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1
Podcameni, Ana Paula. "The Contribution of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the Law on Criminal Responsibility of Children in International Criminal Law." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3358.
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The revision of laws and the application of culpability to those most responsible for serious humanitarian law violations has functioned as a necessary condition for achieving peace in most post-war societies. However, there is an embarrassing silence when it comes to addressing the question of whether children are to be subjected to the principle of individual criminal responsibility. As morally controversial as it is, the question remains fundamental. Unfortunately, children have been involved in armed conflicts, as victims primarily, but not exclusively. Children are among those accused of having committed brutal and terrible international crimes in times of armed conflict when part of armed groups or armed forces. And with no consensus within the international community regarding their status within International Criminal Law — no established law within International Law and no consistent practice among states on the issue— the problem of criminal accountability of children accused of international crimes remains unanswered.
The current work conducts a legal positivist analysis with the focus of investigating the contribution of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the current debate on children’s criminal responsibility under International Criminal Law. Among significant contributions, the Statute of the Special Court brought one interesting innovation to the debate on children’s potential criminal responsibility. Juveniles starting at age fifteen would be considered viable for prosecution if among those most responsible for the Special Court, as established in Article 7.1. The above innovation translates into two essential contributions to the debate on children criminal responsibility for international crimes: first the Special Court was the first international court to elect a minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) at age fifteen to be operational within the scope of the court. Secondly, and equally important, the court reflected the position that children, after the stipulated MACR would be considered, at least a priori, viable subjects of the international criminal system.
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Rindler, Julian. "Hybrid courts and their impact on the development of substantive international criminal law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4533.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe aim of this study is to scrutinise, in particular, the legal bases of and decisions taken by various hybrid courts with regards to such consolidating or fragmenting effects on substantive international criminal law. The first section (Chapter 2), it will examine what is to be understood by the notion of a hybrid court. This will be followed by an analysis of the hybrid courts that have been established thus far. Furthermore, the advantages and reasons for which hybrid courts have been established in recent decades will be discussed, especially regarding their potential advantages as a transitional justice instrument. Moreover, disadvantages of hybrid courts and their deficiencies in the past will be addressed. Subsequently, the role of hybrid courts within the international legal system and their utility in the future will be discussed. This will include, on the one hand, the scope of the jurisdiction of hybrid courts in relation to other national and international criminal courts, especially vis-à-vis the ICC. On the other hand, it will be addressed whether hybrid courts will – or should – be established in the future, given the creation of the permanent ICC as well as the shortcomings of hybrid courts in the past. Against this background, the impact of hybrid courts on the further development of international criminal law will be assessed in the third section of the paper (Chapter 4). In this regard, the discussion will focus on a representative selection of hybrid courts, namely the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). It will be discussed how their legal bases as well as their jurisprudence relate to the previous state of international criminal law, and whether they constitute adverse diversifications or positive contributions to international criminal law. In a concluding section (Chapter 5), the results of the study will be analysed and possible correlations between the structural elements of hybrid courts and their impact on international criminal law will be discussed. Finally, further questions regarding the use of hybrid courts in the future will be addressed.
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Hedkvist, Elin. "Girls and Boys at War : Child Soldiers in International Law." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-9453.
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The recruitment, enlistment and use of children younger than fifteen to participate actively in hostilities is prohibited in customary international law as well as in several international legal instruments. The use of child soldiers is, despite of the prohibition, a widespread phenomenon with 300 000 as the estimated number of child soldiers in national armies as well as in various rebel and insurgent groups in the world today. Although the problem is world-wide; most recent focus have been on Africa where children have served and still serve in ongoing conflicts in various functions including but not limited to front line soldiers, messengers, guards and sex-slaves. Many of the world‟s child soldiers are girls that are facing the risks of sexual abuse and discrimination. In this thesis the 1996-2002 civil war in Sierra Leone will serve as an example of a conflict were children were used as soldiers.Prohibition against the use of child soldiers can be found in international legal instruments in both human rights law and international humanitarian law. It can also be found in instruments in the fields of international labor law and prohibition against slavery. The provisions differ in their definition of a child soldier; concerning age limit as well as the child‟s function during the conflict. There are also differences in the responsibility of states to protect children against being used as soldiers. This particularly affects girl soldiers since they often have their primary tasks behind the front line and thus are not usually included in the more narrow definitions of child soldiers.Two courts; the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) are used as examples of enforcement mechanisms. The SCSL as being the first court to deliver convictions for the use of child soldiers as well as thoroughly discussing the illegality of the use of child soldiers has been of importance in the fight against the use of child soldiers. The ICC will be the enforcement mechanism of the future and it has already prosecuted for the use of child soldiers. The SCSL has raised the awareness and started the struggle against impunity for those responsible for using child soldiers but it is the ICC that will have to continue the fight, although with some obstacles to overcome.
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Souza, Ailton Alfredo de. "Juizado criminal: uma crítica à transação penal diante da tensão entre garantismo e eficiência do procedimento." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2010. http://tede2.unicap.br:8080/handle/tede/907.
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This dissertation investigates the legal institute of the penal transaction applied within the grounds of the Special Criminal Court and its relation with the constitutional principles that guarantee fundamental rights for the citizens in the legal process area. It will be studied the correlation between the concepts of process and procedure and the practice of each procedural act which culminates in the penal transaction: since the transcription of the Detailed Occurrence Term by the police authority to the Preliminary Hearing. The starting point of this investigation is the eventual tension between the legal process principles which is a way of guaranteeing the legal jurisdiction service and the search for efficiency of the penal jurisdiction service as a way of undermining the legal guarantees due to the imbalance of this equation in the current practice of the penal transaction. The investigation starts from a bibliographical revision about the subject and also the analysis of statistical data about the typology of the occurrences and the nature of the legal sentences handed down in the year of 2009 in the Special Criminal Court of the State of Pernambuco. Samples of real cases submitted to the criminal courts are analyzed in order to confront the praxis of the penal transaction with the legal process principles used as basis for that matter. This research demonstrate the existence of the imbalance between garantism and efficiency in the praxis of the Penal Transaction in Brazil and it proposes the basis to materialize this institute together with the constitutional process principles, specially the principle of the due process of law and its corollaries of the wide defense and contradictory.
Esta dissertação investiga o instituto jurídico da transação penal, aplicado no âmbito dos Juizados Criminais e a sua relação com os princípios constitucionais que garantem aos cidadãos direitos fundamentais de natureza processual, inclusive. São estudados a correlação entre os conceitos de processo e procedimento e a prática de cada ato procedimental que culminam com a transação penal: da lavratura do Termo Circunstanciado de Ocorrência pela autoridade policial à Audiência Preliminar. O ponto de partida da investigação é a eventual tensão entre os princípios processuais de viés garantista e a busca pela eficiência da prestação da tutela jurisdicional penal, como geradora de déficit de garantias por causa do desequilíbrio dessa equação na atual prática da transação penal. A investigação parte de uma revisão de bibliografia sobre o tema e também da análise de dados estatísticos a respeito da tipologia penal das ocorrências e sobre a natureza das sentenças prolatadas no ano de 2009, nos Juizados Criminais do Estado de Pernambuco. São analisadas amostras de casos reais submetidos a juízo para cotejar a prática da transação penal com os princípios processuais que a informam. A pesquisa demonstra a existência de desequilíbrio entre garantismo e eficiência na prática da Transação Penal no Brasil e propõe bases para concretização do instituto sob o pálio dos princípios processuais constitucionais, notadamente do devido processo legal e seus corolários da ampla defesa e do contraditório.
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Weski, Emelie. "Law+Impunity=Legitimacy? Rethinking liberal legitimacy of international law with a feminist critical approach." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23954.
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In here, the criminalization of sexual violence is a manifestation of increased recognition of feminism, and proof of international law reaching at liberal criteria for legitimization. Though, in making conclusions other necessary criteria for fully recognized legitimacy are acknowledged (such as other types of rights, types of security and other levels for analysis). Though, from a strict feminist critical approach the criminalization of sexual violence, and the extent of such criminalization can by itself prove legitimacy or illegitimacy.The criminalizing of sexual violence took place over 100 years ago, yet the systematic use of it in warfare was not publicly condemned until the ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda) and the ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal of former Yugoslavia) (Buss, 2009, p. 356) took on the duty to prosecute and convict. Still today women’s security and sexual violence are research fields that awake a lot of hostile emotions.Findings show that there is few, if any, affects for those tribunals that fail to bring justice to rape victims; calling for an analysis of Walzer’s political fit. The international praxis of impunity supports feminism in an existing ‘male truth’ risking the security of women. The legitimacy of the institution of international law is, however, not dependent on one legal procedure.Liberalist and feminist different interpretations of adequate necessity to create peace frame after 15 224 words a utilitarian illusion which slows down the pace of the implementation of a feminist security agenda. However, the progress is still evidence of strife towards the Kantian society of states. An inconsistent moral consensus finally results in the conclusion that this thesis cannot confirm the institution of international law illegitimate, arguably validating legitimacy.
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Palmcrantz, Conrad. "Women’s war and Women’s justice : A legal feminist analysis of the Colombian Special Jurisdiction for Peace." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-181618.
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In 2016, the Colombian government and the FARC-EP guerilla signed a historic peace agreement. After decades of internal armed struggle, the two parties have settled on terms that, hopefully, will allow Colombia to transit from wartime to peacetime. A substantial part of the peace agreement centers on how to adjudicate previous wrong-doings and bring perpetrators of conflict-related crimes to justice. For this purpose, the parties have created a temporary court system called the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz (JEP)). There are several remarkable aspects of the JEP and its legal mandate. However, this thesis focuses on the court’s explicit gender-based approach (enfoque de género). Through applying an international legal feminist method, the thesis establishes how the JEP functions, and how it takes account of gendered aspects. As a second step, the JEP is evaluated in light of international standards. The author concludes that the gender-based approach is in line with international norms on gender and transitional justice. As to equal participation, the JEP has a gender-balanced bench of magistrates, and it has launched a victims’ protection program that expressly focuses on gender-based violence. Furthermore, the JEP has incorporated procedural guarantees to prevent the re- traumatization of victims and witnesses. Additionally, the amnesty provisions of the JEP avoid impunity for gender-based crimes. Nevertheless, there are aspects of the JEP that limit the reach of the gender- based approach. Firstly, the JEP will focus on conflict-related public violence, and it lacks jurisdiction over intra-family private violence. Secondly, the court tends to center its attention on sexual violence and does not grant other forms of gender- based violence the same attention. However, these limitations are not unique for the JEP, and similar issues are found in international standards.
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Astudillo, Meza Guillermo, and Montes Sandra Jiménez. "Compliance Programs as a Mechanism to Fight Corruption: Special Reference to Self-Regulation of Companies." Derecho & Sociedad, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118648.
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This article analyzes the influence self-regulation has had in the recent years as a law instrument that helps monitor corporate organizations, as well as its consequences in the fight against public corruption through corporate compliance programs.El presente artículo analiza la influencia que en los últimos años ha tenido el fenómeno de la autorregulación para el derecho como mecanismo de supervisión de las organizaciones empresariales y sus implicancias en la lucha contra la corrupción pública a través de los programas de cumplimiento para las empresas.
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Mitchell, David Scott. "Voicing the Silent War Crime: Prosecuting Sexual Violence in the Special Court for Sierra Leone." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1146448301.
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Touillier, Marc. "Procédure pénale de droit commun et procédures pénales spéciales." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10031.
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La procédure pénale est le théâtre de réformes législatives incessantes qui aboutissent à une multiplication sans précédent des régimes spécifiques à certaines catégories de délinquants ou d'infractions. Il en résulte un éclatement du système procédural pénal qui accroît la complexité de la matière et fait perdre de vue le sens même de l'adaptation des règles. L'analyse de la procédure pénale sous l'angle de la dialectique du droit commun et du droit spécial permet de prendre conscience de l'importance qu'il convient d'attacher, d'une part, à la distinction entre un régime applicable à toutes les affaires pénales et des régimes applicables à certaines d'entre elles, d'autre part, à la gestion des rapports entre ces différents types de régimes. Mise à l'épreuve de la procédure pénale, la distinction entre droit commun et droit spécial souffre d'une méconnaissance profonde en l'état actuel du droit. Celle-ci est traduite par la difficulté à situer les frontières du droit commun et du droit spécial, mais surtout attestée par la marginalisation progressive du droit commun face à l'expansion continue du droit spécial. La reconnaissance de la distinction entre droit commun et droit spécial n'en apparaît que plus nécessaire tant elle est, en réalité, consubstantielle à l'organisation de la procédure pénale. Mise à l'épreuve des rapports entre droit commun et droit spécial, la procédure pénale souffre, quant à elle, du désordre qui règne en ce domaine. Le désintérêt du législateur pour les rapports entre procédure pénale de droit commun et procédures pénales spéciales impose, dès lors, de chercher les moyens propres à assurer la maîtrise des relations entre ces ensemblesIncessant legislative reforms in criminal procedural law produce an astonishing multiplication of specific procedures for certain categories of offenders or offences. Criminal procedural system is torn apart, increasing the complexity of law and clouding the very meaning of rules' adaptation. The dialectic of ordinary and special rules of law casts a new light on the evolution of criminal procedural law. On the one hand it is important to make a distinction between a common procedural framework that is applicable to every criminal case and specific procedures only applicable to some of them. On the other hand it becomes vital to manage the connections between these two types of law. Regarding the first point, there is a profound misunderstanding of the distinction in contemporary law. Indeed, it is difficult to determinate the frontiers of ordinary and special rules of criminal procedural law. Moreover, it is obviously attested by a progressive marginalization of ordinary criminal procedure facing an ever-expansion of special criminal procedures. A new understanding of the distinction appears even more necessary because the distinction between ordinary and special rules of law is essential to organize the criminal procedural system. Regarding the second point, criminal procedural law suffers from the resulting disorder from the mismanagement of the connections between ordinary and special rules. While the lawmakers seem not to pay much attention, the actual disorder cries out for appropriate means to control the connections between ordinary criminal procedure and special criminal procedures
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Chang, Kcomt Romy Alexandra. "Constitutional function assigned to the penalty: Bases for a criminal policy plan." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116385.
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This article intends to analyze treatment and functions assigned to the penalty by our Peruvian Constitution and the way this legal institution is conducted at the prescribed basic penalty level (imposed by the legislator ineach type of criminal offence), the specific penalty level (imposed by the judge according to its individual characteristics in each case) and at the penitentiary enforcement level. Finally recommends some considerations for carrying out a possible legislative reform in accordance with a criminal policy plan within our constitutional framework.El presente trabajo busca efectuar un análisis en torno al tratamiento y las funciones que nuestra Constitución política asigna a la pena, y la manera como dicha institución se desarrolla en nuestro país con respectoa la pena abstracta (la impuesta por el legislador en cada tipo penal), la pena concreta (la impuesta por el juez luego de una individualización en cada casoconcreto), y su ejecución en el ámbito penitenciario. Finaliza proponiendo algunas consideraciones para una eventual reforma legislativa conforme conun plan de política criminal que se encuentre dentro del marco constitucional.
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Di, Maggio Antonia. "Les atteintes aux systèmes de traitement automatisé de données : harmonisation et coopération en Europe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CORT0014.
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Les systèmes informatiques sont des éléments essentiels de l'interaction politique, sociale et économique et sont devenus fondamentaux pour le développement et l'innovation. Ces systèmes sont pourtant autant de ressources qu'ils peuvent être vecteurs de menaces pour la sécurité, les droits et les libertés des utilisateurs. En effet, les atteintes aux systèmes de traitement automatisé de données se matérialisent par des procédés infractionnels divers, réalisés par des catégories d'auteurs variées et touchant de nombreuses victimes différentes telles que les particuliers, les entreprises, ou encore les États. L'étude de la répression de ces attaques informatiques conduit à s'interroger sur la pertinence de la règlementation française les concernant au travers d'un double examen.Le premier consiste, d'une part à rapprocher, par une analyse horizontale, le droit pénal spécial de fond et de forme créé en la matière, sous l'angle du droit comparé (Belgique et Italie), et examiner, d'autre part, par une analyse verticale, leurs cohérences face aux standards européens. Dans cette perspective l'étude révèle l'existence d'un corpus législatif dense, mais également abscond en raison de sa technicité. Elle fait aussi état en matière procédurale d'une frontière fragile entre le développement de techniques efficaces mais également susceptibles de porter atteinte aux libertés individuelles. Le second examen s'attache, pour sa part, à la politique globale mise en oeuvre par les États pour prévenir et lutter contre ces atteintes informatiques. Sur ce point, la coopération entre les États est un corollaire de l'efficacité de la répression en ce domaine. Cependant, les choix réalisés pour favoriser une telle collaboration rencontrent en pratique des difficultés d'application importantes. À ces difficultés s'ajoutent celles liées à la commission d'attaques informatiques par les États eux-mêmes, puisque le cyberespace apparaît dorénavant comme un nouveau champ de conflits politiques et militaires. En ce sens, alors qu'il semblait que ces cyberattaques étatiques se réalisaient dans une zone de non-droit, il s'avère au contraire, que le droit pénal dispose d'une certaine potentialité à les réprimerComputer systems are essential parts of political, social, and economic interaction and have become fundamental for development and innovation. However, these systems are as many resources as they can be a threat to the security, the rights and the freedoms of users. Indeed, attacks on automated data processing systems consist in various criminal processes, carried out by several categories of offenders and affecting many different victims such as individuals, companies, or even States. The study of the punishment of such offences leads us to the question of the relevance of French legislation concerning that through a double examination. The first one, on the one hand, consisting of comparing, through a horizontal analysis, the substantive and formal special criminal law, from the angle of comparative law (Belgium and Italy), and, on the other hand, in examining, through a vertical analysis, their consistency with European standards. From this point of view, the study discloses the existence of a legislative corpus which is dense but also unclear because of its technicality. The study also notes that there is a fragile border in procedural matters regarding to the development of techniques which are effective but also likely to affect individual freedoms. The second examination focuses on the overall policy implemented by States to prevent and combat these computer attacks. On this point, cooperation between States is a corollary of the effectiveness of repression in this area. However, in practice, the choices made to promote such collaboration encounter major application difficulties. Added to these difficulties are those linked to the commission of cyberattacks by the States themselves, since cyberspace now appears as a new field of political and military conflict. That being stated, while it seemed that these state cyberattacks were carried out in an area of lawlessness, it turns out, on the contrary, that criminal law has a certain potential for their repression
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Jones, Gregory A. "Articulating a Vision: A Case of Study of Democracy, Education, and Prisoner Rehabilitation in a Day Reporting Center." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/63.
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Unfortunately, little or no time is spent on transitioning inmates back into society, especially those with physical and mental disabilities. One support service that is being taken into consideration is the Day Reporting Center. Day Reporting Centers are highly structured nonresidential programs. Parolees report to the center on a daily basis, submit to drug tests, and are enrolled in various counseling, education, or vocational classes. Whereas most centers have strict monitoring and surveillance of parolees, one center that stands out in its alternative approach of self-governance is the San Bernardino Day Reporting Center in San Bernardino, California. There, the parolees are allowed to contribute to the running and governance of the Center.
The hypothesis asserts that the positive culture that surrounds the Center provides parolees the opportunity to reconsider, revise, challenge, and change their negative criminal identities, by viewing themselves in a constructive manner to successfully transition back into society. Eight assumptions were used to either support or nullify the hypothesis: spheres of civility; performative spaces; personal social space; weaving theory; opportunity theory; transformation theory; Freirian pedagogical approach; and pelindaba. The data was gathered using multiple sources, such as several interviews with staff and ex-parolees, and observations of daily procedures and classroom instruction and interaction. NVivo 8, a Qualitative Data Analysis software program (QDA), was used to transcribe, code, and organize the interviews into various themes. The comments by staff and parolees demonstrated that the implementation of these assumptions has resulted in a family like environment. This environment has allowed parolees to focus on their identity in a positive, transformative, and rehabilitative manner that is supported by everyone at the Center.
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Alsaif, Dalal. "L'appréhension de la criminalité organisée. Étude comparative des droits français et koweïtien." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT3001.
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La lutte contre la criminalité organisée est, aujourd'hui, une des priorités nationales et internationales. Pour ce faire, les États n'adoptent pas cependant toujours les mêmes solutions, comme le montre l'étude comparative des droits français et koweïtien. Sur le plan substantiel, les deux droits ont de nombreux points communs. La criminalité organisée n'a en effet pas été incriminée en tant que telle, aussi bien par le législateur français que koweïtien. Il existe cependant dans ces deux droits plusieurs incriminations permettant d'appréhender ce phénomène criminel. Il s'agit donc ou bien de lutter contre les organisations criminelles, via l'association de malfaiteurs ou l'entente criminelle, ou bien de lutter contre les activités criminelles commises par ces organisations, via la circonstance aggravante de bande organisée ou de groupe criminel organisé. Pour lutter contre la criminalité organisée, les deux droits adoptent également une politique répressive adaptée notamment en permettant aux repentis de bénéficier d'une exemption ou éventuellement d'une réduction de peine lors qu'ils collaborent avec la justice. Sur le plan procédural, les deux droits ont en revanche adopté une approche différente. Le droit français a prévu, en ce domaine, des règles de procédure dérogatoires au droit commun et a donné compétence à des juridictions spécialisées (les JIRS). Le droit koweïtien, quant à lui, se contente des règles procédurales et des juridictions de droit commun pour appréhender la criminalité organisée. Sur cet aspect, si la spécialisation des juridictions françaises ne semble guère transposable en droit koweïtien, le législateur du Koweït pourrait s'inspirer des règles dérogatoires prévues en droit français pour mieux appréhender la criminalité organiséeThe fight against organized crime is today one of the national and international priorities. To do so, however, the countries do not always adopt the same solutions, as shown by the comparative study of French and Kuwaiti laws. Substantially, the two laws have many points in common. Organized crime has not actually been criminalized as such by French and Kuwaiti legislators. There are, however, several criminalizations to apprehend this criminal phenomenon in these two laws. It is either to fight against criminal organizations, via the conspiracy (association de malfaiteurs/entente criminelle), or to fight against the criminal activities committed by these organizations, via the aggravating circumstance of organized criminal group (bande organisée/groupe criminel organisé). To fight against organized crime, both laws also adopt an adapted repressive policy that allows the collaborator of justice to be exempted from penalty or to benefit from a reduction of the sentence. Procedurally, the two laws have adopted different approaches. The French law contains some special criminal procedures, applicable to organized crime, that derogate from ordinary criminal procedures. It also conferred on the specialized courts the competence to adjudicate the organized crime cases (the JIRS). The Kuwaiti law, on the other hand, is content with relying on ordinary criminal procedures and ordinary courts to apprehend organized crime. On this aspect, if the specialization of the French courts does not seem to be transposable into Kuwaiti law, the latter can adopt the French special criminal procedures to better combat organized crime
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Zakariyah, Luqman. "Applications of legal maxims in Islamic criminal law with speciual reference to Shariah law in northern Nigeria (1999 - 2007)." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504249.
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Ferguson, Cody J. "Increasing Effectiveness of U.S. Counterintelligence: Domestic and International Micro-Restructuring Initiatives to Mitigate." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2012.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Cyberespionage is a prolific threat that undermines the power projection capacity of the United States through reduced economic prowess and a narrowing of the technical advantage employed by the American military. International attempts to limit hostile cyber activity through the development of institutions, normative patterns of behavior, or assimilation of existing laws do not provide the American national security decision maker with a timely or effective solution to address these threats. Unfortunately, the stove-piped, redundant and inefficient nature of the U.S. counterintelligence community does not deliver a viable alternative to mitigating cyberespionage in an effective manner. Instituting a domestic and international micro-restructuring approach within the Department of Defense (DoD) addresses the need for increased effectiveness within an environment of fiscal responsibility. Domestic restructuring places emphasis on developing a forcing mechanism that compels the DoD counterintelligence services to develop joint approaches for combating cyberespionage by directly addressing the needs of the Combatant Commands. International restructuring places an emphasis on expanding cybersecurity cooperation to like-minded nations and specifically explores the opportunity and challenges for increased cyber cooperation with Taiwan. This approach recognizes that Taiwan and the United States are both negatively affected from hostile cyber activity derived from within the People’s Republic of China.
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Abou, Kasm Antonios. "Le Tribunal spécial pour le Liban : défis juridiques et enjeux stratégiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GREND006.
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Le Tribunal spécial pour le Liban (TSL) est établi en vertu d’un accord bilatéral conclu entre l’ONU et le Gouvernement libanais; mais ses instruments constitutifs ne sont entrés en vigueur qu’en vertu de la résolution 1757 (2007) du Conseil de sécurité adoptée sur la base du Chapitre VII de la Charte. Le TSL, siégeant aux Pays-Bas, composé de juges étrangers et libanais, s’avère un tribunal pénal internationalisé sui generis. Son mandat principal consiste à poursuivre les responsables de l’attentat du 14 février 2005 ôtant la vie à l’ancien Premier Ministre libanais Rafic HARIRI et de 22 autres personnes ; toutefois la compétence du TSL peut être élargie pour couvrir des attentats connexes. Plusieurs caractéristiques distinguent le TSL du fait qu’il est le premier tribunal pénal créé sous les auspices des Nations Unies, sans appartenir à la discipline du droit international humanitaire, et qui ne juge que des crimes de terrorisme en temps de paix à la lumière du droit national libanais ; comme il est le premier tribunal pénal international qui mène des procès in absentia; et le premier qui est doté d’un Bureau pour la Défense - comme organe autonome du TSL – sur un même pied d’égalité avec le Bureau du Procureur en conférant des pouvoirs larges aux conseils de la Défense. Le TSL fonctionne selon son propre Règlement de procédure et de preuve - adopté par ses juges - associant à la fois le système romano-germanique et le système anglo-saxon. Le fonctionnement du TSL confronte des défis juridiques, de par son financement mixte assuré à travers la contribution conventionnelle du Gouvernement libanais et les contributions volontaires des États membres, ou de par sa primauté restreinte qui est juste limitée aux juridictions libanaises, générant une coopération problématique avec les États tiers et hésitante avec le Liban. Également, le Statut du Tribunal est réticent sur la question des immunités. La mise en place du TSL a créé une grande polémique politique au Liban, son fonctionnement au cœur d’un cadre géopolitique instable provoque des enjeux stratégiques pertinents ayant des impacts sur la scène politique au Liban et au Moyen-Orient. Le TSL encourt des enjeux stratégiques du fait que son premier acte d’accusation incrimine des membres appartenant au Hezbollah - une résistance armée contre Israël - allié de l’Iran et de la Syrie. Le Printemps arabe et ses implications sur la révolte syrienne générèrent une instabilité politique et sécuritaire au Liban, alertant une nouvelle série d’attentats terroristes. La mission principale du TSL consiste à mettre fin à l’impunité au Liban, principalement celle relative aux assassinats politiques. Du fait que le TSL est établi juste pour juger un seul attentat et un nombre restreint de crimes connexes dans un cadre temporel et spatial restreints, alors qu’un grand nombre de crimes graves de droit international humanitaire et de crimes politiques et terroristes restent impunis au Liban, le TSL est conçu comme un instrument de justice sélective. Pour ses détracteurs, le TSL concrétise le dilemme entre « paix civile » et « justice internationale », bien que sa finalité consiste à consolider la réconciliation nationale à travers la découverte de la véritéThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) is created through a bilateral agreement concluded between the UN and the Lebanese Government; but its essential instruments didn’t come into force until the adoption of the binding resolution 1757 (2007) of the Security Council adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The STL, sitting in the Netherlands, composed of foreign and Lebanese judges, is an internationalized criminal tribunal sui generis. Its primary mandate consists on prosecuting those responsible for the 14th February 2005 attempt which caused the death of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic HARIRI and 22 other people; nevertheless the STL’s jurisdiction can be extended to cover connected attacks. Many features distinguish the STL, since it is the first criminal tribunal that was created under the UN’s framework outside of the International humanitarian law’s discipline; it judges terrorism crimes in peace time under the Lebanese domestic law; moreover, it is the first international criminal tribunal which holds trials in absentia, establishes an Office for the Defense as an autonomous organ equally with the Office of the Prosecutor giving the defense counsel large powers. The STL works according to its proper Rules of Procedure and Evidence – adopted by its judges – associating the civil law system and the common law system. The STL’s functioning confronts legal challenges due to its combined funding mechanism, assured by the conventional contribution of the Lebanese Government as by the voluntary contributions of member States; or due to its restricted primacy limited only to Lebanese courts, arising a problematical horizontal cooperation. In addition, the STL’s Statute expresses reluctance on the immunities’ question. The implementation of the STL has created a large political controversy in Lebanon; its work in an unstable geopolitical framework triggers relevant strategic issues having impacts on the political scene in Lebanon and Middle-East. The STL incurs strategic challenges since its first indictment incriminates Hezbollah members – an armed resistance against Israel – ally of Iran and Syria. The Arab spring and its implications on the Syrian revolution generate instability to the political and security conditions of Lebanon, alerting a new series of terrorist attempts. The main mission of the STL consists to end impunity in Lebanon related first and foremost to political assassinations. The STL is considered as an instrument of selective justice since it is established only to judge a single attempt and a small number of connected crimes in a restricted spatiotemporal framework, whereas a large number of serious crimes of International humanitarian law and political crimes perpetrated in Lebanon are still unpunished. For its detractors, the STL embodies the dilemma between "civil peace" and "international justice", although its finality seeks to consolidate the national reconciliation through the discovery of the truth
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Meini, Méndez Iván Fabio. "The penalty: function and requirements." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116002.
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Legitimacy of criminal sanction is originated on its own purposes pursued in a state governed by the Rule of Law. That legitimacy should include the penalty as well as security measures, bearing in mind that both are imposed to someone breaking a rule of conduct, and therefore, someone capable to do it. Reviewing penal capacity or criminal liability concepts is required because if penal capacity means the capacity to understand the reality and adjust the behavior to it, and if every legitimate criminal sanction have to be imposed to someone who have the capacity of break it, then security measures also have to be imposed only to people responsible, capable to understand rules and act in accordance. With regard to people not subject to criminal liability they are standing outside Criminal Law and punish them would be illegitimate. In this line, criminal liability should be seen not only as a crime assumption but also as a basic statement for any dialogue the state shall have with the citizens: at the level of crime itself, proceedings and sentence execution .La legitimación de la sanción penal se deriva de los fines que persigue en un Estado de derecho. Dicha legitimación debe abarcar tanto a la pena como a la medida de seguridad, y tener en cuenta que tanto la pena como la medida de seguridad se imponen a quien infringe una norma de conducta y, por tanto, a quien tiene capacidad para infringirla. Esto presupone revisar el concepto de capacidad penal o imputabilidad,pues si imputabilidad es capacidad para comprender la realidad y adecuar el comportamiento a dicha comprensión, y toda sanción penal legítima ha de imponerse a quien tiene dicha capacidad, también las medidas de seguridad han de ser impuestas solo a imputables. Los verdaderos inimputables son aquellos que están al margen del derecho penal y a quienes resulta ilegítimo imponer alguna sanción. En esta línea, la imputabilidad ha de ser vista no solo como presupuesto del delito, sino como presupuesto de cualquier diálogo que tenga el Estado con el ciudadano con respecto al delito, al proceso y a la ejecución de la pena.
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Крижановський, М. В., and M. V. Kryzhanovskyi. "Заходи кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб: сутність і форми : дисертація." Thesis, Харків : Харківський національний університет внутрішніх справ, 2020. https://youtu.be/lxC7k3XvLwo.
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Крижановський, М. В. Заходи кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб: сутність і форми : дис. ... д-ра філос.: 081, 08 / М. В. Крижановський; МВС України, Харків. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2020. - 231 с.Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню сутності та форм заходів кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб, у результаті якого розроблено науково обґрунтовані пропозиції та рекомендації щодо вдосконалення законодавства України стосовно нормативної регламентації окремих положень розділу XIV-I Загальної частини КК України, порядку застосування і виконання заходів кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб.
The dissertation is about the complex research into the nature and forms of criminal in relation to legal entities which resulted in the development of scientifically substantiated proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation of Ukraine in the part of the normative regulation of certain provisions of the section XIV-I of the General part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the order of the using and fulfilling criminal and law measures in relation to legal entities.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию сущности и форм мер уголовно-правового характера в отношении юридических лиц, в результате которого разработаны научно обоснованные предложения и рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства Украины о нормативной регламентации отдельных положений раздела XIV-I Общей части УК Украины, порядка применения и выполнения мероприятий уголовно правового характера в отношении юридических лиц.
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Nguyen, Déborah. "Le statut des victimes dans la pratique des Juridictions Pénales Internationales." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30046/document.
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La reconnaissance du droit de participation et du droit à réparation des victimes est l’évolution la plus remarquable des dernières décennies dans le domaine des droits nationaux et dans le cadre de la justice pénale internationale. Les Juridictions Pénales Internationales construisent le statut des victimes. Confrontés à des concepts innovants, les juges doivent créer des précédents et organiser les modalités des droits des victimes. Ils doivent allier la coordination de la représentation légale de milliers de victimes avec les impératifs de la justice. Au vu des premières décisions, la place des victimes est acquise puisque les juges ont accepté leur participation. Cependant, leur interprétation des règles apporte de sérieuses restrictions aux droits des victimes dans la pratique. La participation des victimes n’est pas pleinement effective et leur réparation se révèle exceptionnelle. Ainsi, l’intérêt de l’étude de la jurisprudence réside dans la détermination du statut réel des victimes au sein des procès internationaux et l’importance des droits appliqués. Des évolutions positives sont possibles en faveur de la reconnaissance du statut de parties au procès et de l’effectivité des droits des victimesThe recognition of the right to participate and the right to reparation to the victimes is the most remarkable evolution of these last decades in the national laws and in the International Criminal Justice. The International Criminal Jurisdictions built the victims’ status. Confronted to innovative concepts, the judges have to create precedents and organise the modalities of the victim’s rights. They have to combine the coordination of the legal representation of thousands of victims with the necessity of justice. In view of the first decisions, the place of the victimes is established since the judges grant them the right to participate. However, their interpretation of the rules brings serious limitations to the rights of the victims in the practice. The victims’ participation is not fully applied and their reparation turns out to be exceptionnal. So, the interest of the jurisprudence study resides in the determination of the real status of the victims in the international trial and the importance of the granted rights. Positive evolutions can be made in favor of the recognition of the status of parties in the trial and the effectiveness of the rigths of the victims
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Tabbal, Michel. "Les sessions extraordinaires du Conseil des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020042.
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Les sessions extraordinaires constituent une des innovations majeures de la réforme de 2006 qui a institué le Conseil des droits de l’homme, en tant qu’organe subsidiaire de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies. Alors même que le Conseil tient trois sessions régulières chaque année, les sessions extraordinaires permettent aux Etats de réagir face à une situation de crise en organisant un débat, permettant d’évaluer et de qualifier les violations commises et mettant en place des mécanismes d’enquête et de suivi. L’analyse systématique des vingt-six sessions extraordinaires organisées depuis près de douze ans éclaire ainsi non seulement les rapports de force entre les acteurs en présence mais aussi une dynamique nouvelle du droit international public, intégrant le droit international humanitaire et le droit international pénal dans le champ de compétence du Conseil des droits de l’hommeSpecial sessions are one of the major innovations of the reform that established the Human Rights Council in 2006 as a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly. While the Council holds three regular sessions each year, a special session allows States to respond to an urgent situation by organizing a debate, to assess and qualify violations and also to establish investigative mechanisms. The systematic analysis of the twenty-six special sessions held in nearly a period of twelve years illuminates, not only the balance of power between the actors involved, but also a new dynamic of international law, integrating international humanitarian law and international criminal law into the field of competence of the Human Rights Council
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Ворона, В. С., and V. S. Vorona. "Спеціальні засади призначення покарання окремим категоріям осіб : дисертація." Thesis, Харків, 2018. http://dspace.univd.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/9161.
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Ворона, В. С. Спеціальні засади призначення покарання окремим категоріям осіб : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук (д-ра філософії) : 12.00.08 / Володимир Сергійович Ворона; МОН України, Харків. нац. пед. ун-т ім. Г. С. Сковороди, МВС України, Харк. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2018. - 229 с.Робота присвячена комплексному науковому дослідженню теоретичних і практичних проблем спеціальних засад призначення покарання окремим категоріям осіб. Вперше здійснено періодизацію розвитку законодавчого закріплення спеціальних засад призначення покарання від давніх часів до сьогодення. Сформульовано доктринальну дефініцію спеціальних засад призначення покарання окремим категоріям осіб як правил призначення покарання відносно певних суб’єктів, які законом виділяються в окремі групи в зв’язку з їх специфічними особистісними, соціальними, демографічними чи професійними ознаками.
The thesis is devoted to the complex scientific research of the theoretical and practical problems of special guidelines on sentencing certain categories of offenders. For the first time carried out a periodization of the development of legislative consolidation of the special guidelines on sentencing, from ancient times to the present, according to which allocated four periods. Formulated doctrinal definition of special guidelines on sentencing certain categories of offenders as rules of appointment of punishment in respect of certain entities which by law are allocated in a separate group due to their specific personal, social, demographic or professional characteristics.
Работа посвящена комплексному научному исследованию теоретических и практических проблем специальных начал назначения наказания отдельным категориям лиц. Впервые осуществлена периодизация развития законодательного закрепления специальных начал назначения наказания от древних времен до современности. Сформулировано доктринальную дефиницию специальных начал назначения наказания отдельным категориям лиц как правил назначения наказания в отношении определенных субъектов, которые законом выделяются в отдельные группы в связи с их специфическими личностными, социальными, демографическими или профессиональным признакам.
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Aivo, Gérard. "Le statut de combattant dans les conflits armés non internationaux : etude critique de droit international humanitaire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30053.
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Avant les Conventions de Genève de 1949, seuls les conflits armés internationaux étaient réglementés par le droit de la guerre. Ce dernier ne pouvait s’appliquer dans les guerres civiles qu’après la reconnaissance des forces rebelles comme partie belligérante. Or, depuis la Seconde guerre mondiale on a assisté à une multiplication des conflits armés non internationaux. Mais les Conventions de Genève de 1949 leur ont consacré seulement l’article 3 commun ; puis le Protocole II additionnel de 1977 est venu le compléter. Ces deux textes comportent de nombreuses lacunes, notamment l’absence de définition des « combattants » et des « civils », rendant ainsi difficile le respect du principe de distinction pourtant essentiel à la protection des populations civiles. Ces dispositions ne réglementent pas non plus les moyens et méthodes de guerre. Outre les lacunes normatives, il y a des problèmes matériels qui compliquent la mise en œuvre efficace des règles pertinentes. Il s’agit notamment de la participation des populations civiles aux hostilités, y compris les enfants-Soldats et les mercenaires. L’absence du statut de combattant dans les conflits armés non internationaux apparaît comme le problème principal compromettant l’efficacité du DIH. Celle-Ci ne contribue-T-Elle pas au non respect de ce droit par les groupes armés ? Faudrait-Il conférer ce statut à ces derniers en vue de les amener à appliquer le droit international humanitaire ou envisager d’autres moyens ? Lesquels ?Before the Geneva Conventions of 1949, only the international armed conflicts were regulated by the law of the war. This last one could apply in the civil wars only after the recognition of the rebel forces as belligerent party. Now, since the Second World War we attended an increase in non-International armed conflicts. But the Geneva Conventions of 1949 dedicated them only the common article 3; then the additional Protocol II of 1977 came to complete it. These two texts contain numerous gaps, in particular the absence of definition of the "combatants" and the "civilians", making so difficult the respect for the principle of distinction nevertheless essential for the protection of the civil populations. These rules do not regulate either the means and the war methods. Besides the normative gaps, there are material problems which complicate the effective implementation of the relevant rules. It is in particular about the participation of the civil populations in the hostilities, including the children-Soldiers and the mercenaries. The absence of combatant's status in the non-International armed conflicts appears as the main problem compromising the efficiency of the international humanitarian law. Does not this one contribute to the non compliance with this law by the armed groups? Would it be necessary to confer this status to these last ones to bring them to apply the international humanitarian law or to envisage the other means? Which one?
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Briend, Cyril. "Le contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB177/document.
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Le professionnel que l'on croyait capable de défendre ses intérêts, par opposition au salarié ou au consommateur, s'est révélé tout autant victime de contrats déséquilibrés depuis quelques décennies. L'apparition de puissantes entreprises privées dans différents secteurs entraîne, de toute évidence, une inégalité entre les professionnels. Notre étude souligne la complexité de trouver un juste critère pour identifier de manière juste ce qu'est un professionnel partie faible. Il n'est pas possible de dire si, de manière générale, telle entreprise est plus puissante qu'une autre, car la personne morale partie au contrat peut cacher des intérêts difficiles à cerner au premier abord. Le juge ne peut pas non plus être l'arbitre autoritaire des prix sans risquer un détournement de sa fonction. Nous développerons le parti suivant : un contrat entre professionnels est dit d'adhésion lorsque celui-ci n'a pas donné lieu à une négociation idoine ; le juge doit alors s'efforcer de regarder le processus de pourparlers ainsi que les circonstances qui ont précédé la convention. De multiples critères peuvent aider le juge, tels que la taille de chaque entreprise, les parts de marché, les propos échangés par les parties, leur bonne ou mauvaise foi ou encore les efforts engagés par elles. Si le choix de l'analyse des négociations nous apparaît ultimement le plus juste, nous tiendrons cependant compte de ses limites. Il serait illusoire de penser que le juge peut toujours parvenir de manière certaine à connaître l'intégralité des circonstances antérieures au contrat. C'est pourquoi nous ajouterons à l'analyse des négociations un système de présomptions - quoique réfragables - lorsque la disproportion des prestations ou la différence de taille des entreprises ne laisse pas de place au doute. Nous mettrons enfin en lumière les stratégies employées par les parties fortes pour contourner cette analyse des négociations, comme des stipulations néfastes ou une tactique d'internationalisation. Il sera donc préféré une impérativité renforcée en droit national ainsi qu'en droit international. Une fois l'analyse des négociations effectuée, nous essayerons de proposer des sanctions à la hauteur du phénomène. Le juge, selon nous, doit être en mesure de modifier le contrat de façon souple, aussi bien de manière rétroactive que par un changement en cours d'exécution du contrat. Le caractère extrême de certains comportements contractuels nous incite à réfléchir à la possibilité d'un droit pénal plus dissuasif ou bien un droit « quasi pénal » sanctionnant ces comportements de manière plus appropriée. Néanmoins, c'est surtout au niveau de la procédure que se joue la protection contractuelle des professionnels. Un référé ajusté à cet objectif a tout lieu de répondre aux exigences de célérité qui gênent les parties faibles dans leurs démarches. Nous soulignerons aussi l'importance d'un système d'actions collectives qui surmontent efficacement l'écueil du coût du procès. À l'inverse, la sécurité juridique des entreprises nous conduira à proposer une procédure de protection par un système de droit doux. Première partie : L'identification du contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels. Deuxième partie : Le traitement judiciaire des contrats d'adhésion entre professionnelsThe professional, supposed to be able to defend his interests, by opposition to the employee or the consumer, has proven to also be victim of imbalanced contracts for a few decades. The emergence of powerful private companies in various sectors clearly leads to inequalities between professionals. Our study underlines the difficulty to find the best criterion to identify what a professional weaker party is. It is impossible to say that globally such company is stronger than another because the legal person party to the agreement can hide many interests, which are hard to seize at first sight. Nor can the judge arbitrate prices in an authoritarian way without risking a misappropriation of his part. We shall side for this idea: a business-to-business agreement is to be qualified of adhesion contract as long as it does not give place to adequate bargaining; so the judge has to look the bargaining process and the circumstances preceding the contract. Many criteria can help the judge such as the size of the company, market parts, exchanged words, the good or bad faith of the parties or the efforts they have made. If we consider the bargain analysis as the ultimately rightest choice, we have to contemplate its limitations. It would not be realistic to consider that the judge could always discover every circumstance prior to the agreement. This is why we shall join a system of presumptions - albeit rebuttable - to the bargain analysis, when the difference of size of companies or the disproportion of provisions is obvious. We shall put into light the strategies used by strongest parts to bypass the bargain analysis, such as harmful clauses or internationalization tactics. Thus, we shall opt for high obligatory standards, as well as in national law than in international law. Once the bargain analysis is done, we shall try to suggest sanctions adapted to the concern. The judge, in our opinion, must be able to modify the agreement in a very flexible way, either retroactively or during the implementation of the said agreement. The gravity of various contractual behaviors must lead us to think about a form of criminal law or a "quasi criminal" law in order to combat those behaviors in a more suitable mean. Nevertheless, the protection of the professional weaker part is also to be dealt on a procedural ground. A proceeding for interim measures is likely to face the needs for celerity, which bother the weakest parts for their action. We shall also underline the advantages of a class action, which could overcome the financial issue of the lawsuit. Conversely, the legal security of business will bring us to foster a protection by a soft law system. First Part: The identification of the business-to-business adhesion contract. Second Part: The judicial treatment of business-to-business adhesion contracts
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Lagoutte, Julien. "Les conditions de la responsabilité en droit privé : éléments pour une théorie générale de la responsabilité juridique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40032.
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Alors que l’on enseigne classiquement la distinction radicale du droit pénal et de la responsabilité civile, une étude approfondie du droit positif révèle une tendance générale et profonde à la confusion des deux disciplines. Face à ce paradoxe, le juriste s’interroge : comment articuler le droit civil et le droit pénal de la responsabilité ? Pour y répondre, cette thèse suggère d’abandonner l’approche traditionnelle de la matière, consistant à la tenir pour une simple catégorie de classement des différentes branches, civile et pénale, du droit de la responsabilité. La responsabilité juridique est présentée comme une institution autonome et générale organisant la réaction du système à la perturbation anormale de l’équilibre social. Quant au droit de la responsabilité civile et au droit criminel, ils ne sont plus conçus que comme les applications techniques de cette institution en droit positif.Sur le fondement de cette approche renouvelée et par le prisme de l’étude des conditions de la responsabilité en droit privé, la thèse propose un ordonnancement technique et rationnel du droit pénal et de la responsabilité civile susceptible de fournir les principes directeurs d’une véritable théorie générale de la responsabilité juridique. En tant qu’institution générale, celle-ci engendre à la fois un concept de responsabilité, composé des exigences de dégradation d’un intérêt juridiquement protégé, d’anormalité et de causalité juridique et qui fonde la convergence du droit pénal et du droit civil, et un système de responsabilité, qui en commande les divergences et pousse le premier vers la protection de l’intérêt général et le second vers celle des victimesWhile the radical distinction between criminal law and civil liability is classically taught, a thorough survey of positive law reveals a general and profound trend towards a confusion of these two disciplines. Faced with this paradox, the jurist wonders : how to articulate the civil and criminal laws of responsibility ? To answer this question, the thesis suggests abandoning the traditional approach of the subject, which consists in treating it as a mere category of classification of the different branches, civil and criminal, of responsibility/liability. Legal responsibility is presented as an autonomous and general institution organizing the response from the system to abnormal disturbance of social equilibrium. Civil liability law and criminal law are, as far as they are concerned, henceforth conceived as the mere technical applications of this institution in positive law.On the basis of this new approach and through the prism of the study of liability conditions in private law, the thesis proposes a technical and rational organization of criminal law and civil liability that may provide the guiding principles of a real general theory of legal responsibility. As a general institution, it gives not only a concept of responsibility, requiring degradation of a legally protected interest, abnormality and legal causation, and establishing the convergence of criminal law and civil law, but also a system of responsibility, determining the divergences of them and steering the first towards the protection of general interest and the second towards the protection of victims
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HAN, CHENG-TAO, and 韓政道. "The criminal law Disputes about Patient Autonomy in the Special Medical Treatment." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dgjyn5.
Full textAbstract:
博士東海大學
法律學系
107
This thesis takes special medical treatment as the topic, and the patient decides to carry out the right, from the perspective of the disputes derived from the criminal law evaluation, and considers whether the current medical related legal system in China has perfect norms and guarantees for the patient rights in special medical situations. For special medical treatment, this article delineates the four-way specific medical situation from general medical treatment, and separately explores the patient's discretion and the criminal law disputes. First of all, regarding the donation of human organs, the reason why this article regards it as a special medical treatment is that, unlike the essence of medicine, the purpose of pursuing recovery of health is that the organ donation surgery itself is only a harmful effect on the pure injury caused by the subject. In order to use this kind of altruistic medical behavior, in addition to subverting the nature and purpose of medical behavior, it is necessary to further think and discuss about the independent rights and protection of donors. Secondly, the specificity of human clinical trials is that if the clinical trial is unable to accurately predict and grasp the risk, if the subject is willing to bear the risk, the subject should obtain the consent of the subject, compared to general medical, clinical trials. More attention should be paid to the protection of patients' discretion. For example, the true consent of the subject should be obtained before the trial, and the requirements and procedures for the notification of the physician and the consent of the patient should be more rigorous in terms of legal norms or interpretations. Furthermore, when it comes to the controversy of severe neonatal care, it focuses on the decision-making and conflicts of these special medical treatments. The medical speciality of severely ill newborns is that newborns lack autonomy at the beginning and cannot clarify their wishes by others. Therefore, how to protect their parents when they refuse to receive routine treatment from critically ill newborns? Best interest. The boundaries of physicians' treatment obligations should be explored from the theory of criminal law, and opinions from physicians or third parties should be sought to jointly safeguard the medical rights of neonatal patients. Finally, the patient's autonomy in the final dignity of medical care directly challenges the permissibility of the criminal law. With the change of social values, human beings use medical technology to prolong life indefinitely, which in turn encourages people to think about it, and it is meaningless to prolong the painful life, and it is in line with the requirements of doing good in medical ethics. In this special situation, whether the people have the right to decide on the right to refuse medical treatment, this article will observe from the current state of legislation in China, and review the admissibility and legal space of the final medical treatment in the evaluation of criminal law.
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LIN, LING-YAO, and 林玲瑤. "The Special Credibility of Medical Documents- Based on Criminal Procedure Law §159-4." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sq9t4m.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
107
In Taiwan, there are various kinds of trustworthy documents in practice. The goal of this thesis is to analyze and review the opinions of the authorities through embodying the spirit of hearsay rule. By clarifying how to use trustworthy documents in the cases, and to identify "incidentally untrustworthy situation", "more credible special circumstances" and "trustworthy special circumstances", I could avoid unnecessary conflicts and apply the exceptions of hearsay rule directly. In order to build up the radical correct use of hearsay rule, we should try our best to do this work. The framework of this thesis is separated in five chapters. At first, I will give a bird's-eye view of the full text, and a brief summary of the research motivation, purposes and structure of the special letter. In the second chapter, I will introduce the hearsay evidence, and refer to the United States Federal Evidence Law, outline the rules of the hearsay, and then describe and compare the exceptions between Taiwan and the United States in the exception of the hearsay rules. In the third chapter, I would like to discuss the elements of Exclusionrule of Hearsay Evidence - ensuring its reliability, and compare the practical operation with the terms of Federal Evidence Law. The fourth chapter I will focus on Article 159-4, by analyzing the judgments of practical opinions in recent years on various types of hearsay documents, sorting out the essential elements and judgment criteria for the reliability, and listing the context of practical operations, I hope that I can propose important concepts and analyze them and type. Furthermore, medical documents could be tested their specification and feasibility of the legislative terms and judgment criteria. Finally, I will put forward the views the previous chapters in order to make a brief review and summary. Based on this, according to the case of clear opinions, I try to summarize the current understanding of the appearance of hearsay documents, the appropriateness of credibility and the appropriateness of the practical operation for providing the current development and reference for the revision and practice.
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Wu, Chih-Chiang, and 吳志強. "The Reconstruction of The Common and Special Breach of Trustfulness in Economically Criminal Law." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04274909513967136288.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
99
It is considered that the purpose of punishing the common breach of trustfulness is different from the special breach of trustfulness. The former is in order to protect the personal property and the latter is in order to maintain the order of economic and finance. Nevertheless, observing the clause with the theory of legal interest or norm, history, policy and capitalism could find that the “full” of the legal interest of full property has another meaning. This article renews the meaning of the common breach of trustfulness in criminal law and explanation that the common breach of trustfulness in criminal law actually acts as the front and defensive norm of the order of economic and finance. The precondition of applying to the clause is that the principal requires the trustee to handle the propertied affairs with others. The intrinsic quality of the clause must apply the limited range of breaching trustfulness. Because the function of special breach of trustfulness in special criminal law could replace the common breach of trustfulness in common criminal law and other crimes could be returned to embezzlement and fraud or other types of crime, this article suggests that the legislators should abolish the common breach of trustfulness in common criminal law to prevent the clause only becomes the tool of litigation and ease the situation of hypertrophy in criminal law. In the special breach of trustfulness in special criminal law, this article give an example about section 125-2 of Bank Act to investigate that the application of subject, illegal behavior and the function of business judgment rule in criminal law. This article considers that although the judge could not properly apply the BJR in criminal case, the judge probably could extract elements of BJR and place these into the intent of the actor to accomplish the alienation of BJR.
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Ntamulenga, Christian Kabati. "The ICC's jurisdictional limitations and the impunity for war crimes in the DRC : a plea for the establishment of a special criminal tribunal." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9822.
Full textAbstract:
The cruelty and scope of the widespread criminality of humans in the world, which was a feature of the past century, was fuelled by scientific progress, egoism and humanity's power of destruction. The criminal consequences of the many imperialistic, hegemonic and barbarous wars in that century were immeasurable in terms of violations of human rights.
Notwithstanding the emergence of international criminal justice through the experience of the International Criminal Military Tribunal of Nuremberg and Tokyo and later the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, globally, impunity for egregious crimes continues.
The establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) at the end of the 20th century was saluted as a major step forward in the evolution of international criminal justice. While previous tribunals were ad hoc, the ICC is permanent and has large territorial jurisdiction. This raises hope among the many Congolese victims of the first African World War, who view the ICC as a paradigm change that will put a stop to impunity for crimes against humanity and the crimes of genocide and war.
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the past decades have been marked by instability and horrible armed conflicts (1996-97 and 1998-2003) which left several million people dead, and which were marked by gross war crimes. The negative consequences of those atrocities persist until today. While the ICC initiated the prosecution of some war criminals in 2004, most crimes committed before 2002 remain unpunished, because the ICC's jurisdiction is limited to after that time.
It is therefore imperative to examine other mechanisms to deal with impunity for various grave crimes, including war crimes, perpetrated between 1996 and 2002. Thus the aim of this research is to contribute to the fight against impunity for crimes in the DRC by examining how other modes of jurisdiction such as the principle of universality can be applied, and to assess the need for the establishment of a specific tribunal for the DRC.
Considering the inability and incapacity of the Congolese judicial apparatus, this study concludes by recommending the establishment of a Special Criminal Tribunal which can put an end to impunity for serious crimes committed in the DRC.Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
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Sintra, António Gabriel Costa de. "Técnicas especiais de investigação criminal." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21695.
Full textAbstract:
In today’s society, the proliferation of adverse phenomena associated with increasing waves of serious and organised crime, both domestic and transnational, together with the emergence of several kinds of terrorism, are a concrete, deep, urgent and permanent threat to the fundamental rights and conditions of people’s lives. With the increasing of the mentioned crimes presenting a potential high risk and damage, the authority and sovereignty of Rules of Law, the development, the licit economy, the justice and the security, as well as the stability of the community as a whole, are strongly exposed to disturbance. The changes in crimes in a negative way are a source of distress to society, as they give rise to the disturbing perception of insecurity. On the other hand, quite often the countries’ reactions, probably in an intolerable and illegitimate way, restrict the fundamental rights of citizens. Such reactions tend to affect the right balance between security and freedom. Thus, it shall not be forgotten that security, as a social value, is side by side with the idea of freedom and that security alone does not justify anything. Both the criminal justice system and the criminal policy have a key role in containing the harmful effects of the above mentioned types of modern crime, by applying appropriate legal commands through law-enforcement bodies specialised in their tasks of assisting the judicial and prosecuting authorities. In this context, when crises emerge by inadequacy or lack of traditional use means, other methods arise that, although tending to be more effective, may contain an unacceptable restriction on individual guarantees. Therefore, this work focuses on the topic of the so-called special techniques of criminal investigation as a new instrument available for the justice system, aiming at assessing their validity in fighting serious and organised crime and terrorism.”Na sociedade hodierna, a proliferação de nefastos fenómenos associados a crescentes vagas de criminalidade grave e organizada, doméstica e transnacional, a par da emergência de diferentes configurações de terrorismo, constituem concreta, profunda, premente e permanente ameaça para os direitos fundamentais e condições de vida das pessoas. Perante o incremento das mencionadas espécies delituosas com alto potencial de risco e de dano, a autoridade e a soberania dos Estados de direito, o desenvolvimento, a economia lícita, a justiça e a segurança, assim como a estabilidade da comunidade globalmente considerada, ficam expostas a veemente perturbação. As transmutações criminais de sentido negativo geram inquietação na sociedade com emanação de perturbadoras perceções de insegurança. Por outro lado, não raras vezes, as reações por parte dos Estados produzem, porventura de forma intolerável e ilegítima, compressão de direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos. Tais reações tendem a afetar o justo equilíbrio entre segurança e liberdade. Destarte, não é admissível olvidar que a segurança, como valor social, é solidária da ideia de liberdade e que a segurança por si só nada deve justificar. O sistema de justiça penal e a política criminal exercem papel determinante na contenção dos efeitos danosos das elencadas tipologias de criminalidade moderna por via da aplicação de apropriados comandos legais pelos órgãos policiais especializados nas suas tarefas de coadjuvação das autoridades judiciárias. Nesse contexto, perante revelações de crise por desajustamento ou insuficiência dos meios de uso tradicional, despontam outros métodos que, sendo tendencialmente mais eficazes, poderão acomodar intolerável restrição de garantias individuais. Por isso, o presente estudo tem como tema as denominadas técnicas especiais de investigação criminal, enquanto novel instrumento ao dispor do sistema de justiça, com o objetivo de aferir a sua validade na luta contra a criminalidade grave, organizada e terrorismo.
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Wakefield, Lorenzo Mark. "Exploring the differences and similarities in sexual violence as forms of genocide and crimes against humanity." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3343.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLMEven though sexual violence has always been a part and parcel of conflicts and atrocities throughout the ages, it never found any interpretation by subsequent tribunals who were responsible for prosecuting offenders.The case of The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu was the first of its kind to give jurisprudential recognition and interpretation to sexual violence as war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide respectively. This case was important for the following reasons:1. It acknowledged that sexual violence can amount to an act of genocide; 2. It acknowledged that sexual violence can amount to a crime against humanity; and 3. It was the first case to define rape within an international context.Following the case of The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu many tribunals gave recognition to the extent of which sexual violence takes place during atrocities by correctly convicting accused for either participating in sexual violence or aiding and abetting to sexual violence. Amidst the various interpretations on what constitutes sexual violence and how it is defined, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Special Court for Sierra Leone all either conceptualised sexual violence as genocide, war crimes or/ and crimes against humanity.At the same time, the development of sexual violence as either a crime against humanity or a war crime did not end with the courts. The case of The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu sparked a fire in the international community, which led to it paying more attention to the place of sexual violence in treaty law. Taking into account that rape is listed as a crime against humanity in both the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda statutes, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court statutes both list more than one form of sexual violence as a crime against humanity. It is interesting to note that the latter two treaty developments took place only after the International Criminal Tribunal conceptualised sexual violence as a crime against humanity.Thus apart from merely listing rape as a crime against humanity, the Statute establishing the Special Court for Sierra Leone, states in article 2(g) that sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy and any other form of sexual violence constitutes a crime against humanity. The Statute establishing the International Criminal Court states in article 7(1)(g) that rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilisation or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity constitutes a crime against humanity. The interpretation of these acts is further guided by the ‘Elements of Crimes’ which are annexed to the International Criminal Court statute.Once again it is interesting to note that the ‘Elements of Crimes’ for these acts are similar to how the International Criminal Tribunals (both the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals) conceptualised various acts of sexual violence.On the other hand, the definition of genocide remained the same as it was defined in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948. This definition does not expressly mention any form of sexual violence as a form of genocide.However, once again, the trial chamber in the case of The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu set the benchmark for sexual violence to constitute a form of genocide by way of interpretation. The definition of genocide did not subsequently change in the Statute establishing the International Criminal Court.Based on these premises, this thesis attempts to investigate the similarities and differences in sexual violence as a form of both genocide and a crime against humanity,by addressing the following question:What are the essential and practical differences between sexual violence as crimes against humanity and genocide and what is the legal effect of the differences, should there be any? Chapter 1 highlights the historical overview and developments of sexual violence as genocide and crimes against humanity, while chapter 2 investigates how sexual violence can amount to a form of genocide. Chapter 3 assesses the advances made in sexual violence as a crime against humanity, while chapter 4 importantly draws a comparative analysis between sexual violence as genocide and a crime against humanity. Chapter 4 draws this comparison by weighing up four differences and four similarities in sexual violence as genocide and a crime against humanity.Chapter 5 highlights the conclusion and provides an answer for the research question that is posed above. Here it is concluded that even though there exist multiple differences in sexual violence as crimes against humanity and genocide, there are also multiple similarities which could possibly amount to a better chance for conviction of an accused under a crime against humanity than genocide. Chapter 5 also provide possible recommendations for the consequences that might flow should sexual violence as a crime against humanity be fairly similar to sexual violence as genocide.
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Machado, Thiago José Ximenes. "Cibercrime e o crime no mundo informático: a especial vulnerabilidade das crianças e dos adolescentes." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6089.
Full textAbstract:
A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo demonstrar e evidenciar os principais delitos tendo por suporte o meio e o sistema informático, em especial aqueles praticados por e contra crianças e adolescentes. Ter-se-ão em conta as modificações que surgiram no código penal brasileiro, no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, após a criação e o rápido crescimento da rede mundial de computadores, enfatizando, os modus operandis que os criminosos que utilizam meios eletrônicos para conseguir sucesso nos seus delitos. Tratando-se de um público alvo extremamente vulnerável, seja pela pouca idade ou pela pequena experiência de vida, constituem presa fácil daqueles que, sem escrupulos, invadem a vida destes indivíduos. Muitas organizações criminosas utilizam a internet, mais especificamente a parte obscura desta, como ferramenta para cometer e melhor articular seus delitos, já que sua identidade será facilmente escondida, dificultando assim a sua localização e posteriormente possíveis punições. Este trabalho busca mostrar as atualizações no mundo delitivo virtual, ou seja, a evolução da criminalidade em diversos aspectos no sentido do aproveitamento das ferramentas tecnológicas, fazendo uma análise da legislação concernente ao tema, dando maior enfoque às novas tipificações que surgiram na lei que trata da proteção à criança e ao adolescente e que estão diretamente relacionados ao universo virtual e informático.The present research aims to demonstrate and highlight the main crimes that can be practiced through the computer system, especially those practiced by adolescents and adolescents. It will take into account as modifications that have arisen no Brazilian penal code, no Status of Child and Adolescent, after creation and rapid growth of the world-wide computer network, emphasizing, modus operandi that criminals that use electronic means to achieve Success In their crimes. Being an extremely vulnerable target audience, for a young age or for a small life experience, constituting a person who is not an individual. Many criminal companies use an internet, more specifically an obscure part of it, as a tool to commit and better articulate their crimes, since their identity is easily hidden. This work seeks to show how updates in the virtual deli world, that is, the evolution of the Crime in all senses, is not a sense of the use of technological tools, making an analysis of the legislation worrisome to the subject, giving greater focus to the new tips that appeared in the law that deals with Protection of children and adolescents, and which are directed to the Virtual universe and computer science.
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Козаченко, Олександр Васильович, Александр Васильевич Козаченко, and Oleksandr V. Kozachenko. "Кримінально-правові заходи в Україні : культуро-антропологічна концепція." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/3046.
Full textAbstract:
Козаченко О. В. Кримінально-правові заходи в Україні : культуро-антропологічна концепція : дисертація на здобуття наук. ступ. д-ра юрид. наук : спец. 12.00.08 / Олександр Васильович Козаченко; НУ "ОЮА". – Одеса, 2012. – 430 с.Наук. консультант - д-р юрид. наук, проф. В. О. Туляков
Офіційні опоненти : д-р юрид. наук, проф. О. М. Костенко; д-р юрид. наук, проф. В. К. Грищук; д-р юрид. наук, проф. В. О. Меркулова
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню кримінально-правових заходів як системи прийомів і способів примусового та реабілітаційно-заохочувального впливу держави на кримінальні практики, правомірну поведінку, детерміновані культурним середовищем, яке існує в конкретно-історичних умовах. Обґрунтовано доцільність і необхідність використання культуро-антропологічної методології в процесі дослідження кримінально-правових заходів, їх генезису, функціонування і практики застосування. Додатково аргументовано необхідність дослідження феномену права на засадах абсолютизації генетичного взаємозв’язку з культурою. Систематизовано концептуальні ідеї щодо суттєвих та змістовних характеристик системи кримінально-правових заходів. Визначено історично обумовлену, доктринально виважену, функціонально вивірену та практично доцільну можливість використання уніфікованого поняття «кримінально-правові заходи». Охарактеризовано об’єктивні та суб’єктивні змістовні властивості як кримінально-правових заходів у цілому, так і окремих їх видів. Досліджено історичні витоки кримінально-правового регулювання відносин, що виникають у процесі застосування кримінально-правових заходів, визначено основні етапи формування кримінального права на українських землях та суттєві властивості, які визначають особливості українського пеналізаційного (депеналізаційного) процесу. Установлено культуро-антропологічні властивості функцій кримінально-правових заходів, проаналізовано суттєві ознаки та структурні елементи окремих видів функцій, які реалізуються у процесі застосування кримінально-правових заходів. Уточнено публічно-правові засади застосування кримінально-правових заходів з позиції застосування культуро-антропологічної методології. На підставі виокремлення основних та додаткових видів розроблено та запропоновано до використання алгоритм застосування системи кримінально-правових заходів.
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Kučera, Pavel. "Opomenutí v trestním právu." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-387402.
Full textAbstract:
Omissions in Crimial Law Abstract The submitted thesis represents a relatively comprehensive, and given the contemporary state of the domestic criminal law theory, also a quite complex elaboration of questions associated with the phenomenon of omission in criminal law. From my point of view, the text itself deals with all significant problems related to criminal liability for omissive conduct. This concerns in particular the subject matter associated with the institution of omission within the doctrine of substantive criminal law, the term of omission in criminal law and the reason and historical evolution of criminalization of omission. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the individual types of criminal omissions and questions associated therewith, including a note of the differences between the traditional dual distinction on the one hand and the newer triple distinction of criminal omissions on the other, while comprising the emphasis of shortcomings of the traditional approach and the advantages of the newer concept. Saying that, in the most part the thesis focuses on the newer approach towards criminal liability for omission and it describes the foundation points thereof in great detail, since I consider it to be the key subject of this dissertation. I also comment on the very important subject of...
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Almeida, João Sebastião de. "Terminologia do Direito Penal Angolano." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/46804.
Full textAbstract:
A presente pesquisa intitulada “Terminologia do Direito Penal Angolano” tem como pano de fundo a proposta de elaboração de uma ferramenta terminológica do tipo dicionário do domínio do Direito Penal. Assim, como é óbvio, o termo assume um papel fulcral no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Por esta razão, concentramos a orientação da referida pesquisa ao estudo dos termos.
A natureza do produto terminológico “dicionário”, que pretendemos desenvolver passa necessariamente pela análise linguística e terminológica dos dados extraídos do corpus de pesquisa, que posteriormente servirão de base à concretização do dicionário que pretendemos desenvolver. Assim, dada a pertinência do discurso jurídico-penal, restringimos o nosso olhar aos termos complexos.
Por conseguinte, o estudo hora proposto visa auxiliar o exercício da actividade dos profissionais do fórum da área penal, de entre eles, juízes, procuradores e advogados.The present research entitled "Terminology of the Angolan Criminal Law" has as background the proposal of elaboration of a terminology tool of the dictionary type of the field of Criminal Law. Thus, of course, the term plays a central role in the development of this work. In this way, we focus the orientation of this research to the study of terms and their relation to the concepts that designate them. The nature of the terminology product "dictionary" that we intend to develop necessarily passes through the linguistic and terminological analysis of the pertinent data verified in the corpus of research, which will subsequently serve as a basis for the conception of said product. Thus, given the pertinence of the legal-penal discourse we restrict our eyes to complex terms. Therefore, the proposed time study aims to assist the practice of the professionals of the forum of the criminal area, among them, judges, prosecutors and lawyers.
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Naidoo, Shantell. "The use of body language (behaviour pattern recognition) in forensic interviewing." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19102.
Full textAbstract:
With this study, the researcher wants to establish whether investigators are able to effectively interpret, report on, or pay cognisance to body language during interviews, and whether they are sufficiently trained therein. Knowledge of body language can provide the interviewer with vital clues during the interview process. Regardless of the availability of numerous literatures on nonverbal behaviour in interviewing, the application of this knowledge is lacking among investigators.
An empirical research design and a qualitative research approach were used for this research. National and international literature sources were consulted, and the researcher conducted interviews with two experts, knowledgeable investigators and semi-structured interviews with detectives from the East London South African Police Service (SAPS) and forensic investigators from the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) in East London.
The importance of the skill of interpreting body language during forensic interviewing was established. Evidently, many investigators do not apply their knowledge and skill to enhance the outcomes of a forensic interview.Criminology and Security Science
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)
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Herbig, Friedo Johann Willem. "The illegal exploitation of certain marine species as a form of environmental crime in the Western Cape." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/963.
Full textAbstract:
Conservation criminology as a derivative of environmental criminology is considered in this dissertation through a strategic/empirical investigation of the illegal exploitation of a cross-section of certain, essentially fiscally attractive marine resources, as a form of environmental crime in the Western Cape province.
Through primarily qualitative and quantitative interviewing techniques,
augmented by the application of a survey questionnaire, significant and pragmatic insight was obtained from knowledgeable functionaries. The study elucidates the purview and dynamics of the marine crime phenomenon by focussing specifically on issues such as modus operandi, crime scenes, causation, operational efficacy, and social/biological repercussions. Deficient policing capacity and concomitant lack of deterrence, compounded by institutional limitations, emerge as fundamental proclivities impeding
proficient marine resource conservation. It is envisaged that this study will broaden the frontiers of marine crime knowledge, contributing not only to the implementation of effective mitigation programmes but also to enriching the criminological discipline as a whole.Criminology
M.A. (Criminology)
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Griffiths, Megan Laura. "The illegal trade in endangered animals in KwaZulu-Natal, with an emphasis on rhino poaching." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18796.
Full textAbstract:
The illegal trade in endangered animals in KwaZulu-Natal, with an emphasis on rhino poaching, is tactically addressed in this dissertation. The aim is to expose the nature and extent of these crimes; the victims, offenders and modus operandi involved; the adjudication of wildlife offences; the causes and consequences concerned; the relevant criminological theories to explain these crimes; and recommendations for prevention. This research intends to examine the contemporary pandemic of rhino poaching in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and offer potential techniques for intervention. Furthermore, one of the main goals of the study is to reveal and enhance the extremely neglected field of conservation criminology. A general disregard by society for the environment, as well as the overall ineffectiveness and corruption of criminal justice and conservation authorities, comes to the fore. The purpose of the research is therefore to suggest possible prevention strategies in order to protect the rights of endangered species.Criminology and Security Science
M.A. (Criminology)