colonies/year from a total 93 genera, were exported globally during the period of 1985-1997. International value of retail sale of live coral trade alone is estimated as $78 million in 1997 (not including the illegally, widely smuggled material). The continuous, large-scale collection of marine organisms is responsible, in many places, for the destruction of coral reefs. The expected expansion of the trade further threatens these fragile habitats. While no true captive-bred corals are commercially available, our long-term goal is to develop ex situ inland farming of coral colonies that will circumvent the need for in situ collections and will provide domesticated specimens for the trade and for research. We simultaneously studied two model branching coral species, Stylophora pistillata (Pocilloporidae; in Israel) and Porites (Poritidae; in the US). The proposal included three specific aims: (a) To develop protocols for nubbins (small fragments, down to the size of a single polyp) usage in coral farming;(b) To address the significance of colony pattern formation to the coral trade; and (c) To develop the protocols of using nubbins in physiological and ecotoxicological assays (using oil dispersants, the expression of the stress protein HSP-70, household detergents, etc.). Ten scientific publications (published manuscripts, accepted for publications, submitted to scientific journals, in preparation), revealing results that were related to all three specific aims, originated from this BARD proposal. As a result of the work supported by the BARD, we have now, in hand, original and improved protocols for coral maintenance ex situ, proven expertise on manipulating coral colonies’ pattern formation and biological knowledge on island mariculture of reef corals (from Hawaii and from the Red Sea) amenable for the ornamental trade (for public and private aquaria use, for experimentation). At least one Israeli company (Red Sea Corals, Ltd., KibbutzSaar) is using our methodologies for further developing this new mariculture sector. We are now in the process of introducing the rationale and methodologies to Hawaiian private entities to expand dissemination of the research outcomes.
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Marks, David R. Mute Swans. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7208745.ws.
Full textAbstract:
Mute swans (Cygnus olor) are an invasive species originally brought to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for ornamental ponds and lakes, zoos and aviculture collections. Original populations were located in northeastern states along the Hudson Valley but have since expanded to several Midwestern states and portions of the western U.S. and Canada. Mute swan damage includes competing with native waterfowl, destroying native plants, spreading disease, and colliding with aircraft. They are also considered a nuisance in some areas due to their abundant fecal droppings and aggressiveness towards people. Some have questioned the status of mute swans as an introduced species, but multiple reviews by scientists and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service clearly support the conclusion that mute swans are not native to North America. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, therefore, does not protect mute swans, and management authority falls under jurisdiction of the states and Tribes.
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Roush, Richard, and David Rosen. Understanding the Causes and Genetic Effects of Thelytoky in the Aphelinidae: A Key to Improving Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561058.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Helytoky is a type of parthenogenesis whereby females produce only female offspring without the involvement of males, even where males are occasionally produced. In the last few years, strong circumstantial evidence has implied that thelytoky can be caused by micro-organisms called Wolbachia in at least some species of wasps. The thelytoky can be "cured" by treatment with antibiotics. Further Wolbachia-like organisms can be found in microscopic examinations and genetically identified through their DNA. The aphelinid wasps, and especially species in the genus Aphytis, are among the most important of all classical biological control agents. Aphytis species are critical in the biological control of scale insect pests in commercial orchards and ornamental plantings. About 30% of Aphytis species are thelytikous, of which we were able to study three in detail. In all three, thelytoky was curable by treatment with antibiotics and Wolbachia were identified morphologically and through their DNA. In contrast, Wolbachia were not detectable in biparental species of Aphytis. Studies of Wolbachia gene sequences obtained from Aphytis showed that they were most closely related to those from a very distantly related wasp, Muscidifurax uniraptor, strongly implying that the Wolbachia can be horizontally transferred. As revealed by electron microscopy, the Wolbachia show a strong association with the nurse and follicle cells of the female wasps.
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Ullman, Diane E., Benjamin Raccah, John Sherwood, Meir Klein, Yehezkiel Antignus, and Abed Gera. Tomato Spotted Wilt Tosporvirus and its Thrips Vectors: Epidemiology, Insect/Virus Interactions and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573062.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to study thrips-TSWV relationships and their role in the epidemiology of the virus with the aim of using this knowledge to reduce crop losses occurring due to epidemics. Our specific objectives were: To determine the major factors involved in virus outbreaks, including: a) identifying the thrips species involved in virus dissemination and their relative role in virus spread; b) determining the virus sources among wild and cultivated plants throughout the season and their role in virus spread, and, c) determining how temperature and molecular variations in isolates impact virus replication in plants and insects and impact the transmission cycle. Background to the topic. Tospoviruses are among the most important emerging plant viruses that impact production of agricultural and ornamental crops. Evolution of tospoviruses and their relationships with thrips vector species have been of great interest because of crop damage caused world wide and the complete absence of suitable methods of control. Tospoviruses threaten crops in Israel and the United States. By understanding the factors contributing to epidemics and the specific relationships between thrips species and particular tospoviruses we hope that new strategies for control can be developed that will benefit agriculture in both Israel and the United States. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We determined that at least three tospoviruses were involved in epidemics in Israel and the United States, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). We detected and characterized INSV for the first time in Israel and, through our efforts, IYSV was detected and characterized for the first time in both countries. We demonstrated that many thrips species were present in commercial production areas and trap color influenced thrips catch. Frankliniella occidentalis was the major vector species of INSV and TSWV and populations varied in transmission efficiency. Thrips tabaci is the sole known vector of IYSV and experiments in both countries indicated that F. occidentalis is not a vector of this new tospovirus. Alternate plant hosts were identified for each virus. A new monitoring system combining sticky cards and petunia indicator plants was developed to identify sources of infective thrips. This system has been highly successful in the U.S. and was used to demonstrate to growers that removal of plant sources of infective thrips has a dramatic impact on virus incidence. Finally, a putative thrips receptor mediating acquisition of TSWV was discovered. Implications, scientific and agricultural. Our findings have contributed to new control measures that will benefit agriculture. Identification of a putative thrips receptor for TSWV and our findings relative to thrips/tospovirus specificity have implications for development of innovative new control strategies.
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Ullman, Diane, James Moyer, Benjamin Raccah, Abed Gera, Meir Klein, and Jacob Cohen. Tospoviruses Infecting Bulb Crops: Evolution, Diversity, Vector Specificity and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695847.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. The overall goal of the proposed research was to develop a mechanistic understanding of tospovirus evolution, diversity and vector specificity that could be applied to development of novel methods for limiting virus establishment and spread. Our specific objectives were: 1) To characterize newly intercepted tospoviruses in onion, Hippeastrum and other bulb crops and compare them with the known tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and its isolates; 2) To characterize intra- and interspecific variation in the virus transmission by thrips of the new and distinct tospoviruses. and, 3) To determine the basis of vector specificity using biological, cellular and molecular approaches. Background. New tospoviruses infecting bulb crops were detected in Israel and the US in the mid-90s. Their plant host ranges and relationships with thrips vectors showed they differed from the type member of the Tospovirus genus, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Outbreaks of these new viruses caused serious crop losses in both countries, and in agricultural and ornamental crops elsewhere. In the realm of plant infecting viruses, the tospoviruses (genus: Tospovirus , family: Bunyaviridae ) are among the most aggressive emerging viruses. Tospoviruses are transmitted by several species of thrips in a persistent, propagative fashion and the relationships between the viruses and their thrips vectors are often specific. With the emergence of new tospoviruses, new thrips vector/tospovirus relationships have also arisen and vector specificities have changed. There is known specificity between thrips vector species and particular tospoviruses, although the cellular and molecular bases for this specificity have been elusive. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. We demonstrated that a new tospovirus, iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) caused "straw bleaching" in onion (Allium cepa) and lisianthus necrosis in lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum). Characterization of virus isolates revealed genetic diversity among US, Brazilian, Dutch and Israeli isolates. IYSV was not seed transmitted, and in Israel, was not located in bulbs of infected plants. In the US, infected plants were generated from infected bulbs. The relationship between IYSV and Thrips tabaci was shown to be specific. Frankliniella occidentalis, the primary vector of many other tospoviruses, did not transmit IYSV isolates in Israel or the US. Furthermore, 1': tabaci populations varied in their transmission ability. Transmission was correlated to IYSV presence in thrips salivary glands. In Israel, surveys in onion fields revealed that the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman was the predominant species and that its incidence was strongly related to that of IYSV infection. In contrast, in the U.S., T. tabaci and F. occidentalis were present in high numbers during the times sampled. In Israel, insecticides reduced onion thrips population and caused a significant yield increase. In the US, a genetic marker system that differentiates non-thrips transmissible isolates from thrips transmissible isolate demonstrated the importance of the M RNA to thrips transmission of tospoviruses. In addition, a symbiotic Erwinia was discovered in thrips and was shown to cause significant artifacts in certain types of virus binding experiments. Implications, scientific and agricultural. Rapid emergence of distinct tospoviruses and new vector relationships is profoundly important to global agriculture. We advanced the understanding of IYSV in bulb crops and its relationships with thrips vector species. The knowledge gained provided growers with new strategies for control and new tools for studying the importance of particular viral proteins in thrips specificity and transmission efficiency.
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Heinz, Kevin, Itamar Glazer, Moshe Coll, Amanda Chau, and Andrew Chow. Use of multiple biological control agents for control of western flower thrips. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613875.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious widespread pest of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide. Chemical control for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on floriculture or vegetable crops can be difficult because this pest has developed resistance to many insecticides and also tends to hide within flowers, buds, and apical meristems. Predatory bugs, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available in both the US and Israel for control of WFT. Predatory bugs, such as Orius species, can suppress high WFT densities but have limited ability to attack thrips within confined plant parts. Predatory mites can reach more confined habitats than predatory bugs, but kill primarily first-instar larvae of thrips. Entomopathogenic nematodes can directly kill or sterilize most thrips stages, but have limited mobility and are vulnerable to desiccation in certain parts of the crop canopy. However, simultaneous use of two or more agents may provide both effective and cost efficient control of WFT through complimentary predation and/or parasitism. The general goal of our project was to evaluate whether suppression of WFT could be enhanced by inundative or inoculative releases of Orius predators with either predatory mites or entomopathogenic nematodes. Whether pest suppression is best when single or multiple biological control agents are used, is an issue of importance to the practice of biological control. For our investigations in Texas, we used Orius insidiosus(Say), the predatory mite, Amblyseius degeneransBerlese, and the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot). In Israel, the research focused on Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema felpiae. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify the spatial distribution and population growth of WFT and WFT natural enemies on greenhouse roses (Texas) and peppers (Israel), (2) assess interspecific interactions among WFT natural enemies, (3) measure WFT population suppression resulting from single or multiple species releases. Revisions to our project after the first year were: (1) use of A. swirskiiin place of A. degeneransfor the majority of our predatory mite and Orius studies, (2) use of S. felpiaein place of Thripinema nicklewoodi for all of the nematode and Orius studies. We utilized laboratory experiments, greenhouse studies, field trials and mathematical modeling to achieve our objectives. In greenhouse trials, we found that concurrent releases of A.degeneranswith O. insidiosusdid not improve control of F. occidentalis on cut roses over releases of only O. insidiosus. Suppression of WFT by augmentative releases A. swirskiialone was superior to augmentative releases of O. insidiosusalone and similar to concurrent releases of both predator species on cut roses. In laboratory studies, we discovered that O. insidiosusis a generalist predator that ‘switches’ to the most abundant prey and will kill significant numbers of A. swirskiior A. degeneransif WFTbecome relatively less abundant. Our findings indicate that intraguild interactions between Orius and Amblyseius species could hinder suppression of thrips populations and combinations of these natural enemies may not enhance biological control on certain crops. Intraguild interactions between S. felpiaeand O. laevigatus were found to be more complex than those between O. insidiosusand predatory mites. In laboratory studies, we found that S. felpiaecould infect and kill either adult or immature O. laevigatus. Although adult O. laevigatus tended to avoid areas infested by S. felpiaein Petri dish arenas, they did not show preference between healthy WFT and WFT infected with S. felpiaein choice tests. In field cage trials, suppression of WFT on sweet-pepper was similar in treatments with only O. laevigatus or both O. laevigatus and S. felpiae. Distribution and numbers of O. laevigatus on pepper plants also did not differ between cages with or without S. felpiae. Low survivorship of S. felpiaeafter foliar applications to sweet-pepper may explain, in part, the absence of effects in the field trials. Finally, we were interested in how differential predation on different developmental stages of WFT (Orius feeding on WFT nymphs inhabiting foliage and flowers, nematodes that attack prepupae and pupae in the soil) affects community dynamics. To better understand these interactions, we constructed a model based on Lotka-Volterra predator-prey theory and our simulations showed that differential predation, where predators tend to concentrate on one WFT stage contribute to system stability and permanence while predators that tend to mix different WFT stages reduce system stability and permanence.
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Hunter, Martha S., and Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.
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David, Lior, Yaniv Palti, Moshe Kotler, Gideon Hulata, and Eric M. Hallerman. Genetic Basis of Cyprinid Herpes Virus-3 Resistance in Common Carp. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592645.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this project was to provide scientific and technical basis for initiating the development of breeding protocols using marker assisted selection for viral disease resistance in common carp. The specific objectives were: 1) Establishing families and characterizing the phenotypic and genetic variation of viral resistance; 2) Measuring the dynamics of immune response and developing a method to measure the long term immune memory; 3) Developing markers and generating a new genetic linkage map, which will enable initial QTL mapping; and, 4) Identifying genetic linkage of markers and candidate genes (like MHC and TLRs) with resistance to CyHV-3. The common carp is an important farmed freshwater fish species in the world. Edible carp is second only to tilapia in Israeli aquaculture production and ornamental carp (koi) is an important product in both the US and Israel. Carp industries worldwide have recently suffered enormous economic damage due to a viral disease caused by Cyprinid herpes virus 3 (CyHV-3). Aside from preventative measures, a sustainable solution to this problem will be to establish a genetic improvement program of the resistance of fish to the pathogen. The aims of the project was to take the necessary first steps towards that. The differences in survival rates after infection with CyHV-3 virus among 20 families from six types of crosses between three carp lines (two commercial lines and one wild-type carp) revealed that the wild-type carp and its crosses had a much-improved survival over the crosses of the commercial lines themselves. These crosses set the starting point for breeding of commercial strains with improved resistance. Resistant fish had lower antibody titer against the virus suggesting that resistance might depend more on the innate immunity. A set of 500 microsateliite markers was developed and the markers are currently being used for generating a genetic linkage map for carp and for identifying disease resistance QTL. Fourteen candidate immune genes, some of which were duplicated, were cloned from the carp and SNP markers were identified in them. The expression of these genes varied between tissues and suggested functional divergence of some duplicated genes. Initial association between CyHV-3 resistance and one of the genes was found when SNP alleles in these genes were tested for their segregation between susceptible and resistant progeny. The results of this project have implications to the development of viral resistant commercial carp strains and effective immunization against this aggressive disease. The genetic and immunological knowledge accumulated in this project will not only promote carp and koi production but will also contribute to a broader understanding of fish immunogenetics.
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Gera, Abed, Abed Watad, P. Ueng, Hei-Ti Hsu, Kathryn Kamo, Peter Ueng, and A. Lipsky. Genetic Transformation of Flowering Bulb Crops for Virus Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575293.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to establish an efficient and reproducible genetic transformation system for Easter lily and gladiolus using either biolistics or Agrobacterium. Transgenic plants containing pathogen-derived genes for virus resistance were to be developed and then tested for virus resistance. The proposal was originally aimed at studying cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance in plants, but studies later included bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Monoclonal antibodies were to be tested to determine their effectiveness in interning with virus infection and vector (aphid) transmission. Those antibodies that effectively interfered with virus infection and transmission were to be cloned as single chain fragments and used for developing transgenic plants with the potential to resist virus infection. Background to the topic. Many flower crops, as lily and gladiolus are propagated vegetatively through bulbs and corms, resulting in virus transmission to the next planting generation. Molecular genetics offers the opportunity of conferring transgene-mediated disease resistance to flower crops that cannot be achieved through classical breeding. CMV infects numerous plant species worldwide including both lilies and gladioli. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. Results from these for future development of collaborative studies have demonstrated the potential transgenic floral bulb crops for virus resistance. In Israel, an efficient and reproducible genetic transformation system for Easter lily using biolistics was developed. Transient as well as solid expression of GUS reporter gene was demonstrated. Putative transgenic lily plantlets containing the disabled CMV replicase transgene have been developed. The in vitro ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CMV to neutralize virus infectivity and block virus transmission by M. persicae were demonstrated. In the US, transgenic Gladiolus plants containing either the BYMV coat protein or antisense coat protein genes have been developed and some lines were found to be virus resistant. Long-term expression of the GUS reporter gene demonstrated that transgene silencing did not occur after three seasons of dormancy in the 28 transgenic Gladiolus plants tested. Selected monoclonal antibody lines have been isolated, cloned as single chain fragments and are being used in developing transgenic plants with CMV resistance. Ornamental crops are multi-million dollar industries in both Israel and the US. The increasing economic value of these floral crops and the increasing ban numerous pesticides makes it more important than ever that alternatives to chemical control of pathogens be studied to determine their possible role in the future. The cooperation resulted in the objectives being promoted at national and international meetings. The cooperation also enabled the technology transfer between the two labs, as well as access to instrumentation and specialization particular to the two labs.
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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling, and Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.
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The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.