Journal articles on the topic 'Spearman correlation coefficients'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Spearman correlation coefficients.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Spearman correlation coefficients.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Warrens, Matthijs J. "Transforming intraclass correlation coefficients with the Spearman–Brown formula." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 85 (May 2017): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.03.005.
Full text
2
Masson, LF, G. MCNeill, JO Tomany, JA Simpson, HS Peace, L. Wei, DA Grubb, and C. Bolton-Smith. "Statistical approaches for assessing the relative validity of a food-frequency questionnaire: use of correlation coefficients and the kappa statistic." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 3 (June 2003): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002429.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjective:To compare different statistical methods for assessing the relative validity of a self-administered, 150-item, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 4-day weighed diet records (WR).Design:Subjects completed the Scottish Collaborative Group FFQ and carried out a 4-day WR. Relative agreement between the FFQ and WR for energy-adjusted nutrient intakes was assessed by Pearson and Spearman rank correlation coefficients, the percentages of subjects classified into the same and opposite thirds of intake, and Cohen's weighted kappa.Subjects:Forty-one men, mean age 36 (range 21-56) years, and 40 women, mean age 33 (range 19-58) years, recruited from different locations in Aberdeen, Scotland.Results:Spearman correlation coefficients tended to be lower than Pearson correlation coefficients, and were above 0.5 for 10 of the 27 nutrients in men and 17 of the 27 nutrients in women. For nutrients with Spearman correlation coefficients above 0.5, the percentage of subjects correctly classified into thirds ranged from 39 to 78%, and weighted kappa values ranged from 0.23 to 0.66.Conclusions:Both Spearman correlation coefficients and weighted kappa values are useful in assessing the relative validity of estimates of nutrient intake by FFQs. Spearman correlation coefficients above 0.5, more than 50% of subjects correctly classified and less than 10% of subjects grossly misclassified into thirds, and weighted kappa values above 0.4 are recommended for nutrients of interest in epidemiological studies.
3
Lee, Byungwook. "Improvement of the Semantic Information Retrieval using Ontology and Spearman Correlation Coefficients." Journal of Digital Policy and Management 11, no. 11 (November 28, 2013): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/jdpm.2013.11.11.351.
Full text
4
Artusi, R., P. Verderio, and E. Marubini. "Bravais-Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients: meaning, test of hypothesis and confidence interval." International Journal of Biological Markers 17, no. 2 (2002): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jbm.2008.2127.
Full text
5
Artusi, R., P. Verderio, and E. Marubini. "Bravais-Pearson and Spearman Correlation Coefficients: Meaning, Test of Hypothesis and Confidence Interval." International Journal of Biological Markers 17, no. 2 (April 2002): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460080201700213.
Full text
6
H.O., Etaga, Okoro I., Aforka K.F., and Ngonadi L.O. "Methods of Estimating Correlation Coefficients in the Presence of Influential Outlier(s)." African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies 4, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 157–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajmss-llnzxuoz.
Full textAbstract:
Correlation methods are indispensable in the study of the linear relationship between two variables. However, many researchers often adopt inappropriate correlation methods in the study of linear relationships which usually leads to unreliable results. Recurrently, most researchers ignorantly employ the Pearson method in a dataset that contained outliers, instead of more appropriate correlation methods such as Spearman, Kendall Tau, Median and Quadrant which might be suitable in the calculation of correlation coefficient in the presence of influential outliers. It is noted that the accuracy of estimation of correlation coefficients under outliers has been a long-standing problem for methodological researchers. This is due to low knowledge of correlation methods and their assumptions which have led to inappropriate application of correlation methods in research analysis. Five different methods of estimating correlation coefficients in the presence of influential outlier (contaminated data) were considered: Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Spearman Correlation Coefficient, Kendall Tau Correlation Coefficient, Median Correlation Coefficient and Quadrant Correlation Coefficient.
7
Hauke, Jan, and Tomasz Kossowski. "Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data." Quaestiones Geographicae 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10117-011-0021-1.
Full textAbstract:
Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a nonparametric (distribution-free) rank statistic proposed by Charles Spearman as a measure of the strength of an association between two variables. It is a measure of a monotone association that is used when the distribution of data makes Pearson's correlation coefficient undesirable or misleading. Spearman's coefficient is not a measure of the linear relationship between two variables, as some "statisticians" declare. It assesses how well an arbitrary monotonic function can describe a relationship between two variables, without making any assumptions about the frequency distribution of the variables. Unlike Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, it does not require the assumption that the relationship between the variables is linear, nor does it require the variables to be measured on interval scales; it can be used for variables measured at the ordinal level. The idea of the paper is to compare the values of Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient as well as their statistical significance for different sets of data (original - for Pearson's coefficient, and ranked data for Spearman's coefficient) describing regional indices of socio-economic development.
8
Luz, Laércio Lima, Lívia Maria Santiago, João Francisco Santos da Silva, and Inês Echenique Mattos. "Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13)." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, no. 3 (March 2015): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00011714.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13). Interviews were carried out with individuals aged 60 years and over receiving care at an ambulatory cancer centre. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficients and Cohen's kappa coefficient. Construct validity was assessed by testing convergent and discriminant validity using principal component analysis and Varimax rotation. The Spearman correlation coefficient value of the comparison between test and retest scores was 0.98 (p < 0.001). All intraclass correlation coefficient values were higher than 0.60 and kappa coefficients varied between 0.33 and 0.94. Three identified factors explained 72.6% of overall sample variance. VES-13 presented good convergent validity and reasonable discriminant validity. The psychometric properties of the adapted version of the VES-13 are consistent and adequate for use with the Brazilian population.
9
Rangelov, Natalie, L. Suzanne Suggs, and Pedro Marques-Vidal. "I did eat my vegetables. Agreement between parent and child food intake diaries." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 17 (July 5, 2016): 3106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016001488.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectiveTo assess the level of agreement between children and their parents when reporting a child’s food consumption.DesignCross-sectional study in which children and parents independently completed 7 d food diaries describing the foods and drinks the child consumed at every meal and snack. The association between child and parent reporting was assessed for nineteen food groups using Kendall’s tau-b non-parametric correlations, Spearman’s rank correlations, kappa coefficients and Lin’s concordance measure of agreement. Results were also stratified by gender of the child and his/her grade at school.SettingHouseholds in Ticino, Switzerland, April–June 2014.SubjectsTwo hundred and ninety-nine children aged 6–12 years and one of their parents participated, with 264 providing complete data (35 % completion rate).ResultsResults showed a high level of agreement between child and parent reporting. Spearman correlations ranged from 0·55 (sauces) and 0·57 (fatty meat) to 0·80 (fruit), 0·83 (starchy foods) and 0·84 (pastries). All nineteen Spearman correlations were significant at the 0·001 level. Kendall’s tau-b correlations ranged from 0·44 (fat meat) to 0·81 (puff pastry). Kappa values showed low to high levels of agreement, ranging from 0·15 (sweets) to 0·77 (puff pastry). Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients ranged from 0·39 (whole grains) to 0·86 (puff pastry).ConclusionsWhen assessing the eating behaviour of children using a 7 d food diary, children’s reports might be as reliable as their parents’.
10
Dehghani, Sanaz, Fariba Yadegari, Atieh Ashtari, and Akbar Biglarian. "Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of Psychometric Properties of the Parent Section of Parent-Child Interaction Coding System." Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irj.19.3.1129.1.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: Most of the tests regarding parent-child interaction have dealt with this issue from the emotional-behavioral point of view; however, studying these interactions from a combined verbal-behavioral aspect requires a tool consistent with Iranian culture. Parent-Child interaction coding system–3rd edition (DPICS-III, 2009) is allotted to evaluate parent-child interaction. This study was conducted on mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children to translate, adapt to the Persian language, and determine the validity and reliability of the parent section of this test. Methods: This research was descriptive-analytic with a non-experimental design. This test was adapted to the Persian language, and its face validity was examined to clarify the items. Moreover, the correlation between live and video observations of 10 mothers and children was evaluated to determine the validity of observations. Later on, the same rater reviewed the videos of 10 mothers—recorded for the correlation between live and video observations—again within a week for intra-rater reliability and verify the credibility of the rater. Moreover, the Spearman and interclass correlation coefficients were used to determine inter-rater reliability. Data analysis was done by calculating ICC, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The translation process led to an appropriate version of the test in Persian language. The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used for analysis. The correlation between live observation and video was significant (P<0.05, 1-0.74=spearman and P>0.05, 0.99-0.83=Pearson). The reliability of intra-rater was also high (P<0.05, 1-0.89=spearman and P>0.05, 0.99-0.87=Pearson). Furthermore, inter-rater reliability was also high (P<0.05, 0.99-0.81=spearman and P<0.05, 1-0.79=ICC). Discussion: According to the study results, the parent section of DPICS is applicable in the Persian language with appropriate validity and reliability. This applicable test is either as live observation or video recording, with no differences.
11
Iqbal, A., L. Rahman, and M. H. Kabir. "CHARACTERIZATION OF BRASSICA SPP. PROGENY LINES FOR YIELD AND ITS RELATED TRAITS." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 27, no. 2 (May 24, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v27i2.27843.
Full textAbstract:
The present research works were conducted to find out the variation in morphological traits and their relationship in Brassica materials at C7 (Colchiploid) alloplasmic populations and F5 generations with respect to their parents. Among the 19 Brassica progeny lines representing the cross products (Brassica napojuncea) of C7 generation of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea (BINA sharisha 5 x Daulot: colchiploid-C7) and F5 generations with their parents, inter-species EG2 (Brassica napus x Brassica juncea) and EG1 (Brassica napus x Brassica juncea) showed better agronomic performance. Phenotypic characters of the genotypes were closely associated with each other for both normal correlation coefficients and Spearmans rank correlation coefficients. The total relative ranking ranged from 1 to 20 and the first rank was estimated for the genotype EG2 genotypes. The last rank was estimated for the genotype ED1 (Brassica napus x Brassica napus). Out of 55 associations, which found in the correlation study, 10 associations were found highly significant at the morphological level. Flower set per plant (self) showed highly significant positive association with total number of siliqua per plant (self) (r = 0.934**) but the significant negative association of the total number of siliqua per plant (self) with siliqua length was very strong (-0.489*). There was a genetic basis of association in most of the cases of pairs of relations. The Spearmans rank correlation test was studied to compare the morphological characterization for distinguishing genotypes. In this present study, this test presented 12 relationships that showed 10 positive significant and two negative significant correlations. In normal correlation coefficients 10 significant associations were found but 12 associations in Spearmans rank correlation. In these techniques, number of flower set per plant (self) had highly significant positive correlation with total number of siliqua per plant (rs = 0.817**). The days to 50 % flowering and number of seed per siliqua (self) had significant negative correlation with number of seed per siliqua (open) (rs = -0.546**) and number of flowers set per plant (open) (rs = -0.563*), respectively. Finally, the study suggested that some yield related traits such as flower set per plant, number of siliqua per plant, seed per siliqua and days to 50% flowering can be selected and used in breeding program for future increasing the grain yield of rapeseed.
12
Qin, Chenxi, Yu Guo, Pei Pei, Huaidong Du, Ling Yang, Yiping Chen, Xi Shen, et al. "The Relative Validity and Reproducibility of Food Frequency Questionnaires in the China Kadoorie Biobank Study." Nutrients 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040794.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Short versions of qualitative and quantitative food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are widely used to assess usual food intake. However, fewer studies evaluated their relative validity and reproducibility in the Chinese population. Methods: This study compared 12-day 24-h dietary recalls with qualitative and quantitative FFQs designed by the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study to assess the relative validity. Two FFQs were administered in the second and third seasons and compared to evaluate the reproducibility. Statistical tests included Spearman correlation coefficients, weighted kappa, and cross-classification. Results: A total of 432 participants were eligible after stratifying by age, sex, and four regions. In the validation of qualitative FFQ, adjusted Spearman coefficients were between 0.23 and 0.59, and weighted kappa coefficients ranged from 0.61 to 0.88, except for fresh vegetables. The percentage of correct classification was highest in fresh vegetables and lowest in fresh fruit, but the percentages of extreme classification were below 3.0%. Corresponding Spearman and kappa coefficients for the reproducibility were 0.17–0.56 and 0.62–0.90. Furthermore, the correct classification constituted between 35.6 and 93.3% of all participants. Regarding the relative validity of the quantitative FFQ, Spearman coefficients ranged from 0.14 to 0.69 in addition to dried vegetables and carbonated soft drinks. For items with more than two-thirds of total participants consumed, weighted kappa coefficients were from 0.57 to 0.79; correct classification percentages were between 34.6% and 67.5%. Spearman and kappa coefficients for the reproducibility of the quantitative FFQ were 0.15–0.71 and 0.60–0.86, respectively; correct classification percentages varied from 47.8% to 71.6%. Conclusion: Most food items from the qualitative FFQ showed acceptable or even good relative validity and reproducibility in the CKB study. Likewise, major food items in the quantitative FFQ were valid and reproducible, but poor performances of dried vegetables and carbonated soft drinks indicated the need for modification and validation in future research.
13
Troped, Philip J., Heather A. Whitcomb, Brent Hutto, Julian A. Reed, and Steven P. Hooker. "Reliability of a Brief Intercept Survey for Trail Use Behaviors." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6, no. 6 (November 2009): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.6.775.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose:This study assessed test-retest reliability of an interviewer-administered trail survey.Methods:An intercept survey was conducted with adults using 2 paved trails in Indiana and South Carolina (N = 295; mean age = 46.9 ± 18 y). The survey included items on frequency and duration of trail use for recreation and transportation, other patterns of trail use, and sociodemographic characteristics. Fifty-five adults completed the survey twice (2−16 d apart; mean = 7.4 ± 2.6 d). Test-retest reliability was assessed with Spearman rank correlation coefficients, Kappa coefficients, and percent agreement.Results:Kappa coefficients and percent agreement for 9 categorical items ranged from 0.65 to 0.96 and from 64.0% to 98.2%, respectively. Among these items, the lowest Kappas were found for perceived safety (0.65) and reported duration of visits for recreational purposes (0.67). Spearman rank correlation coefficients for travel distance to and on the trail and frequency of trail use during the past 7 days and past 4 weeks ranged from 0.62 to 0.93.Conclusion:Though further assessments of this survey with different populations and types of trails may be warranted, its overall high reliability indicates it can be used by researchers and practitioners in its current form.
14
Baxter, Emily, Stephen K. L. Chia, Caroline A. Lohrisch, Malcolm Hayes, Lovedeep Gondara, Karen A. Gelmon, Ashley Davidson, and Scott Tyldesley. "Correlation between Nottingham grade and Oncotype DX score in breast cancer: Implications for cost-effective incorporation of oncotype in the clinic." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 26_suppl (September 10, 2014): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.26_suppl.106.
Full textAbstract:
106 Background: Nottingham grading (NG) for breast cancer uses tubule formation (TF), nuclear polymorphism (NP), and mitotic count (MC). The Oncotype Dx recurrence score (RS) is a 21-gene assay that predicts recurrence. Both NG and RS can influence decisions about the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with ER+, HER2-, T1-T2, N0 cancers. The objective was to determine the correlation of overall NG, TF, NP, MC with RS risk group in such patients. This may be useful in guiding the use of Oncotype in specific cases. Methods: 231 patients referred to the BC Cancer Agency between 2007-2011 with ER+, HER2-, T1-T2, N0 breast cancer and an Oncotype were identified. Histologic grading was assessed on the specimen used for Oncotype. Spearman’s correlation coefficients, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the RS risk group versus overall NG, TF, NP, and MC. This study adds to the literature as it is one of the largest cohorts examining this topic and focuses on a HER2- patient population. Results: There was a significant positive moderate correlation between RS and overall grade (Spearman coefficient 0.47, [95%CI: 0.36, 0.56])(Table 1), and RS and MC (Spearman 0.44, [95%CI: 0.33, 0.54]). There was a significant positive weak correlation between RS and TF (Spearman 0.25, [95%CI: 0.13, 0.37]) and RS and NP (Spearman 0.34, [95%CI: 0.22, 0.45]). None of the patients with low overall NG had a high risk RS. Conclusions: Patients with a low NG are unlikely to have a high risk RS (0 in 231 patients) and very few such patients would benefit from the expense of an Oncotype. Overall NG has a better correlation with RS than TF, MC, or NP components alone. [Table: see text]
15
Dmytrów, Krzysztof, Anna Gdakowicz, and Ewa Putek-Szeląg. "Statistical Relations of the Qualitative Attributes of Real Properties Subject to Mass Appraisal." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2019-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Research background: Every real estate may be described with a multitude of attributes. In the process of real estate appraisal only those properties are taken into account that significantly affect its value. Mass appraisal involves a simultaneous valuation of many similar real properties, carried out in the same manner and at the same time. The algorithm applied to mass appraisal ought to ensure a uniform approach to the valuation of all real estate of the same type in an objective fashion. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to define the weights of attributes in the process of real estate mass appraisal on the basis of relationships between unit property value and the values of attributes. Research methodology: The weights were defined on the grounds of partial correlation coefficients for the qualitative properties (Spearman rank correlation coefficient and τB Kendall correlation coefficient). Results: The signs of certain correlation coefficients were discordant with the actual direction of the relations between the analysed properties. The problem was avoided by employing partial correlation coefficients. On the basis of the calculated partial correlation coefficients the weights of individual attributes were calculated. Of all analysed coefficients the partial τB Kendall correlation coefficient is methodologically the most suitable one. Novelty: The use of partial correlation coefficients for determining attribute weights is an innovative approach and is applied in the article.
16
Powers, J., and SJ Bennett. "Measurement of dyspnea in patients treated with mechanical ventilation." American Journal of Critical Care 8, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1999.8.4.254.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Dyspnea, or difficult breathing, is common in patients receiving mechanical ventilation; however, dyspnea is not routinely or systematically measured. OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this methodological study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of 5 dyspnea rating scales and the criterion validity of 4 dyspnea rating scales in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The secondary purpose was to examine the correlations between each of these 5 rating scales and physiological measures of respiratory function. METHODS: The convenience sample consisted of 28 patients on mechanical ventilation during their hospitalization in the intensive care units of a large, inner-city hospital. Patients rated their dyspnea twice at 30-minute intervals on the visual analogue scale, the vertical analogue dyspnea scale, the modified Borg scale, the numerical scale, and the faces scale. Test-retest reliability was computed by using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Criterion validity was evaluated by using the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The 5 rating scales had acceptable test-retest reliabilities, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 0.97. Criterion validity of the 4 scales also was acceptable, with Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients from 0.76 to 0.96. The rating scales were not correlated with most of the physiological variables. At least half of the patients reported moderate to severe dyspnea. CONCLUSION: The scales showed acceptable reliability and validity, and they will be useful in quantifying dyspnea experienced by patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Further work is needed to evaluate the extent and the severity of dyspnea in such patients in order to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.
17
Nanri, Akiko, Aya Fujiwara, Haruka Miyake, Ikuko Kashino, and Tetsuya Mizoue. "Development, Relative Validity, and Reproducibility of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Japanese." Nutrients 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 4394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204394.
Full textAbstract:
We have developed a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for use in assessing diet quality for Japan, with special reference to the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Here, we assessed the ranking performance of this FFQ and its reproducibility. We developed a 28-item (21 food groups and 7 beverage) FFQ with consideration to both Japanese dietary culture and evidence of disease prevention. Twenty-four university faculty members participated in the validation study. They completed 3-day photographic food record and answered the FFQ on the next day of the last food record (time 1) and a week later (time 2). We calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between intakes of food groups from photographic food records and the consumption frequency from the FFQs (ranking ability) and between the consumption frequency of food groups from the FFQs (time 1 and time 2) (reproducibility). Spearman correlation coefficients between the food records and FFQ (time 1) ranged from −0.12 to 0.86 (median 0.51). These values were comparable to those in comparison with FFQ (time 2). After energy adjustment of intakes from the food records, the corresponding values were somewhat weakened for many food groups. The correlation coefficients between two FFQs ranged from 0.14 to 0.96 (median 0.79). The short FFQ showed acceptable reproducibility and ability to rank the consumption of most food groups.
18
Rezaee, Zabihollah, Sara Aliabadi, Alireza Dorestani, and Nick J. Rezaee. "Application of Time Series Models in Business Research: Correlation, Association, Causation." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 4833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124833.
Full textAbstract:
Time series models are used to determine relationships, spot patterns, and detect abnormalities and irregularities among data. We explore the application of time series analyses in business research by discussing the differences among correlation, association, and Granger causality and providing insight into their proper use in the sustainability literature. In statistics, two correlation coefficients are typically calculated. The first one is the Pearson correlation coefficient and the second is the Spearman correlation coefficient. In the commonly used correlation analysis (the Pearson and the Spearman correlation coefficients), the focus is primarily on the changes in two variables regardless of the effects of other variables. On the contrary, in association analyses, the researcher examines the relationship between two variables while holding the effects of other related variables constant (ceteris paribus). In the study of the causation, or the cause–effect relationship between two variables, researchers are concerned about the effect of variable X on variable Y. The difficulty of achieving the third condition of causation is believed to be the main reason that in business literature causations are rarely used. The difficulty of achieving a causal relationship between two variables has moved researchers toward a special form of causation called “Granger causality”. We offer practical examples for correlation, association, causation, and the Granger causality and discuss their main differences and show how the use of a linear regression is inappropriate when the true relationship is non-linear. Finally, we discuss the policy, practical, and educational implications of our study.
19
Haq, S., P. Tutt, M. Haq, and M. Crook. "Serum Sialic Acid and Acute-Phase Proteins in Hypertriglyceridaemic Patients Showing the Frederickson's Type IIB Phenotype." Clinical Science 85, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0850219.
Full textAbstract:
1. We have shown that serum total sialic acid is elevated in hypertriglyceridaemic patients showing the Frederickson's type IIB phenotype in comparison with normal subjects (2.30 ±0.34 versus 1.92 ± 0.32 mmol/l, P <0.02). Lipid-associated sialic acid was also elevated in the hypertriglyceridaemic group in comparison with the normal subjects (0.60 ±0.09 versus 0.35 ±0.04 mmol/l, P <0.001). 2. We measured five serum acute-phase proteins in the hypertriglyceridaemic patients and the normal subjects, namely α1-antichymotrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α2-macroglobulin, C-reactive protein and haptoglobin. Serum α2-macroglobulin was significantly elevated in the hypertriglyceridaemic patients compared with the normal subjects (2.1 ±1.0 versus 1.5 ± 0.55 g/l, P <0.05) as was serum C-reactive protein (5.9 ±3.5 versus 3.5±1.9mg/l, P <0.05). There were, however, no significant differences in the serum concentrations of α1-antichymotrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein or haptoglobin between the two groups. 3. There was a significant correlation between serum total sialic acid and serum α1-antichymotrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin (Spearman correlation coefficients 0.74, 0.50 and 0.76, respectively) in the normal subjects, and there was a significant correlation between serum total sialic acid and serum α1-antichymotrypsin and α1-acid glycoprotein (Spearman correlation coefficients 0.72 and 0.84, respectively) in the hypertriglyceridaemic patients.
20
Kim, Yun-Ji, In-Seon Lee, Ho-Sun Kim, Hyejung Lee, Hi-Joon Park, Hyangsook Lee, Jun J. Mao, and Younbyoung Chae. "Validation of the Korean Version of the Acupuncture Expectancy Scale." Acupuncture in Medicine 32, no. 1 (February 2014): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2013-010412.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives Expectancy has been shown to affect patients’ responses to acupuncture therapy. However, no validated measure of expectancy for acupuncture is available in the Korean language. The Acupuncture Expectancy Scale (AES), a 4-item self-reporting questionnaire, is the validated instrument for measuring expectancies regarding acupuncture therapy. We translated the AES into Korean and examined its test–retest reliability and construct validity. Methods The AES was translated using a forward and backward translation procedure. Internal consistency was assessed in 275 participants with item-total correlations. Construct validity was also assessed by performing principal component analysis and correlating scores on the scale with the participants’ intention to receive acupuncture therapy. Test–retest reliability was assessed in 33 participants by calculating Cronbach's α and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Results Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α=0.910). Principal component analysis showed that expectancy of acupuncture treatment accounted for 79.2% of the variance. The AES was positively correlated with participants’ intention to receive acupuncture treatment (r=0.695, p<0.001). Test–retest reliability in 33 of the 275 participants was adequate, with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient ranging from 0.500 to 0.737 (p<0.001). Conclusions The Korean version of the AES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring patients’ expectancies regarding acupuncture treatment in the Korean population.
21
Vališ, David, and Libor Žák. "Approaches in Correlation Analysis and Application on Oil Field Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 841 (June 2016): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.841.77.
Full textAbstract:
The paper deals with selected approaches which unite several correlation analysis principles. Field data very often has various forms and contents. The comparison of different approaches will help to determine more precisely which correlation analysis is better for assessing input and output data. In this paper we introduce several correlation principles which can help to select the most suitable correlation approach. We present a traditional correlation analysis and compare it with Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. The value of our article lies in comparing several different approaches of the correlation analysis in which the oil field data from diesel combustion engine are used
22
Headrick, Todd Christopher. "A Note on the Relationship between the Pearson Product-Moment and the Spearman Rank-Based Coefficients of Correlation." Open Journal of Statistics 06, no. 06 (2016): 1025–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2016.66082.
Full text
23
Bonifacio, Maria Addolorata, Riccardo Laterza, Angela Vinella, Annalisa Schirinzi, Mariangela Defilippis, Francesca Di Serio, Angelo Ostuni, Antonio Fasanella, and Maria Addolorata Mariggiò. "Correlation between In Vitro Neutralization Assay and Serological Tests for Protective Antibodies Detection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 9566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179566.
Full textAbstract:
Serological assays are useful in investigating the development of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the context of epidemiological studies focusing on the spread of protective immunity. The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is the gold standard method to assess the titer of protective antibodies in serum samples. However, to provide a result, the PRNT requires several days, skilled operators, and biosafety level 3 laboratories. Therefore, alternative methods are being assessed to establish a relationship between their outcomes and PRNT results. In this work, four different immunoassays (Roche Elecsys® Anti SARS-CoV-2 S, Snibe MAGLUMI® SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG, Snibe MAGLUMI® 2019-nCoV IgG, and EUROIMMUN® SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA assays, respectively) have been performed on individuals healed after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The correlation between each assay and the reference method has been explored through linear regression modeling, as well as through the calculation of Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients. Furthermore, the ability of serological tests to discriminate samples with high titers of neutralizing antibodies (>160) has been assessed by ROC curve analyses, Cohen’s Kappa coefficient, and positive predictive agreement. The EUROIMMUN® NeutraLISA assay displayed the best correlation with PRNT results (Pearson and Spearman coefficients equal to 0.660 and 0.784, respectively), as well as the ROC curve with the highest accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (0.857, 0.889, and 0.829, respectively).
24
Cheng, Sierra, Erica J. McDonald, Matthew C. Cheung, Vanessa S. Arciero, Mahin Qureshi, Di Jiang, Doreen Ezeife, et al. "Do the American Society of Clinical Oncology Value Framework and the European Society of Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale Measure the Same Construct of Clinical Benefit?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 24 (August 20, 2017): 2764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.71.6894.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Whether the ASCO Value Framework and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (MCBS) measure similar constructs of clinical benefit is unclear. It is also unclear how they relate to quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and funding recommendations in the United Kingdom and Canada. Methods Randomized clinical trials of oncology drug approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Health Canada between 2006 and August 2015 were identified and scored using the ASCO version 1 (v1) framework, ASCO version 2 (v2) framework, and ESMO-MCBS by at least two independent reviewers. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to assess construct (between frameworks) and criterion validity (against QALYs from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE] and the pan-Canadian Oncology Drug Review [pCODR]). Associations between scores and NICE/pCODR recommendations were examined. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. Results From 109 included randomized clinical trials, 108 ASCOv1, 111 ASCOv2, and 83 ESMO scores were determined. Correlation coefficients for ASCOv1 versus ESMO, ASCOv2 versus ESMO, and ASCOv1 versus ASCOv2 were 0.36 (95% CI, 0.15 to 0.54), 0.17 (95% CI, −0.06 to 0.37), and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.63), respectively. Compared with NICE QALYs, correlation coefficients were 0.45 (ASCOv1), 0.53 (ASCOv2), and 0.46 (ESMO); with pCODR QALYs, coefficients were 0.19 (ASCOv1), 0.20 (ASCOv2), and 0.36 (ESMO). None of the frameworks were significantly associated with NICE/pCODR recommendations. Inter-rater reliability was good for all frameworks. Conclusion The weak-to-moderate correlations of the ASCO frameworks with the ESMO-MCBS, as well as their correlations with QALYs and with NICE/pCODR funding recommendations, suggest different constructs of clinical benefit measured. Construct convergent validity with the ESMO-MCBS did not increase with the updated ASCO framework.
25
Zuil-Escobar, Juan C., Carmen B. Martínez-Cepa, Jose A. Martín-Urrialde, and Antonia Gómez-Conesa. "Evaluating the Medial Longitudinal Arch of the Foot: Correlations, Reliability, and Accuracy in People With a Low Arch." Physical Therapy 99, no. 3 (December 7, 2018): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy149.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background The medial longitudinal arch of the foot is a variable structure, and a decrease in its height could affect several functions and increase the risk of injuries in the lower limbs. There are many different techniques for evaluating it. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlations of the Navicular Drop Test, several footprint parameters, and the Foot Posture Index-6 in people with a low medial longitudinal arch. Intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were also estimated. Design This was a repeated-measures, observational descriptive study. Methods Seventy-one participants (53.5% women; mean age = 24.13 years; SD = 3.41) were included. All of the parameters were collected from the dominant foot. The correlation coefficients were calculated. The reliability was also calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% CI, and kappa coefficient. Results Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the Navicular Drop Test and the footprint parameters, with r absolute values ranging from 0.722 to 0.788. The Navicular Drop Test and the Foot Posture Index-6 showed an excellent correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.8), and good correlations (Spearman correlation coefficient = |0.663–0.703|) were obtained between the footprint parameters and the Foot Posture Index-6. Excellent intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were obtained for all of the parameters. Limitations Radiographic parameters, the gold standard for evaluating the medial longitudinal arch height, were not used. In addition, the results of this research cannot be generalized to people with normal and high medial longitudinal arches. Conclusions In participants with a low medial longitudinal arch, the Navicular Drop Test showed significant correlations with footprint parameters; correlations were good for the arch angle and Chippaux-Smirnak Index, and excellent for the Staheli Index. The Foot Posture Index-6 showed an excellent correlation with the Navicular Drop Test and a good correlation with the footprint parameters evaluated. All of the parameters showed high reliability.
26
Hao, Yiran, Lei Tian, Kai Cao, and Ying Jie. "Repeatability and Reproducibility of SMTube Measurement in Dry Eye Disease Patients." Journal of Ophthalmology 2021 (October 8, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1589378.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. To evaluate the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility of Strip Meniscometry Tube (SMTube) and determine the correlations among the SMTube measurements and other ocular examinations in dry eye disease (DED) patients. Methods. The study recruited 73 eyes of 49 DED patients. Every subject was subjected to the following five measurements sequentially: the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Tear Meniscus Height (TMH) assessment, SMTube measurements, tear film breakup time (BUT) examination, and Schirmer I test (SIT). The repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements were assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland–Altman analysis, and the correlations were evaluated by the Spearman rank-order correlation. Results. The repeatability and reproducibility of the SMTube measurements were good in DED patients. The ICCs between the repeatability and reproducibility of the SMTube measurements were 0.789 and 0.741, respectively, and the Bland–Altman 95% limits of the repeatability and the reproducibility were −1.726 to 1.658 and −0.967 to 1.474, respectively (all P < 0.01 ). The SMTube measurements had correlations with TMH, BUT, and SIT. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients between SMTube and TMH; SMTube and Schirmer I test; and SMTube and BUT were 0.632, 0.617, and 0.653, respectively (all P < 0.01 ). Conclusions. The measurements of the SMTube may provide a novel, swift, noninvasive, and convenient approach to screen and diagnose DED with acceptable repeatability and reproducibility and specific correlations with TMH, BUT, and SIT.
27
Modrak, Vladimir, and David Marton. "Complexity Metrics for Assembly Supply Chains: A Comparative Study." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.757.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we study the complexity metrics for systematically generated assembly supply chains structures. We define three structural complexity indicators, such as the index of vertex degree, the supply chain length and the flow complexity. By a comparative study of 190 mathematically selected supply chain networks, we obtained Spearman correlation coefficients among three defined metrics and find some interesting results.
28
de Winter, Joost C. F., Samuel D. Gosling, and Jeff Potter. "Comparing the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients across distributions and sample sizes: A tutorial using simulations and empirical data." Psychological Methods 21, no. 3 (September 2016): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000079.
Full text
29
Kumar, Naveen, Pramod Kumar, Satheesha Nayak Badagabettu, Melissa Glenda Lewis, Murali Adiga, and Ashwini Aithal Padur. "Determination of Spearman Correlation Coefficient(r)to Evaluate the Linear Association of Dermal Collagen and Elastic Fibers in the Perspectives of Skin Injury." Dermatology Research and Practice 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4512840.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Difference in scar formation at different sites, in different directions at the same site, but with changes in the elasticity of skin with age, sex, and race or in some pathological conditions, is well known to clinicians. The inappropriate collagen syntheses and delayed or lack of epithelialization are known to induce scar formation with negligible elasticity at the site of damage. Changes in the elasticity of scars may be due to an unequal distribution of dermal collagen (C) and elastic (E) fibers.Materials and Methods. Spearman correlation coefficients (r) of collagen and elastic fibers in horizontal (H) and in vertical (V) directions (variables CV, CH, EV, and EH) were measured from the respective quantitative fraction data in 320 skin samples from 32 human cadavers collected at five selected sites over extremities.Results. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed the statistically significant (p<0.01) strong positive correlation betweenCHandCVin all the areas, that is, shoulder joint area (r=0.66), wrist (r=0.75), forearm (r=0.75), and thigh (r=0.80), except at the ankle (r=0.26,p=0.14) region. Similarly, positive correlation betweenEHandEVhas been observed at the forearm (r=0.65, moderate) and thigh (r=0.42, low) regions. However, a significant moderate negative correlation was observed betweenCVandEVat the forearm (r=-0.51) and betweenCHandEHat the thigh region (r=-0.65).Conclusion. Significant differences of correlations of collagen and elastic fibers in different directions from different areas of extremities were noted. This may be one of the possible anatomical reasons of scar behavior in different areas and different directions of the same area.
30
Janoskova, Katarina, and Anna Krizanova. "Comparison of selected internationally recognized brand valuation methods." Oeconomia Copernicana 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.v8i1.7.
Full textAbstract:
Research background: There are many consultative groups and market research companies on the market that have also brand valuation included in their service portfolios. Such companies tend to adopt their own unique approaches to value brands to face increasing competition, which is also reinforced by the fact that brand constitutes the company's most valuable commercial and intangible assets. The paper compares selected internationally recognized brand valuation methods, using the mathematical statistics apparatus (Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients), on the sample of 12 global well-known brands (Apple, Google, Microsoft, Coca-Cola, Facebook, Toyota, IBM, Disney, McDonald's, General Electric, Samsung and Amazon).
Purpose of the article: The aim is to analyze the brand values and the methods applied for possible deviations, and identify whether they are statistically significant and/or find any statistical correlation, or eventually recognize them as totally different and independent approaches.
Methods: The analysis is carried out by pairwise comparison of selected brand values provided by selected consultative companies (Forbes, Interbrand, Brand Finance and Millward Brown). The degree of correlation of brand values provided by respective consultative groups is calculated using the following correlation coefficients: Pearson's correlation coefficient and its modified non-parametric version involving ordinals — Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
Findings and Value added: The analysis proved the highest correlation of the brand values provided by the Forbes and Interbrand; Subsequently, a trend analysis is carried out to determine the development over time, identifying the most striking development in the brand values provided by Millward Brown (BrandZTM) for the period 2013–2016.
31
Hebert, James R., Prakash C. Gupta, Ramesh B. Bhonsle, Pesi N. Sinor, Hemali Mehta, and Fali S. Mehta. "Development and testing of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire for use in Gujarat, India." Public Health Nutrition 2, no. 1 (January 1999): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980099000051.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjective:To develop and test a quantitative, interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to ascertain nutrient intakes of individuals in northern India.Design:A 92-item FFQ was developed based on food use and market surveys of the study area. A validation study was conducted consisting of 24-h diet recalls (24HR) administered on 6 randomly selected days over 1 year. Two FFQs were administered, one each at the beginning and end of the 1-year period. FFQ and 24HR-derived nutrient scores were compared using correlation and regression analyses and by computing differences between nutrient intakes estimated by the two methods.Setting:Rural villages in Bhavnagar District, Gujarat, North India.Subjects:60 individuals who agreed to provide all necessary data.Results:Pearson (parametric) correlation coefficients averaged 0.69 in comparing nutrient scores derived from the 24HR with those from the first FFQ and 0.72 in comparing the second FFQ (P < 0.0001). Spearman correlation coefficients were virtually identical to the Pearson correlations, averaging 0.68 and 0.72, respectively. In regression analyses, most coefficients were close to 1.0 (perfect linear association). Nutrient scores were significantly and consistently higher on both FFQs relative to the 24HR.Conclusions:This FFQ produces results broadly comparable, and superior in some respects, to those commonly used in the West. Higher than average measures of association indicate its suitability for comparing exposures within this study population in reference to health-related endpoints.
32
Anggraini, Ongky Dyah, Cicih Komariah, and Aris Prasetyo. "Efek Ekstrak Kulit Mangga Arumanis terhadap Penurunan Edema Kaki Mencit Putih Jantan yang Diinduksi Karagenin." Pustaka Kesehatan 6, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/pk.v6i2.7666.
Full textAbstract:
Mango is a plant contains many active compounds with health benefits. Total phenolic content of mango peel is higher than mango flesh, with its major component are mangiferin and quercetin. Quercetin has anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of inflammatory mediators are serotonin, bradykinin, histamine and prostaglandin, possibly could reduce oedema as a sign of inflammation. This study used carrageenin to induce inflammation by making paw oedema in mice. The aim of this research was to know the effect of arumanis mango peel extract to reduce paw oedema in white male mice. The was quasi experimental study with 7 study groups. Spearman analyses showed a correlation with significance of (p= 0.003) that mean it has a significant correlation (p <0.01) at the 330th min. Spearman correlation coefficients was 0,632, indicated that the dose of extract and paw oedema have strong correlation. It can be concluded that mango peel extract has effect for reducing paw oedema in white male mice, with the smallest dose was 1,002mg / gBW.
Keywords: mango, quercetin, paw oedema
33
Kuzmenko, Viktor, Romel Salam, and Stan Uryasev. "Checkerboard copula defined by sums of random variables." Dependence Modeling 8, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/demo-2020-0004.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe consider the problem of finding checkerboard copulas for modeling multivariate distributions. A checkerboard copula is a distribution with a corresponding density defined almost everywhere by a step function on an m-uniform subdivision of the unit hyper-cube. We develop optimization procedures for finding copulas defined by multiply-stochastic matrices matching available information. Two types of information are used for building copulas: 1) Spearman Rho rank correlation coefficients; 2) Empirical distributions of sums of random variables combined with empirical marginal probability distributions. To construct checkerboard copulas we solved optimization problems. The first problem maximizes entropy with constraints on Spearman Rho coefficients. The second problem minimizes some error function to match available data. We conducted a case study illustrating the application of the developed methodology using property and casualty insurance data. The optimization problems were numerically solved with the AORDA Portfolio Safeguard (PSG) package, which has precoded entropy and error functions. Case study data, codes, and results are posted at the web.
34
Flury, S., A. Peutzfeldt, and A. Lussi. "Influence of Surface Roughness on Mechanical Properties of Two Computer-aided Design/Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Ceramic Materials." Operative Dentistry 37, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-391-l.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surface roughness on surface hardness (Vickers; VHN), elastic modulus (EM), and flexural strength (FLS) of two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic materials. One hundred sixty-two samples of VITABLOCS Mark II (VMII) and 162 samples of IPS Empress CAD (IPS) were ground according to six standardized protocols producing decreasing surface roughnesses (n=27/group): grinding with 1) silicon carbide (SiC) paper #80, 2) SiC paper #120, 3) SiC paper #220, 4) SiC paper #320, 5) SiC paper #500, and 6) SiC paper #1000. Surface roughness (Ra/Rz) was measured with a surface roughness meter, VHN and EM with a hardness indentation device, and FLS with a three-point bending test. To test for a correlation between surface roughness (Ra/Rz) and VHN, EM, or FLS, Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated. The decrease in surface roughness led to an increase in VHN from (VMII/IPS; medians) 263.7/256.5 VHN to 646.8/601.5 VHN, an increase in EM from 45.4/41.0 GPa to 66.8/58.4 GPa, and an increase in FLS from 49.5/44.3 MPa to 73.0/97.2 MPa. For both ceramic materials, Spearman rank correlation coefficients showed a strong negative correlation between surface roughness (Ra/Rz) and VHN or EM and a moderate negative correlation between Ra/Rz and FLS. In conclusion, a decrease in surface roughness generally improved the mechanical properties of the CAD/CAM ceramic materials tested. However, FLS was less influenced by surface roughness than expected.
35
Cheng, Sierra, Erica McDonald, Matthew C. Cheung, Vanessa Sarah Arciero, Mahin Iqbal Qureshi, Di Maria Jiang, Doreen Anuli Ezeife, et al. "Do the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Value Framework and the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale measure the same construct of clinical benefit?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 6509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.6509.
Full textAbstract:
6509 Background: Whether the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Value Framework and the European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS) measure similar constructs of clinical benefit is unclear. It is also unclear how they relate to quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and funding recommendations in the UK and Canada. Methods: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of oncology drug approvals by the Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and Health Canada between January 2006 and August 2015 were identified and scored using the ASCO version 1 (v1) framework (August 10, 2015), ASCO version 2 (v2) framework (May 31, 2016) and ESMO-MCBS (May 30, 2015) by at least two independent reviewers. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to assess construct (between frameworks) and criterion validity (against incremental QALYs from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the pan-Canadian Oncology Drug Review (pCODR)). Associations between scores and NICE/pCODR recommendations were examined by logistic regression models. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients. Results: From 109 included RCTs, 108 ASCOv1, 111 ASCOv2 and 83 ESMO scores were determined. Correlation coefficients for ASCOv1 vs. ESMO, ASCOv2 vs. ESMO, and ASCOv1 vs. ASCOv2 were 0.36 (95% CI 0.15-0.54), 0.17 (95% CI -0.06-0.37) and 0.50 (95% CI 0.35-0.63), respectively. Compared with NICE QALYs, correlation coefficients were 0.45 (ASCOv1), 0.53 (ASCOv2) and 0.46 (ESMO); with pCODR QALYs, coefficients were 0.19 (ASCOv1), 0.20 (ASCOv2) and 0.36 (ESMO). None of the frameworks were significantly associated with NICE/pCODR recommendations. Inter-rater reliability was good for all frameworks. Conclusions: The weak-to-moderate correlations between the ASCO frameworks and ESMO-MCBS, with QALYs, and with NICE/pCODR funding recommendations suggest different constructs of clinical benefit measured. Construct convergent validity with the ESMO-MCBS in fact did not increase with the updated ASCO framework.
36
Kim, Seong Jin, Je Seon Song, Ik-Hwan Kim, Seong-Oh Kim, and Hyung-Jun Choi. "Correlation between Dental and Skeletal Maturity in Korean Children." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 48, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2021.48.3.255.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the stages of calcification of various teeth and skeletal maturity stages among Korean subjects. The samples were derived from hand-wrist, panoramic radiographs, and lateral cephalograms of 743 subjects (359 males and 384 females) with ages ranging from 6 to 14 years. Calcification of seven permanent mandibular teeth on the left side were rated according to the system of Demirjian. To evaluate the stage of skeletal maturation, hand-wrist radiographs were analyzed by skeletal maturity indicators (SMI) system of Fishman and lateral cephalograms by cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method of Baccetti. Statistically significant relationships were found between dental calcification and skeletal maturity stages according to Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients (r = 0.40-0.84, p < 0.001). The second molar showed the highest correlation and central incisor showed the lowest correlation for female and male subjects. For both sexes, canine stage G and second molar stage F were related to SMI 6 and CS 3. Because of the high correlation coefficients, this study suggests that tooth calcification stages from panoramic radiographs might be clinically useful as a maturity indicator of the pubertal growth period in Korean patients.
37
Páleš, Dušan, and Milada Balková. "Regression analysis of expanded polystyrene properties." Mathematics in Education, Research and Applications 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/meraa.2020.06.01.54-63.
Full textAbstract:
Own measurements examine the tensile strength of expanded polystyrene (EPS) depending on its bulk density. 30 samples were used to calculate the correlation coefficients between these two properties. In addition to the standard Pearson coefficient, we also calculate the rank correlation coefficients, Spearman´s and Kendall´s. By testing the hypotheses, we verify the correlation of the entire population. After finding a relatively close correlation (0.6 - 0.8), we apply different regression models, especially polynomial, but also exponential. We evaluate the properties of parameters in models, their point estimates and confidence intervals. Based on the characteristics of each of the seven regressions, we found the best exponential form of the dependence, before the linear polynomial. The complexity of a mathematical model does not always mean that it is also a more accurate approximation. On the other hand, a simple model makes it possible, in addition to its ease of use, to more closely reflect the examined dependence.
38
Páleš, Dušan, and Milada Balková. "Regression analysis of expanded polystyrene properties." Mathematics in Education, Research and Applications 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/meraa.2020.06.02.54-63.
Full textAbstract:
Own measurements examine the tensile strength of expanded polystyrene (EPS) depending on its bulk density. 30 samples were used to calculate the correlation coefficients between these two properties. In addition to the standard Pearson coefficient, we also calculate the rank correlation coefficients, Spearman´s and Kendall´s. By testing the hypotheses, we verify the correlation of the entire population. After finding a relatively close correlation (0.6 - 0.8), we apply different regression models, especially polynomial, but also exponential. We evaluate the properties of parameters in models, their point estimates and confidence intervals. Based on the characteristics of each of the seven regressions, we found the best exponential form of the dependence, before the linear polynomial. The complexity of a mathematical model does not always mean that it is also a more accurate approximation. On the other hand, a simple model makes it possible, in addition to its ease of use, to more closely reflect the examined dependence.
39
Páleš, Dušan, and Milada Balková. "Regression analysis of expanded polystyrene properties." Mathematics in Education, Research and Applications 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/meraa.2020.06.01.54-63.
Full textAbstract:
Own measurements examine the tensile strength of expanded polystyrene (EPS) depending on its bulk density. 30 samples were used to calculate the correlation coefficients between these two properties. In addition to the standard Pearson coefficient, we also calculate the rank correlation coefficients, Spearman´s and Kendall´s. By testing the hypotheses, we verify the correlation of the entire population. After finding a relatively close correlation (0.6 - 0.8), we apply different regression models, especially polynomial, but also exponential. We evaluate the properties of parameters in models, their point estimates and confidence intervals. Based on the characteristics of each of the seven regressions, we found the best exponential form of the dependence, before the linear polynomial. The complexity of a mathematical model does not always mean that it is also a more accurate approximation. On the other hand, a simple model makes it possible, in addition to its ease of use, to more closely reflect the examined dependence.
40
Hadjiali, Isa. "A Study on Reflection with 15 – 17 Year Olds in School Biology Education in an Intellectual and Personality Aspect." Natural Science and Advanced Technology Education 30, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/nat2021-2.06.
Full textAbstract:
The report highlights into an empirical study of the intellectual and personality reflection correlations with 15 to 17- year old students in school biology education. The experiment draws upon two research groups, control group consisting of 80 students and an experimental one made up of 90 students instructed in various secondary schools around Bulgaria. All analyses have been performed using SPSS 13 software (statistics) and the correlation coefficients of Spearman – Brown (rsb) and Pearson (r). They provide ample evidence that the designed model of technology, based on reflection, helps students develop and enhance their reflective, cognitive and self-awareness skills in genetics and biotechnology classes.
41
Qin, Huaqin, Yu Han, Ziyi Liu, Sheng Wang, Hongyue Wang, and Hui Liu. "Application of Correlation Coefficient Method in Identifying Household-Transformer Relationship." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 7 (August 3, 2022): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v7i.1055.
Full textAbstract:
Since the transformer will produce line loss in the process of distributing power to users, in order to obtain accurate and reliable line loss data, it is very important to identify the correctness of household transformer relationship. The correlation coefficient method can analyze the influence degree of indicators and indicators, indicators and research objects, it has certain advantages in measuring linear correlation and judging the correlation of random variables. Therefore, this paper takes the identification of the relationship between stations and households as the background, and uses the data of power supply, line loss rate and user power consumption as the support to calculate the three correlation coefficients of Pearson, Spearman and Kendall. Based on the calculation results, different stations and time periods are selected to test to verify the reliability of the correlation coefficient method. The test results show that the correlation analysis method combined with three correlation coefficient calculation methods can effectively distinguish whether the household change relationship exists. The technical method of correlation coefficient is more practical for solving the related problems of classification and identification.
42
Emeville, Elise, Camille Lassale, Katia Castetbon, Valérie Deschamps, Benoît Salanave, Michel Vernay, Dorra Guergour, et al. "Estimating sodium intake from spot urine samples at population level: a validation and application study in French adults." British Journal of Nutrition 122, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519000886.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the validity of the predictive INTERSALT equation using spot urine samples to estimate 24-h urinary Na (24-hUNa) excretion and daily Na intake among the French adult population. Among 193 French adults (‘validation sample’), we assessed the validity by comparing predicted 24-hUNa excretion from spot urine and measured 24-hUNa excretion from 24-h urine collections. Spearman correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots were used and we calculated calibration coefficients. In a nationally representative sample of 1720 French adults (‘application sample’), the calibrated predictive equation was then applied to the spot urine Na values to estimate 24-hUNa excretion and daily Na intake. In that sample, predicted Na intake was compared with that estimated from 24-h dietary recalls. Results were adjusted and corrected using calibration coefficients. In the validation sample, the measured 24-hUNa excretion was on average 14 % higher than the predicted 24-hUNa (+13 % for men and +16 % for women). Correlation between measured and predicted 24-hUNa excretion was moderate (Spearman r 0·42), and the Bland–Altman plots showed underestimation at lower excretion level and overestimation at higher level. In the application study, estimated daily salt intake was 8·0 g/d using dietary recalls, 8·1 g/d using predicted INTERSALT equation and 9·3 g/d after applying calibration coefficients calculated in the validation study. Despite overall underestimation of 24-hUNa excretion by spot urinary Na, the use of predictive INTERSALT equation remains an acceptable alternative in monitoring global Na intake/excreted in the French population but its use is not advised at the individual level.
43
Boriskin, Pavel, Olga Gulenko, Anatoliy Deviatkin, Victor Leonov, and Olga Pavlova. "Innovative approach to evaluating the correlation between the distribution of the concentration of enzymes in the blood serum and heart tissues of rats." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 01097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913501097.
Full textAbstract:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the leading cause of death worldwide for many years. In recent years, new CVD markers have been sought that can improve the diagnosis and treatment of this broad and predictably unfavorable group of diseases. The efforts of many researchers are aimed at identifying changes in the level of enzymes in the lipid peroxidation system as possible mechanisms underlying the development of CVDs. The imbalance between the intensification of free-radical oxidation caused by active oxygen forms and the activity of the body’s protective antioxidant system leads to serious disturbances: disorganization of cellular structures, changes in their functional activity. The article presents the study of the interrelations between the concentration distribution of POL-AO enzymes in blood serum and heart tissues of white non-pedigree rats. The correlation coefficients of Spearman, the gamma of correlation and Kendel Tau revealed a reliable presence of weak correlation between the concentration of glutathione peroxidase in blood serum and heart tissues (Spearman R = 0.18 at p < 0.029408, Gamma = 0.14 at p < 0.018701; Kendall Tau = 0.13 at p < 0.018701).
44
Mohr, Peter, Emilie Scherrer, Chalid Assaf, Marc Bender, Carola Berking, Sheenu Chandwani, Thomas Eigentler, et al. "Real-World Therapy with Pembrolizumab: Outcomes and Surrogate Endpoints for Predicting Survival in Advanced Melanoma Patients in Germany." Cancers 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071804.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge on the real-world characteristics and outcomes of pembrolizumab-treated advanced melanoma patients in Germany and on the value of different real-world endpoints as surrogates for overall survival (OS) is limited. A sample of 664 pembrolizumab-treated patients with advanced melanoma from the German registry ADOReg was used. We examined OS, real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS), real-world time to next treatment (rwTtNT), and real-world time on treatment (rwToT). Spearman’s rank and iterative multiple imputation (IMI)-based correlation coefficients were computed between the OS and the rwPFS, rwTtNT, and rwToT and reported for the first line of therapy and the overall sample. The median OS was 30.5 (95%CI 25.0–35.4) months, the rwPFS was 3.9 months (95%CI 3.5–4.9), the rwTtNT was 10.7 months (95%CI 9.0–12.9), and the rwToT was 6.2 months (95%CI 5.1–6.8). The rwTtNT showed the highest correlation with the OS based on the IMI (rIMI = 0.83), Spearman rank correlations (rs = 0.74), followed by the rwToT (rIMI = 0.74 and rs = 0.65) and rwPFS (rIMI = 0.69 and rs = 0.56). The estimates for the outcomes and correlations were similar for the overall sample and those in first-line therapy. The median OS was higher compared to recent real-world studies, supporting the effectiveness of pembrolizumab in regular clinical practice. The rwTtNT may be a valuable OS surrogate, considering the highest correlation was observed with the OS among the investigated real-world endpoints.
45
Kósa, Balázs, Márton Balassi, Péter Englert, and Attila Kiss. "Betweenness versus Linerank." Computer Science and Information Systems 12, no. 1 (2015): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis141101092k.
Full textAbstract:
In our paper we compare two centrality measures of networks, betweenness and Linerank. Betweenness is widely used, however, its computation is expensive for large networks. Calculating Linerank remains manageable even for graphs of billion nodes, it was offered as a substitute of betweenness in [12]. To the best of our knowledge the relationship between these measures has never been seriously examined. We calculate the Pearson?s and Spearman?s correlation coefficients for both node and edge variants of these measures. For edges the correlation tends to be rather low. Our tests with the Girvan-Newman algorithm [16] also underline that edge betweenness cannot be substituted with edge Linerank. The results for the node variants are more promising. The correlation coefficients are close to 1. Notwithstanding, the practical application in which the robustness of social and web graphs is examined node betweenness still outperforms node Linerank. We also clarify how Linerank should be computed on undirected graphs.
46
Shipley, Hilary, Alonso Guedes, Lynelle Graham, Elizabeth Goudie-DeAngelis, and Erin Wendt-Hornickle. "Preliminary appraisal of the reliability and validity of the Colorado State University Feline Acute Pain Scale." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 4 (May 31, 2018): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18777506.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability and convergent validity of the Colorado State University Feline Acute Pain Scale (CSU-FAPS) in a preliminary appraisal of its performance in a clinical teaching setting. Methods Sixty-eight female cats were assessed for pain after ovariohysterectomy. A cohort of 21 cats was examined independently by four raters (two board-certified anesthesiologists and two anesthesia residents) with the CSU-FAPS, and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine inter-rater reliability. Weighted Cohen’s kappa was used to determine inter-rater reliability centered on the ‘need to reassess analgesic plan’ (dichotomous scale). A separate cohort of 47 cats was evaluated independently by two raters (one board-certified anesthesiologist and one veterinary small animal rotating intern) using the CSU-FAPS and the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-Feline), and Spearman rank-order correlation was determined to assess convergent validity. Reliability was interpreted using Altman’s classification as very good, good, moderate, fair and poor. Validity was considered adequate if correlation coefficients were between 0.4 and 0.8. Results The ICC was 0.61 for anesthesiologists and 0.67 for residents, indicating good reliability. Weighted Cohen’s kappa was 0.79 for anesthesiologists and 0.44 for residents, indicating moderate to good reliability. The Spearman rank correlation indicated a statistically significant ( P = 0.0003) positive correlation (0.31; 95% confidence interval 0.14–0.46) between the CSU-FAPS and the CMPS-Feline. Conclusions and relevance The CSU-FAPS showed moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability when used by veterinarians to assess pain level or need to reassess analgesic plan after ovariohysterectomy in cats. The validity fell short of current guidelines for correlation coefficients and further refinement and testing are warranted to improve its performance.
47
Zhang, Xinmiao, Zixiao Li, Xingquan Zhao, Ying Xian, Liping Liu, Chunxue Wang, Chunjuan Wang, et al. "Relationship between hospital performance measures and outcomes in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: a prospective cohort study." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e020467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020467.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveEvidence-based performance measures have been increasingly used to evaluate hospital quality of stroke care, but their impact on stroke outcomes has not been verified. We aimed to evaluate the correlations between hospital performance measures and outcomes among patients with acute ischaemic stroke in a Chinese population.MethodsData were derived from a prospective cohort, which included 120 hospitals participating in the China National Stroke Registry between September 2007 and August 2008. Adherence to nine evidence-based performance measures was examined, and the composite score of hospital performance measures was calculated. The primary stroke outcomes were hospital-level, 30-day and 1-year risk-standardised mortality (RSM). Associations of individual performance measures and composite score with stroke outcomes were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficients.ResultsOne hundred and twenty hospitals that recruited 12 027 patients with ischaemic stroke were included in our analysis. Among 12 027 patients, 61.59% were men, and the median age was 67 years. The overall composite score of performance measures was 63.3%. The correlation coefficients between individual performance measures ranged widely from 0.01 to 0.66. No association was observed between the composite score and 30-day RSM. The composite score was modestly associated with 1-year RSM (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.34; p<0.05). The composite score explained only 2.53% and 10.18% of hospital-level variation in 30-day and 1-year RSM for patients with acute stroke.ConclusionsAdherence to evidence-based performance measures for acute ischaemic stroke was suboptimal in China. There were various correlations among hospital individual performance measures. The hospital performance measures had no correlations with 30-day RSM rate and modest correlations with 1-year RSM rate.
48
Ernste, Floranne C., Christopher Chong, Cynthia S. Crowson, Tanaz A. Kermani, Orla Ni Mhuircheartaigh, and Helene Alexanderson. "Functional Index-3: A Valid and Reliable Functional Outcome Assessment Measure in Patients With Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis." Journal of Rheumatology 48, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.191374.
Full textAbstract:
Objective.Patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) have reduced muscle endurance.The aim of this study was to streamline the Functional Index-2 (FI-2) by developing the Functional Index-3 (FI-3) and to evaluate its measurement properties, content and construct validity, and intra- and interrater reliability.Methods.A dataset of the previously performed and validated FI-2 (n = 63) was analyzed for internal redundancy, floor, and ceiling effects. The content of the FI-2 was revised into the FI-3. Construct validity and intrarater reliability of FI-3 were tested on 43 DM and PM patients at 2 rheumatology centers. Interrater reliability was tested in 25 patients. The construct validity was compared with the Myositis Activities Profile (MAP), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and Borg CR-10 using Spearman correlation coefficient.Results.Spearman correlation coefficients of 63 patients performing FI-3 revealed moderate to high correlations between shoulder flexion and hip flexion tasks and similar correlations with MAP and HAQ scores; there were lower correlations for neck flexion task. All FI-3 tasks had very low to moderate correlations with the Borg scale. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of FI-3 tasks for intrarater reliability (n = 25) were moderate to good (0.88–0.98). ICC of FI-3 tasks for interrater reliability (n = 17) were fair to good (range 0.83–0.96).Conclusion.The FI-3 is an efficient and valid method for clinically assessing muscle endurance in DM and PM patients. FI-3 construct validity is supported by the significant correlations between functional tasks and the MAP, HAQ, and Borg CR-10 scores.
49
Guo, Zhe, Xia Du, Ling Wang, Kai Li, Jun Jiao, Giuseppe Guglielmi, Khrystyna Zhurakivska, Lorenzo Lo Muzio, Glen M. Blake, and Xiaoguang Cheng. "Measurements of volumetric bone mineral density in the mandible do not predict spinal osteoporosis." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 49, no. 3 (March 2020): 20190280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190280.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether the trabecular volumetric Bone Mineral Density (vBMD) of the middle, body and angle of the mandible correlates with vBMD of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae in a Chinese population. Methods and materials: 661 subjects (270 males, 391 females), ranging from 20 to 59 years of age, were recruited for vBMD measurements by quantitative CT (QCT). Basic information (age, height and weight), vBMD of the mandible (middle, body and angle sites), and vBMD of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae were recorded. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to investigate the association of mandibular with vertebral vBMD. Results: The study cohort comprised 661 subjects: 270 (41%) males, 391 (59%) females. Median age in males was 40 (range, 21–59) years. Median age in females was 41 (range, 20–59) years. Values of the Spearman correlation coefficient between mandibular and vertebral vBMD ranged from R = 0.048 to 0.141. In males, the three correlation coefficients between mandibular and cervical vBMD (middle: R = 0.138; body: R = 0.126; angle: R = 0.122) were all statistically significant (p < 0.05). In females, the correlation between the middle mandibular site and cervical site was statistically significant (R = 0.141, p < 0.01). None of the other correlations examined were statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study population, mandibular vBMD was at best weakly correlated with cervical and lumbar vertebral vBMD, indicating that mandibular vBMD should be measured independently for the assessment of mandibular bone status.
50
Collentine, Dennis, and Holger Johnsson. "Evaluating the effect of climate variation on the cost efficiency of a crop permit policy in Southern Sweden." Journal of Water and Climate Change 4, no. 2 (March 25, 2013): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.057.
Full textAbstract:
Current international agreements call for a significant reduction of nitrogen loads to the Baltic Sea. New measures to reduce nitrogen loads from the agricultural sector and an increased focus on cost efficiency will be needed to meet reduction targets. For policy design and evaluation it is important to understand the impact of weather on the efficiency of abatement measures. One new proposed policy is the use of crop permits based on weather normalized average leaching. This paper describes the use of the Spearman method to determine the efficiency of this policy with annual weather variation. The conclusion is that the values of the Spearman correlation coefficients in the study indicate that using average leaching for the individual crops on specific soil types for calculating crop permit requirements is an efficient policy. The Spearman method is demonstrated to be a simple useful tool for evaluating the impact of weather and is recommended for use in new studies.