Relevant bibliographies by topics / Special law of contracts

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Special law of contracts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Special law of contracts"

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Kaczorowska, Bogna. "Juridical Status of So-called Smart Contracts against the Background of the Polish Legal Framework." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 13, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 189–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2019-2-3.

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Among substantial advancements challenging contemporary contract law special attention is given to autonomous, cryptographic solutions based on decentralised infrastructure provided by blockchain technology, intended to execute transactions automatically, designated as smart contracts. The need for comprehensive research on legal implications of practical implementation of this technological innovation is triggered particularly by the prognostications declaring it a valid alternative to hitherto contract law framework that is expected to be ultimately replaced by algorithmic mechanisms underpinning smart contracts.A relevant assessment of the impact smart contracts are presumed to have on the contract law domain requires a thorough analysis of their juridical status. The specificity of the category of smart contracts raises doubts whether they comply with the definition criteria inherent to contract law terminology. Additionally, it is of material importance to determine the function smart contracts can perform in the sphere of contractual practice and to confront it with the role and axiology of contract law.The article aims at analysing the peculiarities of smart contracts from the perspective of the Polish private law system with account being also taken of current development tendencies concerning the concept of contract.
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Filatova, Nataliia. "Smart contracts from the contract law perspective: outlining new regulative strategies." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 28, no. 3 (2020): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaa015.

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Abstract Smart contracts nowadays start being widely used in various areas of economic and social life. In most cases smart contracts are somehow related to legal contracts: the former may constitute part of a legal contract, an entire contract, or be used to automate a contract performance. Meanwhile, a question whether modern contract law is applicable to smart contracts is rather debatable, since smart contracts initially were designed to rely only on technical rules embedded in blockchain and considered as self-sufficient instruments capable of addressing various issues which may emerge in practice. However, practice has shown that technical regulation does not often cope with the problems one may face when using smart contracts, which confirms the need for legal regulation. Although smart contracts have many technical peculiarities, they do not make application of contract law provisions totally impossible. Thus, what the modern contract law needs is a set of special rules applicable to the practice of smart contracting.
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HoJeong Kim. "Special Rules on Contracts in Public Law." HUFS Law Review 34, no. 4 (November 2010): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.17257/hufslr.2010.34.4.293.

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Đurović, Andrea. "Smart contracts as an innovation in insurance law." Pravo i privreda 58, no. 3 (2020): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pip2003305c.

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One of the major current topics and one of the major innovations in the contract law, as well as in insurance law is the invention of the smart contracts. The author is basing her research on use of smart contract in insurance law and what are the main legal issues arising from the use of smart contract. In her paper, the author points out that the implementation of the smart contract in insurance law will greatly affect all participants in insurance contract and a significant step forward in improving the level of protection of insurance users (consumers), although it takes time and readiness of European and domestic legislators to create a special regulatory framework so that smart contract can reach its potential.
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Żok, Krzysztof. "Law Applicable to Cloud Computing Contracts Concluded with Consumers under Regulation 593/2008, According to the CJEU Case Law." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 14, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2020-1-4.

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The undoubted popularity of cloud computing stems in particular from the fact that the provider can simultaneously offer access to his or her computing resources to an almost unlimited number of users located in different countries. Although this feature brings significant benefits to the provider, it also raises serious questions regarding the law governing the contract. The concerns become especially relevant in the case of contracts concluded between a consumer and a professional due to the limits of the choice of law and the special rules protecting consumers.The article analyses the law applicable to cloud computing contracts concluded with consumers. The considerations focus on the special provisions regarding consumer protection. Contrary to some comments, the article claims that the current legal framework is sufficient to determine the applicable law, although this task is not without doubts.
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BRIGGS, CHRIS. "Introduction: law courts, contracts and rural society in Europe, 1200–1600." Continuity and Change 29, no. 1 (May 2014): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841601400006x.

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AbstractPrivate contracts of many different kinds were at the heart of the rural economy in medieval and early modern Europe. This article considers some of the key issues involved in the study of those contracts, and of the institutions that facilitated their registration and enforcement. Drawing on examples from medieval England as well as the articles in this special issue of the journal, it is argued that complex and effective ‘public-order’ structures for contract registration and enforcement – principally various kinds of law court – were ubiquitous in European villages and small towns in this era.
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Topildiev, Vokhidjon. "Civil law problems of constituent contracts." Общество и инновации 2, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss3-pp80-90.

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In this article, the author provides a scientific assessment of the history of the conclusion of constituent agreements on the creation of legal entities, based on the Roman, former Union and civil law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and also theoretically and practically analyzed the essence of constituent agreements and their types on the basis of current legislation. He also proposed to include in the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan a separate special chapter regulating constituent agreements.
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Ene, Charlotte. "Smart contracts - the new form of the legal agreements." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 1206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0113.

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AbstractToday we are witnesses an explosion of online business, developed on the internet – a special environment that requires own resources and tools and it is governed by specific rules. In this context, a new type of technology has been developed – the distributed ledger system, which allowed the creation of a new form of the agreement - the smart contracts. Smart contract is the next step forward in the process of digitalized contracts, after using the PDF documents with electronic signatures, and it favors the businesses to be carried out completely automatically, without the need for human intervention, and to gain greater efficiency and reduction in costs. This paper will try to provide the answers to several questions, such as: what is a smart contract?; how smart contract will be used?; how smart contract will be enforced?; etc. Moreover, it will be emphasized the advantages of smart contract and the new developments such as “Ricardian” contracts representing more efficient and transparent agreements that can be drafted and enforced on platform. Most important issue of this paper consists in analysis of legal framework of smart contracts using the basic principles of contract law combined with blockchain regulations, taking into account changing the paradigm from “code is law” to “law is code”.
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Ivanova, Nelli. "Contractual regulation of custody and guardianship of minor children in modern Russia." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 13 (2020): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2020-4-13-101-110.

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This work is devoted to a relevant topic in modern Russia related to the placement of children without parental care under custody (guardianship). The aim of the work is to study the features of the legal regulation of contractual custody (guardianship) of minor children in modern Russia. The work is written using general scientific and special methods of cognition: historical, dialectical, formal and logical, empirical. We pay special attention to the comparative legal method, which is due to the purpose and objectives of the study. Based on a brief retrospective analysis, the legal nature of the foster family contract and foster care contract is examined. We substantiate the position that the custody (guardianship) contract, having certain features, has a mixed legal nature. We emphasize that guardianship and custody contracts have elements of both civil law contracts and family law contracts. We analyze the legal nature of remuneration to custodians and guardians. It is concluded that the contractual regulation of custody and guardianship provides the opportunity for more flexible legal regulation of relations on the transfer of a child to a family, allows you to accommodate the interests of both wards children and custodians (guardians).
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Łopuski, Jan. "EUROPEIZACJA PRAWA DOTYCZĄCEGO UMOWY UBEZPIECZENIA." Zeszyty Prawnicze 4, no. 2 (June 9, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2004.4.2.01.

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Euro-merge of the Law Regarding Insurance ContractSummaryThe author presents the origins of the Polish commercial insurance law in the context of the process o f its Euro-merge. Special attention is devoted to the evaluation of the quality of the regulation of the insurance contract in the Civil Code against the background of the solutions adopted by laws o f particular W estern European countries. The above problems are discussed in relation to the freedom of contracts principle, general conditions of insurance, consumer contracts law and the limitations of insurance. The evaluation of the Polish legislation includes interesting remarks de lege ferenda.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Special law of contracts"

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White, George T. "Special education and teacher union contracts: an exploratory study." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39808.

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Buang, Ahmad Hidayat Bin. "The prohibition of 'Gharar' in Islamic law of contracts : a conceptual analysis with special reference to the practice of Islamic commercial contracts in Malaysia." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362359.

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Helmholz, Niels. "Contract formation and the Internet : an analysis of contract formation in English, South African and German law with special regard to the Internet." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52746.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the conclusion of contracts on the Internet in English and South African law on the one hand, and German law on the other. Because these legal systems have not developed specific rules for the formation of contracts by way of this medium of communication, the question is whether the traditional doctrines are adequate to the demands of tecnological innovation. The study accordingly proceeds from a detailed discussion of the traditional rules of offer and acceptance developed in each of the systems. To this end, the leading cases and of English and South African law are considered with an emphasis on the points of difference between the approach of the courts in these systems. Where there is uncertainty or different points of view, regard is had to the critical points of view of English and South African commentators. In respect of the codified German civil law, the authoritative provisions of the general part of the civil code are discussed against the background of the commentary of academic authors. An investigation of the technical structure of the Internet and the various methods of communication afforded by it, provides a foundation for an examination of the application of the general principles of the various legal systems to contract formation on the Internet. It is concluded that despite fundamental differences in the of approach of the systems under consideration, the general principles of each system are capable of application in the context of electronic contracting. The dissertation endeavours to develop proposals regarding adequate solutions to the problems typical of the process of contract formation on the Internet.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is afgestem op die hantering van kontraksluiting op die Internet in die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse Reg aan die een kant, en die Duitse Reg aan die ander kant. Omrede geeneen van hierdie stelsels tot op hede spesifieke maatreëls daargestel het vir kontraksluiting deur middel van hierdie kommunikasiemiddel nie, is die vraag of tradisionele beginsels afdoende is met die oog op eise van die nuwe tegnologie. Die ondersoek gaan derhalwe uit van 'n behandeling van die tradisionele reëls van aanbod en aanname soos wat dit in elkeen van die stelsels ontwikkel het. Met die oog hierop, word sleutelvonnisse van die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg ontleed, veral dan ook met klem op verskille in die benadering van die howe in hierdie twee stelsels. In geval van onsekerheid en verskille van mening, word verwys na die kritiese standpunte van Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse kommentatore. Met verwysing na die gekodifiseerde Duitse stelsel word die gesaghebbende bepalings van die Burgerlike Wetboek behandel teen die agtergrond van die kommentaar van Duitse akademiese skrywers. 'n Ontleding van die tegniese struktuur van die Internet en die verskillende kommunikasiemetodes wat dit bied, verskaf die grondslag vir 'n ondersoek na die toepaslikheid van die algemene beginsels aangaande kontraksluiting van die onderskeie regstelsels in die konteks van elektroniese kontraktering. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ten spyte van fundamentele verskille in benadering, die algemene beginsels van die verkillende stelsels wel aanwendbaar is in die nuwe omgewing. Die verhandeling poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van aanvaarbare oplossings tot die probleme wat tipies is aan kontraksluiting deur middel van die Internet.
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Sarie, Eldin Hani Salah. "Consortia agreements in the international construction industry : with special reference to Egypt." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338431.

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Mazaud, Anne-Laure. "Contrat de travail et droit commun : essai de mesure." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2157.

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La question des rapports entretenus entre le contrat de travail et le droit commun évoque immédiatement la revendication autonomiste. Il ne s’agit pourtant pas de revendiquer mais de mesurer la propension à l’autonomie du droit du travail à l’égard du droit commun des contrats maintes fois questionnée et toujours renouvelée. Précisément, cet essai de mesure révèle un résultat profondément nuancé. Ainsi, l’autonomie ne saurait être absolument reconnue en raison des nombreuses manifestations de la soumission du contrat de travail au droit commun. Elle ne peut cependant pas être totalement contredite en raison de l’indéniable émancipation de celui-ci envers celui-là. Pour comprendre cette apparente contradiction, il convient de diviser la matière. L’approche ne peut être globale et l’étude doit porter sur des objets distincts. Le régime du contrat de travail oscille en effet entre deux pôles : autonomie et dépendance. Relativement à certaines questions, l’émancipation à l’égard du droit commun est quasi-totale. Relativement à d’autres, la soumission est de mise. Plus encore, le résultat de ces recherches conduit à affirmer que l’autonomie et la dépendance ne constituent pas deux domaines étanches délimités par une frontière nette. Ainsi, la dépendance doit être reconnue lorsque le droit commun est préservé ; l’autonomie apparaît déjà, cependant, dès lors que le droit commun est adapté. Elle est plus intense encore lorsque le droit commun est déformé, et atteint son ultime degré lorsque le droit commun est évincé. Se constate ainsi une sorte de continuum qui s’étend entre ces deux pôles – dépendance et autonomie – et sur lequel s’ordonnent les questions relatives au contrat de travail. Ainsi, lorsqu’on mesure les rapports entre le contrat de travail et le droit commun des contrats, tout est affaire de degrés, de proximité et d’éloignement corrélatif à l’égard de ces deux extrémités du spectre
When wondering about the relationship between employment contract and general law, autonomist claim is usually immediately brought up. Yet, the point is not to claim, but to define the propensity to autonomy of labor law in regard of general contract law, many times asked, and always renewed. Precisely, this measurement essay reveals deeply nuanced results. Thus autonomy could not be definitely accepted due to many manifestations of the subservience of employment contract to general law. However it cannot be totally contradicted because of the incontestable emancipation of the employment contract from the general law. To understand this apparent contradiction, the subject must be divided. The approach cannot be global and the study must deal with distinct subjects. The employment contract system is indeed oscillating between two poles: autonomy and dependence. Emancipation towards general law is almost complete when considering some questions. Concerning some other questions, subservience can only be noted. Moreover, the results of this research are leading to affirm that autonomy and dependence are not two distinct areas, separated by a hermetic border. Hence, dependence must be admitted when general law is preserved, though autonomy already appears when general law is appropriate. It is more intense when general law is distorted, and reaches its ultimate degree when general law is ousted. A kind of continuum is observed between these two poles – subservience and autonomy – on which questions about employment contract are organized. Consequently, when measuring the relationship between employment contract and general contract law, everything is a matter of degrees, proximity and distance correlative to these two extremities of the spectrum
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Dupouy, Sabrina. "La prise en compte des données environnementales par le contrat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1068.

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La notion d’environnement embrasse le « cadre de vie naturel et artificiel de l’homme ». La qualité de cet environnement revêt aujourd’hui, dans l’ordre juridique, une importance croissante. Le droit de l’environnement, dont les finalités sont la protection de l’environnement et la protection de la personne humaine, investit à présent le droit privé. Le contrat, acte juridique indispensable aux activités économiques, en particulier, semble significativement concerné par l’exigence de qualité de l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, quel est le rôle du contrat face aux préoccupations contemporaines grandissantes relatives à la qualité de l’environnement ? Il apparaît que l’environnement est appréhendé par le contrat comme une donnée ambivalente. Elle représente, en effet, d’une part, un risque contre lequel il est nécessaire de protéger le contractant et, d’autre part, une valeur qui peut être directement protégée par le contrat. Les deux finalités du droit de l’environnement sont actuellement renforcées par le droit des contrats qui les prend de mieux en mieux en compte. Le contrat est dès lors assurément façonné, tant par les parties elles-mêmes que par le juge et le législateur, pour protéger le contractant contre le risque environnemental et contribuer à la protection de la valeur environnementale
The notion of environment embraces the “natural and artificial living environment of man” which means “the living space” of the human being. Today the quality of this environment takes on an increasing importance in the legal order. Environmental law, which follows the purposes of environmental protection and protection of the human being, is now investing private law. In particular, contract law seems significantly affected by the level of requirement of environmental quality. In this context, what is the role of a contract in front of growing contemporary concerns regarding environmental quality ? It seems that the environment is comprehended by the contract as an ambivalent element. On the one hand it is indeed a risk against which it is necessary to protect the contracting party and, on the other hand, a value that can be directly protected by the contract. The contract is subsequently without doubt shaped by the parties themselves, as well as by the judge and the legislator to protect the contracting party against environmental risks and to contribute to environmental protection
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Aubin-Brouté, Raphaèle-Jeanne. "Le contrat en agriculture." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3014.

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Les contrats conclus par l'agriculteur pour la satisfaction de ses besoins professionnels forment une famille de contrats : tous ont part à l'action publique en agriculture. Leur identité commune est méthodologique. Le contrat est un instrument de la politique agricole pour protéger l'agriculteur ou diriger l'agriculture. Le droit spécial des contrats agricoles permet la pénétration dans l'acte juridique du système de valeurs choisi par l'état. L'ordre public contractuel en agriculture se manifeste aussi par une action de police du contrat, à laquelle sont associés les professionnels. Mais le contrat n'est pas seulement un objet de l'action publique en agriculture : il est aussi une de ses modalités. La contractualisation se manifeste par une production concertée, avec l'état ou entre professionnels, de la norme juridique. Elle se manifeste aussi par la recherche du consentement à la norme, spécialement environnementale. Le discours contractuel justifie l'action publique en agriculture. Le contrat agro-environnemental permet la rémunération publique d'une prestation écologique ou territoriale fournie par l'agriculteur. Cette thèse met au jour un changement profond de paradigme dans la politique agricole. Alors que le droit de l'exploitation est, pour partie, absorbé par celui de l'entreprise, un corpus juridique original apparaît qui procède de la nouvelle identité multifonctionnelle reconnue à l'activité agricole. Cette thèse révèle aussi le glissement méthodologique qui s'opère de la norme contractuelle privée contrainte par la norme publique vers la norme publique produite par le contrat
Contracts concluded by the farmer for the satisfaction of its professional needs form a family of contracts : all have part in the public action in agriculture. Their common identity is methodological. The contract is a legal instrument of the agricultural policy. All its utilities are mobilized for protecting the farmer or managing the agriculture. The special law of the agricultural contracts allows the penetration in the legal act of the value system chosen by the State. The contractual public order in agriculture also shows itself by an action of police of the contract. The contract in agriculture is not only an object of the public action : it is also one of its modalities. The contractualization shows itself at first by a joint production of the legal rule, with the State or between professionals. It shows itself then by the research for the consent in the standard, specially environmental. The contractual speech justifies the public action in agriculture. The agro-environmental contract allows the public remuneration for an ecological or territorial performance supplied by the farmer. This thesis brings to light a deep change of paradigm in the agricultural policy. While the law of the exploitation is absorbed, partly, by that of the company, an original legal corpus appears which proceeds of the new multifunctional identity recognized by the agricultural activity. This thesis also reveals the methodological sliding which takes place of the private contractual law forced by the public law towards the public law produced by contract
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Laval, Sarah. "Le tiers et le contrat : étude de conflit de lois." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010259.

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Alors que le droit interne des contrats est marqué par le recul de l'autonomie de la volonté, le droit international privé fait du principe d'autonomie le facteur de rattachement principal en matière contractuelle. Parallèlement à cette évolution inversée, une évolution commune intervient en droit interne et international privé des contrats : celle de son ouverture aux tiers, par la portée des droits qu'il crée et la multiplication des liens de droit entre les tiers et les parties. Cohérent avec le recul de l'autonomie de la volonté en droit interne, le rapprochement du tiers et du contrat se heurte à la solution du conflit de lois en matière contractuelle. Alors que le principe d'autonomie sert l'intérêt des parties, le respect des prévisions du tiers appelle une loi objectivement déterminée. La prise en considération de l'objet et de l'opposabilité des contrats permet la prise en considération nuancée des intérêts des tiers et leur conciliation avec ceux des parties. Dans le cas des contrats à opposabilité renforcée, contrats à grand rayon d'action, la prise en considération du tiers passe par la création d'une règle de conflit spéciale en matière contractuelle qui rend le facteur de rattachement objectif impératif. Les parties aux contrats à grand rayon d'action ne peuvent choisir la loi applicable à leur contrat. Dans le cas des contrats à opposabilité simple, contrats à petit rayon d'action, la protection du tiers, touché par l'extension des effets du contrat, ne passe pas par l'objectivation du facteur de rattachement, mais par la qualification des questions ou la mise en œuvre de mécanismes dérogatoires comme l'adaptation ou les lois de police
While Substantial Contract Law is characterized by the decline of party autonomy, Private International Law makes it the main conflict rule in the field of Contract. Besides this reversed evolution, a similar trend is shaping Substantial Contract Law and Private International Law of Contract : the contract incorporates third parties, both through the rights it creates as well as through the increase in ties between parties and third parties. Coherent with the scaling down of party autonomy in Contract law, the connection between the third party and the contract goes against the conflict rule in the field of contracts. Although party autonomy serves parties interests, third parties expectations require an objectively determined law. To heed the object and the opposability of contracts allows for a well-balanced consideration of third parties interests in accordance with parties interests. Regarding contracts with reinforced opposability, ("long-range contracts"), the third party is taken into account by the creation of a special conflict rule in the field of contracts, that prevents parties from choosing their law. Party autonomy vanishes for these contracts. In case of simple opposability, ("short-range contracts"), the third party may be reached by the extension of contract effects. Its expectations cannot be protected by the elimination of party autonomy but either by the qualification of questions or by exceptional mechanisms such as overriding mandatory rules
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Groffe, Julie. "La bonne foi en droit d'auteur." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111016.

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La bonne foi, notion floue teintée de morale et issue du droit commun, a vocation à intervenir dans toutes les branches du droit. A ce titre, elle trouve naturellement à s’appliquer en droit d’auteur, c’est-à-dire au sein du droit qui organise la protection des rapports entre l’auteur et l’œuvre de l’esprit qu’il a créée, en reconnaissant à ce dernier des droits patrimoniaux et des droits extrapatrimoniaux. Notion duale, la bonne foi s’entend tantôt comme la croyance erronée dans une situation – c’est là la dimension subjective –, tantôt comme l’exigence de loyauté dans le comportement, ce qui renvoie à la dimension objective. Le choix est opéré, au sein de la présente étude, d’embrasser la notion dans sa globalité et non de se concentrer sur l’une ou l’autre des faces de la bonne foi. L’enjeu de la thèse étant d’analyser comment une notion de droit commun peut intervenir au sein d’un droit spécial, il semblait en effet judicieux de ne pas décomposer la notion mais au contraire d’accepter sa polymorphie. La difficulté tient au fait que la bonne foi – dans sa dimension subjective comme dans sa dimension objective – est bien souvent absente de la norme du droit d’auteur, de sorte qu’une première analyse pourrait laisser penser que la notion n’a pas de rôle à jouer en ce domaine. Cependant, il apparaît finalement que cette dernière est bien présente au sein de ce droit spécial, que son intervention soit d’ailleurs positive – auquel cas la notion est prise en compte et reconnue – ou, au contraire, négative (ce qui revient alors à l’exclure volontairement des solutions). Les manifestations de la bonne foi se présentent, en ce domaine, sous deux formes. D’une part, elles peuvent être propres au droit d’auteur : la notion intervient ainsi dans les raisonnements relatifs à la détermination du monopole, droit exclusif reconnu au titulaire de droits, mais également dans les règles applicables à la sanction des atteintes portées à ce droit exclusif. L’utilisation de la notion procède alors d’un choix du juge ou, plus rarement, du législateur et répond à un objectif interne au droit spécial, objectif qui sera bien souvent celui de la défense de l’auteur ou, plus largement, du titulaire de droits. D’autre part, les manifestations de la bonne foi peuvent être importées du droit commun. Si le lieu d’intervention privilégié de la notion en telle hypothèse est le contrat d’auteur (c’est-à-dire le contrat qui organise l’exploitation de l’œuvre) du fait de l’applicabilité de l’article 1134, alinéa 3, du Code civil – lequel impose une obligation de bonne foi dans l’exécution du contrat – aux droits spéciaux, la bonne foi peut aussi s’épanouir au-delà de ce contrat. Le recours à la notion est, dans ce cas, imposé au juge et au législateur spéciaux – lesquels doivent naturellement tenir compte de la norme générale dès lors que celle-ci n’est pas en contradiction avec le texte spécial – et l’objectif poursuivi est alors externe au droit d’auteur : il peut ainsi être question de protéger l’équilibre des relations ou encore de garantir la sécurité juridique des rapports. Plurielles, les interventions de la bonne foi en droit d’auteur invitent ainsi à s’interroger sur les interférences entre droit commun et droit spécial
Good faith, vague notion which refers to morality and that is derived from common law, can occur in all branches of law. As such, it is naturally applicable in French copyright law, which is the special law that provides the protection of the relationship between the author and the work that he created and that recognizes moral rights and economic rights in favour of the author. Good faith has a double definition: it means both a misbelief in a situation – that is the subjective dimension – and a requirement of loyalty, which refers to its objective dimension. The choice has been made, in this study, to embrace the whole concept instead of focusing on one or the other side of good faith. Because the aim of this thesis is to analyze how a concept of common law can intervene in a special law, it seemed wise to accept its polymorphism instead of deconstructing the concept. The difficulty is that good faith – in its objective dimension as in its subjective dimension – is often absent from the special law: as a consequence, a first analysis might suggest that this concept has no role to play in this area. However, it finally appears that the notion does exist in French copyright law, whether its intervention is positive (and in that case good faith is taken into account and recognized) or negative (in which case the concept is deliberately excluded from the solutions). The expressions of good faith arise in two forms in this field. On one hand, they may be specific to French copyright law: the concept can be used to answer the questions related to the determination of the exclusive right that is granted to the holder of rights, or the questions related to the penalties for copyright infringement. In these hypotheses, the use of good faith is a choice made by the judge or, more rarely, by the legislator and it fulfills a specific objective, proper to French copyright law: this objective is often the defense of the author or, on a wider scale, the right holder. On the other hand, the expressions of good faith can be imported from common law. If the privileged place of intervention in that case is the author’s contract (which is the contract that organizes the exploitation of the work), due to the applicability of the article 1134, paragraph 3, of the French Civil code – which imposes a duty of good faith during the performance of the contract –, good faith also has a part to play beyond this contract. In these cases, the use of the concept is imposed to the judge and the legislator – because both must take into account the general rule when it is not in contradiction with the special one – and the aim is to fulfill a general objective, external to French copyright law: then the goal is to protect the balance of relationships or to guarantee legal certainty. As a consequence, the expressions of good faith in French copyright law are plural and call for questioning the interference between common law and special law
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Coll, de carrera Sophie. "Le mandat de protection future." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD053/document.

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Le mandat de protection future est une mesure conventionnelle qui organise à l’avance la protection des intérêts patrimoniaux et/ou personnels d’une personne, pour le jour où elle ne sera plus apte à pourvoir seule à ses intérêts à la suite d’une altération de ses facultés personnelles. Celle-ci s’inscrit dans un mouvement de contractualisation du droit des personnes et de la famille, faisant ainsi primer la volonté individuelle. Le mandat de protection future est une innovation en droit français qui renverse les modes de pensées traditionnelles. La mesure de protection peut désormais être négociée par les parties qui fixent leur propre loi. La personne est associée à sa protection. Même s’il s’agit d’une institution souvent discutée tant sur le plan de la protection que sur la technique employée pour y parvenir (le contrat), cette mesure ne cesse de s’améliorer depuis sa création et le recours à l’utilisation lente mais progressive de celle-ci augmente au fil des années. Le temps sera un facteur déterminant pour apprécier les richesses de ce nouvel outil sur la scène juridique
The mandate of future protection is a conventional measure that organizes in advance the protection of patrimonial interests and/ or someone’s personal interests, for the day this person won’t be able to take care about herself following an alteration of her own abilities. The latter is recorded through a movement of contractualisation of the right of people and of the family prevailing individual will. The mandate of future protection is an innovation in French law that debunks traditional ideas. Nowadays, the measure of protection can be negotiated by the parts that instaure their own law. The person is associated to her own protection. Even if it is an institution often debated from a protective point of view as well as on the technique used to make it (the contract), this very measure is in a constant evolution since it was created and the slow but progressive use of it is becoming more important through the years. Time will be a determining factor to appreciate this new tool on the legal scene
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Books on the topic "Special law of contracts"

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Mukherjee, T. K. Law of contract: With special reference to government contracts tenders & auctions. 2nd ed. Allahabad: Premier Pub. Co., 2008.

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Law of contract: With special reference to the law of Ghana. 2nd ed. Accra: Avant Associates, 2010.

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Bangia, R. K. Law of contract and specific relief: With special emphasis on law of tenders. [Madras?]: Madras Law Journal Office, 1994.

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Netherlands. New Netherlands civil code: Patrimonial law (property, obligations, and special contracts). Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1990.

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Disclosure, American Bar Association Special Committee on Voluntary. Report by the Special Committee on Voluntary Disclosure: 1994 update. [Chicago?]: Section of Public Contract Law, American Bar Association, 1994.

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Frick, Joachim G. Arbitration and complex international contracts: With special emphasis on the determination of the applicable substantive law and on the adaptation of contracts to changed circumstances. [The Hague]: Kluwer Law International, 2001.

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al- Taʻāqud bi-al-bayʻ bi-wāsiṭat al-intirnit. ʻAmmān: al-Dār al-ʻIlmīyah al-Dawlīyah wa-Maktabat Dār al-Thaqāfah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2002.

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Devinder, Gupta, and Kumar P. N, eds. Sanjiva Row's commentary on law relating to Contract Act, 1872 and Tenders (Act no. IX of 1872): Special emphasis on law of indemnity and guarantee, bailment, agency, and tenders alongwith definition of commonly used terms in tenders, judicial interpretation of terms used in surveys, valuation etc., arbitration agreement and model forms on various important agreements and relevant extracts of certain allied acts. Delhi: Delhi Law House, 2011.

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Boyce, Tim. Tendering and negotiating MoD contracts: A specially commissioned report. London: Thorogood, 2002.

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Levine, Marshall. Construction and environmental law: A specially commissioned report. London: FT Law & Tax, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Special law of contracts"

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Charlson, Jennifer. "Special contracts." In Galbraith’s Construction and Land Management Law for Students, 120–39. Seventh edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003029250-7.

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Karapetov, Artyom G., and Andrey M. Shirvindt. "Freedom of Contract in Respect of Price Terms in Russian Law: With a Special Focus on Price Terms in Standard Form Contracts." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 531–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23057-9_21.

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Stilinović, Ana Vargek, and Marko Stilinović. "The use of negative interest rates with a special reference to banking cash deposit contracts in the law of Croatia." In The Law of Obligations in Central and Southeast Europe, 156–74. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003080565-10.

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Tereszkiewicz, Piotr. "Digitalisation of Insurance Contract Law: Preliminary Thoughts with Special Regard to Insurer’s Duty to Advise." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, 127–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27386-6_6.

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Coit, Marne, and Theodore A. Feitshans. "Contracts." In Food Systems Law, 165–77. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429426544-15.

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Kaplan, Jeffrey P. "Contracts." In Linguistics and Law, 140–59. London ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge guides to linguistics: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429450020-7.

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Feitshans, Theodore A. "Contracts." In Agricultural and Agribusiness Law, 54–71. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429467837-5.

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Judge, Stephen. "Employment contracts." In Business Law, 386–422. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12044-1_17.

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"Special contracts – building contracts." In Galbraith's Building and Land Management Law for Students, 206–17. Routledge, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080966939-14.

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"Special contracts – building contracts." In Galbraith's Building and Land Management Law for Students, 201–12. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080477978-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Special law of contracts"

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Đurđić - Milošević, Tamara. "JAVNOBELEŽNIČKA FORMA UGOVORA U NASLEDNOM PRAVU." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.471dm.

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With the introduction of the of notary public into Serbian law, notary services are gaining more and more importance, and thus the role of notaries has become more dominant in different fields of law, primarily in contract law. Proscribing the notarial form as ad solemnitatem form for the validity of some contracts, thus deviating from the principle of consensualism inherent to the law of obligations, the question of the justification of the constitutive character of the notarial form arises. In order to find the answer to the raised question, it is necessary to examine the types and functions of the form determined by legal policy goals which justify formalism in contract law, and whose realization is especially contributed by notaries as actors in shaping legal transactions. The notarial form also has a special significance for contracts of inheritance law, where it has been proscribed as obligatory for the most important contracts (inheritance law contracts, contract on lifelong maintenance, contract on assignment and distribution of property during lifetime ). The aim of this research is to determine the significance of the notarial form in contractual inheritance law.
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Marinova, Diana. "LEGAL NATURE OF CHARTER PARTIES AS A TYPE OF CONTRACTS ON INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.40.

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In the paper have been analyzed some basic problems dealing with the legal nature of charter parties as a type of international carriage of goods by sea contracts. A special attention has been paid to the types of charter parties and to the standard forms, their preferable using and necessity of their improvement. Finally, some general conclusions and proposals "de lege ferenda" have been made.
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Jelinić, Srećko. "VLADAVINA PRAVA I SOCIJALNA DRŽAVA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.057j.

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In this paper the author is searching for the connection between the concepts of the rule of law, so called social justice and the concept of the welfare state. The notion of the rule of law needs to be interpretated and defined precisely. The arguments in the paper are supported with selected court findings and decisions. The special emphasis is given to the issue of social justice which is, as it seems, particularly questionable in the field of consumer contracts where the issue of inequality of the parties to the contract comes to existence. Different types of contracts such as the contracts for telecommunication services together with some other issues such as the later change in contractual conditions and difficulties in obtaining payment for provided goods and services are being discussed and discoursed
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Đurđević, Nenad. "UGOVORI O REALIZACIJI PROGRAMA ORGANIZACIJA U OBLASTI SPORTA KOJI SE FINANSIRAJU IZ JAVNIH SREDSTAVA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.339dj.

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According to the Law on Sports of the Republic of Serbia from 2016, sport is an activity of special importance for the Republic of Serbia. However, this does not mean that participants in the sports system have the right to have their sports activities and actions financed from public funds. The Republic of Serbia, the Autonomous Province and local government units finance the realization of the general interest and the satisfaction of the needs and interests of citizens in the field of sports exclusively by making contracts on specified program implementation with the program holders. The only exceptions are organizations founded by a certain public authority. In his paper, the author considers following issues: which programs can be the subject of a contract and whether their implementation provides services to a particular public authority; when a valid contract has been concluded and whether it must be concluded if the proposed program meets the legally prescribed conditions to be approved.
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Knežević, Mirjana. "MINIMALNI NIVO ZAŠTITE PUTNIKA U VAZDUŠNOM SAOBRAĆAJU - REŠENJA EVROPSKE REGULATIVE I DOMAĆEG ZAKONODAVSTVA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.815k.

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This paper analyses the legal mechanisms which guarantee minimum rights to air passengers in case they are denied boarding against their will, their flight is cancelled or delayed. In case of breach of contracts of carriage by air, passenger rights are protected by law as special rights (minimum rights) and comprise the right to information, reimbursement, re-routing, care and indemnification. This study examines the existing regulation from the Law on obligations and the basics of property relations in air transport, which reflects the stipulations of the Montreal Convention (1999) and the Regulation 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights, and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 259/91. The Regulation defines minimum passenger rights protection and is part of our positive air transportation legislation. Although this is a significant step towards unifying the legal regulation and creating a common mechanism for protecting air passenger rights, we suggest that it also poses a serious challenge for air carriers: how will they meet all the demands of the modern air transportation market, and fully inform the passengers on their special rights and ways to exercise these in certain situations.
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Bu¨ttner, Klaus, and Rainer Slametschka. "Standardizing of LLW/ILW Treatment for Russian Type Pressure Water Reactors." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59233.

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According to the framework program of the Russian Federation released in 2010 it is planned to build up additional nuclear capacity of approximately 20 GWe. In addition, contracts were signed for several new-builds throughout the world. The related design efforts together with the restricted design capacities in Russia led Rosenergoatom (Client) and Atomstroyexport (Co-Client) to the set up of a so-called unified project “TOI”. “TOI” means translated “Technically Optimized reactor designed with Integrated databases”. NUKEM Technologies owned by Atomstroyexport was selected to develop the standardized technically optimized design for the treatment of the generated LLW and ILW. Special emphasis was made to reduce the waste volume for storage after treatment to below 50 m3 per year and unit. The selected treatment technologies compromise sorting, fragmentation, thermal treatment, compaction, evaporation, cementation etc. In 2010 NUKEM Technologies together with Atomenergoprojekt (Main Contractor) developed the technical concept for the treatment of liquid and solid LLW and ILW generated within the reactor as well as in the auxiliary buildings. In an iterative process the waste amounts generated and the respective treatment methods were discussed and agreed. The next step will be to further develop the design. The basic design (technical project) should be finalized until end of 2012.
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Đorđević, Slavko. "INDIVIDUALNA KOMUNIKACIJA I AUTOMATIZOVANO PREGOVARANjE KOD ELEKTRONSKIH UGOVORA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.099dj.

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Тhis paper analyses the conflict-of-law regime for agency, where the main attention is given to the problem of determining applicable law for existence, extent and effects of agent’s authority (including effects of excess of authority and acting without authority), since Serbian Private International Law Act (SPILA) does not contain the special conflict-of-law rules for these issues. Having this in mind, the analysis is focused on whether the mentioned issues concerning agent’s authority should be governed by the law applicable to the internal relationship between principal and agent or by the law applicable to the contract between principal and third party, or it is necessary to create the new conflict-of-law rules for these issues in accordance with Art. 2 of SPILA that regulates filling the legal gaps. After providing the arguments against first two solutions, the author explains how to create the new conflict-of-law rules for existence, extent and effects of agent’s authority (including effects of excess of authority and acting without authority) in accordance with Art. 2 of SPILA.
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Gabbard, Jason, Jana Z. Sukkarieh, and Federico Silva. "Writing and reviewing contracts." In ICAIL '15: 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746534.

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Cojocaru, Cristina. "ROMANIAN INSOLVENCY LAW - SPECIAL LAW IN RELATION TO CIVIL LAW." In 6th SWS International Scientific Conference on Arts and Humanities ISCAH 2019. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscah.2019.2/s01.010.

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Hossen, Yehya. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ARBITRARY CLAUSES OF E-COMMERCE CONTRACTS." In 2nd Law & Political Science Conference, Prague. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/lpc.2018.002.005.

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Reports on the topic "Special law of contracts"

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MacLeod, W. Bentley. Great Expectations: Law, Employment Contracts, and Labor Market Performance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16048.

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Qian, Jun, and Philip Strahan. How Law and Institutions Shape Financial Contracts: The Case of Bank Loans. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11052.

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Young, Craig. Problematic plant monitoring in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park: 2008–2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286658.

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Managers are challenged with the impact of problematic plants, including exotic, invasive, and pest plant species. Information on the cover and frequency of these plants is essential for developing risk-based approaches to managing these species. Based on surveys conducted in 2008, 2011, 2015, and 2019, Heartland Network staff and contractors identified a cumulative total of 51 potentially problematic plant species in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Of the 37 species found in 2019, we characterized 7 as very low frequency, 9 as low frequency, 17 as medium frequency, and 4 as high frequency. Of these, midpoint cover estimates of 2 medium frequency and 2 high frequency species exceeded the 10-acre threshold. Because of the number, extent, and cover of problematic plants in the park and the small park size, control efforts should focus on treating high priority species across the entire park. High priority species may include plant species capable of rapid spread, species at low population levels, and species which can effectively be controlled.
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Young, Craig. Problematic plant monitoring in Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2006–2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286660.

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Managers are challenged with the impact of problematic plants, including exotic, invasive, and pest plant species. Information on the cover, distribution, and location of these plants is essential for developing risk-based approaches to managing these species. Based on surveys conducted in 2006, 2011, 2015, and 2019, Heartland Network staff and contractors identified a cumulative total of 45 potentially problematic plant taxa in Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial. Of the 34 species found in 2019, we characterized 4 as very low frequency, 14 as low frequency, 9 as medium frequency, and 7 as high frequency. A single species exceeded a 10-acre threshold based on a mid-point estimate. Because of the number of problematic plant taxa, as well as the extent and cover of problematic plants in the park and the small park size, control efforts should focus on treating high priority species across the entire park. High priority species may include plant species capable of rapid spread, species at low population levels, and species which can effectively be controlled.
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Young, Craig. Problematic plant monitoring in Arkansas Post National Memorial: 2006–2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286657.

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Managers are challenged with the impact of problematic plants, including exotic, invasive, and pest plant species. Information on the cover, distribution, and location of these plants is essential for developing risk-based approaches to managing these species. Based on surveys conducted in 2006, 2011, 2015, and 2019, Heartland Network staff and contractors identified a cumulative total of 28 potentially problematic plant taxa in Arkansas Post National Memorial. Of the 23 species found in 2019, we characterized 9 as very low frequency, 7 as low frequency, 5 as medium frequency, and 2 as high frequency. Cover of all species was low with a single species slightly exceeding a 1-acre threshold based on a midpoint estimate. Efforts to control the woody invasive black locust, Chinese privet, and hardy orange appear to have successfully reduced the cover of these plants across the Memorial Unit. Japanese stiltgrass may have been increasing as recently as 2015, but a combination of recent flooding and control efforts may have stemmed the spread of this invasive grass. Efforts to control localized patches of Chinaberry tree also appear to have reduced the cover of this species. Outside of the problematic species currently subject
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Zankovsky, Sergey S., and Petr P. Battakhov. DISSERTATION LAW: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, PRACTICE AND CUSTOMS IN RUSSIA. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1556-4590-7677-88654.

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The article considers the normative and practical aspects of the dissertation law, work of dissertation councils and certain elements of the procedures for defending dissertations. The importance of thorough preparation for the defense is emphasized and its directions are defined. Special attention is paid to the quality of the provisions submitted for defense. The analysis of typical errors in the formulation of such provisions is given.
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Creighton, II, Hibbard Thomas E., Doherty Bradley, McManus Stephen, and Kelly. Massachusetts State Police Special Tactical Operations Team User Focus Group Report - Law Enforcement Advanced Protection (LEAP) Duty Uniforms, Integrated Head Protection, Chemical/Biological Protection and Human Systems Integration. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada482429.

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Reis, João. Slaves Who Owned Slaves in Nineteenth-Century Bahia, Brazil. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/reis.2021.36.

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It was not uncommon in Brazil for slaves to own slaves. Slaves as masters of slaves existed in many slave societies and societies with slaves, but considering modern, chattel slavery in the Americas, Brazil seems to have been a special case where this phenomenon thrived, especially in nineteenth-century urban Bahia. The investigation is based on more than five hundred cases of enslaved slaveowners registered in ecclesiastical and manumission records in the provincial capital city of Salvador. The paper discusses the positive legal basis and common law rights that made possible this peculiar form of slave ownership. The paper relates slave ownership by slaves with the direction and volume of the slave trade, the specific contours of urban slavery, access by slaves to slave trade networks, and slave/master relations. It also discusses the web of convivial relations that involved the slaves of slaves, focusing on the ethnic and gender profiles of the enslaved master and their slaves.
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Lylo, Taras. THE IDEOLOGEME «DICTATORSHIP OF RELATIVISM» IN THE ROBERTO DE MATTEI’S ESSAYS: POSTMODERN AND POST-COMMUNIST CONTEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11100.

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The article considers relativism as a philosophical principle and the moral standpoint of a journalist. In particular, the main argumentation of Roberto de Mattei’s work «Dictatorship of Relativism» is analyzed. Like Ratzinger, the Italian publicist describes modern life as ruled by a dictatorship of relativism which does not recognize anything as definitive and whose ultimate goal consists solely of satisfying «the desires of one’s own ego». In his view, the boundaries of the main conflict of modernity lie between two visions of the world: one that believes in the existence of immutable, absolute values, and one that argues that there is nothing stable, that everything is conditional, time-dependent and can be discussed in the media. The markers of this conflict are our attitude to the famous statement of Protagoras about «man as a measure of all things: of the things that are, that they are, of the things that are not, that they are not», as well as to the non-debatable values, the status of natural and positive law, the worldview neutrality, the dehierarchization and multiplicity of truths, the equalization of all worldviews and axiological standpoint in foreign and Ukrainian media. A special attention in the article is paid to the ideological program of media-relativism, as well as to the postmodern and post-communist contexts of the issue of the penetration of relativism into the journalistic values.
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