Academic literature on the topic 'Specie non indigene'

The Arecaceae of Vanuatu, as treated here, includes 21 species in 15 genera, of which 14 species and 1 genus are endemic. Five species (in four genera) are non-endemic indigenes, and two species (in two genera) are naturalised introductions. This work provides an overview of the taxonomic history, a preliminary biogeographical assessment, descriptions of genera and species, and notes on informal early references, etymology, distribution and habitats. Conservation status ratings, determined by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, are provided for each species. Caryota ophiopellis, Hererospathe uniformis and Neoveitchia brunnea are described as new.

Drought response of native and non-native conifers: a dendroecological study The sensitivity to drought of five conifers was studied along a climatic gradient covering the northern flank of the Swiss Alps, the Swiss Plateau, the Jura foothills and the central Alps. Three native species, i.e., Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch, and two non-native species, i.e., Douglas fir and black pine, were analyzed. A total of 770 trees on 14 sites were sampled. To assess the sensitivity of conifers to drought, dendroecological analyses were performed for the period 1941–2006. On dry sites in the central Alps, spring water deficits sharply reduce growth, while on mesic sites located on the Swiss Plateau and the Jura foothills summer droughts significantly restrict growth. Spruce, larch and Scots pine are, depending on the site conditions, the most vulnerable species to extreme droughts, which implies that their long-term performance and survival may be compromised if the climate becomes warmer and drier. Conversely, black pine and Douglas fir were less drought-sensitive and grew faster than native species along the gradient. Selecting species with different but complementary strategies regarding drought could secure the productivity and efficiency of water use of forest stands and increase their resistance to climate change.

Si espone la distribuzione storica del francolino nero sulle coste del Mediterraneo; da quelle asiatiche, dove era endemico, venne introdotto e si naturalizzò in Grecia fin dall’antichità e dal XIII secolo in Sicilia ed Aragona. In quel secolo ne parlò Federico II di Svevia nel suo trattato di falconeria dimostrandone una approfondita conoscenza e contemporaneamente la specie veniva citata nelle leggi dell’Aragona. Da queste due regioni il francolino venne diffuso in ampie zone della Spagna, della Francia sud-occidentale, della Toscana e forse anche della Lombardia ed è emersa l’ipotesi che la specie fosse presente anche in Egitto. <br />Il francolino scomparve, tra la fine del Settecento e la metà dell’Ottocento, da tutti i territori dove era stato introdotto a scopo venatorio a causa delle modifiche ambientali conseguenti alle bonifiche e alla antropizzazione e della caccia non regolamentata, ormai non più prerogativa esclusiva della nobiltà che, per secoli, si era adoperata a tutelare la specie. Analoghe cause portarono, nel corso dell’Ottocento, alla scomparsa del francolino anche da quasi tutti gli ambienti costieri del Mediterraneo orientale, tanto che, già negli anni Trenta del secolo scorso, si nutrivano preoccupazioni sulla sua salvaguardia anche nei territori dove era indigeno.

La perte de la biodiversité végétale dans les Unités Forestières d’Aménagements (UFA) est liée aux activités forestières pratiquées dans ce milieu. Ces activités affectent la structure et la capacité de régénération de la forêt. La présente étude vise à analyser la structure et la régénération naturelle de la végétation de l’UFA 00-004 situé dans le Littoral-Cameroun. Les inventaires se sont déroulés dans trois Assiettes Annuelles de Coupes (AAC), dont deux exploitées (AAC 1-1 et AAC 1-2) et une non exploitée (AAC 1-4). Le comptage des ligneux à diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (DHP) ≥ 10 cm s’est effectué dans les quadrats de 200 m x 200 m. Pour la régénération naturelle, les inventaires des jeunes tiges dont le DHP est < 10 cm ont été effectués dans les sous-quadrats de 2 m de côté. Globalement, 203 espèces appartenant à 158 genres et 58 familles botaniques ont été recensées. Les peuplements exploités ont présenté des densités faibles (711,5 tiges/ha pour AAC 1-1 et 810 tiges/ha pour AAC 1-2) par rapport au peuplement non exploité (1114,75 tiges/ha). Les familles les plus importantes sont les Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Apocynaceae, Malvaceae et Olacaceae pour les trois peuplements. La structure diamétrique des ligneux à DHP ≥ 10 cm présente une forme en « J » inversé pour les trois peuplements. Les espèces exploitables ont présenté quatre types de structure : la structure en forme de cloche, de « J », erratique et en « J » inversé. Le taux de régénération des espèces est plus élevé dans les peuplements exploités (43,21 % pour l’AAC 1-1 et 39,10 % pour l’AAC 1-2) comparé à celui du peuplement non exploité. Il serait nécessaire que l’administration en charge de la gestion des forêts encourage après exploitation une régénération naturelle assistée en collaboration avec les populations riveraines pour garantir une réelle reconstitution des ressources végétales après exploitation. En effet, ces populations locales, s’appuyant sur leur connaissance de la terre et sur les traditions ancestrales ou locales aident les arbres et la végétation indigène à se rétablir naturellement en éliminant les menaces à leur croissance et à leur survie Abstract The loss of plant biodiversity in Forest Management Units (FMUs) is due to the forestry activities carried out in this environment. These activities affect the structure and regeneration capacity of the forest. This study aims to analyse the structure and natural regeneration of the vegetation of FMU 00-004 in the Littoral region of Cameroon. The surveys were conducted in three Annual Allowable Cuts (AAC) of FMU 00-004, two of which are logged (AAC 1-1 and AAC 1-2) and one of which is unlogged (AAC 1-4). The woody species with a diameter ≥ 10 cm were counted in 200 m x 200 m quadrats. For natural regeneration, inventories of young stems with a diameter < 10 cm were carried out in sub-quadrats of 2 m sides. In total, 203 species belonging to 158 genera and 58 families were recorded. The logged stands had low densities (711.5 stems/ha for AAC 1-1 and 810 stems/ha for AAC 1-2) compared to the unlogged stand (1114.75 stems/ha). The most important families are Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Apocynaceae, Malvaceae and Olacaceae for the three stands. The diametric structure shows an inverted "J" shape for all three stands. The harvestable species showed four types of structure: bell-shaped, J-shaped, erratic and inverted J-shaped. The regeneration rate of the species was higher in the logged stands (43.21% for AAC 1-1 and 39.10% for AAC 1-2). It would be necessary for the administration in charge of forest management to encourage assisted natural regeneration after logging in collaboration with local populations to guarantee a real reconstitution of plant resources after logging. Indeed, these local populations, relying on their knowledge of the land and on ancestral or local traditions, help trees and native vegetation to recover naturally by eliminating threats to their growth and survival.

Abstract Rice species Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa and interspecific hybrids produced at the West African Rice Development Association in Cote d'Ivoire, were screened for resistance to Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita R2. H. sacchari screening was done in field and pot experiments in Cote d'Ivoire. Non-indigenous species were screened in glasshouse tests in the UK. All O. glaberrima genotypes were resistant to H. sacchari from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, M. graminicola from the Philippines and M. incognita R2. In pot tests, the number of females which developed on these genotypes was zero for H. sacchari and < 3 for both species of Meloidogyne. Within lines of O. sativa, variation in female numbers (P 0.05) was observed, but all were susceptible both to H. sacchari and to M. graminicola. However, six cultivars and lines of O. sativa were less susceptible (P 0.05) to M. incognita R2 than the check cultivar IDSA 6. Of 14 progeny from O. sativa cv. WAB56-104 x O.glaberrima line CG14, two WAB450-I-B-P-105 and WAB450-I-B-P-160, were resistant to H.sacchari from Cote d'Ivoire. These lines and two others were also less susceptible (P 0.01) to M. graminicola than the O. sativa parent. The susceptibility of some of the progeny to both H. sacchari and M. graminicola and M. incognita was the same as that of the O. sativa parent. Of ten further progeny, screened against H. sacchari from Ghana, WAB450-25-1-10 was resistant. The expression of resistance in the interspecific progeny suggests that resistance to H. sacchari is qualitative, whilst that to Meloidogyne graminicola is quantitative. Resistance to M. incognita R2 was found in O. glaberrima, O. sativa and in one hybrid progeny. None of the species or progeny was resistant to Pratylenchus zeae and there were no significant differences in field population densities of P. zeae, Mesocriconema onoensis or Helicotylenchus dihystera. Resistance aux nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola et M. incognita chez Oryza glaberrima et chez des hybrides interspecifiques O. glaberrima x O. sativa - Les especes de riz Oryza glaberrima et O. sativa ainsi que des hybrides interspecifiques produits en Cote d'Ivoire par l'Association pour le Developpement de la Riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest ont ete testes pour leur resistance envers les nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola et M. incognita R2. Les tests relatifs a H. sacchari ont ete realises, tant en champ qu'en pots, en Cote d'Ivoire. Ceux concernant les especes non indigenes l'ont ete en serre, en Grande Bretagne. Tous les genotypes de O. glaberrima sont resistants aux H. sacchari provenant de Cote d'Ivoire et du Ghana ainsi qu'a M. graminicola provenant des Philippines et a M. incognita R2. Lors des tests en pot le nombre de femelles produites sur ces genotypes sont de zero pour H. sacchari et de moins de 3 pour les deux especes de Meloidogyne. Concernant les lignees de O. sativa, une variabilite (P 0,05) a ete observee dans le nombre de femelles produites, mais toutes ces lignees sont sensibles a H. sacchari et M. graminicola. Cependant six cultivars ou lignees de O. sativa sont moins sensibles (P 0,05) a M. incognita R2 que le cultivar temoin IDSA 6. Parmi 14 descendances du croisement O. sativa cv. WAB56-104 x O. glaberrima lignee CG14, deux WAB450-I-B-P-105 et WAB450-I-B-P-160, sont resistances a H. sacchari provenant de Cote d'Ivoire. Ces lignees, ainsi que deux autres, sont moins sensibles (P 0.01) a M. graminicola que les O. sativa parents. La sensibilite de quelques unes de ces descendances a H. sacchari et aux deux especes de Meloidogyne etait identique a celle des parents. Parmi dix autres descendances ulterieures testees envers H. sacchari du Ghana, WAB450-25-1-10 s'est montre resistant. L'expression de la resistance dans la descendance interspecifique suggere que cette resistance est qualitative pour H. sacchari et quantitative pour M. graminicola. Une resistance a M. incognita a ete decelee chez O. sativa et O. glaberrima ainsi que dans la descendance d'un de leurs hybrides. Aucune des especes ou des descendances n'a montre de resistance envers Pratylenchus zeae et il n'existe aucune difference significative dans les densites de populations au champ de P. zeae, Mesocriconema onoensis ou Helicotylenchus dihystera.

Desde o início da colonização brasileira, os povos indígenas vêm sendo desterritorializados e marginalizados. Apesar da existência de uma história vergonhosa, de massacre e subjugação, o reconhecimento e institucionalização de territórios indígenas por parte do Estado se constitui em importante conquista. No entanto, a pressão extrativista e agropecuária de sujeitos não-indígenas sobre terras indígenas tem levado a diversos tipos de conflitos e injustiças. Um exemplo concreto está no processo de ocupação da Terra Indígena Mangueirinha, situada no Sudoeste do estado do Paraná, permeado por apropriações de terras, disputas judiciais e pela exploração de recursos naturais, sobretudo de madeira, por não-indígenas. Este artigo apresenta uma análise da evolução do desmatamento e do processo de ocupação da Terra Indígena Mangueirinha, entre 1975 e 2019, com base na interpretação de imagens de satélite. Além de uma breve caracterização da TI Mangueirinha e de sua ocupação, o artigo enfatiza as alterações ocorridas em seis períodos, através da elaboração de mapas de uso dos seguintes anos: 1975, 1984, 1994, 2003, 2011 e 2019. Também foi possível identificar e espacializar as áreas que deixaram de ser ocupadas com florestas primárias e as áreas que, a partir de 1994, passaram por um processo de regeneração florestal. Verificou-se que, nos últimos anos, ocorreram inúmeras mudanças na cobertura florestal da Terra Indígena Mangueirinha, principalmente frente ao corte de espécies nativas da vegetação, sobretudo de árvores de grande porte e valor comercial, com destaque para a Araucaria angustifolia, popularmente conhecida como araucária ou pinheiro do Paraná. Todavia, desde o final da década de 1990, algumas áreas têm sido abandonadas, permitindo o retorno do processo de sucessão ecológica, apesar das perdas inestimáveis decorrentes da exploração florestal durante o século XX. Mesmo assim, a pressão extrativista e agropecuária ainda permanece na TI Mangueirinha/PR. Palavras-chave: Terra Indígena Mangueirinha; Uso da terra; Cobertura Florestal; Mapeamento. Land use and forest cover in Mangueirinha Indigenous Land/PR: An analysis from 1975 to 2019 Abstract Since the beginning of Brazilian colonization, indigenous peoples have been deterritorialized and marginalized. Although the existence of a shame of massacre and subjugation, the recognition and institutionalization of indigenous territories by the State is an important achievement. However, extractive and agricultural pressure from non-indigenous subjects on indigenous lands has led to different types of conflicts and injustices. An example is the occupation of the Indigenous Land, located in the southwest of the state of Paraná, permeated by land appropriations, disputes over resources and exploitation of Paraná's natural resources, especially wood, by non-indigenous people. This article presents an evolution of deforestation and the process of occupation of the Mangueirinha Indigenous Land, between 1975 and 2019, based on the interpretation of satellite images. In addition to a brief characterization of the Mangueirinha Indigenous Land, in portuguese Terra Indigena or TI, and its occupation, the article explains the changes that occurred in six periods, through the elaboration of maps of use for the following years: 1975, 1984, 1994, 2003, 2011 and 2019. It was also possible to identify and spatialize the areas that were no longer occupied with primary forests and the areas that, from 1994 onwards, implemented a process of forest regeneration. In the last years of the Indigenous Land, many native species were found in the forest cover, especially at the front, especially of large trees and commercial value, with Araucaria popularly size and commercial value, commercial Araucaria or Paraná Pine. However, since the end of the 1990s, some areas have been abandoned, allowing the return of the parallel process, despite the priceless possibilities arising from forest exploitation during the 20th century. Even so, extractive and agricultural pressure still remains in the Mangueirinha/PR TI. Keywords: Mangueirinha Indigenous Land; Land Use; Forest Cover; Mapping. Uso del suelo y cobertura forestal en la Tierra Indígena Mangueirinha/PR: Un análisis del período de 1975 a 2019 Resumen Desde el inicio de la colonización brasileña, los pueblos indígenas han sido desterritorializados y marginados. Si bien la existencia de una vergüenza de masacre y sometimiento, el reconocimiento e institucionalización de los territorios indígenas por parte del Estado es un logro importante. Sin embargo, la presión extractiva y agrícola de sujetos no indígenas sobre las tierras indígenas ha dado lugar a distintos tipos de conflictos e injusticias. Un ejemplo es la ocupación de la Tierra Indígena, ubicada en el suroeste del estado de Paraná, permeada por apropiaciones de tierras, disputas por los recursos y explotación de los recursos naturales de Paraná, especialmente la madera, por parte de personas no indígenas. Este artículo presenta una evolución de la deforestación y el proceso de ocupación de la Tierra Indígena Mangueirinha, entre 1975 y 2019, a partir de la interpretación de imágenes satelitales. También fue posible identificar y espacializar las áreas que ya no estaban ocupadas por bosques primarios y las áreas que, a partir de 1994, implementaron un proceso de regeneración forestal. En los últimos años de la Tierra Indígena, se encontraron muchas especies nativas en la cubierta forestal, especialmente en la parte delantera, especialmente de árboles grandes y de valor comercial, con Araucaria popularmente de tamaño y valor comercial, Araucaria comercial o Pinheiro Paraná. Sin embargo, desde finales de la década de 1990, algunas áreas han sido abandonadas, lo que permitió el regreso del proceso paralelo, a pesar de las invaluables posibilidades que se derivaron de la explotación forestal durante el siglo XX. Aun así, la presión extractiva y agrícola aún permanece en la Mangueirinha/PR TI. Palabras clave: Tierra Indígena Mangueirinha; Uso del Suelo; Cubierta Forestal; Cartografía.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to articulate a meaningful response to recent calls to “indigenize” and “decolonize” the Anthropocene in the social sciences and humanities; and in doing so to challenge and extend dominant conceptualisations of the Anthropocene offered to date within a posthuman and more-than-human intellectual context. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a radical material and relational ontology, purposefully drawing on an indigenous knowledge framework, as it is specifically exemplified in Maori approaches to anthropogenic impacts on species and multi-species entanglements. The paper takes as its focus particular species of whales, trees and humans and their entanglements. It also draws on, critically engages with, and partially integrates posthuman and more-than-human theory addressing the Anthropocene. Findings The findings of this study are that we will benefit from approaching the Anthropocene from situated and specific ontologies rooted in place, which can frame multi-species encounters in novel and productive ways. Research limitations/implications The paper calls for a more expansive and critical version of social science in which the relations between human and more-than-human becomes much more of a central concern; but in doing so it must recognize the importance of multiple histories, knowledge systems and narratives, the marginalization of many of which can be seen as a symptom of ecological crisis. The paper also proposes adopting Zoe Todd’s suggested tools to further indigenize the Anthropocene – though there remains much more scope to do so both theoretically and methodologically. Practical implications The paper argues that Anthropocene narratives must incorporate deeper colonial histories and their legacies; that related research must pay greater attention to reciprocity and relatedness, as advocated by posthuman scholarship in developing methodologies and research agendas; and that non-human life should remain firmly in focus to avoid reproducing human exceptionalism. Social implications In societies where populations are coming to terms in different ways with living through an era of environmental breakdown, it is vital to seek out forms of knowledge and progressive collaboration that resonate with place and with which progressive science and humanities research can learn and collaborate; to highlight narratives which “give life and dimension to the strategies – oppositional, affirmative, and yes, often desperate and fractured – that emerge from those who bear the brunt of the planet’s ecological crises” (Nixon, 2011, p. 23). Originality/value The paper is original in approaching the specific and situated application of indigenous ontologies in some of their grounded everyday social complexity, with the potential value of opening up the Anthropocene imaginary to a more radical and ethical relational ontology.

Cypermethrin insecticide is widely used to prevent and control pest and crop diseases though, its residues have caused significant damage to the environment and living organisms. Microbial remediation becomes a popular approach to counter the toxicity of cypermethrin in both aquatic as well as terrestrial life. Cypermethrin can be effectively degraded to nontoxic compounds by bacterial and fungal strains. Various bacterial and fungal strains such as Ochrobactrum lupini DG-S-01, Bacillus sp. strain SG2, Azoarcus indigens strain HZ5, Streptomyces aureus strain HP-S-01, and Aspergillus oryzae M-4 are used for the cypermethrin degradation. Extensive usage of cypermethrin has caused problems such as surface water contamination, reduced fertility of the soil, detrimental effects on soil microbiota and non-targeted species. Due to environmental concerns associated with the cypermethrin in groundwater and food products, there is a crucial need to develop economical, rapid, and reliable techniques that can be used for field applications. An in-depth understanding of cypermethrin is explored in this review paper and possible solutions to mitigate its environmental toxicity are suggested.

Abstract: This paper explores how key concepts now underlying the EU approach toward a Sustainable Blue economy have started entering the European legislation without speaking the word already four decades ago; concepts that were in fact learned by the representatives of the European institutions from the Greenlandic Government’ and Inuit associations’ narrative and arguments in support of Inuit seal hunting since the beginning of the seal issue (1980s). By analyzing one of the most controversial issues between Inuit and the EU, namely the development of the “EU Seal Regime”, this paper argues that the core of the “Inuit exception”, formally elaborated in 2009, was grounded on the acknowledgment that Inuit hunt, as traditionally – or historically- conducted by Inuit, endorsed a more complex economic approach to sustainability that surpasses the notion of simple “species conservation” to embrace concepts now ascribable to resource efficiency, community resilience, sustainable and responsible food production, and a respectful attitude to the ocean. Therefore, it is here argued that a vision that links the “Inuit exception” of 2009 to a simple upright and formal compliance by the European Union to Indigenous Peoples Rights, not only fail in fully understanding the historical and complex processes that led to the adoption of the Seal regime and the Inuit exception contained within but also fail in acknowledging the fundamental and proactive theoretical contributions Inuit brought in outlining a different and more complex approach to sustainability. Sommario: “Economia circolare”, “resilienza delle comunitá costiere”, “produzione alimentare sostenibile”, e, piú in generale, un approccio economico che dia prioritá a sostenibilità e resilienza invece che al mero sfruttamento delle risorse marine, sono alcuni dei concetti introdotti dal nuovo approccio per un’economia blu sostenibile nell’Unione Europea adottato della Commissione Europea nel Maggio 2021, cui attuazione é considerata fondamentale per il conseguimento degli obiettivi ambientali stabiliti dal Green Deal Europeo e di quelli economici del Recovery Plan for Europe. Tuttavia, un’ approfondita analisi storico legale di una delle questioni piú controverse tra popolazioni indigene e Unione Europea, ovvero lo sviluppo e conseguente adozione di un regime Europeo sui prodotti derivati dalla foca, suggerisce che tali concetti fossero giá stati implicitamente utilizzati e introdotti dal Governo Groenlandese e dalle associazioni Inuit per distinguere metodologie e fini della caccia Inuit dalla cosidetta caccia commerciale giá agli arbori degli anni ’80. Nonostante tali concetti possano considerarsi di conseguenza alla base della cosidetta “eccezione Inuit” prevista dal regime Europeo sui prodotti derivati dalla foca, il contributo del Governo Groenlandese e delle associazioni Inuit a un concetto di approccio economico piú sostenibile non é mai stato riconosciuto, e anzi, la stessa caccia alla foca e il conseguente benessere economico culturale e sociale delle popolazioni Inuit é messo a repentaglio.

Forbs subsidize to nutrients pool of cattle grazing heterogeneous native land. They have sustainability potential to balance nutrients deficiency of tropical grasses that dominate unimproved grazing land. Therefore, selectively grazed forbs by cattle were evaluated with respect to their nutritive value and forage quality indices. Forbs selectively grazed were determined for their chemical composition (g/100g DM), metabolisable energy (ME, MJ/Kg DM) and in-vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD %) using Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS). In vitro gas production at 24 h incubation, Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) and Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) were assessed. The Relative Feed Value (RFV) and Relative Forage Quality (RFQ) of the forbs were estimated using standard procedure. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Forbs selectively grazed by cattle were; Euphorbia heterophylus, Platosoma africanum, Ipomea triloba, Altherathania sessilis, Sida cordifolia, Tithonia diversifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Sida acuta, Tridax procumbens, Talinum fruticosum, Phyllanthus amarus, Aspilla africana, Acalypa fimbriata and Euphorbia hirta. Crude Protein (CP) content ranged from 9.30% in A. sessilis to 28.69% in P. Africana. The CP values differed significantly (p<0.05) amongst the forb species. The ME ranged from 6.18 in T diversifolia to 8.99 in T procumbence while, IVOMD ranged from 48.29 in A. fimbriata to 65.67 in T. diversifolia showing that the grazed forbs differed significantly (p<0.05) from each other. OMD differed significantly (p<0.05) among the forbs while, SCFA did not differ (p>0.05). RFV and RFQ ranged from 85.63 to 66.48 and 66.48 60 217.89 in A. sessilis and T diversifolia, respectively. The findings from this study revealed forbs are enriched in nutrients, have the potential to supply requested nutrients to grazing cattle because of their great forage quality indices and high degradability. Les Forbs subventionnent le 'pool' de nutriments du bétail paissant sur des terres indigenes hétérogènes. Ils ont un potentiel de durabilité pour équilibrer les carences en nutriments des herbes tropicales qui dominent les pâturages non améliorés. Par conséquent, les plantes broutées sélectivement par les bovins ont été évaluées en fonction de leur valeur nutritive et des indices de qualité du fourrage. Les plantes broutées de manière sélective ont été déterminées pour leur composition chimique (g / 100 g MS), leur énergie métabolisable (EM, MJ / Kg MS) et leur digestibilité in vitro de la matière organique (in-vitro organicmatterdigestibility – le 'IVOMD'%) à l'aide de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR). La production de gaz in vitro à 24 h d'incubation, la digestibilité de la matière organique (DMO) et les acides gras à chaîne courte (Le Short Chain FattyAcids- le SCFA) ont été évalués. La valeur relative de l'alimentation (VRA) et la qualité relative du fourrage (QRF) des fourrages ont été estimées en utilisant la procédure standard. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives. Forbs broutés sélectivement par le bétail étaient ;Euphorbiaheterophylus, Platosomaafricanum, Ipomeatriloba, Altherathaniasessilis, Sida cordifolia, Tithoniadiversifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Sida acuta, Tridaxprocumbens, Talinumfruticosum, Phyllanthus amarus, Aspillaafricorbana, Acalypafimbriata et Euphorbana. La teneur en protéines brutes (CP) variait de 9.30% chez A. sessilis à 28.69% chez P. Africana. Les valeurs de CP diffèrent significativement (p <0.05) parmi les espèces interdites. Le ME variait de 6.18 dans T diversifolia à 8.99 dans T procumbence tandis que l'IVOMD variait de 48.29 dans A. fimbriata à 65.67 dans T. diversifolia montrant que les plantes broutées différaient significativement (p <0.05) les unes des autres. DMO différait significativement (p <0.05) parmi les forbs tandis quele'SCFA' ne différait pas (p> 0.05). La VRA et la QRF allaient de 85.63 à 66.48 et 66.48 60 217.89 chez A. sessilis et T diversifolia, respectivement. Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que les plantes herbacées sont enrichies en nutriments et elles ont le potentiel de fournir les nutriments requis aux bovins de pâturage en raison de leurs excellents indices de qualité fourragère et de leur haute dégradabilité.

2006/2007
Le comunità planctoniche rivestono un ruolo fondamentale nel funzionamento degli ecosistemi marini, contribuendo in maniera sostanziale ai cicli biogeochimici. Il fitoplancton, in particolare, funge da primo anello della rete trofica in quanto, attraverso la fotosintesi permette l’organicazione del carbonio rendendolo disponibile all’interno delle reti trofiche marine. Questo passaggio può avvenire sia attraverso la rete trofica classica sia attraverso il microbial loop. Lo studio quindi della comunità microfitoplanctonica, sia in termini di abbondanze sia di composizione specifica, è un passaggio obbligato per poter capire ed interpretare l’intero sistema pelagico, per conoscerne le potenzialità dal punto di vista sia ecologico sia produttivo, aspetto maggiormente legato alle attività umane. Nella prima parte di questo studio è stata analizzata una serie storica (da marzo 1986 a settembre 2005) inerente la composizione quali-quantitativa della comunità microfitoplanctonica. I dati sono stati ottenuti dall’osservazione di campioni raccolti in una stazione costiera del golfo di Trieste. La serie è stata utilizzata inizialmente allo scopo di evidenziare gli andamenti stagionali della componente microfitoplanctonica ed inoltre per valutare eventuali alterazioni/ modificazioni della struttura del fitoplancton avvenute nel corso del periodo analizzato. Sono state osservate successioni stagionali influenzate principalmente dagli apporti fluviali che in golfo dipendono essenzialmente dal fiume Isonzo, che garantisce nutrienti nei periodi di fine inverno e primavera dando la possibilità alle Bacillariophyceae (o diatomee) di sviluppare le classiche fioriture, e nel periodo autunnale, quando nuovamente le Bacillariophyceae aumentano in abbondanza. Inoltre l’analisi delle serie temporale proposta in questo lavoro (con l’applicazione dell’indice IndVal) evidenzia importanti modificazioni che hanno interessato la componente microfitoplactonica nel corso dei venti anni di osservazioni. Sono stati principalmente segnalati due momenti importanti nel corso del periodo: • a metà degli anni ’90, con la riduzione delle abbondanze dei piccoli flagellati e delle grandi Dinophyceae, lo spostamento delle tipiche fioriture di Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae) da inizio primavera ad inverno, • dal 2002 la riduzione delle abbondanze delle Bacillariophyceae con la ricomparsa dei piccoli fitoflagellati e la dominanza di specie quali Prorocentrum minimum (Dinophyceae) e Cyclotella sp.p (Bacillariophyceae). L’ipotesi principale è che nel corso degli anni ci sia stato una modificazione nello stato trofico del sistema legato ad una provata riduzione degli apporti d’acqua dolce. In particolare il fosforo è uno dei nutrienti che maggiormente limitano in questa area la crescita microalgale favorendo la presenza di specie che tollerano meglio la carenza di questo nutriente. Questo studio conferma l’utilità di programmi di monitoraggio a lungo termine che rendono possibile l’osservazione delle modificazioni del sistema nel tempo. Inoltre è stato valutato se un set di dati come quello a nostra disposizione potesse tornare utile al fine di valutare l’eventuale segnalazione di nuovi taxa per il golfo di Trieste. Infatti l’alterazione dei sistemi marino costieri può anche influenzare la distribuzione delle specie e conseguentemente favorire le “invasioni biologiche”, fattore oramai considerato in continua crescita, che contribuisce al global change portando a locali alterazioni dei processi ecologici e ad una omogeneizzazione delle comunità. Dai risultati ottenuti appare evidente che il set di dati non è adatto a trarre conclusioni in tali senso, seppure nel corso dei venti anni siano stati rilevati dei taxa di nuova segnalazione che sono diventati parte integrante della comunità microfitoplanctonica del golfo. A tale scopo risulta necessario mettere a punto strategie di campionamento mirate ad una corretta e completa stima della biodiversità, ampliando l’area interessata e con metodologie di analisi che diano la possibilità di stilare liste floristiche complete. Nella seconda parte del lavoro è stata focalizzata l’attenzione sulle zone portuali in quanto prime zone interessate da un eventuale introduzione nonché punto di partenza per molti organismi. Infatti la maggior parte delle introduzioni di specie sono veicolate dalle navi attraverso le acque di zavorra delle navi. Le acque di zavorra sono utilizzate da tutte le navi al fine di mantenere la stabilità durante la navigazioni quando queste viaggiano prive di carico ed ogni giorno enormi quantità di acqua e di sedimenti provenienti da porti e mari di tutto il mondo vengono trasportate attraverso gli oceani come acque di zavorra dalle navi mercantili e scaricate in altre aree geografiche. Quest’acqua viene prelevata dalle aree portuali costiere e trasportata nel porto successivo, ove può venir rilasciata o scambiata. A questo scopo sono stati effettuati sia campionamenti di acque di zavorra (in due importanti porti italiani quali Trieste e Napoli) sia campionamenti nell’area portuale stessa (nel porto di Trieste). Nel caso delle acque di zavorra è stato valutata la comunità microalgale presente sia nell’acqua di zavorra stessa sia nei sedimenti che si accumulano sul fondo delle cisterne (con isolamento di microalghe ancora vitali) mentre nella zona portuale è stata fatta una stima qualitativa della comunità microfitoplanctonica e una stima quali-quantitativa delle forme di resistenza (tipiche degli organismi microfitoplanctonici, in particolare delle Dinophyceae) presenti nei sedimenti del porto (con esperimenti di germinazione di cisti di Dinophyceae). I risultati hanno confermato la potenziale pericolosità di trasporto di organismi microfitoplanctonici attraverso le zavorre e anche la presenza di numerose forme di resistenza nei sedimenti portuali. Sicuramente questo studio sottolinea la necessità di predisporre piani di monitoraggio estesi alle zone portuali (sia delle zavorre delle navi sia del porto stesso) al fine di evidenziare la presenza di nuovi taxa. Questo non potrà certamente permettere di evitare l’introduzione di organismi alloctoni, ma avrà la funzione di primo campanello di allerta.
XIX Ciclo
1976

Les aires protégées sont des éléments clés de la stratégie mondiale de conservation de la biodiversité, en visant à préserver les espèces, les habitats et les écosystèmes. La mondialisation a entraîné une augmentation des introductions d'espèces en dehors de leur aire de répartition naturelle. Dans leur nouvel environnement, certaines de ces espèces non indigènes ont le potentiel d’affecter les écosystèmes, de concurrencer ou de menacer les espèces locales. L'environnement à proximité des aires protégées est susceptible de servir de tremplin à ces espèces introduites avant qu’elles ne pénètrent dans les aires protégées. Cependant, on sait peu de choses sur le rôle que jouent les zones entourant les aires protégées dans cette dynamique de colonisation. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur les zones entourant les aires protégées pour aborder la question de la perméabilité des aires protégées aux espèces non indigènes. En étudiant les aires protégées en Norvège, nous avons montré que le pool d’espèces non indigènes présent autour des aires protégées a un impact qualitatif sur la communauté d'espèces non indigènes présentes dans les aires protégées, les espèces non indigènes envahissantes étant présentes dans une plus grande proportion dans les aires protégées (40 %) que dans leurs ceintures (12 %). Le nombre d'espèces non indigènes présentes autour des aires protégées détermine également le nombre d'espèces non indigènes présentes dans les aires protégées. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence la dynamique de la colonisation de l’extérieur vers l’intérieur des aires protégées en montrant que les espèces non indigènes étaient détectées dans les aires protégées plusieurs années après avoir été détectées autour d’elles. En outre, nous avons montré dans quatre pays européens que le type d’occupation du sol à proximité et au sein des aires protégées joue un rôle central dans l'établissement des espèces non indigènes dans les aires protégées. Ainsi, les habitats fortement anthropisés autour des aires protégées favorisent la présence d'espèces non indigènes dans les aires protégées, quel que soit le type d’occupation du sol dans ces dernières. Enfin, nous avons étudié la dynamique de colonisation d'Acacia dealbata, une espèce d'arbre non indigène envahissante au centre du Portugal, autour et dans cinq aires protégées, au cours de ces vingt dernières années. Nous avons montré que les perturbations par les incendies et la perte de couverture forestière favorisaient la présence de l'espèce. Cette thèse a mis en évidence l'importance des zones autour des aires protégées dans la colonisation de celles-ci par les espèces non indigènes. Ces résultats sont particulièrement pertinents pour les futures stratégies de gestion des espèces non indigènes dans les aires protégées
Protected areas are among the key elements of global biodiversity conservation strategies and aim to conserve native species, habitats and ecosystems. Globalisation has led to increased introductions of species outside their natural range. In their new environment, some of these non-native species have the potential to affect ecosystems and compete with or threaten native species. The environment in close proximity to protected areas is likely to be the stepping stone for non-native species to become established in protected areas. However, little is known about the role that protected area surroundings play in the permeability of protected areas to non-native species. In this thesis, I focused on protected areas and their surrounding belts to address the issue of permeability to non-native species. Examining protected areas in Norway, I showed that non-native species surrounding protected areas have a qualitative impact on the community of non-native species in protected areas. Moreover, the proportion of invasive species was higher in protected areas (40 %) compared to their belts (12 %). The number of non-native species in the surrounding areas also significantly determined the number of non-native species in protected areas. I have also highlighted the dynamics of colonization from the belts to the protected areas by showing that non-native species were detected in the protected areas on average several years after they were recorded in the belts. In addition, I showed in four European countries that the type of land use and land cover in the proximity and within protected areas plays a central role in the establishment of non-native species in protected areas. Anthropogenic land use and land cover around protected areas promoted the establishment of non-native species inside protected areas, regardless of the land use and land cover present in them. Finally, I investigated the colonization dynamics of Acacia dealbata, an invasive t ree species, in and around protected areas in central Portugal over the last twenty years. I showed that disturbances by fires and the loss of tree cover had a significant positive effect on the presence of the species. This thesis highlights the importance of the protected area surroundings for the colonization of non-native species. This is particularly relevant for future management strategies for non-native species in protected areas

Les écosystèmes marins sont bouleversés par de nombreux phénomènes tels que la surpêche, la pollution, le changement climatique et les espèces invasives, dont les impacts conjugués affectent négativement leurs structures et fonctionnements. Il est urgent d’évaluer le rôle de la navigation de plaisance comme facilitateur des invasions biologiques, et particulièrement pour la mer Méditerranée qui accueille deux tiers du trafic mondial de bateaux affrétés, et constitue le point chaud de la problématique des espèces non indigènes. Cette thèse se propose de combler ce besoin en accomplissant la première étude du rôle de la navigation de plaisance dans la propagation des ENI, par le bio-encrassement des marinas et coques de bateaux, à l’échelle du bassin méditerranéen. Une recherche minutieuse d’ENI a été conduite dans 34 marinas à travers la Méditerranée (s’étalant de l’Espagne à la Turquie), en ciblant les macro-invertébrés pour déterminer si les marinas constituaient bien des points chauds en ENI. Puis, des entretiens ont été conduits avec des propriétaires et/ou capitaines sur les caractéristiques de leurs bateaux, dont les opérations de nettoyage de la coque, les peintures, et leurs historiques de trajets récents. Des échantillons biologiques de bio-encrassement ont ensuite été collectés sur environ 600 bateaux, pour lesquels le capitaine/propriétaire avait été interrogé, afin de corréler les deux sources d’information. Les résultats de cette évaluation des marinas à l’échelle de la Méditerranée ont ensuite été combinés avec des données existantes sur les ENI présents dans les marinas italiennes, portant le nombre de marinas échantillonnées à 50. L’ensemble de ces données a été utilisé dans des analyses statistiques multivariées afin d’identifier les principaux facteurs abiotiques contribuant à la richesse en ENI et les similarités entre les différentes marinas
Many stressors, such as climate change, overfishing, pollution and biological invasions, are currently devastating the marine domain. The role of recreational boating in facilitating marine bioinvasions urgently necessitated a proper evaluation, especially in the Mediterranean Sea which hosts 2/3 of global charter boat traffic and is also the global hotspot for alien species. This study addresses this shortfall by completing the firstever Mediterranean basin-wide study investigating the influence of recreational boats in the transfer of NIS from biofouling both in marinas and from boat-hulls. First, a thorough investigation of NIS was conducted in 34 marinas across the Mediterranean (spanning from Spain to Turkey), targeting benthic macroinvertebrates. All marinas were found to host NIS, ranging from 2 to 27 per marina. This first output of this research provides a massive update of new NIS records and updated species distributions for the Mediterranean, and presents three new species in the Mediterranean basin, 51 new NIS country records and 20 new subregional records, which can now be fed into models and databases to gain a better comprehension of the composition and scale of NIS colonizing marina habitats. it was realized that almost 80% of sampled fouled vessels were found to host at least 1 NIS, while 11 was the maximum NIS found on one boat-hull. It was also found that recreational vessels visiting new marinas sometimes carry NIS not yet present neither in that marina nor in the country in which they are visiting, thus providing ample evidence of recreational boating supplying new NIS to marinas. The results of this large-scale Mediterranean marina assessment were combined with other existing data on NIS in Italian marinas for a total sample size of 50 marinas, which were then used to feed both univariate and multivariate statistical tests aimed at identifying which abiotic factors mainly contribute to total species richness of NIS in marinas and also which factors contribute to similar NIS assemblages between marinas. The results revealed that a higher species richness of NIS in Mediterranean marinas was influenced by the following factors: water temperatures above 25°C, a higher number of berths, absence of floating pontoons, proximity to the Suez Canal and proximity to commercial harbours. Whereas the similarities between NIS assemblages amongst marinas were more influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, biogeographical region, climate type, primary productivity and again proximity to the Suez Canal. The significance of the Suez Canal as a prominent factor in both analyses coincides with the general trend of higher total NIS found in the Eastern Mediterranean strongly influencing NIS distributions. The results presented within this thesis, adding to those marinas surveyed from around the world, form a robust case that recreational boating provides an extremely important pathway in facilitating primary NIS introduction events and their associated secondary spread to other coastal areas as ‘stepping stone’ habitats

Non-indigenous seaweeds impact natural communities worldwide, affecting biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services, resulting in significant economic and social consequences. Among major impacts are the displacement of native species, a threat to endangered species, and effects on ecological and evolutionary processes within the invaded communities. While critical to predict the fate of introduced species, understanding the mechanisms of acclimation and adaptation following introduction represents a great challenge in seaweeds. In this thesis, we investigated some acclimation processes, with an emphasis on the role of associated microbiota, and examined their effects with Sargassum muticum as a model species. This brown seaweed native to Asia, is an emblematic invader among seaweeds, with a distribution now ranging from Mexico to Alaska in America and from Morocco to Norway in Europe. We first reviewed the competitive advantages and traits that may contribute to its invasiveness. In addition, we provided an overview of putative underlying mechanisms of acclimation and adaptation and highlighted their role in seaweed invasions. We then examined the effects of ocean acidification on the microbiome of S. muticum and revealed that it does not have significant effects on the seaweed-associated microbiota despite certain changes in the microbial community. We further investigated the seasonal changes in the seaweed-associated microbiota and revealed significant differences between seasons and geographic locations. Finally, we applied ecological niche modelling, but innovatively accounting for phenology, to project the distribution of S. muticum under two future climate change scenarios. According to our projections, by 2100 the distribution of S. muticum is expected to shift northwards along its European, North American and Asian distributions with a partial retreat from the currently occupied areas.
As algas não indígenas afetam comunidades naturais em todo o mundo, afetando a biodiversidade, o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e os seus serviços, com consequências económicas e sociais significativas. Entre os principais impactos estão deslocamento de espécies nativas e espécies ameaçadas e efeitos sobre processos ecológicos e evolutivos nas comunidades invadidas. A compreensão dos mecanismos de aclimatação e adaptação após a introdução representa um grande desafio nas algas marinhas. Nesta tese investigamos alguns processos de aclimatação, com ênfase no papel dos microorganismos associados e examinamos os seus efeitos usando Sargassum muticum como espécie modelo. Esta alga marinha nativa da Ásia é uma importante invasora, com uma distribuição atual do México ao Alasca na América e de Marrocos à Noruega na Europa. Primeiro analisamos as vantagens e características competitivas que podem contribuir para sua invasibilidade. Além disso, fornecemos uma visão geral dos mecanismos de aclimatação e adaptação subjacentes e destacamos seu papel nas invasões de algas marinhas. Em seguida, examinamos os efeitos da acidificação dos oceanos no microbioma de S. muticum e revelamos que não tem efeitos significativos sobre a comunidade microbiana das algas marinhas apesar de causar algumas mudanças na comunidade. No estudo das mudanças sazonais na microbiota associada às algas marinhas revelamos diferenças significativas entre as estações e os locais geográficos. Finalmente, realizamos modelação de nicho ecológico de forma inovadora para a fenologia, para projetar a distribuição de S. muticum em dois cenários futuros de mudança climática. De acordo com nossas projeções, até 2100, a distribuição de S. muticum deverá expandir-se para norte ao longo das suas distribuições européia, norte-americana e asiática, com retração parcial das áreas atualmente ocupadas.

Les algues non-indigènes ont des impacts sur les communautés naturelles à une échelle mondiale: elles affectent la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes ainsi que les services écosystémiques, avec des conséquences économiques et sociales. Parmi les conséquences de ces introductions sont le déplacement d'espèces indigènes, des compétitions avec des espèces en danger et des effets sur les trajectoires éco-évolutives des espèces des communautés envahies. Bien que crucial pour anticiper le devenir des espèces non-indigènes, comprendre les mécanismes d'acclimatation et d'adaptation agissant post-introduction reste un challenge chez les algues. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié certains processus d'acclimatation, en particulier le rôle des bactéries associées, et leurs effets, en utilisant comme modèle d'étude Sargassum muticum. Cette algue brune originaire d'Asie, est une espèce emblématique parmi les algues introduites avec une présence du Mexique à l'Alaska en Amérique et du Maroc à la Norvège en Europe. Nous avons effectué une analyse bibliographique des traits et caractéristiques écologiques qui pourraient expliquer son succès. Nous avons ensuite montré que l'acidification n'a pas d'effets significatifs sur les bacteries associées, bien que des changements saisonniers du microbiome aient été observés. Enfin, nous avons utilisé un modèle de niche écologique, intégrant la phénologie, pour prédire la distribution de S. muticum sous deux scénarios de changement climatique. Selon nos résultats, d'ici 2100, la distribution de S. muticum devrait se déplacer vers le nord dans l'hémisphère nord avec des régressions dans certaines zones actuellement occupées
Non-indigenous seaweeds impact natural communities worldwide, affecting biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services, resulting in significant economic and social consequences. Among major impacts are the displacement of native species, a threat to endangered species, and effects on ecological and evolutionary processes within the invaded communities. While critical to predict the fate of introduced species, understanding the mechanisms of acclimation and adaptation following introduction represents a great challenge in seaweeds. In this thesis, we investigated some acclimation processes, with an emphasis on the role of associated microbiota, and examined their effects with Sargassum muticum as a model species. This brown seaweed native to Asia, is an emblematic invader among seaweeds, with a distribution now ranging from Mexico to Alaska in America and from Morocco to Norway in Europe. We first reviewed the competitive advantages and traits that may contribute to its invasiveness. We then showed that acidification has no significant effects on associated bacteria, although seasonal changes in the microbiome have been observed. Finally, we applied ecological niche modelling, but innovatively accounting for phenology, to project the distribution of S. muticum under two future climate change scenarios. According to our projections, by 2100 the distribution of S. muticum is expected to shift northwards along its European, North American and Asian distributions with partial retreat from the currently occupied areas

La biodiversité est un concept à multiples facettes qui comprend trois composantes principales, à savoir la diversité taxonomique, phylogénétique et fonctionnelle. Les études biogéographiques ont jusqu'à présent accordé plus d'attention aux deux premières facettes tandis que les déterminants de la diversité fonctionnelle et ses changements sous l'effet de l'anthropisation restent largement inconnus à l'échelle du globe. Ces lacunes sont particulièrement importantes pour les poissons d'eau douce, car ils représentent non seulement un quart des vertébrés et soutiennent le fonctionnement et la stabilité des écosystèmes, mais sont également l'un des groupes de vertébrés les plus menacés au monde. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension de la diversité fonctionnelle des poissons d'eau douce du globe et de combler le fossé entre les facettes taxonomiques, fonctionnelles et phylogénétiques pour évaluer les impacts des activités humaines sur la biodiversité des poissons d'eau douce. Dans ce but, nous avons d'abord construit une base de données de traits décrivant la morphologie de 10 600 espèces présentes dans plus de 2 400 bassins fluviaux dans les six royaumes terrestres. Nous avons d'abord testé les distributions des traits morphologiques des poissons dans chaque zone biogéographique Nous avons montré que les traits morphologiques des poissons sont i) très variés à travers le globe et ii) que la distribution de ces traits est diffère entre zones biogéographiques. Cependant, les espèces morphologiquement extrêmes occupent la plus grande partie de l'espace morphologique dans toutes les zones biogéographiques. De plus, en utilisant une approche multi-traits à l'échelle du bassin versant, nous avons constaté que la diversité fonctionnelle historique a été façonnée par des variables liées à l'habitat, à l'énergie et à l'histoire. Nous avons également démontré que la morphologie diffère entre les espèces qui n'ont jamais été introduites et celles qui ont été introduites et celles qui se sont même établies. Enfin, nous avons réalisé une approche holistique en proposant un nouvel indice cumulatif combinant les changements dans les six principales facettes de la biodiversité pour évaluer les impacts des activités humaines sur la biodiversité des poissons. Nous avons constaté que les activités humaines ont considérablement affecté la biodiversité des poissons dans plus de la moitié des fleuves mondiaux (52,8%, 1 297 bassins versants). Parmi ces cours d'eau, les zones tempérées sont les plus affectées par les changements de biodiversité, et les changements de biodiversité sont principalement dus à des altérations de la connectivité de l'eau et à l'introduction d'espèces non indigènes. Ce travail a souligné le potentiel des caractéristiques morphologiques dans l'étude de la diversité fonctionnelle mondiale des poissons d'eau douce, et le indice de changement de la biodiversité à multiples facettes donnera ici ouvre de nouvelles implications pour la conservation de la biodiversité
Biodiversity is a multifaceted concept that includes three main components, namely taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Biogeographical studies have paid more attention to the first two facets while the patterns and drivers of functional diversity and their changes because of global change remains largely unknown at the global scale. These knowledge gaps are especially large for freshwater fishes, because they not only account for a quarter of vertebrates and support the functioning and stability of ecosystems, but are also one the most threatened vertebrates groups in the world. Thus this thesis aims to improve the understanding of the functional diversity of global freshwater fishes and bridge the gap between taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic facets to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the multifaceted biodiversity of global fishes. Towards this aim, we first built a trait database describing the morphology of 10 600 species occurring in over 2 400 river basins all over the six terrestrial realms. First, we assessed the distributions of the morphological traits within the fauna of each realm. We revealed that fish morphological traits are different between realms and that morphologically extreme species are distributed in all realms. Second, using a multi-traits approach at the basin scale we found that the historical functional diversities have been shaped by habitat, energy and history-related variables. Third, we demonstrated that morphology differs between species that have never been introduced species and those that were introduced and those that were even established. Last, using a novel cumulative index combining changes in six facets of biodiversity we found that human activities have markedly affected fish biodiversity in more than half of the world river (52.8%, 1 297 rivers). Those biodiversity changes were primarily due to alterations of water connectivity and introductions of non-native species. This work underlined the potential of morphological features in the study of global freshwater fish functional diversity, and the combination of functional phylogenetic and taxonomic features in a novel multifaceted biodiversity change index will constitute a useful tool for biological conservation

Abstract Chapter Seven focuses on the education of the Algerian orphans Lavigerie adopted from the famine, and especially the orphans selected for special attention at the petit séminaire indigène. Examining the operation of this “indigenous” seminary closely reveals how Lavigerie and the White Fathers put their ethnographic assumptions into practice. These children were governed according to racialized assumptions about Arab laziness and immorality. Lavigerie moved these Algerian seminarians to the south of France, where some died, and others were expelled for misconduct. The most successful among them went on to study medicine at Lille, in the hopes that they might at least give medical assistance to the White Fathers’ missions. But even these French-educated medical students could not escape the colonial racism of the “indigenous code.”