Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spécialisation fonctionnelle des organes'
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Baciu, Monica. "Spécialisation hémisphérique de processus cognitifs : évaluation par IRM fonctionnelle." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE19004.
Full textHubert, François-Xavier. "Spécialisation fonctionnelle des sous-populations de cellules dendritiques chez le rat." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT23VS.
Full textThe immune system evolved to protect us from microbes. The induction of effective antigen-specific T-cell immunity to pathogens has evolved as a sophisticated and highly balanced immunoregulatory mechanism. This mechanism depends on dendritic cells (DC) or professional antigen-presenting cells, which are able to transport antigens from the periphery to lymphoid tissues. DC are unique in their capacity to induce and regulate immunity and tolerance in the periphery. The aim of my thesis was to analyze the functions of different dendritic cells subsets in rats. We reported that splenic DC in rats can be separated into functionally different CD4+ and CD4- subsets and that CD4- DC exhibited a natural cytotoxic activity in vitro against tumour cells. As previously shown in mice and humans, we have identified the existence of high IL-12-producing DC subset in the rat that induce Th1 responses. We have characterized the rat counterpart of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) that were identified previously in human and in mouse and that might play a role in peripheral tolerance. These cells produced enormous amounts of IFN type I and expressed selectively TLR7 and 9. We also analyzed the repertoire of TLR expression in dendritic cell subsets and their specific responses to TLR ligands and demonstrated important functional differences. Finally, we became interested with the role of DC subsets in homeostasis of regulatory T cells. We showed the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in expansion of regulatory T cells. These results show that the knowledge of DC subsets is fundamental in establishment of immune and tolerance responses
Anjubault, Thomas. "Spécialisation fonctionnelle des sous-populations de cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes chez le rat." Nantes, 2010. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=837ef71b-79d9-4d9c-9e8b-1adb2a40998f.
Full textThe generation of a rat splenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) monoclonal antibody, named 85C7, in our team allowed the identification of a population expressing 85C7 but a low level of CD4. PDC usually described in rat highly express CD4. So we assessed to characterize this population to discover if it was pDC. Their phenotype appeared to be very similar, as their plasmacytoid morphology at steady state. In response to TLR9 ligand, this population expresses high levels of IFNα mRNA, which is the main characteristic of pDC. They also have the capacity to induce naïve CD4+ CD25- T cell proliferation, 2 fold higher than CD4high pDC. These results strongly suggest that these cells are pDC. DNA sheep results from these pDC populations taken together with results from splenic conventional DC allowed us to identify genes specifically expressed by one of these populations. Surprisingly, this analysis revealed that TRANCE (TNF-related activation-induced cytokine) gene was constitutively and specifically expressed by resting CD4high pDC. We confirmed the expression of the protein at the membrane and in a soluble form too. TRANCE is well known for its crucial role in osteoclastogenesis. We sought to assess le potential role of pDC to induce osteoclastogenesis in different models
Durand, Mélanie. "Spécialisation fonctionnelle des cellules myéloïdes mononucléaires humaines dans l’induction des réponses T folliculaire helper." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB087/document.
Full textT follicular helper cells (Tfh) play a key role in the establishment of efficient humoral responses. Indeed, Tfh are involved in B lymphocyte selection allowing the development of high affinity memory B cells and antibodies. Tfh are promising targets for new therapeutic strategies, especially to increase the effectiveness of vaccination. Thus, it is crucial to better understand the stages leading to their development, especially in human. Initiation of Tfh polarisation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs and involves mononuclear myeloid cells (MMC). MMC from secondary lymphoid organs include resident macrophages and three subsets of resident Dendritic Cells (DC): cDC1 (CD141+), cDC2 (CD1c+) and pDC. We were particularly interested in human MMC subsets respective roles in the induction of Tfh polarisation. Thus, the work carried out during my thesis aimed first at analysing the ability of different populations of MMC to induce Tfh polarisation, in order to highlight potential functional specialisations. In a second step, we focused on the molecular mechanisms involved in Tfh polarisation by MMC. We have shown a functional specialisation of cDC2 and tonsillar macrophages for Tfh polarisation. However, differences have been observed between cDC2 and macrophages, since macrophages induce secretion by T cells of a large amount of CXCL13 compared to cDC2, which are more effective in inducing IL21 production. We have also been able to show that cDC2 and macrophages secreted cytokines previously shown to play a role in Tfh induction such as IL12p70, ActivinA and TGFβ. In order to confirm the role of these cytokines in Tfh polarisation induced by tonsil MMCs, we used blocking antibodies in our T helper polarisation experiments. Thereby, we confirmed the role of IL12p70, Activin A and TGFβ in the induction of human Tfh. Our results also suggest a role for Activin A and TGFβ in inducing secretion of CXCL13, whereas IL12p70 would be involved in the induction of IL21 secretion. Besides, our results suggest the existence of two Tfh subsets characterised by expression of either IL21 or CXCL13. The work performed during my thesis broadens the knowledge on the functional specialisation of human DC subsets and macrophages, and provides new insight into the differentiation of human Tfh
Mazoyer, Patrick. "La spécialisation fonctionnelle dans le cerveau humain : ses limites : exemples de la perception du mouvement et des visages en imagerie fonctionnelle." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T288.
Full textRazafimandimby-Haelewyn, Annick Corinne. "Spécialisation hémisphérique pour le langage dans la schizophrénie : étude en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066629.
Full textDavid, François Buonviso Nathalie Sicard Gilles. "Rôle des synapses dendrodendritiques entre cellules mitrales et cellules granulaires dans la dynamique fonctionnelle du bulbe olfactif une approche modélisatrice /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2007. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2007/david_f.
Full textFilippi-Codaccioni, Ondine. "Impact des pratiques agricoles et de l’urbanisation sur les communautés d’oiseaux agricoles." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066440.
Full textOrtigue, Stéphanie. "Spécialisation fonctionnelle de l'hémisphère droit : approches neurophysiologique et électrophysiologique des modulations intra- et inter-hémisphériques dans la représentation mentale de l'espace et des mots emotionnels." Chambéry, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CHAML011.
Full textMichalak, Thomas. "Les Assemblées parlementaires, juge pénal : analyse d’un paradigme irréalisable : (1789-1918)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2020. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247218530.
Full textAt first glance, the title refers to the judicial activity of the Cour des pairs (1814-1848) and the Senate of the Third Republic (1875-1940). These are the most striking involvements of French legislative bodies in rendering justice. The trials of the ending Restauration ministers, and the one of Louis Malvy seem to be well known, but in reality these are only imperfectly so. In both cases, the upper house has turned away from its initial mission of legislator and supervisor of the government to transform itself, in a very incomplete way, into criminal courts. However, study only these two cases is not enough to define the mission of a parliamentary jurisdiction. The concept of Haute Cour de justice must therefore be understood in its entirety and in its history. A history which, like many others, is marked by the Revolution, which will influence the 19th and 20th centuries, and set a French prototype of political court. These Hautes Cours possess special competencies: ratione personae et ratione materiae. They judge politicians, but since the Revolution one foresees the difficulty of doing so with criminal law, which is hardly suited to the resolution of political disputes. Finally, the French Haute Cour is also a tribunal for major political crimes, namely, serious attacks on sovereignty. It is thereforce a question of recount the history of the “Tribunal supreme” in order to reveal the concept of political justice as an aporia
Chappert-Piquemal, Catherine. "Analyse anatomo-fonctionnelle du développement postnatal et de la plasticité du cortex visuel primaire d'un primate du Nouveau Monde "Callithrix jacchus"." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20133.
Full textPerrone, bertolotti Marcela. "Spécialisation hémisphérique et cartographie du langage chez le sujet sain et les patients épileptiques : effet des variables inter- et intra-individuelles. Evaluation comportementale, neuropsychologique et neurophysiologique (IRM fonctionnelle)." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716387.
Full textPerrone-Bertolotti, Marcela. "Spécialisation hémisphérique et cartographie du langage chez le sujet sain et les patients épileptiques : effet des variables inter- et intra-individuelles. Evaluation comportementale, neuropsychologique et neurophysiologique (IRM fonctionnelle)." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENS035/document.
Full textThe purpose of this PhD research was to identify the effect of several individual and experimental variables on hemispheric specialization and cortical mapping of language in healthy subjects and epileptic patients. The question was addressed by means of a multidisciplinary approach including behavioral, neuropsychological and neurophysiological (fMRI) testing. The main goal of this work was to corroborate data provided from all these methods and to build a model of the representation and reorganization (plasticity) of language according to the considered factors. Moreover, we aimed to provide several practical tools to clinicians for presurgical evaluation of hemispheric specialization in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Overall, our results reflect the necessity to use a multidimensional approach composed of complementary techniques and methods, in order to assess cerebral representations in normal and pathological conditions. Key words: language, specialization, hemisphere, divided visual field, fMRI, phonology, semantics, prosody, gender, healthy, epilepsy, plasticity, reorganization
David, François. "Rôle des synapses dendrodendritiques entre cellules mitrales et cellules granulaires dans la dynamique fonctionnelle du bulbe olfactif : une approche modélisatrice." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/david_f.
Full textMammalian olfactory bulb (OB) activity displays electrophysiological activity in different frequency bands: θ (2-10Hz), β (15-30Hz) and γ (30-90Hz). The resultant stereotypical temporal activities remain to be understood in terms of biophysical dynamics and functionality. We here studied the functional role of dendrodendritic synapses between mitral cells (MC), the output neurons of the OB and granule cells (GC), a type of local interneurons, in these oscillatory regimes. To this end, the computational modeling approaches were employed. We first show that shunting inhibition on the MC lateral dendrite is able to influence the timing of MC discharge. This process could regulate synchrony among MCs, considered an important property of information transmission to OB downstream structures. Second, in a network of MCs and GCs, we showed that synaptic interactions and sensory stimulation can influence oscillatory dynamics. In the case of strong network connectivity, the MCs could robustly synchronize in a β frequency range. Third, using experimental data from anesthetized rat, we showed that during γ local field potential oscillation, the phase of MC spikes could lock with the oscillation leading to some stabilized phases and firing rates. The underlying mechanism, based on weak γ-oscillatory synaptic input and MC intrinsic properties could lead to a self-synchronization process in the bulb and explain the emergence of γ bursts during olfactory stimulation. Dynamical and behavioral correlates of γ and β oscillations suggest they could be associated with perception and segmentation of odors, the two major functions of the olfactory system
Henniquau, Dimitri. "Conception d’une interface fonctionnelle permettant la communication de neurones artificiels et biologiques pour des applications dans le domaine des neurosciences." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUN032.
Full textNeuromorphic engineering is an exciting emerging new field, which combines skills in electronics, mathematics, computer sciences and biomorphic engineering with the aim of developing artificial neuronal networks capable of reproducing the brain’s data processing. Thus, neuromorphic systems not only offer more effective and energy efficient solutions than current data processing technologies, but also set the bases for developing novel original therapeutic strategies in the context of pathological brain dysfunctions. The research group Circuits Systèmes Applications des Micro-ondes (CSAM) of the Institute for Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies (IEMN) in Lille, in which this thesis work was carried out, has contributed to the generation of such neuromorphic systems by developing a toolbox constituted of artificial neurons and synapses. In order to implement neuromorphic engineering in the therapeutic arsenal for treating neurologic disorders, we need to interface living and artificial neurons to ensure real communication between these different components. In this context and using the original tools developed by the CSAM group, the main goal of this thesis work was to design and produce a functional interface allowing a bidirectional communication loop to be established between living and artificial neurons. These artificial neurons have been developed by the CSAM group using CMOS technology and are able to emit biomimetic electrical signals. Living neurons were obtained from differentiated PC-12 cells. A first step in this work consisted in modeling and simulating this interface between artificial and living neurons; a second part of the thesis was dedicated to the fabrication and characterization of neurobiohybrid interfaces, and to the growth and characterization of living neurons before studying their capacities to communicate with artificial neurons. First, a model of neuronal membrane representing a living neuron interfaced with a metallic planar electrode has been developed. We thus showed that it is possible to excite neurons using biomimetic signals produced by artificial neurons while maintaining a low excitation voltage. Low voltage excitation would improve energy efficiency of neurobiohybrid systems integrating artificial neurons and reduce the impact of harmful electrical signals on living neurons. Then, the neurobiohybrid interfacing living and artificial neurons has been designed and produced. The results obtained by experimental characterization of this interface validate the approach consisting in exciting living neurons through a metallic planar electrode. Finally, living neurons from PC-12 cells were grown and differentiated directly onto neurobiohybrids. Then, an experimental proof of the ability of biomimetic electrical signals to excite living neurons was obtained using calcium imaging. To conclude, the work presented in this manuscript clearly establishes a proof of concept for the excitation of living neurons using a biomimetic signal in our experimental conditions and thus substantiates the first part of the bidirectional communication loop between artificial neurons and living neurons
GONY-LEMAIRE, SYLVIANE. "Etude experimentale de l'action du cadmium sur les juveniles (civelles et anguillettes) de l'anguille europeenne anguilla anguilla (l. , 1758) : anayse structurale et fonctionnelle de certaines organes-cibles." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066525.
Full textGros, Hélène. "Mise au point et validation d'un paradigme expérimental en imagerie fonctionnelle événementielle par résonnance magnétique : application au traitement perceptif visuel de stimuli linguistiques." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30060.
Full textWe propose an experimental design based on a priming paradigm with single visual stimuli to study the role of extrastriate cortex in the perceptual processing of simple linguistic stimuli. We used two sets of stimuli, a linguistic one that consisted of single letters, and a non-linguistic one that consisted of familiar geometric figures; in addition, the ambiguous stimulus "O", which could be categorized either as a letter or as a familiar geometric figure, was primed by both categorical sets. A first study was conducted with an event-related fMRI protocol. The group analysis and the individual analysis on both the extend and intensity of activations showed that the left occipito-temporal cortex was specifically involved in grapheme processing. .
Hay, Julien. "Caractérisation de la spécialisation hémisphérique de l'attention spatiale et ses facteurs de variabilité au cours d'une tâche de jugement de bissection de ligne chez le sujet sain : évaluations comportementale et fonctionnelle (IRMf)." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3143.
Full textUsing a line bisection judgment task, we studied the hemispheric specialization (HS) for spatial attention and its factors of variability. In first part of this work, we computed indices of attentional bias, which are relevant markers of the HS for spatial attention. These indices revealed the existence of pseudoneglect, a phenomenon considered as the behavioural manifestation of HS. Given that attentional biases exhibited variability in both direction and magnitude, we investigated factors that might be associated to this variability. Based on a population of 303 healthy volunteers (including 153 left-handers), we showed that pseudoneglect was associated with manual preference strength, gender, asymmetry of manual skill and volume of the posterior part of the corpus callosum. In the second part of this work, we studied using fMRI the neural bases of this HS and showed that line bisection judgment involved a rightward asymmetric occipito-parieto-frontal network. By using hemispheric functional lateralization indices (HFLI) that offer a global measure of HS for spatial attention, we showed that an increase of pseudoneglect was associated with a stronger hemispheric rightward functional lateralization for spatial attention. Moreover, we also showed that asymmetry of manual that asymmetry of manual skill that interacted with pseudoneglect was also associated with HS for spatial attention
Seghier, Mohamed Lamine. "IRM fonctionnelle de la vision : arguments en faveur du traitement des contours illusoires dans les aires corticales de bas niveau." Grenoble 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10046.
Full textMiceli, Dom. "Organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle des afferences et efferences de l'hyperstriatum visuel des oiseaux." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066188.
Full textCUDENNEC, RAULT ANNIE. "Role des systemes serotoninergiques ascendants dans le controle de l'activite fonctionnelle cerebrale integree chez le rat." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066174.
Full textKim, Nam Gyun. "Modelisation des mouvements oculaires en stimulation visuelle peripherique : epreuve correspondante d'exploration fonctionnelle assistee par ordinateur." Strasbourg 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13117.
Full textMagdelaine, Sylvie. "Etude morpho-fonctionnelle des tentacules oculaires d'helix aspersa, et tentative de caracterisation des substances immunologiquement apparentees a la methionine-enkephaline revelees dans leurs cellules collaires met dans deux organes egalement impliques dans le controle de la reproduction : le collier nerveux et la gonade." Besançon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BESA2038.
Full textClausse, Sylvie. "Comparaison du centre initiateur de la commande motrice de la decharge electrique chez deux especes de poissons, par une etude morpho-fonctionnelle." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066548.
Full textServière, Jacques. "La tonotopie du colliculus inferieur chez trois espèces de mammifères (chat, singe, cobaye) : étude anatomo-fonctionnelle par le 14c-2-désoxyglucose." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066251.
Full textPelletier, Isabelle. "Neuroimagerie fonctionnelle du langage et de la mémoire chez des personnes ayant des atteintes neurologiques." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8457.
Full textThe goals of this research program were, on the one end, to bring a critical understanding of the non invasive techniques used for the localisation and lateralisation of language and memory functions taking into account their respective advantages, limits and relevance in a patient care context. On the other end, we wanted to deepen our understanding of cerebral language organization in the context of the study of acallosal subjects. To meet our first objective, we performed a comprehensive review of the litterature of neuroimaging methods used in language and memory lateralisation and localisation in the context of presurgical assessment of epileptic patients. In this work, we pointed out that some of these new methodologies and moreover their combinations show an interesting potential for the use in a clinical context. We also pointed out that these methods still need to be refined and standardised before replacing the intracarotid amobarbital test in a safe clinical setting. To meet our second objective, we explored patterns of language lateralization in six individuals with callosal agenesis using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocol. No differences were found between language lateralization of subjects with agenesis of the corpus callosum and the control groups (High-IQ and IQ-matched) in the receptive speech task. However, for expressive speech, the groups differed with respect to frontal activations, with the acallosal participants showing a more bilateral pattern of activation than the high-IQ participants only. No differences were found in themporal regions. Overall, these results indicate that the corpus callosum is not essential for the establishment of lateralized language functions.